文艺复兴时期文学:
1.文艺复兴的时间界定:It refers to the period between the 14-th and mid-17th centuries
2..文艺复兴的理论基础:人文主义兴起
A.核心:humanism is the essence of Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors.
B.基础:It was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.
3.文艺复兴的文化背景:
A.场所:English schools and Universities were established in place of the old monasteries.
B.印刷术的引进:William Caxton introduced printing into England.
C.翻译的时代的出现:With the introduction of printing, and age of the translation came into being.
4.文学形式:
A.诗歌
A)早期特点:The first period of the English Renaissance was one of the imitation and assimilation.
B)早期作家及作品:
a. Spenser's The Shepheardes Calendar showed the pastoral convention.
b.In "The passionate Shepherd to His Love", Marlowe spoke that it would be very difficult
for us to connect it with the voice in his tragedies.
c.Poetry and Poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and carried on by Shakespeare and Ben Johnson.
B.戏剧:
A)特点: The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.
B)作家:The most famous dramatists are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Johnson.
William Shakespeare
A.创作生涯及作品
a. Apprenticeship period
b.Highly individualized period
c.The greatest tragedies and dark comedies period
d.Romantic tragicomedies period.
B.作品主题:
a.Shakespeare's history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.
b.In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes and optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought in full play.
C.四大悲剧:
A.The common feature:
Shakespeare's greatest tragedies are : Hamlet,Othello,King liear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristic in common.
Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with
the fate of the whole nation.
B.The realistic spirits:
Along with the portrayal of the weakness or bias of the hero, we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society,
which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense.
D.艺术成就
A.The characters
a.Shakespeare's major characters are neither merely individual one or type ones.
b.By applying a psycho-analytical approach,Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters' inner mind.
c.Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairs. Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters.
B.Construction
a.Shakespeare's plays are well-know for their adroit plot construction. He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks,
or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.
b.He would shorten the time and intensity the story. There are usually several threads running through the play.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a214598948.html,nguage and style
a.Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. Disguise is also a important device to create dramatic irony, usually with woman disguised as man.
b.He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after
him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view,in literary form or in language
John Milton
A.创作
Milton's literary achievements can be divided into three groups.
a.The early works
Milton's appears as the inheritor of all that was best in Elizabethan literature. Lycidas is a typical example.
B.The middle works.
His powerful pamphlets written during this period make him the greatest prose writer of this age. Areopagitica is probably his most memorable prose work.
Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradist lost, paradist regained, and Samson Agonisters.
B.代表作
Paradist lost
A.)The theme and structure:
Paradist lost is a long epic divided into 12 books. The theme is the “Fall of Man”
B.)The humanistic spirits
a.Working through the tradition of a christian humanism, Milton wrote paradise lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to man”
b.At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Milton's fundamental concern with freedom and choice.
c.The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton's cree
d.
新古典时期文学
The neoclassical period
1.时间界定
The neoclassical period is between the return of the stuarts in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟到以华兹华斯和科勒律治1798年出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期为止的英国文学时代。
2.启蒙运动
A概述
a.特点启蒙运动是进步的知识分子运动
The 18th-century England is also know as the Age of Englightenment or the Age of Reason. The enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement b.起源
It flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time.兴盛于法国，后席卷整个欧洲
c.性质
The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissence of the 15th and 16th centuries.是15世纪，16世纪文艺复兴的延续与发展
d.目的
Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的宗旨是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界
B.人文观与文学特点
a. The enlighteners advocated universal education全民教育. They believe that human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect,人有着局限性,两面性及不完美性
and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education.但人也有能力通过教育来使自己臻于理智,臻于完美.
b.Literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.
3.文学形式当时的文学作品中充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具.
In the last few decades of the 18th century, however, the neoclassical emphasis upon reason, intellect, with and form was rebelled against or challenged
by the sentimentalists, and was gradually by Romanticism.侧重于理性与智慧,叛逆的文学形式,并在一定时期被浪漫主义替代.
B.新古典主义诗歌
The neoclassical period witnessed the flourish of English poetry in the classical style climaxing with John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson.
英国诗歌在德莱顿,蒲柏词典编纂家赛缪尔约翰逊的时代达到巅峰.
C.现实主义小说
The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form-- the modern English novel, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.
D.哥特式小说及其它英国现代小说着重描写英国普通百姓的生活.
Gothic novels--mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age Castles--were 恐怖神秘的故事,背景多为阴森的中世纪教堂, turned out profusely by both male and female writers.受到许多男妇作家的青睐.
Daniel Defoe笛福
A.主要作品
a. The first novel: Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记
B.Four other novels: Captain singleton(辛利顿船长), Moll Flanders(莫尔·费朗德斯), Colonel Jack(杰克上校) and Roxana(罗克萨那).
C. The Pseudo-factual account of Great Plague: A Journal the plague year灾疫之年的日记.
B.作表作
a. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.
b.Robinson is here a hero, a typical eighteen-century English middle-class man.
c.he is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist in describing Robinson's life on the Island, Defoe glorifies human labor and the puritan fortitude.
他的大部份作品都表达了对勤劳,坚强的中产阶级的赞誉,对破落不幸的穷苦的人的同情
Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯维夫特
A.创作
a.The works to establish his name:
A Tale of a Tub(桶的故事) and The battle of the Books(书籍的战斗) established his name as a satirist.
b.The Drapier's letters(德拉皮尔的信)
He published, under the pseudonym of Drapier, a series of letters. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.
c.The greatest satiric work:
B.代表作
a.Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan's best fictional work. The Book contains four parts: His experience in Lilliput(小人国利立浦特), along in Brobdingnag(大人国布罗卜丁奈格), visit to the Flying Island(飞岛第三卷) and Account of his discoveries in the Houyhnhnm Land（智马国）. In structure, the four parts make a organic whole.有机的整体. (第三卷)飞岛那里的哲学家与工程师将他们所有的时间花在研究许多荒谬的问题上;智马国,在那时,马具有理性以及其它所有的优秀品质,它们是统治阶级.
b.Gulliver gives an account of some aspects of Lilliputian life and obviously alludes to the similar radiculous practices or tricks of the English government.
Henry Fielding
A.戏剧创作
The best know are The coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, pasquin, and The Historical Register for the year 1736.
B.小说创作
a.The history of the Adventures of the Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr.Abraham Adams, the book quickly
turns into a great novel of the open road, a "Comic epic in prose".
b.The History of Jonathan wild the Great, points out the Great Man is no better than a great gangster.
c.The history of Tom Jones, a Foundling and The history of Amelia. The former is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature and the latter the story of
the unfortunate life of an idealized woman.
C.对文学的贡献
About novel:
A.The purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct. The object of his novel was to present a faithful picture of life, to teach men to know themselves.
B.Fielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Novel."
a.He was the First to set out, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose"散文体喜剧史诗
b.The first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
c.Fielding adopted "The third-person narration"
d.In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful
to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.保留古典作品中壮观的史诗风格,同时又忠于对真实生活的现实主义表述
About language:
A.Fielding language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.语言自然流畅,通俗易懂,同时又栩栩如生并富有活力
B.His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned toward an inevitable ending.
以逻辑性和韵律性见长,小说结尾总是水到渠成,顺理成章.
浪漫主义时期
1.时间界定
English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publicaiton of wordsworth and coleridge's lyrical Ballads 华兹华斯与科勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》
2.文化思想背景
A.The ideas of Rousseall（卢梭）: Rousseall published two books that electrified Europe --Du Contract Social（社会契约论）and Emile（爱弥尔）, in which he explored new ideas about Nature, Society and Education. After that , Patriotic clubs societies multiplied in England, all claiming Liberty, Equality and Fraternity（兄弟会）.
B.The literary sources: The Romantic Movement Expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions
that come with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.
C.The differences between neoclassicism and Romanticism
a.where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw his essentially as an individual in the solitary state.
b.Where the Augustans emphasized those features that men have in common the Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual's mind.
D. The literary views:
a. Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.
b.In the theory,It tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art.
3.文学形式
A.诗歌
A)诗人运动
The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets.
They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.
B)诗歌理论
They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy, the believed
that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.
a.wordsworth's theory of poetry is calling for simple themes drawn from humble life. He defines the poet
as a "man speaking to men,"and poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings."
b.Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vial faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination,
but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.
c.The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery,
but also provides the dominant subject matter.
d. To escape from a world. Wordsworth, Coleridge and southey chose to live by the lakeside so as to escape from the "madding crowd,"
while Byron and Shelley rejected the entire English society by their self-imposed exile.
e.Romantics also tend to nationalistic.
B.散文
The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. Coleridge, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures.
B)Charles Lamb is a lovable essayist. Lamb's Essays of Elia is a good work that leads to a delightful interpretaton of the life of London.
C) De Quincey is one of the keenest intellects of the age. The great Literary merit of his Confessions of an English Opium Eater lies in his subtle
revelation of the potentiality of human dreams.
C.小说
A) Austen is of the 18th-century in her moral outlook. Her view of life is a totally realistic one. The major theme of her novels is love and marriage.
B) After establishing himself as a writer of romantic historical narrative poetry, Scott switched to novel writing. Waverley, Old Martality,
The Heart of Midlothian, Rob Roy, and Ivanhoe are among the most popular ones of his novels. He is the first major historical novelist.
C) Gothic novel:
a.Nature:
Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, was on phase of the Romantic movement.
b.Subject matters:
Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.
c.works
Works like the Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.
D.戏剧
Shelley's prometheus Unbound and the Cenci, Byron's Manfred and Coleridge's Remorse are generally regarded as the best verse plays during this period.主要作家及作品
William Blake 威廉布莱克
A.创作
A) The earlier period:
a. The first printed work:
Poetical Sketches is his first printed work, which is a collection of youthful verse.
b. The songs of Innocence:天真之歌
It is a lovely volume of poem, presenting a happy and innocent world.
c. The songs of Experience:经验之歌
It paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone. Childhood is central to
Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.
d.Marriage of Heaven and Hell:天堂与地狱的结合
B) The later period:
a.In his later period, Blake wrote quite a few prophetic预言性的 books, and showed the poet himself as the spokesman of revolt.
b. The major ones are: The book of Urizen尤莱森之书, The Book of Los洛斯之书, The Four Zoas四个左义斯 and Milton弥尔顿.
B.艺术成就
A)The strong visual mind:想象力
From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind: whatever he imagined, he also saw.
B) The language:他的诗歌富有抒情诗的美丽及深远的内涵. Blake writers his poems in plain and direct language.语言直白朴素 His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning.
C)The Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征.
Willam wordsworth 华兹·华斯
A 创作
A)Wordsworth had a long poetic career. His first volumes are Descriptive Sketches, and Evening Walk.《描绘素写-傍晚漫步》
B)The Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry, notable the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language,
the Lyrical Ballads are among the best of his achievements.
C)The Prelude is regarded as Wordsworth's greatest work.
D)In 1807 Poems in Two Volumes was published.The work contains much of Wordsworth's finest.
B.作品主题
According to the subjects, Wordsworth's short poems can be classified into two group: poems about nature and poem about human life.
A)The worshipper of nature
Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature.大自然的膜拜者”He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature.
他能洞悉事物，并将其细致入微的剖析给读者。
To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginative and intellectual engagement. It's nature that gives him“strength and knowledge full of peace.”
对华来说，大自然是人类想像与心智的代替，是大自然赋予他“充满和平的力量与知识”
B）The theme of his works:
Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.
C 艺术特色
A)The memory of the past:
B)The deliberate simplicity:
Wordsworth's deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled. He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.
Percy Bysshe Shelley 波比雪莱
A 创作思想及主张
A）The thoughts:
a.He held a lifelong aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority,institutional religion.
b.He believed that his age was one of the wars of the oppressed against the oppressors. He felf that the existing despotic governments
could be overthrown by revolution.
c.He realized that the evil was also in man's min
d.
d.He predicated that only through gradual and suitable reforms of the existing institutions could benevolence善意 be universally established and
none of the evils would survive in the "genuine society".
B) The creations:
a. Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny.
b. one of Shelley's greatest political lyrics in "Men of England."致英格兰人民
B.代表作品
A） The first long serious work:
In 1813 he published his first long serious work, Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem.
B) The Lyrics:
In "The Cloud," Shelley created a Platonic唯心的 symbol of the spirit of man. In" To a Skylark致云雀" the bird, suspended between reality and poetic image.
Adonais is an elegy for John Keats. Best of all the well-know lyric pieces is Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind".
C) The poetic drama:
Shelley's greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama四幕诗剧, Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯.
Jane Austen 简奥斯丁Pride and Prejudice
A 创作
In her lifelong career, Jane Austen wrote altogether six complete novels, which can be divided into two distinct period.
a. Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility,理智与情感 tells a story about two sister and their love affairs.
b.Pride and Prejudic,傲慢与偏见 the most popular of her novels, deals with the five Bennet sisters and the search for suitable husbands.
C Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺satirizes those popular Gothic romances.讽刺了哥特式抒情歌
B ) The last three novels:
all her last three novels deal with the romantic entanglements of their strongly characterized heroines.以性格鲜明的女主角感情上的纠葛为主题
Mansfield Park,曼斯菲尔德花园 Emma艾玛, Persuasion.劝告
C) The incomplete works:曼斯菲尔德花园:表现了世俗与非世俗的并存
Several incomplete works were published long after Austen's death. These include the Watsons, 沃特森一家艾玛:对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思.
fragment of a Novel小说的未完成部分, and Plan of a Novel小说的构思.劝告:将真挚爱情与精打细算进行了对照
B.作品特色
a) The subject matter:
a.Austen's main lieterary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships.
b.Austen shows a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life.
c.As a novelist Jane Austen writes with in a very narrow sphere. The subject matter and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th-century Englan
d.
B) The theme:
Jane Austen is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men and women in love.
C 代表作
A) Pride and Prejudice, originally drafted as "First Impression,"is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works
B) With trenchant observation and in meticulous detail, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.
Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.
The Victorian Period维多利亚时期
1.时间界定
The Victorian Period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901.
2.文学形式
A 小说
A)The critical realistic novels:批判现实主义小说
The critical realists like Charles Dickens, Thackeray,萨克雷 Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Mrs.Gaskell哥斯凯尔夫人
and Anthony Trollope特罗洛普,etc. carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society and the defence of the mass. 肩负起批判社会,保卫人民利益的责任.
B) The modern novelists:
a. George Eliot, according to D.H Lawrence, was the first novelist that "started putting all the action inside."
b. Thomas Hardy, that Wessex man who not only continued to expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities,不正当行为
but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions and morals.
B 散文Prose
Among the most influential prose works of the time are Carlyle's Sartor Resartus,卡利尔的<法国革命> The French Revolution,
Macaulay's History of England,麦考利的<英国历史> Ruskin's five-volumed Modern Painters 拉斯金的五卷<现代画家> and
Huxley's lecture essays哈克斯雷的部分演讲稿.
C.诗歌 Poetry
The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression. Rober Browning罗伯特布朗宁
created the verse novel by adopting the novelistic presentaton of characters. 创造了一种诗体小说,即把小说中对人物的塑造方式引用到诗歌中
Other poets like Alfred Tennyson丁尼生, Matthew Arnold马修阿诺得, Edward Fitzgerald 爱德华菲兹杰拉德 all made their respective attempts
at poetic innovations and helped open up new ways for the twentieth-century poetry.都在诗歌改革方面大有尝试,为二十世纪的现代诗歌开辟了道路.
Charles Dickens 狄更斯
A. 创作
A) The earlier works:
In his early novels, he attacks one or more specific social evils.
a.Papers of the Pickwick 《皮克威克外传》lifted him into a position of fame and fortune.
b.Others include:Oliver Twist雾都孤儿, Nicholas Nickleby尼古拉斯尼克尔比, David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔,
Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁瞿述伟 and Dombey and son董贝父子.
B)The later works:
The later works show the development of Dickens towards a highly conscious artist of the modern type. 向一个有着高度自觉意识的现代作家发展The physical settings here are sometimes a mixture of the contemporary and the recollected past.小说背景常常是当代与回忆中的过去相结合
a. All of the works, with exception of A Tale of Two Cities, Present a criticism of the more complicated and yet 除了《双城记》，
most fundamental social institutions and morals of the Victorian England.都对更加复杂也更为基础的社会机构及道德观念进行了批判
b.Others include: Bleak House荒凉山庄, Little Dorrit小多利特, Hard Times艰难时世, Great Expectations远大前程 and Our Mutual Friend我们共同的朋友.
B.艺术特色
a.With his first sentence, he engages the reader's attention and holds it to the end. The settings of his stories have 小说第一句就完全吸引住读者，引导他读到最后一页an extraordinary vividness, a result of years' intimacy and rich imagination.亲身历险与想像力
b.In language, he is often compared with Shakespeare for his adeptness with the vernacular and large vocabulary. His humor and wit seem inexhaustible.才智幽默
B) In character-portrayal:人物塑造
a.Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works.
b.His best-depicted characters are those innocent, virtuous善良的, persecuted受迫害的, helpless child characters.
c.And he is also famous for the depiction of those horrible and grotesque可怕的古板的 characters like Fagin.
d.These characters are impressive not only because they are true to life, but also because they are often larger than lif
e.源于生活,更高于生活
C) The mingling of humor and pathos:幽默与哀伤
a. Dicken's works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos. He seems to believe that life is itself a mixture of joy and grief.
狄更斯的作品还有一个特点,是将幽默与哀伤的泪水交汇起来,正如人生就是欢乐与痛苦的结合,生命也正因有了喜剧和悲剧才变得丰富多彩.
Life is delightful because it is at once comic and tragic. He is a humorist.幽默家
b.To match his humorous genius, Dickens is also noted for his pictures of pathos.也是一个悲性大师
The Bronte Sisters
A.布朗特姐妹作品
A)Charlotte's first novel was The Professor. But her second one, Jane Eyre, won immediate success.
B)Emily's single and unique work was Wuthering Heights.呼啸山庄
C)Anne's Agnes Grey was published. Soon it followed by Anne's The Tenant of Mildfell Hall.
B.夏洛特布朗特创作
A)The theme:
Charlotte's works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness toward self-realization,个人自觉与实现自我价值
about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding a full, happy life.孤独而卑微的少女对爱情,理解与完整幸福的生活的强烈渴求.
B) The thoughts:
Charlotte would usually stick to the Puritanical code.In her mind, man's life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue.坚信清教徒的一些信条.
C) The artistic features:人生是一场永不停息的罪恶与美德的斗争.
She is a writer of realism combined with romanticism.集现实主义与浪漫主义与一身 On one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society.
一方面,她真实生动地再现了英国上流社会的残酷,虚伪及其他丑恶现象以及下层贫苦人民的不幸.
On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intersity of vision passion.另一方面,她的笔下充盈着美好的情与景.
A)Jane Eyre by charlotte Bronte:
a.The work is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp critism of the existing society.以对当时社会尖锐的批评而闻名于世.
b. At the same time, it is an intense moral fable道德童话. Jane, like Mr.Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical and moral tests.如同罗切斯特先生一样,
简经历了一系列肉体与道德的双重考验才成长起来,获得最终的幸福.
c. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.它的成功在于它在英国小说史上第一次成功的塑造出了家庭教师的B)Wuthering Heights by English Bronte:女主人公形象
a.The novel is a riddle, which means different things to different people. From the social point of view,
it is a story about a poor man abused, betrayed and distorted by his social betters.
b.The story is told mainly by Nelly, and part of the story is told through Isabella's letters to Nelly.
Thomas Hardy 哈代
A.作品
A)The novels:
A.His first novel is Desperate Remedies计出无奈
B.The real success came with Under the Greenwood Tree 他的真正成功是1872年《格林伍德的林荫下》
C.The publicaiton of Far form the Madding Crowd enabled him to give up architecture for writing.《远离尘嚣》使它最终放弃建筑从事文学。
D.His last two novels: Tess of the D'Urbervilles〈德伯家的苔丝〉 and Jude the Obscure〈无名的裘德〉
B)The poetry
The most famous is The Dynasts列王, a long epic-drama about the Napoleonic Wars.有关拿破仑战争的无韵诗剧
C) The best works:
His best local-colored works are his later ones, such as The Return of the Native〈还乡〉, The Woodlanders〈号兵长〉,
Tess of the D'Urbervilles〈德伯家的苔丝〉 and Jude the Obscure〈无名的裘德〉.
B.创作倾向
a.悲剧主题
From the Return of the Native on, the tragic sense becomes the keynote of his novels.
b.怀旧情绪
In the Wessex novels, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though pimitive rural life.
c.自然主义倾向
He read Darwin's The origin of Species and accepted the idea of "survival of the fittest." He was also influenced by Spencer's The First Principle.
Though Naturalism seems to have played an important part in Hardy's works, there is also bitter and sharp criticism and even open challenge of the irrational, hypocritical and unfair Victorian institutions, conventions and morals.
现代时期
1.文化背景
A.In the mid-19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels put forward the theory of Scientific socialism.
B.Darwin's theory of evolution exerted a strong influence up on the people. The social Darwinism advocated colonialism or jingoism.
C.Einstein's theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space.
D.Freud's analytical psychology drastically altered our conception of human nature.
E.In philosophy, Arthur Schopenhaucer, stared a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition,
Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism, Henry Bergson establisehed his irrational philosophy.
2.现代主义运动
A.现代主义的理论基础及主张
A)The source:
Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The French symbolism heralded modernism.
B.)The theory:
Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical bst.
C.)The themes:
The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,
man and society, man and man, and man and himself.
D.)The features:
The modernist writers concentrate more on the private, the subjective, the inner being of an individual, the psychic time.
B.同现实主义的区别
A) In theoretical base: Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.
It is, in many aspects, a reaction against realism.It rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of realism.
which is the theoretical base of realism.
B) In sources: Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The French symbolism heralded modernism. It excludes
from its major concern the external, objective material world, which is the only creative source of realism.
C)In literary assertions: By advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation. Modernism casts away almost
all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot , character, chronological narration, etc.,which are essential to realism.
3.现代主义文学
A.诗歌
A.)The 20th century has witnessed a great achevement in English poetry. Hardy expressed his strong sympathies for the suffering poor and his
bitter disgusts at the social evils in his poetry as in his novels.
B)The early poems of Pound and Eliot and Yeat's matured poetry marked the rise of "modern poetry."
C)The 1930s witnessed great economic depressions,mass unemployment, and the rise of the Nazis, most of the young intellects started to turn to the left.
D)With the coming of the 1950s,there was a return of realistic poetry again.
B.小说
A)现实主义小说
a.The realistic novels in the early 20th century were the continuation of the Victorian tradition. The outstanding realistic novelists
of this period were John Galsworthy, H.G.Wells, and Arnold Bennett.
b.The realistic novels of this period were more or less touched by a pessimistic mood, preoccupied with the theme of man's loneliness. Another important
aspect of realistic novels in this period is the fact that there rose a few working-class witers, Among this group, Gibbon
was the most outstanding. His trilogy:Sunset Song, Cloud How, and Grey Granite present the social changes.
c.In the mid-1950s and early 1960s, there appeared a group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background,
who were known as " the Angry Young Men."Amis was the first to start the attack on middle-class privileges and power in his novel lucky Jim.
B)现代主义小说
a.The first three decades of this century were golden years of the modernist novel. The theory of the Freudian
and Jungian psycho-analysis played a particularly important role.
b.Writers like Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce and Virgina Woolf concentrated all their efforts on digging to the the human
consciousness. James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist: In Ulysses, Bloom, becomes the symbol of everyman in
the post-World-War-I Europe. Forster's masterpiece, A Passage to India, is a novel of decidedly symbolist aspirations,
Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing. In his best novels like The Rainbow and Women in Love, Lawrence made
a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships, especially those between men and women.
C.戏剧
A) The pioneer dramatists:
a.The most celevrated dramatists in the last decade of the 19th century were Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw, who, in a sence, pioneered the modern drama.
b.Wilde expressed a satirical and bitter attitude towards the upper-class people, in his masterpiece, The importance of Being Earnest.
B)The Irish National Theater movement:
a.With their joint efforts, the Irish playwrights brought about the Irish National Theater movement in the earyly 20th century.
b.Yeats was a verse playwright who desired to restore lyrical drama to popularity. By adopting the vivid figurative language of the Irish peasantry,
Synge brought vigor, Ironic humor,and dramatic pathos to the Irish stage. His most popular play is the comedy, The Playpoy of the Western World.
O'Casey presented an urban drama of Dublin slum life to the Irish audience in plays like Juno and the Paycock, and The Plough and the Stars.
C)The revival of poetic drama:
a.The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England. T.S.Eliot regarded dramas as the best medium of poetry.
Murder in the Cathedral, remains the most popular of his verse plays.
b.Fry gained considerable successes in poetic drama. The Lady's Not For Burning attracted delighted audience.
D)The English drrmatic revolution:
a.The English dramatic revolution came in the 1950s. This revolution developed in two directions:
The working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.
b.John Osborne was the man who started the first change in drama by presenting his play, Look Back in Anger. Osborne brought vitality to
the English theater and became know the first"Angry Young Man." The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett.
His first play, Waiting for Godot, is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.
主要作家及作品
George Bernard Shaw 箫伯纳
A.戏剧创作
A)The early period:
A> The works:
a. Shaw began his literay career by writing novels the best know is Cashel Byron's Profession.
b.Shaw directed his attacks on the Neo-Romantic tradition and the fashionable drawing-room drama in a collection Our Theaters in the Nineties.
c.His first play is Widower's Houses. Meanwhile Shaw's play, Candida, was produced and since then, Shaw's position as
the leading playwright of his time was established.
d.Widower's House and Mrs.Warren's Profession can be regarded as the typical representatives of Shaw's early plays.
B> The theme:
His early plays were mainly concerned with social problems and directed towards the criticism of the contemporary social, economic, moral and religious evils.
A> The miscellaneous subjects:
There are history plays, the idea of “Life Force ” and other subjects.
B>The works:
a. The history plays include Caesar and Cleopatra and St.Joan.
b.Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of “Life Force.”The typical examples of this group are Man and Superman and Back to Methuselah.
c.Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subjects: The Apple Cart is about politics:John Bull's Other Island is about racial problems:
Pygmalion is about culture and art.
C) The Later period:
A>The features:
In the 1930s, Shaw continued his dramatic career and wrote several plays, but his satire became weaker and less effectual.
B>The works:
Too True to Be Good is a better play of the later period.
B.戏剧特点
A) The problem plays:
As the realistic dramatist, he took the modern social issues as his subjects they can be termed as problem plays.
B)The character-portrayal:
Shaw's characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. Another feature is that
Shaw's characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view.
C)The inversion of the situation:
Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation. The inversion is an integral part of an interpretation of life. Inversion is also used in character portrayal to achieve comic effects.
D) The vitality of the talk:
It is the vitality of the talk that takes primacy over were story. Action is reduced to a minimum, while the dialogue and the interplay
of the minds of the characters maintain the interest of the audience.
T.S.Eliot 艾略特
A.诗歌创作
A) The early period:
The more important poems of this period are :"The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock," Gerontion, " The Wastle land, and The Hollow Men.布鲁富劳克, 荒原,空洞人
b. The waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.
B)The later period:
In his later period, Eliot produced only two major volums of poetic works:Ash Wednesday and Four Quartets.星期三的烟灰,四个四重奏
(四个四重奏使作者于1948年荣获诺贝尔文学奖) B.戏剧创作
A) The works:
Eliot had written in his lifetime five full-length plays: Murder in the Cathedral, The family Reunion, The Cocktail Party, 教堂的谋杀,家人团圆,鸡尾酒会.
The Confidential Clerk, The Elder Statesman. All the plays have something to do with Christian themes.机要人员, 年长的政客
B) The representatives:
Murder in the Cathedral is concerned with the death and martyrdom of Thomas Becket. The family Reunion has a modern setting.
C.散文创作
A)The theme:
His essays are mainly concerned with cultural, social, religious, as well as literary issues.
B) The representatives:
"Tradition and Individual Talent," Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.
传统与个人天才,强调传统对创作与评论两方面的重要作用.
Eliot argued that a poet's mind should remain"inert" and "neutral" towards his subject matter."作品应保持非个性化"的主张
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a214598948.html,wrence 戴维伯特劳伦斯
A. 小说创作
A)The early period:
A> The works:
a. His first novel is The White Peacock.白孔雀(1911)
b.His second novel is The Trespasser.过客(1912)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a214598948.html,wrence was recognized as a prominent novelist only after he published his third novel, Sons and Lovers.
B>. The masterpieces:
The Rainbow and Women in Love are generally regarded as his masterpieces.《虹》《恋爱中的女人》
a. The Rainbow is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm.讲述了布朗温家庭三代在码什农场上的故事。
b.As a matter of fact, it is the first time for Lawrence to make a conscious attempt to combine social criticism with psychological exporation in his novel writing.
b.Women in love:
Women in Love is rich in its symbolic meanings.Gerald Crich, is a symbolic figure of spiritual death, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics.
恋爱中的女人象征意义极为丰富.查拉德,一个效率极高去不讲人情的矿山主, 将机器视为上帝,并在矿山公司建立了非人道的机械化制度,他象征着精神的死亡,
Whereas, Birkin is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth, standing for the spontaneous life Force.代表了整个资产阶级的伦理观.
而勃金则是劳仑期的自画象,他反抗着工业机械化带来的种种压抑以及任何一种丧失了生命力的形式与教条,代表了人情温暖及生命原始的冲动.
B).The later period:
The works:
a. Aaron's Rob亚伦神仗 shows that every man is a sacred and holy individual whose integrity should never be violated dominated.
表现了每个人的都是神圣的,独立的,其人格与尊严不得侵犯.
b.Kangaroo 袋鼠gives a rich portrayal of the Australian life and scenery.详细展示了澳洲人的生活与当地的景观.
c.The Plumed serpent shows that Lawrnce tries to give symbolic fictional form to his preoccupation with the concept of "blood consciousness," a mystical religion of instinct.带羽毛的蛇通过象征主义小说手法, 他对"血液中固有的意识",即一种崇拜性本能的神秘宗教的信奉,这种信奉也是他毕生寻求生命的意义的结果.
d.In Lady Chatterley's Lover, Lawrence has returned to his early subjects and background of Nottinghamshir
e.
查泰莱夫人的情人,劳伦斯又回到了男女这情的旧题上.
B.诗歌创作
A)The classification
His poems fall roughly into three categories
A>Satirical and comic poems:讽刺幽默诗
B>.Poems about human relaitonships and emotions:关于人际关系与人类感情的诗
C> Poems about nature.关于大自然的诗
B).The features:
Lawrence does not care much about the conventional metrical rules; what he tries to catch the instant life of the immediate present.
劳伦斯不太注重传统的诗词格律,他写诗是为了抓住眼前生活中动人的一瞬.
C.戏剧创作
A).Lawrence was discovered to be an important playwright in 1968 with the efforts of Peter Gill.在彼德吉尔的帮助下,劳伦斯成为重要的剧作家.
B).These three plays: A Collier's Friday Night, The Daughter-in-Law and The Widowing of Mrs.Holroyed.
劳伦斯的三部戏剧作品:《矿工的周五夜晚》《儿媳》 《守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人》三部作品的背景都是诺丁汉姆郡的工人阶层。
American literature
1.时间界定
A.The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the ourbreak of the Civil War.
B.It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.
C.It is also called"the American Renaissance."
2.美国色彩的浪漫主义思想
A.The native feature:
They revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.
A) The American national experience of "pioneering into the west"proved to be a rich source of material.
B)The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral law.
C)Literature began to celebrate American farmers, the poor, the unlettered, children, and,especially, the noble savages.
B.The Puritanism:
A) The Americal Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.
B)American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts.
C)The Transcendentalism:
A) The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.
B)It was started in New England in the 1830s.
C)This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and Thoreau.
D)Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively,
or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses."
Nathaniel Hawthore 霍桑
A.创作
A) Twice-Told Tales, a collection of short stories.
B) The greatest works: Mosses from an Old Manse, The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales and The Scarlet Letter.
C) Others: The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun.
B文学思想
A) The view of sin:
A> According to Hawthorne, "There is evil in every human heart."A piece of literary works should "show how we are all wrongers, and avenge one another." So in almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discusses sin and evil.
B> One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect. The tension between the head and the heart constitutes