Case 1I?ve Not Considered Marriage Y et
John, 28 years old, an Australian studing Chinese in Beijing, met Li Hua at a dance party. Li Hua, 22, took an instant liking to John the first time they met, as time went on ,they saw more and more of each other. After six months or so, Li Hua suggeste that John meet her parents. Since this was the first time John had visited a Chinese family, he became quite nervous the moment he was introduced to Li Hua?s parents, elder sister and siser-in-law. Soon after serving him some Chinese tea and fruit, Li Hua?s mother began questiong John about his background, his family and relatives, as well as his economic status. John did his best to answer all of the questions, sometimes in broken Chinese. A few minutes later, Li Hua?s father turned towards John, and asked a very direct question. He wanted John to tell him when he would marry Li Hua and where he was going to live and work. John, being a bit surprised at the question, replied that he hadn?t thought about marriage. Li Hua?s father got very upset and angry. He stamped his foot and asked John to leave. As John was about to leav e, Li Hua?s father warned him against seeing his daughter again. John lert, without knowing what he had done to enrage the family.
Questions for discusssion
How could you expl ain to Li Hua?s parents about the relationship between Li Hua and John? How could you expl ain to John Li Hua?s parenets? behavior?
Case 2 Can we talk about us?
Anna asks her fiance, Ben, “Can we talk about us?” Immediately Ben tenses up, seeing trouble. He prepares himself for an unpleasant conversations and reluctantly agrees. Anna then thankes Ben for being so supportive during the last few months when she was under enormous pressure at her job. She telle him she feels closer than ever to him. Then she invites Ben to tell her what makes him feel loved and close to her. Althoufh Ben is relieved to learn there is no c risis, he?s also baffled: “If there isn?t a problem, why do women need to talk about the relationship? If it?s wor king, let it be.”
Questions for discusssion
Could you explain why Ben was relucatant to have a talk with his fiancee?
Case 3 Feeling Left-out
After graduating from Beijing International Studies University, Chen Liang pursued an MA program at a university in Boston ,the U.S. Eatly in the same program, he made friends with some of the American students studying in the same program. One day after class, his American friend, Dick, asked Chen to join his in the university cafeteria. On their way they ran in to Dick?s girlfriend, Lisa, who was on her way to a lecture. Walking shoulder to shoulder, Dick and Lisa carried on an intimate conversation, as if they hadn?t seen each other for ages. Meanwhile, Chen Liang was walking behind them, not taking part in the conversation. When they were nearing the cafeteria Lisa said she had to leave for the lecture. Dick embraced her and gave her a long and passinate kiss. Seeing this, Chen turned away and walked off toward the cafeteria. When Dick looked up, he saw Chen walking into the cageteria. Dick was puzzled as to why Chen didn?t wait for his, and went to the cafeteria alone.
Questions for discusssion
Could you explain to Dick why Chen Liang walked into the cafeteria without waiting for him?
Case 4 Shoes for Street Walking
It is said that in Rome, in front of a shoe store, there was such a sign to attract English-speaking customers: Shoes for street walking. Come in and have a fit. The sign caught the attention of many English-speaking tourists, but not to look at the shoes displayed in the windows, but to read the sign and then break out into laughter. The Italian shop owner did not realize that “a street walker” means a prostitute, while “to have a fit” does not mean to have a try, but to become suddenly and viol ently angry or upset. No wonder the amusement and laughter!(Deng Y anchang et al.,1989)
Question for discussion
Why did the Italian shop owner make such a blunder?
Case 5 A Misunderstanding Caused by a Joke
Roger was the Personnel Executive of a large American multinational firm. In 1996, Roger was working in Brazil to help promote their business. One evening, there was a party, attended by both his employees from the United States and many Brazilian business people. At the party, Roger bumped into Rosalita, a Brazilian
woman he had known for some time. Roger generally had a very good impression of Rosalita and always felt at ease with her, so that he felt free to tell jokes and share personal thoughts, and talk about Brazil and Brazilian life without having the jitters of offending Rosalita. During the party, Rosalita said to Roger, “I?d like to introduce you to one of my good friends. She is a very capable woman and is presently thinking of working in a joint venture so she can provide a better living for her large family. She is very much interested in your company.” Hearing that, Roger smiled and replied, “OK, but I just hope I don?t get hustled.” Unfortunately, Roger?s reply made Rosalita quite upset. V ery soon she excused herself as politely as she could, and did not speak with Roger for the rest of the evening.
Question for discussion
Roger was confused by Rosalita?s behavior. Could you give him an explanation?
Case 6 Look Out!
A foreign student in the U.S. was sitting by a window reading a book. She heard someone yelling “Look out!” , so she stuck her head out of the window. Just then a board hurtled down from above, narrowly missing her. She looked up, half in anger and half in fright. There was a man on the roof doing repairs. “Didn?t you hea r me call …Look out??” he demanded. “Y es, and that?s what I did,” she replied.
Questions for discussion
In this case, what does “look out”mean? Could you give a similar case like this?
Case7Different Attitudes Toward a Fly in a Beer
If in the dining hall, a fly was seen in a glass of beer, an Englishman would say, “May I have another,please?”; a Frenchman would pour the beer out; a Spanish man would put the money on the table and leave without a word; a Japanese would summon the manager and criticiz e, “Do you do all your business like this?”; an Arab would give the beer to the waiter and say, “I?ll buy you a drink.”; and the more humorous American would say to the waiter, “Please serve the fly and beer separately. If the customer likes the fly, he co uld put it into his beer himself.”
Case 8Borrow Money and Lend Money
While I was studying in America, I met an American classmate named Jimmy. One day I was eager to buy a book, but I did not have enough money, so I borrowed three dollars from him. Before he lent me the three dollars, Jimmy asked me three times, “Are you sure you will return the money to me?” Four days later, he kept reminding me about the loan until I paid him back the money.
Interestingly enough, weeks later he borrowed $30 from me and said he would pay me back in a week. After one month, there was no sign of the money so I reminded him. To my surprise, he said, “I?m sorry, why didn?t you remind me earlier?” and returned the money instantly.
Americans don?t readily give money to others nor receive others? readily. If you lent money to an American generously, and said, “Don?t mention it again. Y ou don?t have to pay me back.” , he would be angry and think you were looking down on him, not believing his ability to repay the money.
Case 9Twelve Cups of Tea
When I first went to Hong Kong, I had no idea about Chinese tea-drinking and found myself caught in a very awkward situation. I visited a Chinese family and was immediately given a cup of tea. I was not thirsty and I did not particularly like that type of tea, but out of politeness I finished the cup. But the more I drank, the more I was given. I kept insisting that I did not want any more, but the host took no notice. I drank about twelve cups of tea that afternoon! The host must have thought that I was very greedy, but I did not know how to avoid getting more tea poured. (Helen Oatey, 1988)
Case 10Have you had your lunch?
Where are you going?
When I first went to Hong Kong a number of years ago, I had no idea about the Chinese language or the Chinese culture. Shortly after my arrival, I went to the bank on my way to school. I was extremely surprised when the bank clerk asked me if I had had lunch. In British culture, the question would be regarded as an indirect invitation to lunc h, and between unmarried young people it indicates a young man?s interest in dating a girl. Since he was a completely stranger, I was quite taken aback. I proceeded to school and was even more surprised when one of the teachers asked me the same question. By now I realized that it could not be an invitation, but I was puzzled as to why they kept asking it. In the following days, as I was asked the question again and
again, I came to the conclusion that people must be concerned about my health. I was somewhat underweight, and I assumed they must be worried that I was not eating properly. Only later, did I find out that the question had no real significance at all, it was merely a greeting.
Case11Li Hongzhang?s Embarrassment
Li Hongzhang, one of the top officials in the Qing Dynasty, was invited to visit the United States. He was warmly welcomed. One day, Li was hosting a banquet for the American officials in a popular restaurant. As the banquet started, according to the Chinese custom, Li stood up and said, “I am very happy to have all of you here today. Though these dishes are coarse and not delicious and good enough to show my respect for you, I hope you will enjoy them…” (今天承蒙各位光临，不胜荣幸。我们略备粗馔，聊表寸心，没有什么可口的东西，不成敬意，请大家多多包涵。。。。。。) The next day, the English version of his words was shown in the local newspaper. To his shock, the restaurant owner flew into a rage. He thought it was an insult to his restaurant and insisted that Li should show him the evidence of which dish was not well-made and which dish was not delicious. Otherwise, Li intentionally damaged the reputation of the restaurants, and he should apologize. All the fuss made Li rather embarrassed.
Case 12Litz is a professor of cross—cultural communication in a university in Finland. She invited her Chinese students home for an evening party.
The schema from Litz?s point of view includes the following:
1. Giving invitation: by phone / by mail
2. Prepare everything before the arrival of guests
3. Receiving guests: open the door / express welcome / take their overcoats / introduce guests / offer them drinks / make them comfortable
4. Serving food: set the table / soup first / main course / desert
5. Post dinner activities: chat / play music / offer more drinks
6. Seeing guests off: thank them for coming / good night
Litz?s evening party was not very successful, because she was upset by one of her guests. Here was the initial conversation between Litz and Lin:
Litz: (opens the door) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come!
Lin: It?s not difficult to find your house.
Litz: Come on in.
Lin: (comes in)
Litz: Can I take your coat?
Lin: No, thanks.
Litz: Ok, this way please.
Lin: (take off her coat and hangs it)
Analysis: Litz was hurt because Lin did not let her hang her coat. Litz?s offering to hang Lin?s coat is one of Litz?s ways (it?s on Litz?s schema). On Lin?s side, she thought that Litz was her supervisor and that it was inappropriate to let her supervisor hang her coat. Here we have an instance of one action attached with different cultural values.
Case 13
Finding an Interested Buyer
Georage Hall was in Beijing attending a trade fair and looking for an opportunity to do business in China. He had been very successful in his business dealings in the US and prided himself on his ability “to get things moving.” His first day was going well .He looked around at the displays of sporting equipment to get some idea of whom he might approach. He was sure that his products, tennis rackets with an unusual new design, would arouse some interests. On the second day he approached the company which he felt would be most responsive to his products. He introduced himself to the general, a Mr. Li. Since he had read that Chinese find getting down to business immediately too abrupt and rude, he began a casual conversation, eventually leading up to the topic of his products and suggesting how Mr. Li?s company might benefit from using them. George then suggested that he could arrange to get together with Mr. Li and provide more specifics and documentation on his products.
Mr. Li responded in fairly good English,” That would be interesting.”
Knowing that he had only a few days left in Beijing, George wanted to nail down a time,” When can we meet?” asked George.
“Ah. This week is very busy,” replied Mr. Li.
“It sure is,” said George,” How about 10 o?clock? Meet you here.”
“Tomorrow at 10 o?clock?” asked Mr. Li thoughtfully.
“Right,” said George, “I?ll see you then?”
“Hmm, yes; why don?t you come by tomorrow,” was the reply.
“OK,” responded George,” It was nice meeting you.”
The next day at 10 o?clock he approached Mr. Li?s company?s exhibit only to find that Mr. Li had some important business and was not able to meet with George. He
called back later in the day and was told that Mr. Li was not available.
Analysis: 英美人士做事情讲究守时。而中国人不太重视这方面。本案列中，李先生不仅没有准时接见预约的客户，甚至放了他“鸽子”。
Case14 Professor Liang has written a book on Chinese culture in Chinese. His book is put on display in Beijing International Book Fair? 96. Professor Liang would like to have his book translated into English and submitted to Thompson Publishers. Professor Liang has asked Li Yan, whom he meets regularly in the English Corner, to help him to talk to Peter Allright, a Thompson representative.
Prof. Liang:奥莱特先生，这是鄙人的拙作。
Li Tan: Mr. Allright, this a clumsy book written by your humble servant.
Mr Allright: No, no, no, you're not my humble servant. We do not publish books in Chinese.
Li Yan (to Professor Liang): 不，不，不，你不是我的仆人，我们不出中文书。Professor Liang: 我要请李艳翻译成英文。
Li Yan (to Mr. Allright): Professor Liang will ask me to translate it into English. Mr. Allright: Mm that?s interesting.
Analysis: Chinese authors almost always belittle their works by describing them as clumsy writings, and they use the same description when they present them to Chinese publishers. But this will be counter—productive in English. Instead, authors should point out the merits of their works rather than “clumsiness”.
Case 15 Jane, an American teacher in the US, had just started teaching English to a group of Japanese students. She wanted to get to know the students more formally, so she invited them to her house for party. The students all arrived together at exactly 8:00 p.m. They seemed to enjoy the party: they danced, sang, and ate most of the food. At about 10:00 p.m, one of the stu dents said to the teacher, “I think it?s time for me to leave. Thank you very much for the party.” Then all the other students got up to go, and all left at the same time. Jane decided she would never invite them again! Analysis: 在日本以及其他很多的亚洲国家里，年轻人通常成群结队的一起去参加一些社交聚会，然后一道离去。在他们看来这是很正常不过的事。然后Jane 认为这是一种侮辱，因为他们在同一时间里一下子全部离开了。在美国以及其他一些英语国家，晚上10点离开一个聚会相对来说是比较早的。
Case 16
Four Secretaries and Their Jobs
Four classmates from a top Chinese university all took jobs as secretaries after graduation. Five years later the four former classmates had a reunion and discussed their jobs.
Chen Qi and Dai Yun both work as bilingual secretaries for a Finnish company in Beijing. Chen Qi is secretary to the Finn general manger, and Dai Yun is secretary to the Chinese local manger, a position only slightly lower than that of the Finn manger. Zhang Ying is from a politically prominent family and was hired as the secretary to the leader of a small government bureau in the capital city of her home province. Lu Yan works for a state run enterprise in the same city where she was hired as the secretary to the new manager for international marketing. The company has never marketed its products abroad before so this office and Lu Yan?s position are new to the company.
Five years later Chen Qi is satisfied with her job with the Finnish company but Dai Yun is not. The Finn manager receives orders from the company?s home office in Finland, and he gives orders to those below him in China, including his secretary Chen Qi. He tells her how he wants his time scheduled and she then makes appointments for him according to his instructions. She translates memos and other documents and interprets from Chinese to English to Chinese. If the manager does not think Chen Qi has done her work well, he tells her right away. He is very demanding, but Chen Qi feels that she knows what her duties are and knows what her manager expects. She is confident that she is doing a good job.
Dai Yun often does not have as much work to do as Chen Qi does, because her boss schedules his own appointments and does a lot of the office paperwork himself. When he is out of town she has time to study for the graduate entrance exam. However, she is not sure whether or not she is doing a good job. Her manager tells her what she is expected to do, but he does this day by day. When people call or come to the office to see her boss, she greets them in English or Chinese as necessary. She receives their memos and other messages as well as their questions and requests and passes them on to her manager. Dai Yun thinks of her job as doing what her manager wants her to do. She pays close attention to his moods and behavior, and sometimes she is able to anticipate what he would like without him telling her.
Analysis：许多中国人在外企工作，不同国家的外企领导有不同的工作作风和标准。本案列中，戴云给不同的外国上司做秘书，在工作中出现由于不同的文化冲突而引起的各种工作以及沟通中的问题就很常见了。
Case 17
One cold winter day in a Chinese city, Wang Lin on his way to the library met an American professor who knew very little about China. After greeting him, Wang said: “It?s rather cold. You?d better put on more clothes.” But the professor didn?t appear happy on hearing this.
Analysis: 美国人以及大部分西方国家的人们不喜欢被告知要怎么做怎么做，他们比较喜欢独立，然而中国人则习惯关心别人，这个案例中王林的建议表达的就是一种对他人的关心，可是美国教授却不习惯这样的表达。
Case18
In a good restaurant, fourteen people are gathered to say goodbye to their professor, who is moving to another university.
Steven: May I have your attention please? I?d like to call upon Ben to say a few words.
Ben: Thank you, Steven. Professor Shore, colleagues:
Tonight is one of those paradoxes --- it?s a sad time and yet it?s a happy time. Sad, because.
We are losing one of our best professors; happy because we are pleased to see Professor Shore
gain the recognition that he richly deserves.I?m not sure who will be able to contr ol us and keep us
in line. I think the new professor will have a difficult time. And surely no one will be able to tell
jokes in the same way as you, Professor. Seriously, we all know that you will be difficult to
replace. Your scholarly approach and your dedication will always be remembered.
I would
therefore like to propose a toast. Colleagues, pelase charge your glasses. Professor Shore, may
your future be filled will great success, and may you always remember us. We know we will never
forget you.
To Professor Shore!
All: (Standing up) To Professor Shore! (Everyone drinks. Professor Shore remains seated and
smiles at them all.)
Analysis：就餐时总是要在各种缘由下向人敬酒：可以是非正式的，向朋友或同事敬酒；也可以是正式的，向全体聚会的人敬酒。与中国式的敬酒大不相同的是，在西方正式的敬酒时，受敬的人是不能喝酒的，而是正襟危坐，两眼睁睁看别人喝酒。另一个不同是：无论正式还是非正式，敬酒的人不必走过去敬酒，而是在自己的座位处站起来敬酒。敬酒时开始的语言永远是：“向…”，而其他随敬酒的人重复敬酒人的第一句话（即“向…”），然后喝一口酒。敬酒时如果举了杯，说了敬词，而实际上没有喝酒，就会被看做十分不恭的行为，在很久以前甚至于被认为是一种侮辱，是不想加入敬酒的仪式。
Case19
An American went to Chinese home. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. The visitor drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then… until the visitor was quite full. Why?
Analysis: 在中国的传统文化习俗里，主任通常会不断给客人倒水倒茶，或者不断地给客人的盘子里加食物以表示他的热情好客。面对的这样的情况，中国客人知道如何处理，在他们觉得吃饱喝足之后，就会随它放在桌上。而美国客人就不懂了，在美国，在自己的盘子里剩下食物是不礼貌的，于是他出于遵循美国文化理念可能会在这样的招待中吃的过多。
Case 20
Dinner with Friend
Janice is a young American engineer working for a manufacturing joint venture near Nanjing. She and her husband George, who is teaching English at a university, are learning Chinese and enjoying their new life .They have been eager to get to know Chinese people better so they were pleased when Liu Lingling , Janice?s young co-worker invited them to her home for dinner.
When Janice and George arrived，Lingling introduced them to her husband Yang Feng , asked them to sit down at a table containing 8 plates of various cold dishes, served them tea and then disappeared with her husband into the kitchen. After a few minutes Lingling came back and added water to their tea. Janice offered to help in the kitchen but Lingling said she didn?t need help. She invited the couple to look at their new CD player and their colorful TV and then disappeared again.
A half-hour later she came back and sat down and the three began to eat. Yang Feng came in from time to time to put dish after hot dish on the table. Most of the food was wonderful but neither George nor Janice could eat the fatty pork in pepper sauce or
the ea cucumbers, and there was much more than they could eat. They kept wishing Yang Feng would sit down so they could talk to him .Finally he did sit down to eat a bit ,but quickly turned on the TV to show them all its high teching features. Soon it was time to go home.
George and Janice felt slightly depressed by this experience, but returned the invitation two weeks later. They decided to make a nice American meal and felt lucky to find olives, tomato juice, crackers and as appetizers. For the main course they prepared spaghetti and a salad with dressing made from oil, vinegar, and some spices they found in the market.
When Liu Lingling and Yang Feng arrived they were impressed by the apartment and asked the price of the TV, video player, vacuum cleaner and other things. Janice politely refused to answer their questions. They took small tastes of the appetizers and seemed surprised when both George and Janice sat down with them. They ate only a little spaghetti and did not finish the salad on their plates. George urged them to eat more but they refused and looked around expectantly. Junice and George talked about their families and jobs and asked the table and served coffee and pastries. Yang Feng and Lingling each put four spoons of sugars into their coffee but did not drink much of it and ate only a bite or two of pastry.
After they left, George said that at least they had a chance to talk, but Janice was upset. “We left their place so full that we couldn?t walk and they?re going to have to eat again when they get home. What went wrong?
Analysis：中西方饮食习惯大大的不同。中国人邀请客人会准备一大桌子的菜，并在就餐过程中使劲劝说客人多吃点，吃完之后，还有剩菜，就表明主人的盛情款待。而西方人一不劝吃，二就餐完毕后，盘子最好是空的。本案列中的两对中外夫妇不明这个文化差异，发生误解就是自然而然的事了。
Case21
After the meal and after the table has been cleared. Liu is not sure what to do, but wants to help in some way. At least he wants to offer.
Helen: Thanks for your help, Huang.
Liu: Pleasure. What can I do now?
Helen: Nothing. It?s fine. I?ll rinse these dishes then stack them. It?ll only take a minute.
Liu: Does the family usually help?
Helen: Well, at special times. Jack sometimes rinses the dishes but you can see he?s really tired tonight.
Liu: Let me do it for you.
Helen: No truly, it?s okay.
Liu: Maybe I can wipe the table then.
Helen: That would be helpful. Thanks. You?re really kind, Huang.
Analysis：在西方人家中的就餐的时间里，大家都设法插手帮一下忙，即便是男士也不例外，不要一点不动着开饭。所有家住者要能帮者摆摆餐具，或餐后收拾洗碗，把餐具放进洗碗机，倒垃圾，站在一边帮着擦干洗好的餐具。虽然都是小忙，却表明你对别人的操劳非常在意，是个用心的人。
Case 22
Two strangers have been chatting.
A: So you?re been here for a year?
B: Yes. One more year to go, then I?ll go back to c hina.
A: What will you do back home?
B: It?s hard to know. There?s a lot change at the moment.
A: Yeah. Everything is changing, everywhere. Sometimes it?s difficult to keep up. B: That?s true. Maybe I?ll…
(A?s mobile phone rings.)
A: Excuse me, I?d better answer this. It?s probably work.
B: Sure. Take your time.
Analysis：有时在与人交谈中，难免要有什么原因要离开一会儿，或是去接一个电话，或要去洗手间。礼貌再此被提出来。出于礼貌起见，要记住做一些恰当解释再离开。不管理由是什么，即便是要接一个手机电话，在打开电话回话前，向对方说声对不起。
如果只离开几分钟，没有必要找一个理由。你说了对不起，就表明你确实是有事要离开一会儿。
Case23
Liu Huang is calling his friend Steven at his home.
Person: Hello. John is speaking.
Liu: He llo? I?m looking for Steven.
Person: Sorry, there?s no one here called Steven.
Liu: Is that 6577 8868?
Person: No. I think you?ve got the wrong number. This is 6578 8868.
Liu: Oh, I?m sorry.
Person: No problem. Good luck.
Liu: Thanks.
Analysis：失手拨错号码是常有的事。如果在国外，即便有语言障碍，害怕说英语，也还是要先与对方核对是不是拨错了，然后再道歉。如果发现拨错了号码就马上挂电话，是不礼貌的行为。
Case 24
Lin: Thank you so much for a wonderful night. I?ve had a great time.
Erica: It?s been a pleasure having you. We hope you can come again, soon.
Lin: I?d like that. You both know how to make me feel at home. Thanks for everything.
Analysis：在动身离去的时候，找到主人，当面说一声谢谢，是有礼貌的行为。
Case25
Off to a Bad Start
David Hu had just started working for the foreign owned company. He was sitting at his workstation but had not been given any assignment that he should be doing at this moment. He was relaxing and waiting and then thought he would take the opportunity to have a look around. He poked his head into several offices just to see what there was to be seen.
Suddenly Mr. Parker came up to him and angrily asked him what he was doing. David Hu was embarrassed. He laughed and quickly started to move back toward his workstation. This did not seem to satisfy Mr. Parker who started to talk rapidly and angrily. Hoping to calm him down, Mr.Hu smiled and apologized, trying to explain that he was trying to learn more about the department. However, Mr. Parker got even angrier. Finally, another worker came by and calmed him down, but Mr. Parker left, he still looked angry. Mr.Hu sighed; he knew he had made a bad start but still didn?t understand why.
Analysis：外国人很讲究隐私权，一般不允许自己的私人空间受到打扰。而中国人比较喜欢看热闹，想知道别人在做什么。所以在本案列中，吴先生未经允许就在公司四处走动，引起其他员工的强烈不满。
Case 26
Sharing the Wealth
Anna Bilow had been working for a Chinese-owned and operated company in Nanjing for about six months. The division she was working in had a small collection of Chinese-English dictionaries, English language reference books, and some videos
in English including a couple of training films and several feature films that Anna had brought at her new employer?s request when she came from Europe. Anna knew that some of the other sections had similar collections. She had sometimes used her friendship with one of the women in another department, Gu Ming, to borrow English novels and reference books and in turn had let Gu Ming borrow books from her section?s collection. On other occasions, she had seen friendly, noisy exchanges, where one of the other workers in her division had lent a book or video to a colleague from another section.
Anna thought it was a great idea when a memo was circulated saying that the company?s leaders had decided to collect all the English language materials together into a single collection. The plan was to put them in a small room that was currently being used for storage so that all employees could have equal access to them. Now she would no longer have to go from department to department trying to find the materials she needed.
Anna was surprised to hear her co-workers complaining about the new policy. When the young man in charge came to the department to collect their English language materials, she was astounded to see them hiding most of the books and all but one of the videos in their desks. When she checked out the new so-called collection, she found that the few items were all outdated or somehow damaged. She also noticed that none of the materials she had borrowed from Gu Ming were in the collection. She asked her friend why the Chinese were unwilling to share their English language materials with all their co-workers, when they seemed willing to share them within their departments.
Analysis: 西方人对隐私方面有许多禁忌，中国人对自我隐私的保护也十分注重，但是两者之间存在较大差别。西方人乐于将自己的书籍和整理的资料拿出来让朋友和同事共享，而在中国，即便是朋友间，人们也不愿意与人共享自己的书籍和资料。由于这种资料共享的观念不同，案例中Anna才会难以理解顾明等同事将自己的资料，书籍藏起来的做法。
《管理学》经典案例、实例资料分析 焦强 四川大学工商管理
目录 1、管理前智：企业管理新思考 (1) 是什么在决定创新能力 (5) 中国企业如何进入欧美市场 (9) 2、人本管理：世界顶级企业是怎样“打造”员工的 (10) 通用电气如何挑选接班人 (15) 诺基亚“人才管理”文化的启示 (19) 3、管理论谈：管理的圆融大智：中国式管理 (24) 管理的善恶 (27) 量化未必能管理好 (31) 4、管理实务：化繁为简 (35) 企业有效管理者的十大策略 (37) 简单管理是一种智慧 (40) 5、管理艺术：如何做成功的领导者 (43) 6、管理专题：华尔街缺的是道德 (45) 7、人才管理：销售经理与鱼缸 (49) 8、管理新智：将制度贯彻到底 (53)
企业管理新思考 ——取长补短式管理方法 随着我国市场经济体系的建立和知识经济时代的到来，一种符合我国国情的新管理方法——取长补短式管理方法应运而生。建立这种新的管理方法考虑的主要因素：（一）企业管理的内容和范畴。（二）文化基础。（三）国情基础。（四）先进性和前瞻性。（五）广泛推广性。新管理的特点：1、一头看政府、一头看市场。2、一头看国内管理文化、一头看国外先进管理方式。新的管理方法是综合中西管理思想的优点和长处。一头吸取西方先进管理思想及手段，一头完善中国式管理思想、文化传统。在这个发展年代，变是永恒的，任何已有的管理模式都将被创新的管理模式所取代、管理的主旋律必然是创新。 一、建立取长补短式管理方式应考虑的因素 （一）企业管理的内容和范畴。管理涉及到生产力、生产关系、上层建筑三个层面的内容。具体讲，生产力包括自然界与人类之间的相互关系、技术与技术之间的相互关系、人与人之间的劳动协作关系，产品的终了分配关系；上层建筑方面包括企业的价值取向、企业文化层面和企业制度层面的具体内容。从以上可以看出企业管理包含内容十分丰富和广泛。 （二）文化基础。管理是一门科学、一门艺术，更是一种社会文化体现。一个国家的管理是与该国传统文化紧密相联的。管理的文化基础具体主要体现在两个方面：一方面是任何管理都植根于一种文化之上，社会文化背景是管理赖以生存的土壤、环境，有什么样的社会文化环境，就要求有什么样的管理行为和方式与之相适应、因为社会文化环境是客观的、相对稳定的、是不以人的意志为转移的客观存在。管理植根于文化之上如果能与之相适应，符合它的特征及要求，则管理效果就好，管理效率就会提高，劳动生产效率就会提高；如果管理不适应文化、则管理效果差、甚至导致管理失败。另一方面，我们可以利用文化发展，把文化背景、文化特点、文化内容借用来作为具体的管理手段，利用文化本身的系列内涵建立相应的管理方式。现代管理学的研究兴趣越来越趋向于管理文化研究，借用文化作为管理不失为最有效的管理办法之一。 （三）国情基础。由于管理的主要内容是生产力、生产关系和上层建筑，
雀巢咖啡广告案例分析 一、雀巢最新广告 1、广告简介： 2011年11月，雀巢咖啡启用韩寒作为首个国内代言人，携手奥美广告公司、创作全新广告片，以“活出敢性”的广告语取代原来耳熟能详的“味道好极了”。这支广告片由香港导演关锦鹏执导，用韩寒最为人熟悉的两个角色诠释雀巢咖啡的新理念，激励年轻人活出自己的精彩人生。 2、广告内容： 首先是“印有雀巢咖啡LOGO杯子”的镜头，画面下方介绍韩寒：作家、车手、博主。接着韩寒喝口雀巢咖啡，继续写作，手轻轻一挥，稿纸顿时四散飞扬。旁白：写作最快乐的事，莫过于让作品成为阅读者心中的光芒。一串一闪而过的镜头之后，韩寒放开双手从摩托车上站起来，展开双臂，巧妙的表现出了“敢”的主题。 接着是韩寒边喝咖啡边回忆自己对“勇敢、梦想、希望”的理解，穿插着残疾人参加马拉松比赛的镜头、小女孩在观看追梦女孩的表演、自己去希望工程做志愿者奉献的画面。而雀巢咖啡总是陪伴左右，它已经成为自己生活不可分割的一部分。 最后韩寒说道：只要你敢，总会有光芒指引你。活出敢性，雀巢咖啡。 3、案例评析： （1）广告创作背景 SWOT分析 优势（strengths）： 雀巢咖啡已成为世界知名的品牌，消费者忠诚度较高。在速溶咖啡消费程度相对较高的区域建立了速溶咖啡市场领导者地位。味道好、提神、缓解压力的功能性诉求已深入人心，红黄暖色的包装、充满人文情怀的广告宣传满足了消费者的感性诉求。 劣势（weaknesses） 品牌形象仍不够清晰,广告核心诉求于竞争对手没有明显的差异。广告宣传强调着重口味，但忽视了目标消费群的个性化特征。雀巢奶粉的负面新闻也为雀巢咖啡减分不少。 机会（opportunities） 经过多年的努力,雀巢咖啡转化了一部分习惯喝茶的中国消费者,中国咖啡消费量以每年15%的速度增长，形成巨大消费潜在市场。目前在宣传上没有很清晰的品牌特质区隔。广告中仍主要以咖啡的功能性需求为主，努力将其打造成品质生活的必备品。 威胁（threats）
跨文化交际案例分析 LEKIBM standardization office【IBM5AB- LEKIBMK08- LEKIBM2C】
Case Study 1 Age and Status 两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子，另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性，而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴….. Case description: A manager in a data-processing company was having difficulty dealing with a conflict between a young, ambitious French Canadian male and his co-worker, an older Chinese woman who was on a special visa from China. She had recently become uncooperative and had made it clear to the manager that she would not be willing to travel to the capital with her co-worker to hold discussion with legislators about a new product with great enthusiasm. When the manager asked her what the problem was, he received no clear explanation. When he asked her co-worker, the young man had no insights to offer. The young French Canadian was clearly annoyed, however, that the Chinese woman was refusing to share her data with him. That meant he couldn’t make the presentation to the legislators because she had all the key data on her computer disks. The manager repeated questions to her but her “problem” got nowhere. So he changed his approach. He began explaining his concerns, as manger and as spokesperson for the company, about the upcoming meeting with legislators. His explanation about his position was unemotional. In that climate she then felt she could explain her position. She revealed she felt that that as an older, and to her mind, more senior person, she should not be sent to the capitol with a younger employee who would do the presentation of material she had worked hard to develop. That would diminish her status, she felt. The general manger knew the root of his headache. Questions: 1．What do you think caused the conflict? 2. What would you do to resolve the conflict if you were the general manager? 矛盾冲突 这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品．却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介：当经理和同事问其原因．她并未做任何明确的回答：而当经理改变策略，不再直接询问原因，而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时，她才道出自己的顾虑。在这位资深年长的中国女士看来，同一位比她年轻的同事一同去国会，并且由对方来做推介会影响到她的地位和威信，因此她无法同意： 原因分析 造成这一矛盾的文化因素有两方面．对地位、年龄的不同态度以及这种不同的表达方式。人对权力的认识因文化背景的不同而不同。根据霍夫斯特的调查研
广告在跨文化传播中的分析 ——从美国的政治、经济以及文化三方面宣传广告看 其中的跨文化传播体现因素 前言： 美国是一个多种族的移民国家，其鲜明的政治特性、经济实力以及文化色彩在世界上具有极强的影响力。而在这么一个全球化大潮的时代，各国的政治、经济、文化等因素相互影响，联系紧密，所以广告输出在跨文化传播中扮演着重要的角色。当然不同国家的广告输出是不一样的，各有各的特性。我就简单以美国的政治、经济以及文化三方面体现出的广告跨文化传播为例进行分析，兴许能从中可以窥见全球当今时代的跨文化传播的发展趋势。 第一元素： 美国的政治活动广告宣传在基于跨文化传播基础上对其本国公民的影响和对世界他国的影响 每四年一次的美国总统大选总是能在全球范围内掀起一阵波澜。两大党派的相互竞争，为达到目的不惜大量的人力、资金的投入，最终角逐出赢家。当然在竞选总统这一过程中，参选者需要不断去游说，演讲以及铺天盖地的广告宣传。那么美国总统参选的政治广告是什么样的呢？两党之间又会有什么不同？它们的跨文化传播的元素是什么呢？可以举例说明 民主党奥巴马竞选：
共和党希拉里竞选： 我们可以通过分析两者的竞争宣传海报。民主党人奥巴马主张改变，我们相信改变。而作为较为传统、实力雄厚的共和党派希拉里只是简单地声明自己入主白宫，简单而霸气。仔细分析，我们可以了解其中不少的跨文化传播的元素。奥巴马是非裔美国人，他是美国的第一人黑人总统。他的成功不仅可以影响美国的政治氛围、经济与文化，而且给全世界占弱势的黑人群体树立了一个极好的榜样。同时对解决种族歧视、民族仇恨等问题也起到了很大的积极作用。在奥巴马成功竞选后，他的祖籍肯尼亚的街头也出现了大量的励志广告，相信你自己，奥巴马能做到，你也能够做到。政治宣传中的广告由于带上了种族的色彩，那么其在世界范围内所带来的跨文化传播影响力是巨大的。而传统的共和党派的政治观点较为僵硬，代表的只是美国私有的一些利益。所以奥巴马领导下的民主党有着更为强烈的全球影响。 第二元素： 美国的经济环境，在繁荣中竞争，对世界跨文化传播的影响。 华尔街、硅谷、这些我们熟悉再也熟悉不过的字眼，背后体现的是美国强大的经济实力。经济全球化让我们更加了解世界，对文明与发达的追逐加强了我们对美国经济的了解。这种跨文化传播的影响因素对我们产生了重要的影响，改变的我们的认知观念。广告作为经济社会最有力的推销员和体现者。让我们看看美国的相关广告。
《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132 Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality 案例： When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest! Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy? 分析： 1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease. 2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully. 3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him. 4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner. Case Two: 案例： Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing. Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.
汉硕案例分析答题技巧 最近很多人问关于汉语国际教育考试中的案例分析题该怎样答，我根据自己的粗浅经验，现总结如下： 1.答题思路：按照发现问题-- 分析问题-- 解决问题的思路。具体如下：（1）发现问题：也就是提出问题。在所给的案例中，某个出国教汉语的志愿者教师或来中国教外语的外教等，遇到了什么样的困难。遇到的困难可能是课堂教学时的，比如学生上课都不积极回答问题，不愿意参与老师精心设计的课堂活动，或者问老师一些可能涉及到“隐私”的问题；也可以是这位老师在生活上遇到的问题，比如无法与当地人沟通或交流（语言障碍，文化障碍），无法适应当地人的生活，或不理解当地人做某事时为什么会采取那样的方式，等等。注意：遇到的问题可能是多方面的，要从多角度分析，一般情况下，也不只是一个问题，所以，要按条来答。 （2）分析问题：要求你具体分析一下这位老师或某人遇到这种困难是什么原因引起的，主要是文化方面的原因，可能还涉及到一些他所采用的文化策略等。比如，他由于对对方国家文化不了解，对方国家可能很注重“隐私”，而在我们国家这不被看做是“隐私”。同时要求你分析出我们的母语文化具有什么样的特点，最主要的是和对方国家有什么不一样，哪里不一样，因此造成了他在文化方面的不适应，以至于教学和生活中都出现了问题或遇到了困难。关于他所使用的文化策略，主要就是他自身有没有做到尊重当地的文化，有没有试着去融入这种文化，接受这种文化，还是一味的采取排斥策略，认为自己的一切都好，别人的一切都不好。这就是分析问题了。 （3）解决问题：这是最关键的部分了。怎么解决他遇到的问题或困难？你自己提出个对策就行了，当然，要根据一些你所知道的文化常识和应对策略。比如首先尊重当地文化，多和当地人交流，努力让自己适应当地人的文化和生活方式，做到求同存异，等等。这里需要注意的就是，有些文化的知识是很灵活的，比如中国人的谦虚、中庸的思想等等，都是我们日常生活就知道的，就是稍微总结一下，理顺一下，就能答题了。关于这个，如果时间还来得及，就看一下程裕祯的《中国文化要略》，看一下中国文化的特点等，很多东西是很细致的，自己要稍加总结。如果时间不是很充分了，就把刘珣的《对外汉语教育学引论》上的关于“跨文化交际”的那个章节仔细看一下，我觉得应对这道题应该够用了。 2.答题方法：其实思路清晰了就很好弄了，老师会看你的逻辑分析能力。强烈建议大家一定要分条论述，千万别想到哪说到哪，写出一大片，阅卷老师还得自己去给你找点，这样，老师会很疲劳的，老师最不喜欢的就是这种思维混乱的。所以说，大家答题时我觉得可以按两种方法来写： 第一种：按发现问题---分析问题---解决问题来写，一共三条，然后在每条的下边分几个小点，因为发现的问题肯定不止一个，相应的分析问题和解决问题也会不止一条。 第二种：按一共出现了几个问题分条，第一条，问题1：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题2：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题3--以此类推。 总结一下，以上两种方法都各有利弊，因为有时不同的问题是由同一个原因产生的，或者需要同一种解决策略。所以，大家可以根据自己的喜好来选择其中一种。按以上的问题全部分析完以后，最好再来个综述，大致总结一下，字数不用太多，就是有个小结尾。 最后，要跟大家说的是，字数和字迹的问题。这个案例分析要求是1000字以上
1、案例分析：走向地狱之路 案例思考题 (1) 贝克和雷诺斯之间的隔膜究竟是什么？为什么会有这层隔膜？ (2) 贝克与雷诺斯的谈话是否有效？贝克犯了什么样的错误？ (3) 雷诺斯的信的容可能是什么？ (4) 如果是辞职信，什么可能是最直接影响该决定的主导因素？ (5) 如果你是贝克，你会怎么处理？ （1）We can know according to the passage, the communication barriers between Reynolds and Beck are mainly cultural barriers and that they don’t trust each other.从文章可知，雷诺斯和贝克之间的隔膜主要是文化障碍，并且他们没有建立对彼此的信任 文章中，贝克和雷诺斯存在着种族和文化方面的差异，贝克和雷诺斯两个是不同国家的人，一个是英国人，一个是巴拉加尼亚，他们虽然彼此相互交流过，却未能真正的了解对方的文化，对彼此的文化不能深入的欣赏。而且贝克相信自己有天赋，可以解决一切沟通上的问题，十分自负，雷诺斯也是，对别的种族有观念上的不认同，造成了他们之间的隔膜。 （2）Their conversation was invalid because of power distance.他们的谈话无效，因为他们之间的权力距离。 雷诺斯是贝克的继任者，也就是雷诺斯现在是贝克的上司，而贝克的谈话带着一种强烈的征服感去的，这样让雷诺斯在整个谈话过程中都处于弱势地位，不能真正的说出自己的想法，只是一味的是贝克的理所当然的认为。贝克一直在否定雷诺斯的种族观，这就让雷诺斯感到尴尬和不适。雷诺斯的沉默和肢体语言，并未引起贝克的关注，这是他们之间的信任几乎不存在。此外他们之间的文化差异，也造成了权力距离，公司里欧洲文化占据上风，这就让巴拉加尼亚文化的雷诺斯处于下风。总之，他们之间的权力距离造成了现在的状况，让雷诺斯和贝克之间的谈话只能以失败而告终。 （3）Resignation letter雷诺斯的辞职信 前一天的贝克的与其谈话的失败，让雷诺斯选择辞职。可能容是控诉雷诺斯对其文化的不尊重，对这样的文化环境感到不能忍受，继续下去也是不能被别人所认同，而且对雷诺斯的谈话态度感到不满，根本不去听从自己的解释和意见，觉得自己不能胜任这样的一份工作。
摘要：跨国公司中的各类人员由于不同的文化背景，形成了不同的价值观，进而产生文化冲突，使得跨国公司内部无法有针对性地沟通管理，这时唯一的办法就是进行有效的跨文化管理。韩国三星电子在中国成功发展主要归功于它卓有成效的跨文化管理。本文分析了韩国三星电子在中国的发展及其成功的跨文化管理，以期为更多的跨国公司提供借鉴。 关键词：跨文化管理中韩文化差异跨国公司三星 0 引言 自中韩两国建交以来，许多韩国企业都在中国投资成立合资和独资企业。这既包括像三星、LG、SK、现代这样的大企业集团，也包括许多韩国的中小企业。从而极大地促进了两国贸易的发展，为两国经济发展贡献了力量。但是，中韩两国在几千年的发展中形成了各自不同的文化，而文化差异势必会引起价值观、经营理念、管理方式等方面的矛盾和冲突，令在文化、习俗、社会体系不同的外国经营的跨国企业面临许多意想不到的困难和障碍。因此，跨国公司必须要解决好促使不同文化在企业中融合这一新课题，进行有效的跨文化管理。下面对三星电子的案例进行分析。主要从它的品牌战略、营销战略及其在中国的发展看它是如何进行跨文化管理进而获得成功的。 1 三星电子的跨文化管理分析 三星(SAMSUNG)连续多年跻身于世界500强之列。三星创立于1938年，20世纪80年代后逐渐强大起来，成为了世界级大企业。三星在韩语中具有“天长地久，强大兴旺”之意。美国《时代》周刊评论：“三星凭借…简约、新奇、亲和力?的产品理念，已经在消费者心中牢固地树立起了…科技、时尚、数字先锋?的品牌形象。” 1.1 品牌战略在品牌形象塑造过程中，三星坚持走时尚路线。首先，三星在外观设计上体现出了时尚感。1998年，三星确定了新潮设计的产品策略，以此来打造其时尚品牌。三星请来了IBM的首席设计师汤姆·哈迪为三星的设计师们抛砖引玉、开拓思路，使得三星以一种全新的时尚、前卫的形象亮相于消费者面前。其次，三星的产品定位是高价位的高端产品。三星进军海外市场的初期也是从低端产品开始的。但随着不断发展，低端策略显示出了它的弊端，于是三星转型为推出高品位高价位的时尚产品，并获得了年轻的具有一定经济基础的消费者的青睐。再次，三星选择了高级专业商店（如Best Buy、Sears、Circuit City 等）销售产品，并且注重与高雅艺术相结合。三星另一个品牌策略是增加亲和力。具有良好亲和力的企业更容易得到消费者的认可。三星的口号是“三星数码世界欢迎您（Samsung Digital Everyone?s invited）”，在产品性能上为消费者考虑的很周到，满足消费者多方面的需要，在外观设计上注重品位与时尚，给消费者一种体贴亲切的感觉。在中国，三星成立了“三星中国社会公益团”，组织开展各项公益活动。这些都给三星的亲和力增加了砝码，从而提升了三星在消费者心目中的形象。 1.2 营销战略—体育营销三星精心设计了在国内外的营销策略及营销渠道。除了常规的媒体广告宣传外，三星将重点放在了体育营销上，并专门设置了体育营销部门。这是因为体育竞技的激情、动感、追求、挑战、协作意识和公平竞争精神也正是三星所追求的企业精神。三星赞助了1988年汉城奥运会、1996年亚特兰大奥运会期间的亚特兰大展示会、1998年长野冬季奥运会，并在1999年加入奥林匹克TOP计划（The Olympic Plan，全球赞助商计划），之后又赞助了2000年及以后的各届夏季和冬季奥运会。除此之外，三星还积极赞助地区性体育活动。从1986年汉城亚运会开始，三星一直赞助各届亚运会。在中国，三星积极赞助了1990年北京亚运会、北京国际马拉松比赛，并请著名乒乓球运动员刘国梁做其体育形象代表。在08年北京奥运会，三星继续其奥运赞助商的角色。“三星通过自己最先进的无线通信技术，让此届奥运会成为不同以往的心旷神怡的奥运会。”赞助TOP计划的同时，三星还投入大约3倍于赞助费的资金用于宣传三星自身的奥林匹克形象。拥有顶级赞助商头衔的三星，品牌认可度及品牌价值得到进一步的提升，销售额也将有大幅度的增长。
跨文化交际案例题(1,2) Case Studies Case One Phil is my foreign teacher. He is very nice and friendly to me and he often asks us to have free talk in his apartment. One day, I decided to give Phil a gift to express my appreciation of his help in my oral English. I called him but the line was busy. So I went to Phil’s apartment directly. He opened the door looking surprised, but didn’t let me in. I stood in the corridor and said a few words of thanks, and gave my gift to him and left quietly with great disappointment and puzzlement.. How could he be so cold to me? All my gratitude and fondness of Phil seemed to have gone. .. Case Two I could never forget my experience of an oral exam with our American teacher Mary. After reading the passage I
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析 Case 2 (P8) White Dress 女王的白色长裙:Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. 案例分析:印度女人可能觉得婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方的新娘的白色礼服。这个案例反映了明喻和隐喻在文本。 Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why . 文化是 像冰山:我们可以辨认颜色衣服的妇女所穿不同的文化,但我们不知道下面的值。文化是像水鱼游 在: 人们穿不同颜色的衣服为不同的上下文, 但他们通常是理所当然的,从不问为什么。 Case 4 (P18) Coconut-skating 椰子-溜冰:Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We Can tell from the CaSe that CUItUre is PerVaSiVe and it 案例分析Ie 这个e事件反映了文化 的特点。我们可以告诉从案件,文化是普遍的,这是学习。 People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture. 人们可能发明东西 甚至不同的方式为这样简单的问题的地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学习这种方式从她自己的文化的拖地。 Case 7 (P30) Clean UP the Bathroom! 清理浴室!:CaSe analySiS: CUltUral differenCeS deCide the two StUdentS are going to CommUniCate in different wayS. 案例分析:文化差异决定这两个学生要沟通的方式不同。 The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication. This is decided by culture. In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others, so they would not express their ideas directly. However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the OtherS CannOt Understand you.中国学生想要美国学生理解底层的手段，他的话,但是美国学生用来 直接的交流方式。这是由文化决定的。在中国文化中,人们想要挽回面子的两个自己和他人,所以 他们不会直接表达自己的想法。然而,在美国,除非你清楚地表达自己,别人不能直接理解你。 Case 8 (P34) She HaS Three HandS 她有三个指针:ThiS CaSe Can refleCt the different CommUniCation StyleS between ChineSe and CanadianS. In weStern CUltUreS, CommUniCation iS the meanS of tranSmitting ideaS. WeStern PeoPle USUally CommUniCate direCtly with eaCh other. 这种情况下可以反映出不同的沟通方式在中国和加拿大人。在西方文化中,沟通是传播方式的想法。西方的人们通常直接彼此通信。 That is why the Canadian in this Case says what is in his mind direCtly in frOnt Of the Chinese wOman withOut hiding anything. While Chinese Culture stresses harmOny and emphasizes the relatiOnships between the COmmuniCatOrs. Chinese peOple view COmmuniCatiOn as a prOCess where all parties are searChing tO develOp and maintain a sOCial relatiOnship. SO the Chinese wOman in this Case tries nOt tO argue With the Can adia n face to face to keep the “ harm OnioUS relati On Sh这就是为什betwee n them. 么加拿大在这种情况下说什么是在他的脑海里的正前方的中国女人没有隐瞒任何事。虽然中国 文化强调和谐,强调了沟通者之间的关系。中国人民视图通信作为一个过程,各方正在寻求开发和维护一个社会关系。所以中国女人在这种情况下努力不认为与加拿大面对面保持“和谐关系”他们。 Case 12 (P57) Why Don‘ tYou Eat the Pizza? 你为什么不吃比萨饼?: This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. 种情况下可以反映
《跨文化管理》 进入全球市场的企业员工必读，因为他像小说一样通俗易懂； 研究全球化的专家必读，因为他是目前唯一一本全面介绍最前沿的的全球化理论的中文图书。 作者简介： 陈晓萍，1995年获美国伊利诺大学工业和组织心理学博士学位，现为美国华盛顿大学商学院终身教授，同时担任北京大学光华管理学院和上海交通大学安泰管理学院的客座教授。在此之前，她曾是香港科技大学和美国印第安那大学商学院教授。 陈晓萍教授的学术研究涉及很多组织行为和人力资源管理领域，主要的研究课题包括跨文化管理、个体和群体决策、领导学、商业谈判、企业公民行为，等等。她的学术论文曾发表于全球顶尖的管理学杂志，如《美国管理学》、《美国管理学评论》、《应用心理学》、《社会和个性心理学》、《跨文化心理学》、《国际商学》及《组织行为和决策过程》等。 陈晓萍教授的教学包括跨文化管理，组织行为学，人力资源管理，商业谈判，团队建设等MBA、EMBA和博士生课程。她曾数次获得美国科研教学大奖，还荣获2004年度华盛顿大学商学院的“杰出博导奖”。 陈晓萍教授还非常关心中国国内企业管理的发展，致力于发展中国的管理科学研究。她现任中国管理研究国际学会副会长，并担任中文管理杂志《管理@人》的总编。她被中国《财经时报》评为2004年最具影响力的八名管理大师之一。
内容简介： 1. 生动翔实的案例，恬淡幽默的语言 2．引人入胜的练习和角色模拟 3．典型的外国影片来讲述跨文化管理 4．跨文化沟通和谈判中可能出现的陷阱5．跨文化团队建设的艰辛 6．跨文化人力资源管理的挑战 7．全球化职业旅程的酸甜苦辣 目录： 第1部分文化与管理 第1章什么是文化？文化如何影响管理？ 3 1.1 什么是文化 4 1.2 文化的两个常用比喻 5 1.2.1 洋葱的比喻：文化层次论 6 1.2.2 民族社会文化与公司文化 14 1.2.3 文化的冰山比喻 15 1.3 文化的正态分布 16 1.4 文化与管理的关系 17 1.4.1 文化与企业经营战略的关系 17 1.4.2 文化对组织架构设置的影响 20 1.4.3 文化对企业制度建立和执行的影响 20 1.4.4 文化对领导和员工行为的影响 21
课程名称: 跨文化交际案例分析 总学时: 36 学分: 2 适用专业: 汉语国际教育专业硕士 先修课程:无 教学目标: 培养学生的跨文化交际能力和社会实践能力，强化学生的跨文化 交际意识。 通过中外文化异同分析，正确认识世界多元文化的价值、地位与影响。了解跨文化交际学基本概念、基础理论及典型案例，掌握基本的社交礼仪，知晓中西方在价值观、思维方式和行为方式等方面的异同，提高理论水平与思辨分析能力。 通过对文化态度、文化观念，以及跨文化交际心理的探讨，使 学生加深对世界多元文化的理解，形成平等、尊重、宽容、客观的跨 文化观念。 主要内容: 本课程的基本内容主要包括：学科综述，跨文化交际的基本概念、基础理论以及典型案例分析。本课程强调“案例教学”的重要性，突出课程的实践性和实用性，通过有针对性的案例分析与讨论，帮助学生学会综合运用所学的理论知识进行跨文化交际案例分析。 为了培养学生对外交际的能力和学生对中国文化掌握的能力，我们的教学内容是促使双向沟通的教学内容。所谓双向沟通是指我们的学生和所在国的人们的沟通和他们所教的学生将来和中国人的沟通。我们的教学内容应该紧紧围绕着这双向沟通而展开。在课堂上，我们给学生两种案例让学生分析，一种是他们在生活中和教学中可能遇到的跨文化交际问题的案例，另一种是在课堂上、在文本中的中国文化问题的案例。双向沟通的教学内容，才能保证学生在国外从事汉语国际教育工作时能顺利完成任务。 主要章节： 第一章跨文化交际概述 第二章文化因素与跨文化交际 1 价值观中的文化冲突 民族性格 案例分析 2 心理因素与跨文化交际 （1）语言的习得与发展
（2）中外思维方式的差异 （3）定势与偏见 3 自然环境、空间环境与跨文化交际 4 心理环境与跨文化交际---隐私 案例分析 第三章社会环境与跨文化交际 1情景与跨文化交际 2角色与跨文化交际 案例分析 3人际关系与跨文化交际 案例分析 第四章规范系统与跨文化交际 1 关于规范和规则 2 规范系统的层次性 3 中外规范系统的不同 案例分析 第五章符号、代码系统、编码和译码与跨文化交际 1 符号 2 代码系统 3 代码系统的不同层次 第六章语言与跨文化交际 1什么是“文化附加意义” 2“文化附加意义”的特点 3 中外语言中文化附加意义的不同 4 词汇与思维方式及价值观念 案例分析 第七章交往规则与跨文化交际 1 社会语言差异 2 合作原则及其文化差异 3 礼貌原则及其文化差异 案例分析 第八章社会礼仪、社会习俗与跨文化交际 1 送礼 2 禁忌 案例分析 第九章言语行为与跨文化交际 1 称呼 2 邀请 3 拒绝 4 招呼 5 请求 6 恭敬 7 道歉与感谢 案例分析
跨文化交际 例题一： 内容提要：合资企业中，跨文化差异现象的存在，使得企业领导与员工的沟通具有一定的障碍，这主要是由于不同的文化背景所造成的。面对这种文化冲突，要理性地去对 待，避免感情用事，致使矛盾愈深。 案例名称：《回答的方式》 案例介绍：飞利浦照明公司人力资源副总裁（美国人）与一位中国员工交谈。中国员工的回答令副总裁难以理解，甚至不耐烦。 个人简介 姓名：朱生玉学号：200440001 专业：中国语言文学系 案例：《回答的方式》 飞利浦照明公司某区人力资源副总裁（美国人）与一位被认为具有发展潜力的中国员工交谈。想听听这位员工对自己今后五年的职业发展规划以及期望达到的位置。中国员工并没有正面回答问题，而是开始谈论起公司未来的发展方向、公司的晋升体系，以及目前他本人在组织中的位置等等。讲了半天也没有正面回答副总裁的问题。副总有些大惑不解，没等他说完已经有写不耐烦了，因为同样的事情之前已经发生了好几次。“我不过是想知道这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算，想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位罢了，可为何就不能得到明确的回答呢？”谈话结束后，副总忍不住想人力资源总监甲抱怨道。“这位老外总裁怎么这样咄咄逼人？”谈话中受到压力的员工也想甲谈苦。作为人力资源总监，甲明白双方之间不同的沟通方式引起了隔阂，虽然他极力想双方解释，但要完全消除已经产生的问题并不容易。 以上便是整个案例，这是一个很典型的跨文化焦急的例子。首先，我们看到这位副总裁是美国籍人，而那位员工则是中国籍。既然出生于两个不同的过度，那他们的思维方式、生活习惯、文化北京、教育程度、文化差异等众多方面都存在着差异。正是由于这些文化差异的存在，才使得双方在交流、沟通过程中产生一系列障碍。其次，“中国员工并没有正面回答问题”，我们可以想象一下这位中国员工没有正面回答问题的原因。比如说由于语言障碍、没有理解透彻美国副总裁所说话语的原意；或者说副总的文化方式让中国员工产生了误解；亦或是中国员工有意回避从正面回答……。以上原因都知识我们的推测而已。下面我们给出一个假设。假设这位中国员工从正面直接回答了副总的问题。比如，中国员工回答：“……想在五年之内作到营销部经理的职位。”很显然，按照中国人的传统心理，这样的回答违反了中国人一向谦虚、委婉的心理习惯。太直接反而暴露出自己很有野心，高傲自大的缺陷。谦虚也可以给自己留有后路，万一做不到那个理想的位子，也不至于丢面子，被人耻笑。恰恰相反，美国人一向简单明了，很直接，这也是他们一贯的思维方式。
跨国公司的跨文化管理浅析 一．具体案例分析 麦当劳是全球最大的跨国快餐连锁企业，它在全球拥有30,000多家连锁店，分布在六大洲121个国家，因此，在收获各地区的利润时，麦当劳也承担着很多风险，比如民族、宗教等跨文化对抗。2001年5月，约500名示威者分别在印度首都新德里、最大的商业城市孟买的几家麦当劳餐厅前举行抗议活动。示威者包围了麦当劳设在新德里的总部，向麦当劳餐厅投掷牛粪块，并洗劫了孟买一家麦当劳连锁店。他们还要求瓦杰帕伊总理下令关闭印度国内所有的麦当劳连锁店。 这件事的起因是麦当劳制作炸薯条的食用油中含有牛肉调味成分，而大多数印度教徒都把牛看成圣物。一个月后，美国麦当劳公司宣布将向印度教徒、素食主义者和其他一些相关组织赔偿1000万美元。这次事件不仅造成麦当劳经济上的损失，更严重影响了公司的声誉。 可见，如何尊重其他国家和民族的文化，真正实现“当地化”发展，这对麦当劳来说已经是一个重要问题了。 二．跨文化管理的重要性 不仅仅是麦当劳，对于跨国公司来说，一个普遍性的问题就是在不同地区的跨文化管理问题，随着经济全球化进程的不断加快,企业国际化经营已成为不可逆转的趋势。企业进行国际化经营,在全球范围内利用资源,从事跨国生产经营活动,在跨越国界的同时,也跨越了文化。因此,企业国际化经营活动既是一个经济活动,又是一个社会文化活动,必然会面对来自不同文化体系碰撞而造成的文化差异。文化差异的存在对跨国公司有积极、有益的一面,但处理不当会给跨国公司正常的经营造成负面的影响。跨文化管理正是适应这一发展趋势的需要应运而生。中国加入WTO后,越来越多的中国企业在积极地实施国际化战略。我国跨国公司在跨国经营中必然处于一个异质的文化环境,特别是在与西方国家进行经济交往时,中西方文化差异必然会在跨国经营中反映出来。加之我国跨国公司自身的特殊性,使得我国跨国公司面临的跨文化问题更为复杂。为此,对我国跨国公司的