Unit 10 Contracts and Agreements
1.Definition of Contract
Contract is an agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law. A contract consists of voluntary promises to do or not to do certain things. Promises in a contract are legal obligations. Contracts include promises to deliver or pay for goods, to perform or pay for labor or services, to buy or rent land or other property, etc. In general, a contract is a legally binding and legally enforceable promise, or set of promises, between two or more competent parties. To put it in another way, a contract is a ―promise or set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.‖Reinforcement：Fill in each space with one proper word.
Most contracts are formed with an implicit understanding _____ neither party need perform _____ the other has completed his or her promised performance. An exception ______ this understanding occurs when a party has performed most of his or her obligation and the part not performed is relatively immaterial. The doctrine of substantial performance provides that in such a case, the _____ party must perform, although he or she may secure money damages to the extent ____ he or she was damaged ____ lack of complete performance.
参考
That/unless/to/opposite/that /by
2. Requirement for a valid contract
A contract is believed to take place when an offer is made and then accepted. All contracts must be entered into both willingly and freely, and an offer generally cannot be rejected once it has been accepted.
The first requirement for a valid contract is an agreement. Basically, an agreement consists of an offer and an acceptance of that offer. Second, the agreement must be supported by consideration, something bargained for and given in exchange for a promise. Third, the parties must have capacity, or the legal ability to contract. Fourth, the contract must be based on the genuine assent of each party. Fifth, the subject matter of the contract must be legal. The legality of the bargain would be questionable if the parties agreed to do something that would violate a statute or public policy. Sixth, in some cases a contract must be in proper form.
In summary, to be valid, a contract must embody an agreement:(1)agreed by parties concerned;(2) supported by consideration;(3) made by parties having the capacity to contract;(4) based on these parties’ genuine assent; (5) grounded in a legal undertaking, and (6) expressed in proper form, if applicable.
Reinforcement：Fill in each space with one proper word .
Most simply, a contract is a promise that is enforceable _____ law. Because it is enforceable, there have arisen in Great Britain, continental Europe, the United States and numerous other areas complex bodies of contract law to _____the nature of contracts and the problems associated
_____ their enforcement. A contract is said to _____ when an offer is made and then accepted. All contracts must be entered _____ both willingly and freely, and an offer generally cannot be
______ once it has been accepted.
参考
By/clarify/ with/ exist/into/rejected
3.Classification of Contracts and Agreements
Most contracts are classified as either contracts by specialty or simple contracts. Contracts by specialty depend for their validity on the formality of their execution. They must be written, sealed and delivered by the party to be bound by the contract. The usual form of specialty contract is a covenant.
Simple contracts do not depend for their validity on any particular formality in their execution but rather on the existence of legal consideration (surrender of a right in exchange for the promise). A simple contract may be written or verbal or may even be implied from the acts and conduct of the parties.
Most contracts involve business dealings. Another common case is sales contracts. Sellers of major appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and television sets often offer extended warranties. This is a renewable contract for which the buyer pays a fee each year. In return, if the appliance breaks down, the seller will repair it at no additional cost. Some of these contracts may be renewed indefinitely. Another common kind of contract is the agreement negotiated between labor unions and corporations. These contracts contain all the points at issue between a union and an employer: wages, benefits, cost-of-living adjustment, overtime rules, seniority policy, working conditions, and more. Labor contracts normally extend over short lengths of time such as one, two or three years. After they expire, they must be renegotiated in the process called collective bargaining.
Warranty 保单extended warranty 期限延长的保单Seniority policy 资历规定
Collective bargaining 劳资谈判 A binding agreement 有法律约束力的契约
Implied contract 默认合同Renewable contract可更新的合同Labor contracts 劳资合同Trade agreement
In addition to formal agreements between modern states involving in important economic ties with each other, less formal and durable agreements are related to such matters as tariff rates, navigation dues, customs formalities, air-transport clearance arrangements, quality restrictions on trade in specific commodities, regulation of commercial, financial, transportation, and communication facilities, standards of commercial and maritime law, commercial arbitration, patents, trademarks, and copyright. Reciprocal trade agreements characteristically provide that import duties on products originating in the signatory countries be lower than the duties on the same classes of articles imported from other nations. Although tending to discriminate against third countries, such special arrangements can be justified when political, economic, and geographical ties are particularly close, as in the Commonwealth of Nations or among Latin American countries. The advantages thus obtained are offset in part through operation of the most-favored –nation clause.
Tariff rates 关税率customs formalities 海关惯例navigation dues 航海税
Air-transport clearance arrangement 空运许可证安排Commercial arbitration 商业仲裁The Commonwealth of Nations 英联邦成员国Reciprocal trade agreement 互惠贸易协定
The signatory countries 签字国The most-favored-nation clause 最惠国条款
Treaty
Treaty is a formal agreement between two or more independent governments. It is usually a
written document, but it may be a verbal statement agreed to by representatives of the countries. Throughout world history, treaties have played an important part in relations between countries.
Today, only sovereign states are able to make treaties. A sovereign state is one that is from outside control. For example, Britain is a sovereign state because its government is free to make its own decisions. But the British colony of Gibraltar is not free to make its own decisions. It is therefore not a sovereign state, and cannot make its own treaties.
A treaty is much like a contract between private individuals. In both cases, the signing parties promise to do or not to do some act. However, there are important differences between treaties and contracts. A contract is not binding if one of the parties has forced the other party into agreement. But the use of force does not make a treaty void unless the force is used against the government representative who is working out the treaty terms. Unlike a private contract, a treaty does not go into effect until it is ratified. For example, a treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom is not official until both the United States Senate and the British Crown approve it.
There are several kinds of international agreements that have the force of treaties. One of these is called a convention. This is usually an agreement between states relating to a single topic, such as extradition. A concordat is an agreement between the pope and a sovereign state. An agreement between two monarchs on a private matter is not a treaty.
Treaties are of different kinds. Treaties may be divided into several classes according to their purpose, although international law recognizes no formal distinctions among treaties. A single treaty may include clauses under several classes. Some of the classes are described below.
Political
A peace treaty is one kind of political treaty. For example, the Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the Revolutionary War in America.
Commercial
These treaties include agreements on tariffs, navigation, fisheries and consular services. Commercial treaties are formal agreements conclude between states for purpose of establishing mutual right to, and regulating condition of , trade and navigation in the territories of the signatories.
Confederation (联盟)
Confederation treaties set up such international organizations as the Universal Postal Union.
Extradition引渡
These treaties deal with escaped criminals. For example, let us suppose that two countries have signed an extradition treaty. If a criminal from one country flees to the other for safety, the criminal must be returned, or extradited, to sand trial for the crime.
Civil justice民事审判
These treaties protect a county’s trademarks, copyrights and patents in foreign countries. Some civil-justice treaties deal with the rights of aliens.
Negation
In monarchies, the king or queen and his or her legal agents have the power to make treaties and are represented at negotiations by a diplomatic agent, or envoy. For example, in Great Britain neither house of Parliament has any power over treaties. The power is reserved for the British Crown or Cabinet.
Enforcement of treaties
In ancient times, a country had to ―back up,‖ or guarantee, its treaty promises. One way of doing this was to exchange hostages. Each country that signed the treaty would send one or more important people to the other countries that had agreed to the treaty. Hostages were held as prisoners. They could be killed if the terms of the treaty were not carried out.
Termination
Treaties may be ended in many ways. They may end upon the agreement of all parties concerned. Sometimes a treaty clause permits either party to cancel the agreement after due notice. The failure of one country to carry out its part of the agreement may cause the other country or countries to refuse to observe the treaty terms. A treaty becomes void when the physical conditions of the agreement become impossible to fulfill. War nullifies many treaties.
Sovereign states 主权国家the United States Senate 美国参议院
Consular services 领事服务consular jurisdiction 领事管辖权
Rights of asylum 庇护权chief executive 行政长官treaty terms 条约条款
Due notice 提前一定期限通知the signing parties 缔约双方
the force of treaties 条约效用confederation treaties 同盟
the Universal Postal Union 万国邮政同盟
an extradition treaty 引渡条约ecclesiastical treaties 教会条约
Reinforcement：Fill in each space with one proper word.
In addition to formal agreements between modern states _____ important economic ties with each other, less formal and durable agreements relate _____ such matters as tariff rates, navigation dues, customs formalities, air-transport clearance arrangements, quality restrictions _____ trade in specific commodities, regulation of commercial, financial, transportation, and communication
_____ , standards of commercial and maritime law, commercial arbitration, patents, trademarks, and copyright.
参考Having/to /on/facilities
4. General Linguistic Features of Contracts and Agreements
1) Clear-aimed readership
Unlike research papers and textbooks, the audience of contracts and agreements are not so extensive but only confined to the parties concerned and other related personnel involved in the negotiation, drafting, translating of the legal documents. Therefore contracts and agreements are of clear-aimed content with very limited readership.
2) Factual contents
The purpose of working out a contract or an agreement is to formulate and specify the rights and obligations of the parties concerned. Therefore factual contents characterize all contracts and agreements. All the terms and conditions agreed upon by the parties concerned should be stated clearly.
3) Standard format
A general format of contracts and agreements has been formulated through long-time practice and gradual perfection. A contract or agreement is usually composed of three main sections:
preamble序言, text and concluding clauses. The preamble usually includes the names and statutory address of the parties concerned the objectives and principles, etc. As the core of a contract or agreement, the text usually specifies the concrete rights and obligations of the parties concerned and other essential points. The concluding clauses are usually placed after the text.
4) Orderly representation
Essential points of a contract or agreement are basically arranged in such an order: first the key principles, then the basic terms, and finally the detailed provisions. Therefore, the whole text is clearly structured and also very easy to understand.
5) Carefully wording
The wording of a contract is of great importance. In the past the creation of a contract was attended with various formalities. To be valid, for example, a contract had to be scaled with wax and imprinted with one’s insignia, or distinctive mark. This validity is specially embodied in the careful wording of contracts and agreements: (1) The language in contracts or agreements is as precise, clear and explicit as possible. (2) While keeping to the standard of general usage, the drafter does not neglect the interpreting ambiguous contractual or statutory language. (3) When ordinary meanings are expressed, ordinary words are used; when specific or technical meanings are expressed, technical words are used. (4) Since contracts or agreements are legal documents, such archaic compound words as ―therein, thereof, thereat,‖ and such legal terms as ―Hereby agree as follows‖ are frequently used.
Reinforcement：Fill in each space with one proper word.
Today the whole entertainment industry operates ____ the basis of short-term contracts. Entertainers perform a service as described in a contract, and they are paid _____ the service by those _____ whom the agreement was made. The professional sports industry — baseball, football, basket ball, hockey, and others —also operates ______ a system of contracts in which a service is performed by one individual— a quarterback, for instance — and he is paid ____ the team owners.
参考
On/for/ with/ under/by
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa14405689.html,eful expressions for contracts and agreements
(1) Expressions for contracts
Contract of employment 聘任（雇佣）合同Contract of trade 贸易合同
Contract of purchase 订购合同Sales confirmation 成交确认书
Name of commodity 商品名称Specification 规格Quantity 数量Unit price
单价
country of Origin生产国别total value总价值manufacturer生产厂家packing包装
port of loading/destination装运／目的口岸partial shipment分装
time of shipment装运时间term of payment付款条件guarantee period保险期
letter of credit信用证shipping marks装运标记the buyer／sellers买／卖方
the term of service聘期，服务期transshipment转船Insurance保险
compensation allowance补偿津贴claim indemnity索赔other terms其他条款
the engaging／engaged party聘方／受聘方expiration of the contract合同到期
renew the contract续约，延长合同期be covered by the seller由卖方负责
Hereafter to be called the first／second party。
以下称甲方／乙方。
The undersigned seller and buyer have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below，
兹经买卖双方同意成交下列商品，特签订条款如下。
To be effected by the seller covering all risks and war risk for 2，5％of invoice value。
由卖方按发票总值的2，5％投保综合险和战争险。
To be covered by the buyer．
由买方负责。
On each package shall be stenciled conspicuously: port of destination，package number，net and gross weights，measurement and the shipping mark．
每件货物应明显标出到货口岸、件号、净重、毛重、尺码和装运标记。
Any claim shall be lodged within 120 days from the date of import，
自进口日起，索赔期为120天。
The present contract is executed in Chinese and English, both versions being equally valid．
本合同用中英文两种文字写成，两种版本具有同等效力。
Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.
如无充足理由，双方均不得解除合同。
If any other clause In this contract IS conflict with the following supplementary conditions，the supplementary conditions should be taken as final and binding．合同其他条款如与以下的附加条款相抵触时，以本附加条款为准。
(2) Expressions for agreements
agreement on academic exchange学术交流协议
co-operation agreement on science and technology科技合作协议
agreement on production co-operation生产合作协议
agreement on personnel training人员培训协议
patterns and contents of co-operation合作方式与内容
measures of implementation执行措施Sino-foreign joint venture中外合资
duration of agreement协议有效期personnel matters人员交流the two sides双方
technical consultation技术咨询financial arrangements费用安排
conclude an agreement as follows
特签订如下协议
go into effect（be effective）from the date of signature
自签字之日起生效
The take-over will take place on，¨
验收将于某月某日进行
… hereby indicate the intention to enter into a program of technological co-operation on the
basis of mutual benefit（to benefit both sides），¨
特此表明双方在互惠的基础上签订技术合作项目的愿望。
provide equipment，technology，engineering technicians and managerial personnel
including quality inspectors
提供设备、技术、工程技术人员以及包括质量检验员在内的管理人员
establish closer co-operation In technological transfer and information exchange
在技术转让和信虑、交流方面建立更为密切的合作关系
must be completed 10 months after the conclusion of the present agreement
限在本协议签订后10个月内完成
This agreement is hereby made on the basis of existing contact and consultation of both sides.
根据已有的联系和协商，双方特签订此协议。
The two sides agree to co-operate with each other h research projects of common interest．双方同意对共同感兴趣的项目进行合作。
Detailed provisions concerning the co-operation will be worked out later through consultation。
有关合作细则，由双方日后另行商定。
The provisions of this agreement may be amended at any time upon written consent of the participating cooperation.
合作双方可在任何时候经过书面协商同意后对本协议条款进行修改。
At its expiration，the agreement may be modified or the period of validity may be extended through mutual consultation，
协议期满后，可通过相互协商，对协议进行修改或延长有效期。
6.The translation of contracts and agreements
Contracts and agreements generally fall into three parts in content, i.e.，Preamble，Main Clauses and Concluding Clauses. Words frequently used in contracts and agreements include: product (产品)，exclusive territory (独占地区)，licensed product (许可产品), trademark (商标), know-how (专有技术), industrial property right (工业产权), technical documentation (技术资料),etc. Besides, some specific contracts and agreements contain some special phrases such as Governing law （准据法），Sole Contract (唯一合同)，No Agency（无代理权），etc. In some cases, important clause in general contracts and agreements may be treated in particular. They usually include: Definition, Arbitration (or Settlement of Disputes), Force Majeure, Contract Term, Secrecy, etc. Clauses in contracts and agreements vary in their categories. Take ―Trademark License Contract‖(商标许可合同) for example, it clauses may include Trademark (商标), Field of Use (使用范围)，Sublicense (分许可)，Quality Control (质量控制)，Royalty (提成费), etc; while in ―Joint Research and Development Contract‖(联合开发程序)，Protection of Technology (技术保护)，etc. Therefore, familiarity with the technical terms and the contents of a particular contract or agreement is the prerequisite for a good translation.
The form of contracts and agreements is usually fixed. When we translate them into Chinese, we must see to it that the Chinese version conforms to the English original form. The following is a sample translation of the Preamble of a contract.
This CONTRACT is made this ______ day of _____, 20____, in (place of signature) by and between (name of one party), a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of (name of the country) with its domicile at (address) (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and (name of the other party), a corperation duly organized and existing under the laws of (name of country) with is
domicile at (address) (hereinafter referred to as Party B).
Whereas Party A has been engaged in the manufacture and marketing of (name of products), and possesses valuable up-to-date technology, relating to the manufacture, assembly and marketing of the said products; Whereas Party B has been a leading trading company in the field of the said products and is willing to arrange for the manufacture, assembly and marketing of the said Products, and whereas both parties are desirous to establish a joint venture company to manufacture, assemble and market the said products.
Therefore, in consideration of the premises and conventions herein contained and other good and valuable consideration flowing from either party to the other, the receipt whereof both parties by their execution of this Contract do hereby acknowledge, the parties hereby agree as follows:
The Chinese V ersion:
本合同于20××年×月×日在（签订地点）签订。
合同一方为（一方名称），是一家依据（国家名称）法律组织和存在的公司，其住所在（地址）（以下简称甲方）；
合同另一方为（另一方名称），是一家依据（国家名称）法律组织和存在的公司，其住所在（地址）（以下简称乙方）；
鉴于甲方长期从事（产品名称）的制造和退条，并拥有制造、装配、推销上述产品的有价值的先进技术；
鉴于乙方长期以来是一家上述产品的主要贸易公司，愿意安排上述产品的制造、装配和推销；
鉴于双方都希望建立一家合营公司，来制造、装配和推销上述产品；
因此考虑上述各点和本合同所载各项条款，以及双方通过签署本合同而确认收到彼此间的其他有效相应报酬，双方特定此协议如下：
Exercises:
a. Put the following passage into Chinese
1. Mid-term Termination of the Contract: Neither party shall terminate this contract without reasonable cause prior to the agreed date of expiration. If party B wants to terminate this contract, he/she must hand in a written application one month before leaving China. Party B shall not stop working without party A’s consent. Party A shall cease to pay party B his/her salary two weeks after its conse nt to party B’s application and cease to provide party B and his /her family with relevant benefits related to living conditions. All the expenses of the return trip shall be borne by party B.
If party B violates the laws and decrees of the Chinese government party A has the right to terminate the contract. Party B shall be paid as usual for one month after the termination of the contract, but party B shall arrange to leave the country within this period. The cost of the economy air ticket(s) within China shall be paid by party A. The international traveling expenses shall be borne by party B.
Party A has the right to terminate the contract if party B neglects his/her duty. Within one month after the termination of the contract, party A shall arrange for party B and his/her family to leave. The cost of the economy air ticket(s) shall be paid by party A. All other expenses shall be borne by party B.
2. If, owing to poor health, party B has been absent from work two months in succession with
a doctor’s certific ate for sick leave and is still not able to resume work, party A has the right to terminate the contract prior to the agreed date of expiration and shall arrange for party B to leave within one month if party B’s physical condition permits. The cost of the economy air ticket(s) shall be paid by party A.
This contract is written in Chinese and in English, both texts being equally authentic.
参考译文
…1.中途终止合同。双方均不得提前终止合同。受聘方如中断合同，必须在离华前一个月向聘方提出书面申请，未经聘方同意，受聘方仍需照常工作。聘方自同意之日起的两周后，停发工资，并停止提供受聘方及其家属的有关待遇。回国的一切费用自理。
受聘方如违反中国法令，聘方有权提出解聘。自提出解聘之日起一个月内工资照发，但受聘方应在此期间安排回国。聘方复旦受聘方及其家属在中国境内的旅费。国际旅费自理。
对渎职的受聘方，聘方有权提出解聘。自提出解聘之日起一个月内，安排受聘方回国。受聘方及其家属回国的旅费，由聘方负担，其它费用自理。……
2.受聘方因健康原因，经医生证明连续病休两个月后仍不能继续工作，聘方有权提前终止合同。聘方提供受聘方及其家属回国的飞机票。
本合同用中、英两种文字写成，两种文字具有同等效力。
b. Put the following into English
从法律上讲，合同是一种对签约各方都有约束力的协议。合同的要点如下：
1、双方同意；
2、一种合法的补偿，在大多数情况下不一定是金钱；
3、签约各方
均具有合法的签约能力；4、不具有欺诈或威胁性；及5、签约主题不得具有非法性或违反公共准则。
一般来说，合同既可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。不过，为了便于执行起见，有些合同必须采用书面形式，并需签字。这些合同包括不动产的出售和转让合同，对执行计划失败(miscarriage)、拖欠债务或对他人的违约（default）做出保证、负责赔偿的合同，等等。
参考译文
Contract, in law, is an agreement that creates an obligation binding upon the parties thereto. The essentials of a contract are as follows: (1) mutual assent; (2) a legal consideration, which in most instances need not be pecuniary; (3) parties who have legal capacity to make a contract; (4) absence of fraud or duress; and (5) a subject matter that is not illegal or against public policy.
In general, contracts may be either oral or written. Certain classes of contracts, however, in order to be enforceable, must be written and signed. These include contracts involving the sale and transfer of real estate; contracts to guarantee or to answer for the miscarriage, debt, or default of another person.
7.Translation Skills：Long sentences
科技英语中经常有较长的复杂结构，即长句。而英汉两种语言在词法、句法、逻辑和思维等方面都有差异。因此，对待长句，首先要弄清原文句法结构，分清主次，理清各层意思间的逻辑关系，借助语法和衔接，将其通顺地表达出来。英语长句的汉译法主要有：顺译法、变译法、分译法和合译法，这些方法可根据不同情况单独或结合使用。
顺译法
如果英语句子的内容安排与汉语的表达习惯基本一致，翻译时一般按原文顺序译出，顺序不作大的调整。
If we let C stand for the specific heat, m for the number of grams in a sample, △T for the number of degrees of temperature change, and Q for the number of kilojoules of energy gained or lost, then the equation looks like this: C=Q/m×△T
如果用C代表比热，m代表样品克数，△T代表温度变化度数，以及Q代表得到或失去能量的千焦数，那么该方程式为：C=Q/m×△T。
Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide.
研究结果表明，大多数医生深信身患重病的人不想知道他们的真实病情。如果告诉他们实情，病人则有完全绝望的危险。因此病人会康复得更慢，或恶化更快，甚至自寻短见。
变译法
若英语的表达顺序与汉语表达相同内容时的顺序相反，翻译需从句末往句首进行，即逆着原文顺序翻译。
The resistance of any length of a conducting wire is easily measured by finding the potential difference in volts between its ends when a known current is flowing.
已知导线中流过的电流，只要测出导线两端电位差的伏特值，就能很容易得出任何长度导线的电阻值。
Aluminum remained unknown until the 19th century because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.
铝总是和其他元素结合在一起，由于铝对氧有很大的亲和力，所以最常见的是和氧相结合。因此，在自然界任何地方都找不到游离状态的铝。这就是为什么直到19世纪铝才被人们发现的原因。
分译法
有时英语长句包含的信息量大，为了使译文表述清晰，可将原句切分成几小部分，每部分译成一个独立的句子，顺序基本和原文一致。切分的原则是，该小部分表达了相对完整的信息。
Whatever Becky’s private plan might be by which Dobbin’s true love was to be crowned with success, the little woman thought that the secret might keep, and indeed, being by no means so much interested about anybody’s welfare as about her own, she had a great number of things pertaining to herself to consider , and which concerned her a great deal more than Major Dobbin’s happiness in this life.
蓓基本来有心帮助都宾，使有情人能够随心如愿，可是究竟用什么计策，她却没有说出来。反正她对于别人的幸福都不如对自己的前途那么关心。眼前有许多需要考虑的切身问题，比都宾少佐一生的快乐重要很多。
She found herself suddenly and unexpectedly in snug comfortable quarters: surrounded by friends, kindness, and good-natured simple people, such as she had not met with for many a long day; and, wanderer as she was by force and inclination, there were moments when rest was pleasant to her.
她忽然来到舒服的环境里，连自己也觉得突兀。现在她身边有的是朋友，对她非常体贴。四周围这种仁厚老实的好人，她已经好些时候没有接触过了。她对流浪生活很习惯，一则因为天性好动，二则也是出于不得已。话虽这么说，她有时候也很希望能够休息一下。
合译法
有的长句不便使用上述三种方法翻译，需对原句中某些部分合并翻译。
It is common practice that electric wires are made from copper.
电线通常是铜制的。
需注意的是，有的长句的翻译要综合运用上述翻译技巧。
The point that I am anxious to make is that the search for models of this kind, the study of their behavior and of the relationship of this behavior to the real situation which they seek to represent , and the consequential modification of them so as to lead reliable prediction and then to decision-making , would not be possible were it not for the assistance afforded to the investigator by the digital computer, and by the work of technologists who have successfully transformed the scientific ideas on which it is founded into stable, reliable and economic pieces of electric equipment.
我迫切要指出的一点是：假如没有数字计算机为研究人员提供的帮助，假如没有那些将制造数字计算机的科学原理成功地变成稳定可靠而又经济的电子设备的技术人员的帮助，那么，探索这种模型，研究它的作用，研究这种作用与模型试图模拟的实际情况之间的关系，以及为了作出可靠的预测和决策而根据研究的结果进一步修改模型，都将是不可能的。
Exercise：
1.It remains to be seen whether the reserves of raw materials would be sufficient to
supply the world economy which would have grown by 500 percent.
如果世界经济真的以五倍于现在的速度增长，那么原材料的储备是否能满足其需求，还不得而知。
2.Pure science has been subdivided into the physical science, which deals with the
facts and relations of the physical world, and the biological sciences, which investigate the history and working of life on this planet.
理论科学分为自然科学和生物科学。前者研究自然界的各种事物和相互关系，而后者则探讨地球上生物的发展历史和活动。
3.To most people electricity is a rather mysterious thing, perhaps because it is a silent
and invisible---almost a secret ---agent which we do not know in the direct way we know
things that we can see and touch.
对大多数人来说电是一种很神秘的东西,这大概由于它是一种无声、无形,几乎是神出鬼没的物质,我们无法像了解那些看得见、摸得着的东西那样,去直接地了解它。
4.The purpose of this book is to place at the disposal of the design engineer who is
facing these challenges a survey of the experience gained from the many and diverse
applications of aerostatic bearings which have already been successfully accomplished.
空气静压轴承已经顺利研制成功，在各方面的应用中取得了很多经验，本书的目的就是向面临这些任务的设计工程师介绍这些经验。
5.Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected;
there is a ―high-temperature belt‖ in the atmosphere, with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground.
人们早就怀疑大气层中有一个高温带，其中心在距地面约30英里高的地方。利用火箭加以研究以后，这一奇异的事实已得到了证实。
6.The computer performs a supervisory function in the liquid-level control system by
analyzing the process conditions against desired performance criteria and determining the changes in process variables to achieve optimum operation.
在液位控制系统中，计算机执行一种监控功能。它根据给定的特性指标来分析各种过程
条件，并决定各过程变量的变化以获得最佳操纵。
8.Sample
Article I
General Most-favored-Nation Treatment
1. With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation and exportation, and with respect to all matters referred to in paragraphs 2 or 4 of Article III*, any advantage, favor, privilege or immunity granted by any contracting party to any product origination in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the product originating in or destined for the territories of all other contraction parties.
2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not require the elimination of any preferences in respect of import duties or charges which do not exceed the levels provided for in paragraph 4 of this Article and which fall within the following description:
(a) Preferences in force exclusively between two or more of the territories listed in Annex A. subject to the conditions set forth therein:
(b) Preferences in force exclusively between two or more territories which on July 1, 1939, were connected by common sovereignty or relations of protection or uncetof the territories listed in Annex A. subject to the conditions set forth therein: or relations of protection subject to the conditions set forth therin:
(c) Preference in force exclusively between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba;
(d) Preferences in force exclusively between neighbouring countries listed in Annexes E and F.
3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply to preferences between the countries formerly a part of the Ottoman Empire and detached from it on July 24, 1923, provided such preferences are approved under paragraph 5+ of Article XXV, which shall be applied in this respect in the light of paragraph 1 of Article XXIX.
4. The margin of preference* on any product in respect of which a preference is permitted under paragraph 2 of this Article but is not specially set forth as a maximum margin of preference in the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement shall not exceed:
(a) in respect of duties or changes on any product described in such Schedule, the difference between the most-favored-nation and preferential rates provided for therein: if no preferential rate is provided fro, the preferential rate shall for the purposes of this paragraph be taken to be that in force on April 10, 1947, and, if no most-favoured-nation rate is provided for, the margin shall not exceed the difference between the most-favoured-nation and preferential rates examine on April 10, 1947.
(b) in respect of duties or changes on any product not described in the appropriate Schedule, the difference between the most-favoured nation and preferential rates existing on April 10, 1947.
In case of the contracting parties named in Annex G, the date of April 10, 1957, referred to in sub-paragraph (a) and (b) of this paragraph shall be replaced by the respective dates set forth in that Annex.
Article II
Schedules of Concession
(a) Each contracting party shall accord to the commerce of the other contracting parties treatment no less favourable than that provided for in the appropriate Part of the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement.
(b) The products described in Part I of the Schedule relating to any contracting party, which are the products of territories of other contracting parties, shall, on their importation into the territory to which the schedule relates, and subject to the terms, conditions or qualifications set forth in that Schedule, be exempt from ordinary customs duties in excess of those set forth and provided for therein. Such products shall also be exempt from all other duties or charges of any kind imposed on or in concession with importation in excess of those imposed on the date of this Agreement or those directly and mandatories required to be imposed thereafter by legislation in force in the importing territory on the date.
(c) The products described in Part II of the schedule relating to any contracting party which are the products of territories entitled under Article I to receive preferential treatment upon importation into the territory to which the Schedule relates shall, on their importation into such territory.
The authentic text erroneously reads ―sub-paragraph 5 (a).‖
(例子为该协定第一部分第一条：General Most-Favored-Nation Treatment一般最惠国待遇;
the elimination of any preferences 取消任何优惠; the Ottoman Empire 奥托曼帝国; preferences in force exclusively 专用的现行优惠待遇; the margin of preference 优惠差额; the difference between the most-favored-nation and preferential rates provided for therein 这里所列的最惠国税率和优惠税率的差额; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税与贸易总协定; customs duties 关税)
8. Supplementary readings on contracts and agreements
Theoretically each person who is named in a contract is considered equal, and each is believed to have a full understanding of the obligation undertaken. In fact, however, the two parties to a contract are quite often unequal in their understanding of what is involved and in their abilities to fulfill their obligations. Many people have signed sales contract that they later regret, or they find that they are unable to pay what they owe.
Much of the law of contracts is, therefore, concerned with ensuring that contracts are understood by and truly agreeable to those entering into them. Provisions that aid in this goal include rules that void contracts made under pressure or that prove to be extraordinary bargains for one party. In many places there are laws that allow a ―cooling off‖ period after the signing of a contract to allow the parties to decide whether or not they want to change their minds. This applies specially to sales contracts. Minors and incompetents are also protected from fulfillment of contracts, and in many places they are not permitted to enter into them.
Some types of written agreements are illegal. In the United States, for example, a contract between two or more corporations that is intended to fix prices or to restrain trade is against the law. Other contracts, such as an agreement to commit a civil wrong, are held by the courts to be contrary to the public interest.
Under law, contract rights are type of property. As such they may be sold or otherwise transferred from one person or institution to another. A sales contract, for instance, may be turned over to a bank or loan company by the seller. They buyer then makes payments, including interest, to the financial institution instead of to the seller. Contracts for service are also transferable unless there are provisions that prevent their being assigned to another.
1. Commercial treaties have a history going back to ancient times. With the resurgence of trade in the early medieval period, the commercial treaty began its modern evolution. This early commercial treaty was usually bilateral, and its prime objective was to establish the legal rights of alien traders, the idea of ―national treatment.‖ Removal of obstructions to trade was only a secondary motive.
National Treatment
The attainment of national treatment through treaty was strengthened in the 13th century. Venice, an Italian city-state that traded chiefly with Central and East Asia，exacted by treaty from the sultan of Halab(Aleppo) the right to have its merchants equip their own quarter in his city and to have their own jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases. By the mid-19th century national treatment was so completely achieved that full protection of the rights and property of alien traders was the norm. Merchants traveled freely without passport or visa, and removing obstructions to trade became the main objective.
The prime objective of early commercial treaties was to establish the legal rights of alien traders, called national treatment. However, by the mid-19th century national treatment had become standard and removing obstructions to trade became the main objective. The
Anglo-French Treaty of 1860, meant to establish free trade by reducing and eliminating tariffs between Great Britain and France, exemplified the change.
The growing network of trade was soon threatened when both Germany and the United States introduced protectionist tariff polices. In 1934, however, the United States passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreement, by which the president was empowered to lower import duties on a country’s goods if that country reciprocated. The (GA TT)(1947), designed to reduce tariffs and eliminate discriminatory practices in international trade, was eventually signed by more than 100 countries. The modern commercial treaty has been significantly in stabilizing international trade and standardizing trade practices.
Present-day commercial treaties are ratified according to the constitutional procedures of the participating parties. The treaties may be terminated unilaterally on notice of six months or a year. However, termination also may occur if the time period during which the treaty is in force expires, if the same parties negotiate another treaty on the same subject, or if the political status of a signatory changes. The outbreak of war suspends but does not terminate commercial treaties. If a dispute arising among signatories over the interpretation of commercial treaties cannot be settled by direct negotiation, it may be settled by rules of international law. Such disputes must be submitted to the International Court of Justice if the signatories have mutually accepted the jurisdiction of that court in advance.
2.Requirement of a valid contract
For a contract to be valid, both parties must give their assent. They must act in such a way what the other people involved believe their intention is to make a contract. Thus a person who is clearly not sincere in saying that he or she accepts an offer usually is not held to a contract by the courts. On the other hand, a person who secretly has no intention of making a contract but who
acts in a manner that leads people to believe he or she had, may be held to a contract. Legally, it is the external appearance that determines whether one is held to contract.
Consideration
A contract results from a bargain. This implies that each party to the contract gives up something, or promises to, in exchange for something given up or promised by the other party. This is called consideration. With rare exceptions, a promise by one party, without some form of consideration being extended by the other party, does not result in a contract or other enforceable obligation, regardless of the sincerity of the promise. Although each party must extend consideration to the other in order to form a contract, the value of the consideration need not be equal. Determining how good a bargain is becomes the responsibility of the parties involved. Otherwise, the courts would be in the impossible position of having to appraise the relative value of millions of promises made every year.
Competence
For a contract to be enforceable it must be between competent parties. A contract with a person who has been adjudicated insane is likely to be declared void. A contract involving a minor — in most states of the United States a minor is now a person under 18 — may be enforced or voided by the minor, unless the contract is for necessities such as food, lodging, or medical services, in which case he or she may be held responsible for the reasonable value of what was purchased. Persons suffering form a disability such as intoxication from drugs or liquor, or insane persons not adjudicated insane, usually may void a contract if the other party knows or should have known of the disability and if the consideration received is returnable.
Legality
The last requirement of a valid contract is that its provisions be legal. If a purported contract requires an illegal act, the result is a void contract. Parties to an illegal contract have no standing in court. If one party receives money or property under an illegal contract, the other may not sue to recover what was paid under the contract. Not only are contracts requiring criminal acts illegal, so are contracts requiring commission of a TROT (a breach of civil law such as misrepresentation r trespass) or those in breach of public policy. Although public policy is difficult to define, it includes some serious breaches of conventional morality or ethics.
It is commonly assumed that an enforceable contract must be in writing. This is usually untrue. Most oral contracts are enforceable, but written contracts are easier to prove.
Some types of contracts must be in writing, for example, contracts for the purchase or sale of any interest in real property, contracts to pay debts of others, and contracts that require more than a year to perform. Contracts for the sale of personal property — that is, movable property — as distinguished from land, at a price above a specified sum set by law must be in writing unless payment or delivery has been made or unless the goods were specially manufactured.
3. The most-favored-nation clause stipulates that a nation will extend to other signatories treatment comparable to that accorded any other nation with which it has, or may have in the future, a commercial treaty. Under such a clause, all existing rights and privileges granted to other nations became immediately applicable to the signatory nations, and all rights and privileges granted to other nations in later treaties become applicable to the parties to the
most-favored-nation agreement as soon as those treaties take effect. The clause may be either unconditional, that is, applicable to all subjects omitted from the negotiations as well as to those included; or conditional, that is, limited to particular items or areas of trade. The basis for
restriction of the applicability of the clause is the theory, once widely held, that concessions granted to one nation in return for special advantages should not be granted to other nations without similar considerations. Although a conditional form of the most-favored-nation clause was at one time included in most commercial treaties made by the United States, the simpler unconditional and mandatory form has been used in all U.S. commercial treaties concluded since 1922.
4．Treaty
It is a written agreement concluded by two or more sovereign nations or by a nation and an international organization. A cardinal rule of international law is the principle that treaties that are validly concluded are binding. For a treaty to validly conclude, the contracting parties must have the capacity to enter into international engagement, the agents who negotiate the treaty must be authorized, and freedom of consent on the part of the signatory powers must exist. In addition, it is now recognized that a treaty is void if its conclusion has been procured by the treat or use of force.
Treaties cover a wide range of issues, from the acquisition of foreign territory to that of people accused or convicted of crimes. Political treaties may relate to mutual defense in case of armed attack, to guarantees of a particular status, or to the preservation of existing boundaries, usually provide mutual economic advantage. Such treaties often contain a clause stipulating that each signatory will extend to every other signatory treatment equally favorable to that accorded to any other nation (the most-favored-nation clause).
Treaties may be terminated in various ways. A treaty may expire, it may allow one party to give notice of termination, it may be terminated by one signatory’s repudiation of its obligations, or it may be terminated when the circumstance assumed by the signatory parties no longer exist.
Rules of international law governing treaties were codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) at a conference convened by the General Assembly. The convention went into force in 1980 after ratification by 35 nations. The United States signed but has not ratified the convention; however, the United States considers most of the Vienna Convention’s rules as representing international law president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. An important treaty usually is negotiated by the State Department and then submitted to the Senate for approval by a two-thirds vote of the members present. After final approval, the treaty goes to the president for ratification.
5．Tariff, tax levied by a government on imports and exports. The money collected from tariffs is called a customs duty. Although tariffs are a source of government revenue, they are also used as part of political and economic policies.
Tariffs were originally used by governments to raise revenue. As national economies formed in the 1500s and 1600s, tariffs were used mainly to protect domestic industry and ensure that more goods were exported than imported. These use of tariffs led to governments levying high tariffs on hostile governments, while friendly governments were given preferential treatment.
After World War II (1939-1945) tariff barriers decreased with the establishment of the (GA TT) and the formation of regional customs unions, such as the European Community (EU). These groups lowered tariffs among themselves and maintained a common tariff for nonmembers. World trade promotion through lower international tariffs and the removal of other obstacles is fostered by the (WTO), which took over GATT’s acti vities in 1995.
6.Nullification and Breach of Contracts
The contract of a person who is mentally ill or so intoxicated as not to be capable of a free
exercise of will is sometimes said to be wholly void. In recent cases, however, such contracts have usually been regarded as merely voidable. The contract of a minor, usually a person under the age of 18, is also voidable.
In case of a breach of contract, the injured party may go to court to sue for money damages or for specific performance if money damages would not compensate for the breach. Specific performance of a contract is the right by one contracting party to have the other contracting party perform the contract according to the precise terms agreed upon.
Contract, or nonresidential, design work is usually much more complicated and is organized on a less personal basis. Within a contract design firms, there are usually individuals who specialize, for example, in office space requirements, theater acoustics, lighting, or the design requirements of hospitals, shopping centers, hotels, malls, department stores, and restaurants. Other may specialize in furniture, fabrics, floor coverings, color psychology, or indoor horticulture. Some handle the preparation of working drawings and scale models of project proposals. Others take care of the business arrangements — contracts, payroll, ordering, billing, and scheduling. Each contract requires careful overall supervision by one member of the firm who thinks through all aspects of the design and coordinates the work of the many specialists within the design firm as well as that of the architect, building contractor, and client.
In some contract work, especially that on new buildings or where major structural revisions are involved, the designer works closely with the architects and engineers from the very beginning of a project. The designer usually selects wall, floor, and ceiling surfaces as well as lighting devices, furniture, furnishings, accessories, and even plants. There may also be collaboration with the architect in space planning, making sure that large interior spaces are subdivided into more comfortable dimensions.
7. A yellow-dog contract
It is an agreement —usually signed as a condition of employment — between employees and an employer that prohibits the workers from becoming involved in union activities. The name was derived from labor-union slang indicating that only a coward, or a ―yellow dog‖, would sign such a contract. This agreement prevents workers from joining a union, assisting a union, and taking part in any group action against the employer.
The yellow-dog contract was an effective way for companies to fight the labor movement in the United States prior to the 1930s. Unions fought against these contracts by seeking political and legislative support. The unions were successful when the NorrisLa Guardia Act of 1932 made yellow-dog contracts unenforceable in federal courts. Later, employees won the right to join unions of their choice through the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (the Wagner Act).
8. The small business administration (SBA) was established by the U.S. government in 1953 as an independent agency to aid, counsel, and protect the interests of small business. It provides loans for business expansion and improvement and to victims of natural disasters and civil disorders. The SBA attempts to increase the number of government contracts awarded to small business (which since 1976 have include farms) and sponsors programs to develop management skills. Its Minority Small Business program aims at increasing the number of minority
owner-operated enterprises; another program promotes the growth of business owned by women. Congress rebuffed Reagan administration efforts to abolish the SBA in 1980-81, but SBA funding declined thereafter.
Unit 10 I ’ve had this bike for three years. Section A部分知识点 1.have a yard sale 进行庭院拍卖会 2.bring back sweet memories 勾起甜美的回忆 bring back使记起，使回想起 3.people in need需要的人们； in need 需要 4.not.. anymore/ any more不再……； no longer 不再;不复 5.You can have it for 75cents.你可以花75美分买到它。 6.soft toys 布绒玩具； toy monkey 玩具猴 7. And check out these soft toys and board games for younger kids. 1）check out 意为“察看，观察”。 check还可用作名词，意为“支票, 账单”。 2）board games 棋类游戏 8. a bread maker 面包机 9.clear out 清理 10.part with 与……分开；Don’t part with your dream. 不要放弃你的梦 想。 11.As for me, I did not want to give up my football shirts, but, to be honest，I have not played for a while now. 至于我，我不想放弃我的足球衣。但是，说实在的，我现在巳经有一段时间没有踢(足球)了。 1) as for 至于，关于 . And as for us, we are fortunate. 可对我们来说，我们是幸运的。 2) to be honest意为“说实在的，说实话”，经常单独使用，作插入语，用逗号与句子隔开。类似的表达还有to tell the truth “老实说，说实话”。 To be honest, she is not an honest girl. 说实话，她不是一个诚实的女孩。 3）honest为形容词，意为“诚实的；老实的”。反义词为dishonest“不诚实的”。 . An honest man does not tell lies. 诚实的人不会说谎。 4）play for a while 玩一会儿 12. What do they want to do with the money from the sale 他们想要用从拍卖会中筹集的钱做什么 What …do with怎么处理 13. Section B部分知识点 1. Nowadays, millions of Chinese leave the countryside to search for work in the cities. 1）search for意为“搜寻，找寻”，“搜查”。 search for work 找工作. They searched the forest for the lost child. 他们在森林里寻找那个走失的小孩。 2）millions of 数百万的
Unit10单词过关（沿中线折叠，完成英汉互译）
词汇梳理（沿中线折叠，完成英汉互译）
短语归纳（沿中线折叠，完成英汉互译）
用法总结 1.询问某人想要什么： What would you like？您想要什么？ What size would you like？您想要什么型号/尺码的？ 2.询问是否有某物： 一Is/Arethere+主语+其他？······有······吗？ —Yes,thereis/are.,thereisn't/aren'tany.是的，有。/不，没有。 3.请求点菜的句型： May Itake your order？您可以点菜了吗？ 4.主谓一致：The number of+可数名词复数+谓语动词的第三人称单数形式+其他 The number of the students in the school is three thousand. 5.it作形式主语：lt is+形容词/其他+动词不定式短语. 语法练习 1、would like用来表达意愿，意为“想要，愿意”，和want语义相近，但语气委婉、客气。其
后接名词、代词宾格或to do。 常见句型：Would you like to do…?你愿意做……吗？ 如：I would like a cup of tea. 我想要一杯茶。 I would like him to go there. 我想要他去那。 Would you like to join us? 你愿意加入我们吗？ 1)I think he would like______shopping with me. (to go/go) 2)I would like ______ basketball to become stronger.(play/to play) 3)My brother ______ an orange.(would like/would) 4)Morris would ______ some friends to his party this weekend. A like inviting B like to invite C to invite D inviting 2、可数名词与不可数名词
Unit 7 错题精选 ( )1.-What kind of clothes do the children usually want to_____? -I don’t know about that. A. wear B. dress C. dress in D. put on ( )2.-Only in this way _____ our task in a week. -Yes. Let’s try our best to do it well. A. we can finish B. we can be finished C. can we finish D. can we finished ( )3.-More and more Chinese have _____ to go abroad now. -Yes, most of them go abroad for studying or traveling. ( )4.-If you say so, I’ll go away at once. -Whether you go or stay, I do n’t ______ it. A. take up B. take care C. look for D. care about ( )5.-Work hard and you will _____ one day.-You are right. Working hard leads to _____. A. success; succeed B. succeed; success C. success ; successful D. succeed ; successfully ( )6.-Mom, I failed my math exam again. -Dear, I think you should concentrate _____ your study. A. at B. about C. on D. for ( )7.-You look ____ today. -Yes, we haven’t had a day ____ for a month. A.sleepy; in B.tired; on C.sleepy; off D.asleep; of ( )8.-Have you heard _____ Peter recently? -Yes, and I ____ his letter last Sunday. A. of; replied B. from; replied C. from; replied from D. from; replied to ( )9.-Hainan is really beatful. -So it is. Why not stay there for ____ two days? A. more B. another C. other D. others ( )10.-Where is Marry? I saw her just now. -She forgot her textbook and went home to ____ it. A. fetch B. take C. bring D. carry ( )11.-As we all can see, these stamps are all the same. -No, ____ has its own style. A. either B. all C. each D. both ( )12.-Let’s hurry. -Yes, very often dark clouds are ____ of rain. A. mark B. sign C. chance D. symbol ( )13.-When do you think we’ll meet again? -I think it may be _____ Christmas. A. on B. at C. in D. to ( )14.-Computers are so popular these days. -Yes, they can ___ our eyes to the outside world. A. call up B. open up C. turn up D. take up
【九年级】英语全册 Unit10You’resupposedtoshakehands学案1无答案新 版人教新 2020-12-12 【关键字】英语、认识、自主、掌握、了解、安全、重点、能力、作用、结构、巩固 Section A (1a---2d) 第一课时 1.知识目标: 学习一些见面礼仪,掌握be supposed to do sth.结构的用法。 2.能力目标:能同他人讨论不同国家的风俗习惯，如初次见面的礼仪，餐桌礼仪等 3.情感目标:了解各国风俗文化差异,比较中国的见面礼、生活习俗与其他国家的不同。 【重点领悟】 1.be supposed to do sth.结构的用法 2.对不同国家的见面礼仪，生活习俗的认识和理解。 【自主归纳】be supposed to do... 1. Everyone is supposed to wear a seat-belt in the car. 每个人在汽车里都应该系安全带。 2.The new laws are supposed to prevent crime. 这些新法令本应该起到防止犯罪的作用。 3. be supposed to后面接“have + 过去分词”时，表示“本应该做某事而没做”。 You are supposed to have handed in your homework by now.现在你应该已经把作业交上来了。 4.be supposed to... 的否定结构为be not supposed to ..., 它常用于口语中，意为“不被许可；不应当”。eg：She was not supposed to be angry about that. 她本不该为那件事而生气的。expect; v. “期待”“期望”是及物动词，意为“预料，盼望”，它有以下常见用法： ①. expect + n. / pron. 预计……可能发生；期待某人或某物 ②. expect + to do sth. 料想做某事I expect to get a birthday present from my dad. 我期待着收到一件来自父亲的礼物。 ③. expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事 Do you exp ect him to teach you English? 你希望他教你英语吗？ ④. expect + 从句预计/ 料想……I didn’ t expect that you would get there so soon. 我没想到你会这么快就到达那里了 ⑤. 用于“It+ be +过去分词+从句”结构，表示“预计……”。
Unit 7错题 一、词汇(1﹡20) 1.Today there will be a few ________________(阵雨)。 2.The__________________(气温) can drop below zero in Wuxi in winter. 3.The children won’t go on a trip if tomorrow is ______________(有雨的). 4.In the beginning, there was not much _______, but later on it was getting ___________ and ____________.(雾) 5.The bowl _________(落下) down to the floor and the boy cried. 6.Everyone knows the sun ________(升起) in the east and sets is the west. 7.Amy had a high __________(发烧) and ____________(咳嗽) a lot. 8.I looked __________(糟糕的) and felt very bad. 9.He likes noisy music. He play it very ___________(loud). 10.Brain speaks very softly. He should try to speak _________(loud). 11.In the past, London was famous for as the city of ___________(雾). 12.Listen! The wind is _______________(吹) strongly. 13.My father and mother love each other ____________(deep). 14.Do you want to be the ___________(shine) star? 15.It’s much too _____________(snow) in my hometown this year. 16.August is the _____________(wind) month of the year in Beijing. 17.After a night’s work without sleep, he looked much _______________(sleep). 二、选择2*14 （）1. Are you sure it will be ____________ tomorrow? A. rain B. rains C. rainy D. rained （）2. __________ bad weather it is! A. What B. How C. What a D. How a （）3. We won’t visit Yancheng Nature Reserve if it _____________ tomorrow. A. is raining B. will rain C. rains D. rained （）4. Look! All the babies are sleeping now. Please speak in low ___________. A. sounds B. noise C. voice D voices （）5. _________ do you feel on a cold winter morning? A. What B. How C. Which D. Why （）6. __________perfect time to share happiness with friends! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a （）7. There’re seldom birds in winter, ___________? A. aren’t there B. aren’t they C. are they D. are there （）8. The weather report says there will be __________ in Nanjing. A. a heavy rain B. heavy rainy C. rainy heavily D. rain heavily （）9. The price of the cares ____________ a bit last month. A. fell B. low C. dropped D. fell down （）10. The sentence structure of “She always gives her seat on the bus to someone in need.” is_________ A. S+V+P B. S+V+O C. S+V+IO+DO D. S+V+DO+OC
【人教版】新目标2019年八年级英语上册Unit10 单元教案 Unit 10If you go to the party，you'll have a great time!
本单元以“If you go to the party，you'll have a great time！”为话题，通过“Talk about consequences”来学习if引导的条件状语从句，掌握用be going to 表示将来的时态，正确使用情态动词should。从学生熟悉的party出发到对未来职业选择的探讨，鼓励学生作出自己的决定，并对这一决定所带来的结果进行讨论和评判。该话题贴近学生生活，鼓励学生对未来的生活展开丰富的想象。其中，对于生活中重要内容的探讨和为慈善活动寻找新点子设计海报等不失为德育教育的好素材。
第一课时Section A(1a－2d) Teaching Goals【教学目标】 Key words & phrases： meeting，video，organize，chocolate，go to the party，have a great time，stay at home，take the bus，watch a video，potato chips Key sentences： 1. If you go to the party，you'll have a great time. 2. I think I'll go to the party with Karen and Anna. 3. If we ask people to bring food，they'll just bring potato chips and chocolate because they'll be too lazy to cook. Teaching Key Points【教学重点】 The vocabulary： meeting，organize，have a great time Target language： —I think I'll go with Karen and Anna. —If you do，you'll have a great time. If we have it today，half the class won't come. If we ask people to bring food，they'll just bring potato chips and chocolate because they'll be too lazy to cook. Teaching Difficult Points【教学难点】 1. Future tense with “will”． 2. If－adverbials，conditional adverbials.
Unit 10 You’re supposed to shake hands. The third period Section A (Grammar focus—4c) 【学习目标】 1. 让学生能听、说、读、写下列词汇和短语。 passport n. 护照 chalk n. 粉笔 blackboard n. 黑板 northern adj. 北方的；北部的 coast / n. 海岸；海滨season n. 季；季节 knock v. 敲；击eastern adj. 东方的；东部的worth adj. 值得； 有??价值（的）manner n. 方式；方法 (pl.) 礼貌；礼仪be supposed to ; be expected to; be important to; as …as possible; be worth doing sth; good manners 2. 让学生能够正确使用以下常用表达： 1) When you go abroad, it is important to bring your passport. 2) After class, students are supposed to clean the chalk off the blackboard. 3)—Is it impolite to keep others waiting? —Yes, it’s very impolite to keep others waiting. 4)—Is it important to be on time? —Yes, it’s important to be on time. 3.让学生学会固定短语be supposed to do 的用法、句型结构与转换。 【重点难点】 掌握Grammar Focus里的句子 掌握be supposed to; be expected to; be important to的用法。 【新知预习】 根据句意和首字母提示完成单词。 1. —Am I supposed to wear jeans? —No, you’re e___________ to wear a suit and tie. 2. The question is not w___________ discussing again and again. 3. It’s good m__________ to greet your teacher when you meet them. 4. China is an e__________ country. 5. Can I see your ___________, please Miss? 【课堂探究】
Unit7,Unit8全国错题集锦 一、选择题 1．答案D 解析此题考查的是词语的辨析。句意：吃太多对你的健康有害。be good for 对……有好处；be bad for 对……有害；health 健康，名词；healthy 健康的，形容词；for后面应接名词。因此，正确答案是D。 2．答案D 解析此题考查的是词组的用法。句意：我的桌子在教室的前面，我坐在张华前面。in the front of 在……的前面（指的是在宾语的范围内）；in front of 在……前面（不在宾语的范围内）；我的课桌是在教室内，而我只是坐在张华前面，所以使用D项。 因此，正确答案是D。 3．答案D 解析此题考查的是固定搭配。句意：该上课了，Tom。固定搭配It's time for sth. 该做某事了，是做某事的时间了。 因此，正确答案是D。 4．答案D 解析此题考查的是形容词。句意：我们都对历史感兴趣。我发现跟他说话很有趣。be interested in 对...感兴趣；find it adj to do sth 发现做某事怎么样，该句型中缺少形容词；interesting (物)有趣的。 因此，正确答案是D。 5．答案D 解析此题考查的是地点副词辨析。句意：我的手表丢了。我到处都看了。但是我还是不能找到它。here and there 各处；everywhere 到处；where 在哪里。 因此，正确答案是D。 6．答案D 解析此题考查的是代词other的用法。句意：——妈妈，山的另一边是什么？——一个大湖。other 其他的，指同类不同物；others 同类的其他事物；another （三者或三者以上）另一个；the other 两者中的另一个。这里山只有两边，所以此处应填the other。 因此，正确答案是D。 7．答案B 解析此题考查的是人称代词。句意：吴先生教我们英语。我们都喜欢他。him 他；our 我们；her 她；us 我们。两处都填人称代词宾格分别作teaches和like的宾语。 因此，正确答案是B。 8．答案B 解析此题考查的是词性辨析。句意：自从叔叔去世后，Jack 觉得很伤心。die 死亡，是瞬间动词，没有进行时。dying 垂死的；death n.死亡；dead adj.死的，呆板的。
、单项选择（20分） 1. ——If you become a professi onal sin ger, you may be _ . —That 'great, I want every one to know me and love me. A. n ervous B. disappo in ted C. famous D. surprised 2. ___ away this dirty shirt and bring me a clea n one. A. Pick B. Bring C. Carry D. Take 3. The man makes a livi ng __ teach ing. A. without B. with C. by 4. This is a great cha nee forme ____ from a foreig ner. A. learn B. to lear n C. learni ng D. learns 5. If our government ____ pay attention to the safety of food, our health _______ i n dan ger. A. is n ' t; is B. doesn't; will be C. won ' t; is D. is n't; will be 6. We'll easily become un happy ___ we solve our problems. A. because B. if C. uni ess D. although 7. — I am going to see the teacher tomorrow. 8. Don 'be afraid ___ mistakes in lear ning En glish. 9. Our teacher ofte n asks us ___ questio ns in groups. A. discuss B. to discuss C. discuss ing D. discussed 10. — I'm going to Hainan on vacatio n n ext week. A. Have a good time C. Thank you 二、完形填空（20分） I'm thinking about what I 'm going to do this summer. Maybe I 'get a job. If I get a job, I 'have 1 money to buy some new thi ngs. Maybe I'll buy some new 1 / 7 UnitIO 单元检测题 A. I, too. B. Me, too. C. I also. D. Me, neither. A. make B. mak ing C. makes D. to make B. Not at all D. I have no idea
D on’t give up! Part 1 words and expressions 1.bright sunshine __________________ 2.dark clouds______________________ 3.heavy rain__________________ 4. a light shower ____________________ 5. a strong wind ____________________ 6. a gentle breeze___________________ 7.thick fog __________________ 8. a thin mist__________________ 9.heavy snow__________________ 10. a violent storm______________ 11. Amazon jungle ___________________ 12.thunderstorm______________ 13.lightning___________________ 14.unconscious________________ 15.woodcutter_______________ 16.在空难中幸存下来_________________ 17.电影导演 ____________________ 18.难以置信的故事 ___________________ 19.纪录? __________________ 20. 给。。。动?术_____________ 21. Not really!____________ 22. Sounds weird. _____________ 23. Such a wimp ______________ 24. The pain’s gone! ____________ 25. It’s good fun! __________ 26. This is the best bit! _________________ 27. Take an aspirin and go to bed ___________________ 28. at the moment ______________ 29. keep going____________ 30. give up _____________
一： D C D C B A C A D B C D A B A C C 二： A: 1.save 2.award 3.brave 4.news 5.believe 6.rushed 7.burning 8.greatest 9.articles 10.pouring 11.moment 12.X-rays 13.couldn’t 14.send
15.seats B: 1.people’s 2.difference(s) 3.noisy 4.carelessly 5.herself 6.clothes 8.yourselves 9.abilities 10.shouting 11.best 12.careless 13.Luckily C: 1.forgot 2.will happen 3.study 4.doesn’t rain 5.pouring
6.not to talk 7.to leave 8.drank 9.doesn’t snow 10.didn’t join 11.is singing 12.smoking 13.is thinking 三： 1.was able to draw 2.five-year-old lost 3.heard from 4.What a pretty 5.What couldn’t do 四： 1.going to the old people’s home 2.careful sometimes is careless 3.quickly ran back to to get 4.in poor areas pay for
Unit10 单元教材分析 本单元重点学习由if引导的条件句。通过本单元的学习，学生能够熟练运用由if 引导的条件句对可能发生的情况进行预测，并将其运用到实际生活中去。在本课的前半部分中，if引导的条件句被运用于讨论聚会可能发生的各种情况，后半部分被活用于各种情况。因此前半部分的教学以词汇和语法的直接学习为重点，后半部分的学习以语言的应用为重点。本课同样涉及了许多会话和练习，以使学生得到充分的锻炼，加强他们对目标语言的理解和实际应用能力。 本单元以if引导的条件句的学习和运用为重点，共设计了三个部分的内容： Section A:该部分一共有3个模块，第一模块初步导入目标句型，以基本对话和基本短语为重点，共三个小模块:Match(la)、Listening(1b)、Practice(1c);第二模块以听说训练为主，进一步对if引导的条件句加以训练Circle (2a)、Listening (2b)、Role-play (2c)、Role-play(2d);第三模块以短文填空、完成句子和写作为重点，着重训练了学生的逻辑思维能力和写作能力。包括：Fill in the blanks (3a)、Complete (3b)、Survey(3c)。 Section B:该部分一共有3个模块，第一模块以听力训练和情景交际为主，让学生在接触新单词、短语的同时，扩大由if引导条件句的运用范围。包括：Circle(la)、Listening (1b)、Listening (1c)、Practice (1d);第二模块以阅读和短文填空为重点，将if引导的条件句运用到行文中，训练学生的阅读能力和理解能力。Survey(2a)、Reading(2b)、Questions(2c)、Fill in the blanks(2d)、Questions(2e);第三模块以写作和练习为主，将语言运用提升另一个高度，提高学生的英语综合应用能力。Survey (3a)、Writing(3b)、Writing(3c)、Complete(3c)。 Self Check:该部分有3个模块：第一模块填空, 训练学生的语言逻辑能力(1);第二模块仍然是填空，检测学生对由if引导的条件句时态问題的掌握(2); 第三模块是会话训练，要求学生运用想象力回答，将教材内容与实际生活相结合(3)。
Unit10 The Spirit of Marathon 学案4,5课时89 Unit10TheSpiritofMaratho；一：Learningobjectives（学习目；Carefulreadingt ofindthed；（2）.Tohelpthestudentstog；在生活中，保持并发扬马拉松精神：坚持下去，永不放；二：TeachingApproaches（教学方；三：Teachingkeypointsand di；2.Tea Unit10 The Spirit of Marathon(Period 4教学设计) 一：Learning objectives（学习目标）: 1．Ability Objects（技能目标）： Careful reading to find the details in the the first and the second paragrap h . To grasp the main phrases and sentences. 2．Knowledge Objects（知识目标）:（1）To grasp the main phrases. （2）. To help the students to grasp the main idea of the text. 3.Emotiona l goals（情感目标）： 在生活中，保持并发扬马拉松精神：坚持下去，永不放弃。培养学生团体合作、努力拼博、积极向上的精神。 二：Teaching Approaches（教学方法）: Work in groups 三：Teaching key points and difficult points（教学重难点）：1. Teaching Key points: words and phrases 2. Teaching Difficult points: Help the Ss get the main idea of the text an d deal with difficult sentences 四：Teaching aids (教学辅助) : PPT 五：Teaching procedures（教学过程）: Step1.温故互查 Read the text(para1.2)by themselves. Step2.设问导读
7A Unit 7 短语及句型 一、短语： 1.down the street 沿着街 2.go shopping/do some shopping 去购物 https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa14405689.html,e with me 跟我来 4.flower/gift/shoe/toy/chothes/sports shop 花/礼品/鞋/玩具/服装/体育器材店 5.carry all the bags 拎所有的包 6.buy Simon a present 给西蒙买礼物 7.be interested in 对。。。。。。感兴趣 8.hate doing sth. 讨厌做某事 9.be sure of/about 对。。。。。。确信 10.just a minute/wait a minute/wait for a while 请稍等 https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa14405689.html,st year 去年 12.be different from 与。。。。。。。不同 13.different/many kinds of 不同/许多种类的 14.pocket money 零花钱 15.poor areas 贫困地区 16.be poor in 在。。。。。。。可怜/不好 17.17.a pair of 一双/条/幅。。。。。。 18.try on 试穿 19.the price of /for 。。。。。。的价格 20.most of the children 大多数的孩子 21.in poor areas 在贫困地区 22.need …most最需要。。。。。。 23.walk a long way to school 走很长一段路去上学 24.a pair of shoes 一双鞋 25.five floors of shops 五层楼的商店 26.top floor 顶楼 27.watch films 看电影 28.a place to do sth 做某事的地方 29.another pair 另一双
Unit 10 I'd like some noodles 课文重难点讲解 【教师寄语】：You have to believe in yourself. That's the secret of success. ? 人必须有自信，这是成功的秘密。 Section A 1. I'd like some noodles 【解析1】would v情态动词，表示意愿 would like =want 想要 (1) would like sth =want sth 想要某物 I’d like some water now. (2) would like to do sth =want to do sth想去做某事 I’d like to go swimming this weekend. (3) would like sb. to do sth=want sb. to do sth 想要某人去做某事 She’d like me to help her . 【解析2】—Would you like sth? 你想要什么吗？ （用于有礼貌地、语气委婉地征求对方要求的用语） 肯定回答：—Yes, please 否定回答：—No, thanks —Would you like some coffee? —No，thanks. 【解析3】—Would you like to do sth ? 你愿意做某事吗？ （用来向对方有礼貌地提出建议或邀请的句型） 肯定回答：—Yes, I’d love/like to 否定回答：—Sorry, I’m afraid… —Would you like to go shopping with me? —Yes, I’d like to ./ Sorry, I have to do my homework. ( )①She’d like ____ tonight. A. going to the movies B. go to the movies C. to go to the movies ( )②—Would you like _______ apples? —Yes, please. A. some B. any C. many
Unit7 错题再练 班级_________ 姓名___________ 一根据中英文示意写单词 1 UNCEF is one of the most important international _______(慈善机构) 2 All of the Chinese are ________(自豪) of their great country. 3 The nurse is very kind to her ________(病人). They are all thankful to her. 4 We have to draw an advertising ________(传单) for the new product. 5 UNICEF raises money by selling cards and ________(组织) other activities 6 Hunger and illness affect large number of people around the world,_______(for the greatest part,mainly) in poor countries. 7Guo jingming is popular and he wins a lot of r_______ attention. 8 His dream is to be a doctor, so he chose a ________ college after he finished high school. 9 –When and where was Oxfam _______ up? --In the UK in 1948. 10 Is English spoken ________ the largest number of speakers in the world? 11 My brother is cateful and he always ________ (检查) his car before driving. 12 Don’t worry. You will be all right after talking this _________(药). 二用所给词的适当形式填空 1.Shall we go to see a film tonight? Ok.I don’t have much homework to do. I _ ___(be) free. 2.What are you busy with these days? I ______ (train) for the coming sports meeting. 3.If you _________(treat) your coat so roughly, it will be worn out soon. 4.Although he ________(read) the text many times, he still can’t understand it, for there are too many new words. 5.Why didn’t you answer my phone? Sorry.I ________(operate) on a patient the whole afternoon. 6.How was your weekend,Simon? Not bad. I __________ (fly)kites with my friend in the park and we had a good time there. 7.I ________(visit) the Great Wall as soon as I arrive in Beijng. 8.Children under 1.2m in height should ________(not take) to the concert hall. 9.________the letter _______(write) to the manager of the company yesterday? 10.They were made _______(work)for 11hours a day in the past. 11.The toys ________(sell) in this shop are nice and cheap. 12.Your classroom is so dirty and it needs ________(clean). 13.There is something wrong with my car and I’ll have it ________(repair) tomorrow. 14.Dr Wang,my daughter ________(feel)like this for about 2 days. 15.They ________(set) up a community to help those people in need soon. 16.All of Jim’s friends ________(invite) to dinner at a restaurant yesterday. 17.My classmates________(return) to school after the summer holiday already. 18.Oxfam _______(need) more money to help people in need. 19. Quiet a few ________(charity), including one Foundation, are working to help the earthquake survivors.20.Many young men like this _______(collect) of pop songs 21.The girl wanted to joined the _______(fly) Eye Hospital.