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SCE a fully integrated software tool for Beowulf cluster system

SCE a fully integrated software tool for Beowulf cluster system
SCE a fully integrated software tool for Beowulf cluster system

SCE: A Fully Integrated Software Tool for Beowulf Cluster System

Putchong Uthayopas, Thara Angskun, Somsak Sriprayoonskul, and Sugree Phatanapherom

Parallel Research Group, CONSYL

Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract

One of the problems with the wide adoption of clusters for mainstream high performance computing is the difficulty in building and managing the system. There are many efforts in solving this problem by building fully automated, integrated software distribution from several open source software. However, these sets of software come from many sources and never been designed to work together as a truly integrated system. So, some problem is still remaining unsolved.

With the experiences and tools developed to build many clusters on our site, we decided to build an integrate software tool that is easy to use for cluster user community. This software tool, called SCE (Scalable Computing Environment), consists of a cluster builder tool, complex system management tool (SCMS), scalable real-time monitoring, web base monitoring software (KCAP), parallel Unix command, and batch scheduler (SQMS). This software run on top of our cluster middleware that provides cluster wide process control and many services. MPICH are also included. SCE are truly integrated since our group builds all tool but MPICH. SCE also provides more than 30 APIs to access system resources information, control remote process execution, ensemble management and more. These APIs and the interaction among software components allow user to extends and enhance SCE in many ways. To make things easy, the installation and configuration in SCE are fully automated completely by GUI. This paper will discuss the current SCE design, implementation, and experiences. SCE is expected to be available as a developer version in June.

1 Introduction

Beowulf Cluster [1] has been accepted as a platform that creates a great deal of impact in a HPC area. The reason is that Beowulf cluster bring extremely high computing power to scientists and engineers at a very low cost. As a result, the use of this platform rapidly increases during the last few years. Nevertheless, building and operating a Beowulf cluster requires many expertises. The problem is more severe as the system size grows. To address this problem, many research groups [2][3] have built many tools that help reduce the complexity of building and maintaining Beowulf clusters.

Recently, there are many packages such as SCYLD [4] and Oscar[5] that attempt to provide an integrated cluster distribution that includes all necessary tools in one package. Nevertheless, there are still some problems left unsolved. First, the configuration of each tool is still separated. Second, these tools usually start many components with duplicated functions. This is inefficient and wastes a lot of system resources. By building a fully integrated cluster environment, all these problems can be eliminated totally.

In this paper, SCE a fully integrated software tool for Beowulf cluster is introduced. SCE consist of a set of tools includes cluster builder tools, system management tool, real-time monitoring system, cluster middleware, batch scheduler, parallel Unix command and much more. These tools are building by the same research group and hence, the integration of these tools are considered since the beginning. Therefore, the installation and operation of SCE are very easy for users and system administrators.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 explains some of the important term used. Section 3 gives an overview of SCE, follows by the description of SCE installation process in Section 4. Section 5 briefly describes the functionality of cluster builder tool called Beowulf Builder. Section 6 discusses about SCMS cluster management tool follows by the discussion of SQMS, batch-scheduling system in SCE. Section 8 presents the current status of SCE. Finally, Section 9 presents the conclusion and future work.

2 Terminology

In this section, the terms used through out this paper are defined. First, this paper assumes that standard cluster system consists of one or more master node and many of the slave nodes. This master node responsible for the management of the system and also act as a centralize file server for small cluster. Slave node is a complete computer that usually used to perform the computation. Slave node can be either diskless node or disk full node. For diskless node, the operating system and root file system is totally stored on master node. Although diskless node can have a local disk, this local disk is used for data storage and swap space only. In contrast, diskfull nodes use local storage as a boot device that store complete

operating system image. All operating system start up can and will be done locally. Master and slave nodes are connected through one or more interconnection network. This network is primarily used for message passing in parallel programming.

3 Overview of SCE

SCE consists of a set of feature rich software environment that allows users to easily build and maintain cluster configuration, monitoring various performance parameters, schedule sequential and parallel job. As shown in Figure 1, SCE consists of 4 main components. First, Beowulf builder is a software tools that create cluster and maintain cluster configuration. User use Beowulf Builder to automatically create all necessary configurations that allows a set of diskless nodes to remotely boot from master node. Once user finishes the installation, a middleware layer called KSIX [6] controls normal operations of a cluster. KSIX always run in background and provides many services to upper layer software tools. There are 2 main software systems running on top of KSIX, that is SCMS [7] cluster management system and SQMS batch scheduling system. SCE also include MPICH [8][9], one of the most widely use MPI implementation so user can start programming in parallel under SCE immediately after the installation finish. In the following section, each part of the system will be explained in more detail.

Figure 1: SCE Architecture

The clear advantage of SCE approach in integrating all cluster software tools together are as follows.

? Reducing the needs to do a complicated setup of multiple tools and keep the global configuration consistent.

? Sharing of software components make the system smaller, consume less system resources, and works faster.

? Software component interact better since they are design from the beginning to work together. For instance, batch scheduler can use

middle service for process control and use performance-monitoring

services to do a better resources management.

4 SCE

Installation

A typical cluster configuration that SCE expect to see is as shown in Figure 2. SCE assume that a Beowulf cluster system consists of one or more master node and many slave node that connected through IP network. For users, SCE comes in 2 formats: A downloadable tar/gzip format or CD ready ISO file format. Once unpacked, a directory will be created. This directory will be referred in a subsequent explanation and SCE home directory.

Figure 2: Typical SCE based Beowulf cluster system Array

Figure 3: SCE Installation process

SCE installation begins by running file name setup found in SCE home directory. This operation start a component of SCE called SCE Master Installer. Main function of SCE master installer is to install the rest of SCE packages and additional library using rpm tool. The installation process is shown in Figure 3.

Basically, each SCE tool can be divided into 3 parts: Install Wizard that helps configure the tool initially, Tools Body which is the real working part of the tools, and Uninstall Wizard that do the cleanup. Therefore, in SCE, one can easily added more tools with only a minor modification in SCE master Installer. In addition, users will have an option of de-installation of a particular tool of required. During the installation, SCE master will run in the background and automate the invocation of each tool’s wizard. The goal of SCE installation is to allow users to finish the installation process up to the point that MPICH can run without typing anything. This is possible by defining a good defaults and using a standard cluster platform.

Figure 4: Screen shots of SCE 1.0 (Alpha version) Installation

5 Building Cluster with Beowulf Builder

Two major approaches are used to remotely installed slave nodes. LUI [10] software from IBM enables users to remotely boot slave node first, then use rpm command to remotely install RPM based packages are later. VA System Imager

[11] uses a different approach by having user install a complete slave node called golden slave first. Then, there are utilities that help user grab the configuration to centralize server and push it to multiple slave node.

In SCE, a tool called Beowulf Builder is built for the same purpose. The installation process of Beowulf builder use a little of previously described approaches. Basically, SCE assume that user must install the master node first, then run Beowulf builder later. Once running, Beowulf builder will have a wizard that get basic configuration information from users about slave nodes. The screen shot of Beowulf Builder Wizard is as illustrated in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Screen Short of Beowulf Builder Wizard

After the configuration, Beowulf builder automatically extracts required system files and library to build root file system and /usr file system for each diskless slave node in /tftpboot. User have can use Beowulf builder to generate a boot floppy or binary image for NIC boot prompt. The easiest way to boot slave node is to insert this so-called “magic boot floppy” into floppy disk drive of slave node and power on that node. The boot process start automatically using combination of DHCP, TFTP based remote boot protocol. After slave node has been started, it will use NFS root file system and /usr file system on server. This approach makes the installation very automatic and work well for small cluster to about 100 nodes clusters

//

// SCE Cluster Building Process

//

main()

{

Install Linux RedHat Package;

SCEInstaller();

}

void SCEInstaller()

{

InstallKSIXrpm(); InstallSCMSrpm();

InstallKCAPrpm(); InstallSQMSrpm();

InstallExternalPackage();

// now we have packages in place on master node

ConfigandBuildCluster();

KSIXWizard(); SCMSWizard();

SQMSWizard();

// OK We are ready

RebootMaster();

forallslave {

BootSlavenode();

}

}

void InstallExternalPackage()

{

InstallPIL(); // Python Image Library

InstallLibprg(); // our own component

}

void ConfigandBuildCluster()

{

GetUserDefineNodeSetParameter();

Loopcreatconfigure();

bootmedia=GetBootMediaFromuser();

Switch(bootmedia) {

case Bootrom : Createbootromimage();

break;

case Floppy : CreateBootFloppy();

break;

case CDROM : CreateBootCDROM(); // not support yet

break;

case FLASH : CreateBootFlashImage(); // not support yet break;

}

}

void BootSlaveNode()

{

SlavesendDHCP(); GetDHCPreply();

LoadKernelbyTFTP(); BootKernel();

MountNFSroot(); NormalBoot();

}

Figure 6: Beowulf Builder Boot Process

Process of building a cluster are as shown by pseudocode in Figure 6. Besides using Beowulf builder to install cluster, user can later use this software to customize cluster configuration as well. Web interface has been partly supported but not complete yet.

5.1 KSIX Cluster Middleware

KSIX is user level software, no kernel modification are required to run KSIX. This feature allows for easy installation and high portability. KSIX is start by a bootstrapping utility called kxboot and stop with a utility called kxhalt. After KSIX are loaded, applications enroll into KSIX environment by calling a function cpi_init() (CPI comes from Cluster Programming Interface). In the following subsection, services offered by KSIX are explained.

5.2 Global Process Space

KSIX application can use KSIX to spawn a new task, which is distributed among nodes in the cluster. KSIX uses an automatic scheduling policy to select the target nodes. The policy module is open to the modification in the future. KSIX also allocates a set of global process ID and process group for these tasks. The id is used for task identification in the subsequent call. There are 3 modes of task supported.

? Normal Mode: Task acts the same as a normal Unix task.

? Restart Mode: KSIX will automatically restart this task on the same node when task terminated.

? Migration Mode: KSIX start the task on different node when task termination is detected.

KSIX process control APIs support the sending of UNIX signal, getting process information and more. These APIs are summarized in Table 1.

5.3 Naming Services

In KSIX, processes can locate each other through naming service. The naming service APIs are as shown in table 2. With this service, a server process can register to a logical service name. Then, client process can bind with server using this logical services name. This allows the service server to be restarted or migrated to other node without any disruption of the service. Using this feature, we has built a feature called Fault-Tolerance RPC as shown in table 3. This feature can be used to link between stateless server and client and provides a basic level of high-availability.

Table 1: KSIX Process Management APIs.

API Description int cpi_spawn( char *task, int flag, char *where, int ntask, int

*tid, int *gid, int pclass)

Spawning tasks

int cpi_spawnIO( char *task, int flag, char *where, int ntask, int *tid, int *gid, char *output, char *error, int pclass)Spawning tasks with specific location of output

int cpi_waitpid(int pid, int *status, int timeout) Wait for process termination

int cpi_setpmode(int pid, int mode) Change class of process

int cpi_setgmode(int gid, int mode) Change class group of process

int cpi_pkill(int pid, int signal) Send signal to process int cpi_gkill(int gid, int signal) Send signal to process

int cpi_allps(KxProcStat *result) Report process status of all process

int cpi_userps(KxProcStat *result) Report process status of user process

Table 2: Naming Services APIs.

API Description

int cpi_ds_reg(int, char *, struct servinfo, int *) Register server with naming service

int cpi_ds_unreg(int, char *, int, int) Unregister server with naming service

int cpi_ds_getinfo(int, char * ,struct servinfo, struct

returninfo **)

Query information of server

int cpi_ds_free(struct returninfo *) Free dynamic memory

Table 3:Fault Tolerant RPC APIs.

API Description

KxFD *cpi_FRPC_cinit(char *service_name) Initialize client

KxFD *cpi_FRPC_sinit(char *service_name) Initialize server

KxFD *cpi_FRPC_accept(KxFD *cpifd) Accept a connection on a socket void cpi_FRPC_close(KxFD *cpifd) Close a socket descriptor

int cpi_FRPC_send(KxFD *cpifd, void *buf, int size) Send a message

int cpi_FRPC_recv(KxFD *cpifd, void *buf, int size) Receive a message size

5.4 Event Services

Distributed event notification and delivery is crucial part for the implementation of many high level services including High Availability services. KSIX also

support event delivering between processes. Process can bind itself to named event. As the event is invoked or trigged by any process on any node. KSIX will reliably deliver the notification to the registered event owner. The APIs are as shown in table 4

Table 4: Event Services APIs.

API Description

int cpi_em_reg ( int, void *, struct servinfo, int *

)

Register event handler

int cpi_em_unreg ( int, void *, int, int ) Unregister event handler

int cpi_em_raise ( int, char *, struct servinfo, char

*, int, struct answer **, int )

Raise event

int cpi_em_read ( int *, char *, int, int *, struct timeval ) Event handler read message from event manager or raw TCP/IP

int cpi_em_write ( int, char *, int ) Event handler write message to event manager

5.5 Ensemble Management

For large cluster, system software, tools and application must be acknowledge about the change in cluster topology. KSIX subsystem that responsible for this task are called ensemble management. KSIX delete mal-function node from the ensemble automatically system it has been detected. KSIX also automatic add a new node to ensemble after the bootup process. The APIs for this class of service are illustrated in table 5.

Table 5: Ensemble Management APIs.

API Description

int cpi_addhost(char *hostname) Add host to KSIX system

int cpi_delhost(char *hostname) Delete host from KSIX system

int cpi_gethostbyrank(int rank, char *result) Convert rank to hostname

int *cpi_getrankbyhost(char *hostname) Convert hostname to rank

int cpi_getallhost(KxHostInfo *hostinfo) Get array of hostname sort by rank

The following subsection gives some ideas about the application of KSIX in improving cluster environment. This support will be added in SCE in the near feature.

5.6 KSIX Support for Scalable Unix Tools

In cluster environment, the capability to issues a command to execute on every node and collect the results back is very important. User usually rely on rsh and ssh mechanism for remote command execution. But these command lack the

feature of collective operations. Hence, the execution is slow and not very scalable for large system. There is an effort to define a parallel extension to Unix command by parallel tool consortium. This SUT (Scalable Unix Tools)[12] effort is well explained in the literature. Currently, our tool, SCMS support an implementation of SUT in a form of shell script that rely on rsh for remote execution. Using KSIX fast and collective process management, a powerful SUT implementation can be done by replacing rsh with KSIX based remote execution command. Remote process can be started simultaneously on the remote machines to execute local Unix command. Then KXIO can be used to relay back the result efficiently.

5.7 KSIX Support for MPI2 Implementation

KSIX dynamic process management are designed such that process creation, process termination, process group, and signal delivery can be extended to support dynamic process management of MPI-2 standard with ease. MPI_COMM_SPAWN can be mapped to KSIX spawn. Process in KSIX always form into a group or context, this can easily be mapped to context-based concept of communicator in MPI. Parent and child group can be create by first create KSIX group, then using KX_Spawn to create child group. Group id and intercommunicator can be build and keep track later. Finally, efficient dynamic process creation and control provided by KSIX can be mapped directly to MPI2 approach and help ease the development effort greatly.

6 SCMS Cluster Management System

SCMS is a main tool that will be seen in SCE. SCMS is divided into 2 layers as illustrated in Figure 7.

Figure 7 SCMS Architecture

SCMS lower layer is a set of daemon subsystems and utilities written in C, C++, and Python script language. This layer consists of:

? Scalable Unix tool: A parallel implementation of frequently used Unix commands that follows the guideline given by Parallel Tool Consortium.

?

SCMS/KCAP Script which is a set of script written mostly in Python and Shell script. These scripts help perform many administrative task in the system. ? SCMS/RMS, a fast, scalable real-time monitoring and a set of powerful

API in C, C++, Java, and Python that user can use to develop monitoring

application. These API are as shown in Table 6 and Table 2.

Table 6: RMI API for C language RMI API Description

int rmi_init(char *addr,int port); Establish the connection

int rmi_finalize(int sd);

Close connection int rmi_get_node(int sd,rmi_node_struct *nodes, int max); Retrieve node name and node

id of all alive nodes

int rmi_get_nodeid(int sd,rmi_int_struct *hid); Retrieve node id of all alive

nodes

int rmi_get_async(int sd,rmi_int_struct *hid, rmi_int_struct *pid,char *opt, char *buf,int max); Retrieve objects in particular

nodes to the buffer using asynchronous mode

int rmi_get_sync(int sd,rmi_int_struct *hid, rmi_int_struct *pid,char *opt, char *buf,int max); Retrieve objects in particulars

nodes to the buffer using

synchronous node

int rmi_set(int sd,rmi_int_struct *hid, char *key,char *value); Set internal variable "key" to

"value"

int rmi_load_plugin(int sd,rmi_int_struct *hid, char *plugin);

Load plugin on specified node

int rmi_unload_plugin(int sd,rmi_int_struct *hid, char *plugin); Unload plugin on specified node

int rmi_int_init(rmi_int_struct *lst,int max); Allocate resource vector

int rmi_int_finalize(rmi_int_struct *lst); Free resource vector

int rmi_int_add(rmi_int_struct *lst,int i); Add to resource vector

int rmi_int_pack(rmi_int_struct *lst,char *buf, int max);

Pack list of integer to a string

The upper layer of SCMS consists of 2 main tools. SCMS and KCAP. SCMS is a GUI application based on Python and Tkinter. SCMS enable user to navigate, manage, monitor, and control the operation of Beowulf cluster from a single point. Some unique features of SCMS are:

? Interface to SCMS/RMS real-time monitoring

? Cluster Configuration collector and browser

? Control command that allows system administrator to shutdown, reboot

any node or set of nodes.

? Innovative user interface in 3D grid format that allows user to

manipulate thousands node cluster.

Some of the screen shot from SCMS are illustrated in Figure 7.

Figure 8: SCMS Screenshot showing (a) Host Selector (b) Real-time Monitoring (c) Heart Beat Checking (d) Configuration Browser

SCE also offers a web base monitoring package called KCAP that allows system administrator to check monitor system remotely,. Many most of the monitoring function appears in SCMS also available in KCAP as well. Also, KCAP can help keep log of system performance, and perform cluster walk-in visualization using VRML and java based technology. Examples of KCAP user interface and cluster visualization are as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9: KCAP Screen shot showing the main menu, file system , 3D visualization of cluster nodes and file system in one node

7 SQMS Batch scheduling

One of the most important components in cluster software tool is a batch scheduler. Batch scheduler received user request for program execution, select optimum set of nodes, sending a job to run, and finally, collect the result back. There are many well-known batch schedulers such as OpenPBS [13], DQS [14]. Although very powerful, these schedulers are usually very complex to install, use, and maintain. SCE try to solve this problem by giving the scientists a simple but workable scheduler called SQMS. For more intricate requirement, user can also install more complicated scheduler such as OpenPBS for their use.

High-light of some features offered by SQMS are:

? Support both sequential and MPI based parallel program

? Provides command line to submit job, query queue status, and delete jobs.

? Move result into user home file system

? Support multiple form of reporting result such as email and ICQ users.

? Round robin, node

? Allows users to add new task scheduler

? Provides C/C++ API for user to develop complex load balancing policy if required.

Figure 10: SQMS Screen Shot (a)listing the queue (b) result reported

through mail or ICQ

These functions are enough to allow multiple users to submit jobs to the system. For more detail features comparison, please refer to Table 3. From Table 3, it seems that SQMS have much less feature than OpenPBS. This is due to the focus of the development that aims more toward the integration of software in this version. Moreover, the emphasis is to develop a simple and easy to use batch scheduler. So, many of OpenPBS features are ignore since it increase a learning time of the user and, in many cases, some of these features are hardly used.

8 Current Status of SCE

Current version of SCE, SCE alpha 1.0, is now available for early download at http://smile.cpe.ku.ac.th/sce . This version of SCE is intended to be a test version that developers can gain and early experience and feedback to SCE development

team. Beowulf Builder is still not fully function since there is an ongoing work on a new version of builder tool that is much more powerful. According to the internal schedule, SCE 1.0 Beta1, which is more stable, will be released in June.

9 Conclusion and Future Direction

In this paper, SCE, a fully integrated Software Tool for Beowulf cluster has been partly described. SCE is a rapidly evolving and long-term project. The goal is to deliver a simple but high quality cluster environment for engineers and scientists who use Beowulf cluster to do their work. Many software in SCE is the results of more than 5 years of our software tool research effort.

SCE is a very active and long-term research program. There are many works that is being done now to improve SCE. First, SQMS team is now working quickly on improving SQMS in many ways. The focus will be on better support of parallel task, better scheduler, and more supporting tool that enhance system usability. Moreover, There is a new project called SCENIC (SCE on Network of Interconnected Clusters) that is investigating the addition of grid like capability so that all SCE based cluster to exchange computational task seamlessly.

For KSIX, there are many related projects to enhance its capability. For example, AMATA project that is now exploring the High availability support in middleware layer, SCK project currently produce kernel level checkpointing so KSIX2 which is due next year will start to partially have checkpointing support and process migration. Better integration with MPICH will be added into SCE. There is now a work on using KSIX, KXIO, and SCMS/RMS to build a debugger and runtime visualization software for MPICH. Finally, more services and tools will be added in the next releases to enhance the usability and power of SCE.

10 Acknowledgement

SCE project is sponsored by Kasetsart University Research and Development SRU Grant, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University Grant. Many types of equipment and Athlon based cluster system used are sponsored by AMD Far East Inc.

References

[1] T. Sterling, D. J. Becker, D. Savarese, J. E. Dorband, U. A. Ranawake, and C.

E. Packer, “Beowulf: A Parallel Workstation for Scientific Computation”, in Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel Processing 95,1995

[2] SMILE Project, Parallel Research Group, http://smile.cpe.ku.ac.th

[3] R. Flanery, A. Geist, B. Luethke, and S. Scott, "Cluster Command & Control (C3) Tools Suite", https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,/~sscott/

[4] SCYLD Beowulf, SCYLD Computing Corporation, https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,/page/products/beowulf/

[5]OSCAR Linux distribution, Open Cluster Group, https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,/oscar/

[6] Thara Angskun, Putchong Uthayopas, Choopan Ratanpocha, “KSIX parallel programming environment for Beowulf Cluster”, Technical Session Cluster Computing Technologies, Environments and Applications (CC-TEA), International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Proceeding Techniques and Applications 2000 (PDPTA’2000), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, June 2000

[7] Putchong Uthayopas, Jullawadee Maneesilp, Paricha Ingongnam, “SCMS: An Integrated Cluster Management Tool for Beowulf Cluster System”, Proceedings

of the International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Proceeding Techniques and Applications 2000 (PDPTA’2000), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA,

26-28 June 2000

[8] MPICH Portable MPI implementation, MCS, Argonne National Laboratory,

https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,/mpi/mpich/

[9] W. Gropp, E. Lusk and A. Skjellum, “Using MPI: Portable Parallel Programming with the Message-Passing Interface”, MIT Press, 1994

[10] IBM LUI project, IBM Corp, https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,/developerworks/projects/lui

[11] VA System Imager, VA Linux, https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,/

[12] W. Gropp and E. Lusk, “Scalable Unix Tools on Parallel Processors”, Proceedings of the Scalable High-Performance Computing Conference, May 23–

25, 1994, Knoxville, Tennessee, 56–62, 1994.

[13] OpenPBS web site, “https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,”

[14] DQS project web page, “ https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,/~pasko/dqs.html”

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制图基础C绘图命令快捷键大全

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制图基础CAD绘图命令快捷键大全 菜单命令 F1: 获取帮助 F2: 实现作图窗和文本窗口的切换 F3: 控制是否实现对象自动捕捉 F4: 数字化仪控制 F5: 等轴测平面切换 F6: 控制状态行上坐标的显示方式 F7: 栅格显示模式控制 F8: 正交模式控制 F9: 栅格捕捉模式控制 F10: 极轴模式控制 F11: 对象追踪式控制 Ctrl+B: 栅格捕捉模式控制(F9) Ctrl+C: 将选择的对象复制到剪切板上 Ctrl+F: 控制是否实现对象自动捕捉(f3) Ctrl+G: 栅格显示模式控制(F7) Ctrl+J: 重复执行上一步命令 Ctrl+K: 超级链接 Ctrl+N: 新建图形文件 Ctrl+M: 打开选项对话框 AA: 测量区域和周长(area) AL: 对齐(align) AR: 阵列(array) AP: 加载*lsp程系 AV: 打开视图对话框(dsviewer) SE: 打开对相自动捕捉对话框 ST: 打开字体设置对话框(style) SO: 绘制二围面( 2d solid) SP: 拼音的校核(spell) SC: 缩放比例 (scale) SN: 栅格捕捉模式设置(snap) DT: 文本的设置(dtext) DI: 测量两点间的距离 OI:插入外部对相 Ctrl+1: 打开特性对话框 Ctrl+2: 打开图象资源管理器 Ctrl+6: 打开图象数据原子 Ctrl+O: 打开图象文件 Ctrl+P: 打开打印对说框 Ctrl+S: 保存文件 Ctrl+U: 极轴模式控制(F10) Ctrl+v: 粘贴剪贴板上的内容

数学绘图软件有哪些

数学绘图软件有哪些? 导语: 在数学教科书或者教辅书里,需要使用各类数学公式或函数的示意图,这类一般都比较复杂,需要用到专门的软件进行绘制。本文将为你介绍这些常用的数学绘图软件。 免费获取科学插画设计软件:https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,/science/ 专业的数学教学绘图软件 亿图软件符号库里包含大量数学平面、立体几何需要用到的图形和符号,立体设计、有希腊字母、数字符号、尺寸标注,基本绘图形状、3D框图等等。只需轻轻拖拽就可以快速的调用,不仅可以根据个人喜好、需求调整图形的颜色、大小,还可以自己设计符号并保存到符号库中。软件支持导出PPT、Word、JPG、PDF等十多种格式保存,可在Windows、Linux、Mac多平台操作。

系统要求 Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003, Windows Vista, Windows 7,Windows 8, Windows 10 Mac OS X 10.10 + Linux Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, OpenSUSE, Mint, Knoppix, RedHat, Gentoo及更多 亿图软件绘制“数学平面、立体几何图”的特点 1.尺寸标尺:拖拽符号库的尺寸标尺,用户可以双击数值根据图形大小修改。 2.支持外部导入:绘制项目管理图时,亿图的软件也支持用户导入外部文档。 3.支持多系统:亿图图示可支持Windows,Mac 和Linux的电脑系统,系统自 动提示用户更新。 4.全能模板:亿图图示会不断更新优质模板,结合用户需求进行设计。

SAI绘图软件快捷键大全

SAI绘图软件快捷键大全、SAI常用快捷键 sai是绘制漫画常用的工具,掌握好快捷键的使用,会让你事倍功半,sai画布旋转快捷键,其实就是ALT+空格然后鼠标左键按住旋转。。。 SAI绘图软件快捷键大全 钢笔工具的↓(我钢笔工具很少用,就这些吧……,搜的) ctrl 在钢笔图层中激活锚点状态,以加锚点的方式调整线条的曲线,也可直接选择锚点进行挑战。 ctrl+拖拉锚点锚点移动。 shift 不加锚点的调整,(注意:按ctrl的是加锚点的调整,除非你点在某个锚点上。) ctrl+shift 复制并移动整个线条的所有锚点。

alt+shift 单纯只移动整个线条的所有锚点。 ctrl+shift 焊接两个锚点,连接线条时非常有用,如两个锚点分别属于两条线条,则自动连接。 alt 删除锚点。 ctrl+alt 笔刷大小调整。 alt+space 旋转画布。 tab 全屏切換 快捷键 space:移动画布 ALT+space:旋转画布 ALT:取色 TAB:全屏显示画布 CTRL+E:向下合并图层(不过我觉得那个向下合并图像的功能比较好用。还会自己帮你开一个图层) CTRL+F:填充 CTRL:移动图层 SHIFT:画直线用的 CTRL+D:取消选区 CTRL:钢笔图层中按住CTRL可以随意移动、增加描点 ALT+CTRL:调整画笔大小

特殊的键操作: 方向键滚动视图 空格+左键拖拽滚动视图 CTRL+左键拖拽移动图层、移动选择部分 CTRL+SHIFT+左键拖拽选择图层并移动 CTRL+空格+左键拖拽视图的变焦框 CTRL+空格+左键单击放大视图 CTRL+空格+右键单击重置视图的放大 CTRL+ALT+空格+左键拖拽视图的变焦框 CTRL+ALT+空格+左键单击缩小视图 CTRL+ALT+空格+右键单击重置视图的缩小 ALT+空格+左键拖拽旋转视图 ALT+空格+右键单击重置视图的旋转 [ 选择小一号的笔刷 ] 选择大一号的笔刷 0~9 选择笔刷浓度 - 切换透明色与前景色 X 切换前景色和背景色 笔刷类工具的键操作: SHIFT+左键拖拽开始将最后描画的位置和拖拽的开始点连接成直线CTRL+ALT+左键拖拽更改笔刷尺寸 ALT+左键单击拾色

绘图软件快捷键大全

绘图软件快捷键大全CAD 3D PS LS Windows Word CorelDRAW 设计吧廊 计算机绘图常用软件快捷键大全 (CAD) (3D) (PS) (LS)(Windows) (Word) (CorelDRAW) CAD常用快捷键 F1: (获取帮助) F2: (实现作图窗和文本窗口的切换) F3: (控制是否实现对象自动捕捉) F4: (数字化仪控制) F5: (等轴测平面切换) F6: (控制状态行上坐标的显示方式) F7: (栅格显示模式控制) F8: (正交模式控制) F9: (栅格捕捉模式控制) F10: (极轴模式控制) F11: (对象追踪式控制) Ctrl B: (栅格捕捉模式控制F9) Ctrl C: (将选择的对象复制到剪切板上) Ctrl F: (控制是否实现对象自动捕捉f3) Ctrl G: (栅格显示模式控制F7) Ctrl J: (重复执行上一步命令)

Ctrl K: (超级链接) Ctrl N: (新建图形文件) Ctrl M: (打开选项对话框) AA: (测量区域和周长area) AL: (对齐align) AR: (阵列array) AP: (加载*lsp程系) AV: (打开视图对话框dsviewer) SE: (打开对相自动捕捉对话框) ST: (打开字体设置对话框style) SO: (绘制二围面2d solid) SP: (拼音的校核spell) SC: (缩放比例 scale) SN: (栅格捕捉模式设置snap) DT: (文本的设置dtext) DI: (测量两点间的距离) OI: (插入外部对相) Ctrl 1: (打开特性对话框) Ctrl 2: (打开图象资源管理器) Ctrl 6: (打开图象数据原子) Ctrl O: (打开图象文件) Ctrl P: (打开打印对说框)

Cad2008绘图快捷键

Cad2008绘图快捷键F1: 获取帮助 F2: 实现作图窗和文本窗口的切换 F3: 控制是否实现对象自动捕捉 F4: 数字化仪控制 F5: 等轴测平面切换 F6: 控制状态行上坐标的显示方式 F7: 栅格显示模式控制 F8: 正交模式控制 F9: 栅格捕捉模式控制 F10: 极轴模式控制 F11: 对象追踪式控制 Ctrl+B: 栅格捕捉模式控制(F9) dra:半径标注 ddi:直径标注 dal:对齐标注 dan:角度标注 Ctrl+C: 将选择的对象复制到剪切板上 Ctrl+F: 控制是否实现对象自动捕捉(f3) Ctrl+G: 栅格显示模式控制(F7) Ctrl+J: 重复执行上一步命令 Ctrl+K: 超级链接 Ctrl+N: 新建图形文件 Ctrl+M: 打开选项对话框 AA: 测量区域和周长(area) AL: 对齐(align) AR: 阵列(array) AP: 加载*lsp程系 AV: 打开视图对话框(dsviewer) SE: 打开对相自动捕捉对话框 ST: 打开字体设置对话框(style) SO: 绘制二围面( 2d solid) SP: 拼音的校核(spell) SC: 缩放比例 (scale) SN: 栅格捕捉模式设置(snap)

DT: 文本的设置(dtext) DI: 测量两点间的距离 OI:插入外部对相 Ctrl+1: 打开特性对话框 Ctrl+2: 打开图象资源管理器 Ctrl+6: 打开图象数据原子 Ctrl+O: 打开图象文件 Ctrl+P: 打开打印对说框 Ctrl+S: 保存文件 Ctrl+U: 极轴模式控制(F10) Ctrl+v: 粘贴剪贴板上的内容 Ctrl+W: 对象追踪式控制(F11) Ctrl+X: 剪切所选择的内容 Ctrl+Y: 重做 Ctrl+Z: 取消前一步的操作 A: 绘圆弧 B: 定义块 C: 画圆 D: 尺寸资源管理器 E: 删除 F: 倒圆角 G: 对相组合 H: 填充 I: 插入 S: 拉伸 T: 文本输入 W: 定义块并保存到硬盘中 L: 直线 M: 移动 X: 炸开 V: 设置当前坐标 U: 恢复上一次操做 O: 偏移 P: 移动 Z: 缩放

常用生物绘图软件下载

常用生物绘图软件下载 导语: 在很多生物教材中的插图大多采用了彩色图片,使教材显得更丰富多彩。作为传播学习信息的一种重要媒介,生物示意图已不再是可有可无的点缀,而是表达学习内容和学习方法的重要部分。那这些生动的示意图是怎么绘制的呢? 免费获取科学插画设计软件:https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,/science/ 有什么好用的生物绘图软件? 好用的生物绘图软件,推荐亿图图示。亿图软件画生物图,可直接使用软件内置丰富的动物细胞和植物细胞相关图形符号,也可以参考软件内的生物模板。若软件内素材没有合适的,也可以使用画笔自己绘制。不用担心的是,亿图软件操作十分简单,相比ps类工具,极易上手。绘制好的图形素材还可以加入素材库,日后可以直接选用。软件支持导出PPT、Word、JPG、PDF等十多种格式保存,可在Windows、Linux、Mac多平台操作。

系统要求 Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003, Windows Vista, Windows 7,Windows 8, Windows 10 Mac OS X 10.10 + Linux Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, OpenSUSE, Mint, Knoppix, RedHat, Gentoo及更多 亿图软件绘制“生物细胞示意图”的特点 1.时尚的主题:亿图图示为用户提供多样的背景模板,挑选喜欢的模板类型, 让示意图增加趣味性。 2.用户体验:拖拽式操作,自动对齐功能,让你的操作体验更加流畅。 3.云存储服务:绘制完成的模型图,可以保存在云端,再也不担心重要的数据 图表丢失。 4.云存储服务:绘制完成的模型图,可以保存在云端,再也不担心重要的数据 图表丢失。 5.文件恢复:当电脑不小心重启或者死机,软件自带文件恢复功能让您放心绘 图。

autocad画图常用快捷键

CAD快捷键大全常用CAD快捷键汇总 AutoCAD是目前世界各国工程设计人员的首选设计软件,简便易学、精确无误是AutoCAD成功的两个重要原因。AutoCAD提供的命令有很多,绘图时最常用的命令只有其中的百分之二十。 在CAD软件操作中,为使用者方便,于在Windows中工作时一样,利用CAD快捷键代替鼠标。利用键盘快捷键发出命令,完成绘图,修改,保存等操作。这些命令键就是CAD快捷键。 现在就来看看AutoCAD快捷键: 一、CAD快捷键:常用功能键 F1:获取帮助 F2:实现作图窗和文本窗口的切换 F3:控制是否实现对象自动捕捉 F4:数字化仪控制 F5:等轴测平面切换 F6:控制状态行上坐标的显示方式 F7:栅格显示模式控制 F8:正交模式控制 F9:栅格捕捉模式控制 F10:极轴模式控制 F11:对象追踪式控制 二、CAD快捷键:常用CTRL快捷键 Ctrl+B:栅格捕捉模式控制(F9)

dra:半径标注 ddi:直径标注 dal:对齐标注 dan:角度标注 Ctrl+C:将选择的对象复制到剪切板上Ctrl+F:控制是否实现对象自动捕捉(f3) Ctrl+G:栅格显示模式控制(F7) Ctrl+J:重复执行上一步命令 Ctrl+K:超级链接 Ctrl+N:新建图形文件 Ctrl+M:打开选项对话框 Ctrl+1:打开特性对话框 Ctrl+2:打开图象资源管理器 Ctrl+6:打开图象数据原子 Ctrl+O:打开图象文件 Ctrl+P:打开打印对说框 Ctrl+S:保存文件 Ctrl+U:极轴模式控制(F10) Ctrl+v:粘贴剪贴板上的内容 Ctrl+W:对象追踪式控制(F11) Ctrl+X:剪切所选择的内容

常用的建筑制图软件有哪些

常用的建筑制图软件有哪些 导语: 建筑制图软件可以帮助我们将脑中的设计方案付诸实际。常用的绘图软件有哪些呢?你不免心生疑惑。希望你能接着往下阅读,即可解开疑惑。 免费获取建筑平面布置图软件:https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,/floorplan/ 常用的建筑制图软件有哪些? 建筑制图软件,或许你听说的最多的是CAD啦、sketch up啦,听起来都很专业,一个外行人想要尝试房屋的平面设计,要用什么软件呢?亿图图示或许可以了解一下!软件操作简单易上手,内置丰富的专业建筑符号及平面布置贴图。设计房屋,从这里开始。

亿图图示软件特色: 1、来自全球超过600万的用户选择下载安装。 2、支持多系统操作:亿图图示可以在Windows,Mac 和 Linux上进行制作。 3、产品升级:亿图软件不断更新升级,重视用户体验度。 4、简单操作:一键式绘制工具帮助用户绘制快捷,方便使用者管理工作项目。 亿图图示建筑平面图绘制符号大全 一. 基本绘图形状

用途:无特别限定意义,可以根据自己的实际用途结合图形形状来选取。 二. 尺寸标注形状 用途:用于标注建筑物的长宽高尺寸。图样除了画出建筑物及其各部分的形状外,还必须准确地、详尽地和清晰地标注尺寸,以确定其大小,作为施工时的依据。图样上的尺寸由尺寸界线、尺寸线、尺寸起止符号和尺寸数字组成。 三. 建筑物核心符号 用途:

指南针:北方是罗盘针通常指向的方向。在平面图中,北方箭头显示了平面图的哪一边是北边。 空调几位:是放置空调的地方。 实心墙:描绘了墙壁的相对厚度 剪式楼梯:通常由楼梯相连的两个主要航程构成,从上方观察时形成“U”形。 扶手:是设计用于抓住手的轨道,以提供稳定性或支撑。 抽水马桶:是厕所的象征。 电梯:是一个移动的楼梯,由一个由马达驱动的无休止的循环带组成,它传达公共建筑物的地板之间的人。 四:电气和电信符号 用途:不同的电气符号用来标明开关,电话线,热水器,水龙头等安装的位置,以及不同地方插座的安装类型(是安装三孔插座,双控插座甚至是四孔插座),以便安装电气时更能方便快捷操作。 五:墙,门,窗户和结构图形

CAD快捷键命令大全图文版文字版键盘版

在CAD操作中我们常用一些快捷键来代替鼠标操作从而提高绘图效率,以下是小编为大家整理的常用快捷键大全,涵盖图文版、文字版、键盘版。 图文版: 文字版: 一、常用功能键 F1: 获取帮助 F2: 实现作图窗和文本窗口的切换 F3: 控制是否实现对象自动捕捉 F4: 数字化仪控制 F5: 等轴测平面切换 F6: 控制状态行上坐标的显示方式 F7: 栅格显示模式控制 F8: 正交模式控制 F9: 栅格捕捉模式控制 F10: 极轴模式控制 F11: 对象追踪模式控制 (用ALT+字母可快速选择命令,这种方法可快捷操作大多数软件。) 二、常用CTRL,ALT快捷键 ALT+TK 如快速选择 ALT+NL 线性标注 ALT+VV4 快速创建四个视口 ALT+MUP 提取轮廓 Ctrl+B: 栅格捕捉模式控制(F9) Ctrl+C: 将选择的对象复制到剪切板上 Ctrl+F: 控制是否实现对象自动捕捉(F3) Ctrl+G: 栅格显示模式控制(F7) Ctrl+J: 重复执行上一步命令 Ctrl+K: 超级链接 Ctrl+N: 新建图形文件 Ctrl+M: 打开选项对话框 Ctrl+O:打开图象文件 Ctrl+P:打开打印对说框 Ctrl+S:保存文件 Ctrl+U:极轴模式控制(F10)

Ctrl+v:粘贴剪贴板上的内容 Ctrl+W:对象追踪式控制(F11)Ctrl+X:剪切所选择的内容 Ctrl+Y:重做 Ctrl+Z:取消前一步的操作 Ctrl+1:打开特性对话框 Ctrl+2:打开图象资源管理器 Ctrl+3:打开工具选项板 Ctrl+6:打开图象数据原子 Ctrl+8或QC:快速计算器 双击中键:显示里面所有的图像三、尺寸标注 DLI:线性标注 DRA:半径标注 DDI:直径标注 DAL:对齐标注 DAN:角度标注 DCO: 连续标注 DCE:圆心标注 LE:引线标注 TOL:公差标注 四、捕捉快捷命令 END:捕捉到端点 MID:捕捉到中点 INT:捕捉到交点 CEN:捕捉到圆心 QUA:捕捉到象限点 TAN:捕捉到切点 PER:捕捉到垂足 NOD:捕捉到节点 NEA:捕捉到最近点 五、基本快捷命令 AA:测量区域和周长(area) ID:指定坐标 LI:指定集体(个体)的坐标AL:对齐(align)

流程图常用的绘图软件

流程图,是一种比较简单的图表,画起来虽然简单,但是却也需要耗费不少时间和精力。说到绘制流程图的工具,可能很多人会想到Office,微软的Word、Excel、PPT确实是办公中使用率最高的软件。但是用来画流程图,并非是最佳的选择。因此,寻找一款能够替代且专业好用的流程图绘制软件,也许是作为流程图用户的您,需要花费大量时间与精力去做的事情。今天,终于不用再去苦苦找寻了。让我来为大家介绍一款超高性价比的流程图软件。 在很多日常用到Linux,Mac系统的人们开始烦恼,似乎就没有一款软件类似Visio,一款软件就能可以解决所有问题。这时,亿图图示出现了。当下受很多人欢迎的绘图软件亿图绘图专家,这款神奇之处在哪里,在这里我给大家介绍一下。 下面是出自设计师们绘制的智能选择颜色模板

绘图小白可以访问亿图软件的动态帮助,点开它,你能找到亿图的产品研发团队准备的软件说明介绍,以及详细的图文、视频教程,让你可以更轻松、更快的熟悉软件,开始绘制你的业务流程图。

不少用户使用亿图绘制一份业务流程图时发现,亿图的功能是符合办公工具在用户心中位置的,可以用来做很多演示要用的图,可以添加很多很难画的图形:

专业的形状是必不可少的,基本流程图形状里具备了所有绘制流程图时需要用的形状: 业务流程图用到的符号很多,能够满足用户这个需求的软件很少。 符号库里的图形是根据模拟真实场景设计的:

这款软件厉害之处是去掉了操作中的“繁文缛节”,简单直接的配合用户画图,但用户依然可以使用工具绘制自己想要的图,最大程度的贴合用户体验。 所有符号的颜色都具备商务、美观、整洁的视觉效果:

AI(Illustrator)常用快捷键大全和技巧

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常用地质绘图软件

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简介:测井曲线矢量化,NDSlog、Ndsmap等 4. SDI CGM Editor 版本2.00.50 平台Windows 简介:CGM绘图工具,包括图形转换及拼图。与Larson CGM Studio相比,有以下优点:1、Larson将已作好的CGM文件,作为整体导入,不能修改; 2、Larson添加的热区不能在同一文件的对象之间跳转。而这些SDI CGM Editor都可以。 5. SDI CGM Office 版本2.00.50 平台Windows 简介:显示CGM v1 - v4, ATA, CGM+, PIP, WebCGM,dwg/dxf, pdf, ps, hpgl, plt, emf, tiff, jpeg,png, bmp & xwd文件。转换CGM文件到CGM, EMF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF & BMP格式。拷贝/粘贴CGM图形到Microsoft Office。 6. SDI Convert 版本7.9.0 平台Windows 简介:可以批量和交互进行各种图形格式之间的相互转化,包括CGM、PS和其它常用光栅文件格式。 7. SDI Dgn 1/9 版本1.12.8 平台Windows

(完整版)CAD制图命令快捷键

CAD制图命令快捷键 L=直线; PL=多段线; U回车=Ctrl+z=后退; D=修改,调整; REC=矩形; C=圆; TR=修剪; O=偏移; XL=放射线; X=分解; CO=复制; M=移动; MI=镜像; EL=椭圆; BR=打断; POL=多边形; LEN=拉长; S=拉伸; ME=等分; E=删除; E回车ALL回车=全部删除; AR=阵列; RO=旋转; SC=比例缩放; END=端点; MID=中点; PER=垂足; INT=交足; CEN=圆心; QUA=象限点;

EXT=拉伸; UCS=三维坐标; ROTATE3D=三维旋转; MIRROR3D=三维镜像; 3A=三维阵列; SURFTA B=曲面网格; TXTEXP=分解文字; CTRL+P=打印; (一)字母类 1、对象特性 ADC, *A DCENT ER(设计中心“Ct rl+2”)CH, MO *PR OPERT IES(修改特性“Ct rl+1”) MA, *M ATCH PROP(属性匹配) ST, *S TYLE(文字样式) COL, *COLO R(设置颜色) LA, *L AYER(图层操作) LT, *L INET YPE(线形) LTS, *LTSC ALE(线形比例) LW, *L WEIG HT (线宽) UN, *U NITS(图形单位) ATT, *ATTD EF(属性定义) ATE, *ATTE DIT(编辑属性) BO, *B OUND ARY(边界创建,包括创建闭合多段线和面域) AL, *A LIGN(对齐) EXIT, *QUI T(退出) EXP, *EXPO RT(输出其它格式文件) IMP, *IMPO RT(输入文件) OP,PR *OPT IONS(自定义CAD设置) PRINT, *PL OT(打印) PU, *P URGE(清除垃圾) R, *RE DRAW(重新生成) REN, *RENA ME(重命名) SN, *S NAP(捕捉栅格) DS, *D SETT INGS(设置极轴追踪)

常用的电脑绘图软件有哪些

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4、支持在线分享,生成的网页链接可以在不同的用户终端进行查看。 5、可以使用软件轻松绘制箭头、图框,让办公效率无限提升。 选择亿图图示绘图软件的十大原因 1、国内仅有的,自主研发的全类型图形图表设计软件 亿图图示是一款国产的绘图软件,软件的功能与界面皆由国内工程师独立开发。因此,亿图图示软件在界面设计上符合国人的审美,在功能上也适应国人的操作习惯。在国内,亿图图示是唯一一款全类型图形图表设计软件。 2、绘图类型多样化,一款软件实现多种绘图类型 亿图图示软件可以绘制260种的图形图表,不仅包含常用的思维导图、流程图、信息图、组织机构图、商务图表、户型图;也包含小众的绘图类型,例如网络图、

矢量绘图软件Illustrator快捷键大全

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复制物体在【R】、【O】、【V】等状态下按【Alt】+【拖动】} 另:工具箱(多种工具共用一个快捷键的可同时按【Shift】加此快捷键选取,当按下【CapsLock】键时,可直接用此快捷键切换) Illustrator文件操作 新建图形文件【Ctrl】+【N】 打开已有的图像【Ctrl】+【O】 关闭当前图像【Ctrl】+【W】 保存当前图像【Ctrl】+【S】 另存为... 【Ctrl】+【Shift】+【S】 存储副本【Ctrl】+【Alt】+【S】 页面设置【Ctrl】+【Shift】+【P】 文档设置【Ctrl】+【Alt】+【P】 打印【Ctrl】+【P】 打开“预置”对话框【Ctrl】+【K】 回复到上次存盘之前的状态【F12】 Illustrator编辑操作 还原前面的操作(步数可在预置中) 【Ctrl】+【Z】 重复操作【Ctrl】+【Shift】+【Z】 将选取的内容剪切放到剪贴板【Ctrl】+【X】或【F2】 将选取的内容拷贝放到剪贴板【Ctrl】+【C】 将剪贴板的内容粘到当前图形中【Ctrl】+【V】或【F4】 将剪贴板的内容粘到最前面【Ctrl】+【F】 将剪贴板的内容粘到最后面【Ctrl】+【B】 删除所选对象【DEL】 选取全部对象【Ctrl】+【A】 取消选择【Ctrl】+【Shift】+【A】 再次转换【Ctrl】+【D】 发送到最前面【Ctrl】+【Shift】+【]】 向前发送【Ctrl】+【]】 发送到最后面【Ctrl】+【Shift】+【[】 向后发送【Ctrl】+【[】 群组所选物体【Ctrl】+【G】 取消所选物体的群组【Ctrl】+【Shift】+【G】 锁定所选的物体【Ctrl】+【2】 锁定没有选择的物体【Ctrl】+【Alt】+【Shift】+【2】 全部解除锁定【Ctrl】+【Alt】+【2】 隐藏所选物体【Ctrl】+【3】 隐藏没有选择的物体【Ctrl】+【Alt】+【Shift】+【3】 显示所有已隐藏的物体【Ctrl】+【Alt】+【3】 联接断开的路径【Ctrl】+【J】 对齐路径点【Ctrl】+【Alt】+【J】 调合两个物体【Ctrl】+【Alt】+【B】 取消调合【Ctrl】+【Alt】+【Shift】+【B】

常用的绘图软件介绍

常用绘图软件 如果有一定绘图基础就好了,学习更容易。 1、学习时间与内容: (1)CAD:1~7天,看视频,学习3D、2D等。 (2)Solidworks:6个月,看视频与电子档资料,学习3D、2D、防真等。 (3)CATIA:~2个月,看视频与电子档资料,学习3D、防真。 (4)Pro/E:~1个月,看视频与电子档资料,学习3D、防真。 (5)UG:~3个月,看视频与电子档资料,学习3D、防真。 2、部分常用软件介绍: (1)CAD:VersaCAD公司设计,最擅长的是2D设计蓝图制图,多使用“平移”、“镜像”、“放大或缩小”......等命令,很准确,常常用于平面审阅图或加工图。当然,也有立体绘图,不过不是太方便。 (2)Solidworks:法国达索公司的产品之一,最擅长的是3D制图,可以实体建模,比较方便,入门容易,提高难,钣金、防真......等,Motion、Flow simulation、simulation都是很好且实用的功能块,真正做到设计防真一体化。也有2D绘图,但默认页面不是很美观,曲面建模不是太好。成功案例,建过飞机模型,并做相关防真分析。 (3)CATIA:法国达索公司的产品之一,3D建模软件,可以任意建模,比较方便,入门容易,提高也容易,最擅长的是曲面建模,防真分析等高级功能不太好使用。3D模型美观。典型使用于汽车、航空航天、船舶制造、厂房设计、电力与电子、消费品和通用机械制造。(4)Pro/E:美国参数技术公司(PTC)开发的软件。3D建模软件,采用模块方式,进行参数化设计,命令也较多,特征驱动命令不是很丰富,打开文件时需要完整操作,如果对该软件不是很熟悉,可能一个小的、不知道的操作都很难有其他方式替代来解决。 (5)UG:是Siemens PLM Software公司出品的一个产品工程解决方案,它为用户的产品设计及加工过程提供了数字化造型和验证手段,常常用于飞机发动机和大部分汽车发动机设计。

办公绘图软件有哪些

办公绘图软件有哪些 导语: 办公常用的软件,一般是诸如word、ppt和Excel之类的。但有时候需要接受处理一些棘手的任务,就需要使用到绘图软件。如果你是一位绘图新手,不妨使用本文介绍的这款软件,帮助自己顺利绘图。 办公绘图软件有哪些? 绘图软件还是比较多的,比如做设计用的PS、CAD、AI等,绘制办公需要的图就比较分散了,图种比较多,软件也相应的更多。亿图图示,一款综合性软件,几乎可以绘制所有办公需要的图种。可以画思维导图、流程图、组织架构图、信息图等200多种图形图表,并且每种图表都有相应的模板例子可直接使用。 立即获取绘图软件:https://www.doczj.com/doc/a013701404.html,/download-edrawmax.php 亿图图示软件特色: 1、具备齐全的符号,拖入画布即可。 2、搭载智能浮动按钮,可实现一键添加或修改符号。 3、画布智能识别连接点,和强迫症说再见。

4、双击符号,即可输入文本。 5、多套主题样式一键替换,所见即所得。 选择亿图图示的十大理由 1、国内仅有的,自主研发的全类型图形图表设计软件 亿图图示是一款国产的绘图软件,软件的功能与界面皆由国内工程师独立开发。因此,亿图图示软件在界面设计上符合国人的审美,在功能上也适应国人的操作习惯。在国内,亿图图示是唯一一款全类型图形图表设计软件。

2、绘图类型多样化,一款软件实现多种绘图类型 亿图图示软件可以绘制260种的图形图表,不仅包含常用的思维导图、流程图、信息图、组织机构图、商务图表、户型图;也包含小众的绘图类型,例如网络图、UML图、数据库等等。一款软件包含这么多的绘图类型,完全可以绘制工作生活中遇到的各种图表。 3、模板符号丰富,高效省时省力 1000个模板,供使用者直接参考和套用,协助使用者在最短的时间绘制出完整的作品。另外还有20000个矢量符号,可通过鼠标拖拽的方式添加至绘图中。合理地运用模板或符号,就能高效率地绘制出满意的作品。

电脑绘画软件

电脑绘画软件 Painter 或者Corel painter PS 常用的绘图软件有很多,例如: Photoshop可能是现在平常人用的最多的。 Photoshop绘图 Adobe image 简单动画。 coreldraw、freehand功能差不多、说专业排版不能完全说明其作用、我感觉最能表现其功能的是:它们都是矢量图(勾线很好用)。 AutoCAD我用的最多的软件,主要专业制图机械、建筑等施工图纸,二维、三维甚至动画都可以做。 3Dmax建筑、景观、动画都可以做,主要用来建模功能强大到只有想不到没有做不到的。 COOL 3D小软件,主要做装饰字体、动感材质字体,现在好多平面软件都可以做。 Flash、fireworks这两个你常用,就不追叙了。 VRay寄生虫主要渲染3D的,寄生在3Dmax,渲染已做好的贴材质模型。lightscap专业渲染软件,操作有点复杂,不实用,3D完全可以代替,主要给不专业的人用的。 maya功能最强大的动画软件,值得研究,命令好多、功能好多、很惊人。 按功能选绘图软件 Painter优秀的仿自然绘画软件,拥有全面和逼真的仿自然画笔。 SAIEasy Paint Tool SAI,相当小巧,仅3MB左右,功能较少,但操作简单,适用于入门者。 建议 绘电路图有protel,99se,protel dxp 绘机械平面图有Auto CAD 绘平面图Illustrator ,Photoshop,CorelDRAW Photoshop可能是现在平常人用的最多的。Photoshop绘图 Adobe image 简单动画。 coreldraw、freehand功能差不多、说专业排版不能完全说明其作用、我感觉最能表现其功能的是:它们都是矢量图(勾线很好用)。AutoCAD我用的最多的软件,主要专业制图机械、建筑等施工图纸,二维、三维甚至动画都可以做。 3Dmax建筑、景观、动画都可以做,主要用来建模功能强大到只有想不到没有做不到的。 COOL 3D小软件,主要做装饰字体、动感材质字体,现在好多平面软件都可以做。 Flash、fireworks这两个你常用,

(完整版)广联达操作快捷键(大全)

广联达109个快捷键 1 帮助 F1 2 绘图、定义切换 F2 3 按名称选择构件图元 F3 4 左右镜像翻转(点式构件) F3 5 上下镜像翻转(点式构件) Shift+F3 6 改变插入点(点式构件) F4 7 合法性检查 F5 8 三维显示楼层范围 F8 8 汇总计算 F9 9 编辑构件图元钢筋/查看工程量计算式 F11 10 构件图元显示设置 F12 11 选择所有构件图元 Ctrl+A 15 查找图元 Ctrl+F 17 重复 Shift+Ctrl+Z 18 偏移插入点(点式构件) Ctrl+单击 19 输入偏移值Shift+单击 20 报表设计 Ctrl+D 21 上一楼层 + 22 下一楼层 - 23 全屏 Ctrl+5 24 放大 Ctrl+I

25 缩小 Ctrl+U 26 平移-左Ctrl+← 27 平移-右Ctrl+→ 28 平移-上Ctrl+↑ 29 平移-下Ctrl+↓ 30 另存为 ALT+P+A 31 导入图形/钢筋工程 ALT+P+G 32 导入其他工程 ALT+P+I 33 导出GCL工程 ALT+P+T 34 合并其他工程 ALT+P+M 35 打印图形 ALT+P+P 36 删除当前楼层构件 ALT+F+E 37 从其他楼层复制构件 ALT+F+O 38 修改楼层构件名称 ALT+F+G 39 批量修改楼层构件做法 ALT+F+W 40 块复制 ALT+F+Y 41 块移动 ALT+F+V 42 块旋转 ALT+F+R 43 块镜像 ALT+F+M 44 块拉伸 ALT+F+X 45 块删除 ALT+F+D 46 块存盘 ALT+F+S 47 块提取 ALT+F+L 48 构件列表 ALT+E+E

1-3 常用绘图工具及其使用方法

2 讲练结合 1-3常用的绘图工具及其使用方法 2-1 平面图形的画法 多媒体、PPT、作图工具、教材等 1、了解常用的绘图工具及其用法; 2、通过学习与练习,能基本掌握常用绘图工具的使用方法; 3、熟练掌握用三角板、圆规等分线段、圆周和作正多边形等基本作图方法。 三角板、圆规的使用方法;等分圆周和作多边形。 图板和丁字尺及三角板的配合使用 无 学生习题册P6-7

1-3 常用的绘图工具及其使用方法 一、尺规绘图工具和仪器的用法 1、图板和丁字尺------画水平线 2、三角板----------15°的倍数角 3、圆规圆规用来画圆和圆弧。 分规分规用来截取线段、等分直线或圆周,以及从尺上量取尺寸。 4、铅笔:“B”-------软性铅笔,B前面的数字越大,表示铅芯越软(黑); “H”------硬性铅笔,H前面的数字越大,表示铅芯越硬(淡)。 2-1 平面图形的画法 二、直线段的等分 方法:平行线等分线段成比例 三、等分圆周作正多边形 1、圆的 2、4、8等分:三角板和丁字尺配合 2、圆的 3、6等分-------园的半径

一、复习提问 二、导入新课 三、新课讲授 1、图样的分类 2、投影法的分类及其应用场合 绘图离不开工具,今天要介绍绘图工具及其使用,重点放在使用上。绘图速度的快慢、图画质量的高低,在很大程度上决定于是否能采用正确的绘图方法和按正确的工作程序,自如地运用各种绘图工具绘制几何图形。 1-3 常用的绘图工具及其使用方法 一、尺规绘图工具和仪器的用法 1、图板和丁字尺 2、三角板 3、圆规和分规 (1)圆规圆规用来画圆和圆弧。 (2)分规分规用来截取线段、等分直线或圆周,以及从尺上量取尺寸。 4、铅笔 绘图铅笔用“B”和“H”代表铅芯的软硬程度。“B”表示软性铅笔,B 前面的数字越大,表示铅芯越软(黑);“H”表示硬性铅笔,H 前面的数字越大,表示铅芯越硬(淡)。 2-1 平面图形的画法

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