专题十构词法
,贵阳中考命题规律及趋势
英语词汇的学习和运用离不开构成法。掌握构成法，不仅能帮助我们扩展词汇，而且能丰富我们的语言，提高我们的语言表达能力。对阅读和书面表达能力有一定的帮助。
,贵阳中考重难点突破
英语单词的构成方式主要有：合成法、转化法，派生法。此外还有截短法、混合法和首字母缩略法。
1.合成法：把两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词。
(1) 合成名词
名词/代词＋名词：spaceship宇宙飞船blood-test验血she-wolf母狼 classroom教室
名词＋动词-ing形式：handwriting书法machine-building机器制造
名词＋及物动词＋er/or：pain-killer止痛药
形容词＋名词：shorthand速记 highway公路
及物动词＋名词：breakfast早餐pickpocket扒手
动词-ing形式＋名词：flying-fish飞鱼waiting-room候车室sleeping-pill安眠药
副词＋动词：outbreak爆发 output输出 downfall垮台 input输入
动词＋副词：turn-off断开get-together联欢会；座谈会
介词/副词＋名词：afternoon午后
(2)合成形容词
形容词/数词＋名词＋-ed：kind-hearted仁慈的cold-blooded冷血的one-eyed独眼的three-legged三条腿的
名词＋名词＋-ed：potato-shaped马铃薯形状的
名词/代词＋动词过去分词：hand-made手工的，self-educated自学的，radio-equipped无线电装备的名词/代词＋形容词：color-blind色盲的
形容词＋名词：left-hand左撇子的
形容词＋动词-ing形式：good-looking相貌好看的easy-going脾气随和的
副词＋动词-ing形式：hard-working students勤劳的far-reaching深远的long-lasting耐用的
副词＋形容词：ever-green trees常青树
形容词＋形容词：light-blue浅蓝色的
动词＋副词：see-through透明的
介词＋名词：downhill下坡的uphill上山的
(3)合成动词
副词＋动词：ill-treat虐待undergo经历overhear(无意)听见overthrow推翻
名词/代词＋动词：water-ski滑水mass-produce大规模生产sleep-walk梦游
形容词＋动词：blacklist列入黑名单white-wash粉刷safe-guard保卫
(4)合成副词
副词＋副词：however但是moreover而且， therefore
代词＋副词：anywhere任何地方whatever无论什么 somewhere某处 nowhere无处 everywhere到处
副词＋名词：downstairs在楼下 upstairs在楼上 upward向上 downward向下 westward向西eastward向东
形容词＋名词：anyway无论如何
(5)合成代词 some，any，no可以与-thing，-one，-body合成代词。如：
anybody任何人something某事everything一切nobody没有人someone每个人
2.转换法：由一种词类转化为另一种词类的词。
(1)动词转化为名词。如：
He visited the Palace Museum yesterday.他昨天参观了故宫。(动词)
we paid a visit to the writer last week.我们上星期拜访了那位作家。(名词)
He likes a quiet smoke after supper.他喜欢在晚饭后静静地抽了一会儿烟。(名词)
we stopped there for a swim.我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。
这类名词常与give，have，make，take等动词搭配形成一个短语，表示一个动作。如： give a shout喊叫；give a kick踢；take a seat就座；take a bath洗澡；have a swim游泳； have a smoke吸烟；make a bet打赌；make a decision商定
又如：have a bath(chat，debate，discussion，dream，flight，interview，lie，look，quarrel，rest，ride，shave，smoke，talk，taste，try，walk，wash…)
make a call(demand，guess，jump，show，an advance，an attack，an attempt…)
(2)名词转化为动词。如：
We should shoulder these responsibilities.我们应当担负起这些责任来。
The hall can seat three thousand people.大厅能坐3，000人。
He pinned great hopes on us.他对我们寄托了很大希望。
They have booked their plane tickets.他们已经定了飞机票。
(3)形容词转化为动词。如：
The train slowed down to half its speed火车减速到一半速度。
(4)形容词转化为副词。如：
How long is the line？队排的有多长？(形容词)
how long have you lived there？你在这里住了多久了？(副词)
(5)形容词转化为名词。如：
the sick(病人)；the beautiful(美好的事物)；at the latest(最迟)；at the most(至多)；the true and the false(正确的与错误的)；the French(法国人)
He didn't know the difference between right and wrong.他不知道对与错的区别。(名词)
3.派生法：由词根(stems)加前缀(prefixes)和后缀(suffixes)构成新词。
(1)前缀
a-(形容词；副词)：asleep，arise，awake，abroad(在国外)，alone(独自)
co-(共同)：co-exist，co-operate
over-(过于)：overdo，oversimplify
anti-(反；防)：anti-tank，anti-clockwise
re-(重复；再)：return，redesign，reunite，remarry(再婚)
super-(超级；上层)：superstar，superman，supermarket
sub-(下面的)：subway，subconscious
tele-(远程)：telephone，telegraph，telescope(望远镜)
bi-(双)：bicycle，bimonthly，bilingual
mis-(误)：mistake，misunderstand(误会)
inter-(相互；之间)：international，interrelation
en-(使可能)：encourage，enable(使成为可能)
dis-(否定)：disappear，disagree，discourage，disappoint，dishonest
in-/il-/im-/ir-(不；非)：invisible(看不见的)，illogical，illegal(非法的)，impolite，impossible，irregular，irresponsible
un-/non-(不；非)：unfit，unfair，unknown，no n-conductor(非导体)
(2)名词后缀
-er(……者)：foreigner，thinker，swimmer，traveler
-ese(……地方的人)：Chinese，Portuguese，Japanese
-ian(精通……的人；……地方的人)：musician，magician，physician，technician，Russian
-ist(专业人员)：artist，specialist，pianist，physicist
-ment(性质；状态)：government，movement，argument，engagement，development
-ion：expansion，discussion，decision
-dom：freedom，kingdom
-ance/ence：acceptance，allowance，dependence，confidence
-ee：employee，interviewee，trainee
-ness(性质；状态)：business，happiness，greatness，illness，darkness
-or(器具；……者)：tractor，actor，visitor，professor
-ship：friendship，leadership，hardship，scholarship
-tion(动作；过程；结果)：pollution，suggestion，invention
(3)形容词后缀
-al：practical，continual，educational，national
-an：American，European，Canadian，Italian，Australian
-ern：southern，northern，eastern，western
-ful：helpful，cheerful，grateful，useful，careful
-ary：revolutionary，secondary，imaginary
-ble：reasonable，horrible，comfortable，acceptable，terrible
-ish：foolish，childish，Swedish，British，English
-ive：active，native，decisive，destructive，expensive
-y：rainy，dirty，sleepy，healthy
-less：careless，homeless，motherless，useless
-ant：important，significant，ignorant
-ous：serious，courageous，famous，continuous
-some：troublesome，tiresome，handsome，lonesome
(4)动词、副词和数词后缀
-fy(使……化)：simplify，beautify，amplify，satisfy，electrify
-en(使……变得)：strengthen，lengthen，widen
-ize(使……成为)：realize(实现)，modernize，apologize，organize
-ly(方式；程度)：freely，badly，terribly，perfectly，truly，angrily
-wise：clockwise，otherwise，likewise
-ward(s)(方向)：towards，backward，eastward，forward，outward
-teen(十)：fourteen，fifteen，eighteen
-ty(整十位数)：twenty，forty，thirty
-th(序数词)：twelfth，ninth，twentieth
4.截短法：将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
(1)截头：telephone→phone airplane→plane
(2)去尾：mathematics→math examination→exam kilogram→kilo laboratory→lab taxicab→taxi
(3)截头去尾：influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription→script
5.混合法：英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词，前半部分表属性，后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。
news broadca st→newscast新闻广播television broadcast→telecast电视播送smoke and fog→smog烟雾photo and graphy→photography摄影；摄影术helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
6.首字母缩略法
BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation)英国广播公司
DIY(do it yourself)自己亲自做
NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)北约
SOS(save our souls)国际通用的呼救信号
UN(the United Nations)联合国
USA(the United States of America)美国
VIP(very important person)重要人物
WTO(World Trade Organization)世界贸易组织
,贵阳中考题例及解析
一、单项选择
根据语境或句意，选择可填入句子的最佳选项。
( )1.That man was____ enough to do the job so successfully.
A．care B．careful C．careless
【解析】答案为B be动词后跟形容词作表语。
( )2.(2015贵阳中考)The child looked____ at his brother who was badly wounded.
A．sadly B．sadness C．sad
【解析】答案为A sadly为副词，用来修饰动词短语 look at。
( )3.(2016贵阳中考)He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ____．
A．chemistry B．chemical C．chemist
【解析】答案为C chemist是化学家的意思。
( )4.Stephenson became the____ railway engineer in the world.
A．lead B．leader C．leading
【解析】答案为C leading意为主要的，由动词＋ing构成。
( )5.—What are you doing here?
—Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ____in English.
—You can write____ passage in English.
A．600 words；a 600-words
B．600-word；a 600-words
C．600 words；a 600-word
【解析】答案为C 第一个空“600词”为数量词短语，word用复数；第二个空“一篇600词的文章”，600-word为形容词，修饰passage
二、基础知识与运用
根据语境或句意，用所给词的适当形式填空。
1．A ____(medicine) team from China will arrive in America next week.
【解析】答案为medical medicine是名词“药品”，medical是形容词“医疗的”。
2．This morning I lost my handbag and this afternoon I fell off my bike and broke my leg.I think it is an ____(luck) day.
【解析】答案为unlucky luck是名词“幸运”，unlucky是形容词“不幸的”。
3．Lucy likes to tell lies.She seems an ____(honesty) girl.
【解析】答案为dishonest honesty是名词“诚实”，honest是形容词“诚实的”，dishonest是honest 的反义词“不诚实的”。
4．The digital(数码) camera is one of the ____(wonderfully) of the modern science.
【解析】答案为wonders wonder是名词“奇迹”，wonderful是形容词，wonderfully是副词。
5．(2017贵阳中考)Erquan Yingyue is the most ____(move) piece of music that I've ever heard.
【解析】答案为moving move是动词，意思为“使感动”，它的形容词moving意思是“令人感动的”。
,考点抢测
一、词语运用
1．The mother was __thankful__(thank) to the brave man who had saved her son.
2．The lost calculator has been returned to its __owner__(own)．
3．Be sure to let me know whenever you are in __danger__(dangerous)．
4．Carl looks much __healthier__(health) than before.
5．The completion(完成) of the big bridge made every one of us __excited__(exciting) and happy.
二、单项选择
( C )1.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a____ smile.
A．practice B．practicing C．practiced
( C )2.The____ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A．judger B．judgment C．judge
( B )3.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the____ news about Iraq War.
A．lately B．latest C．later
( B )4.The Great Wall is more than 6，000 kilometers in ____．
A．longer B．length C．long
( A )5.To my ____，I passed the exam easily.
A．joy B．joyful C．joyless