全国2011年1月高等教育自学考试
现代语言学试题
课程代码：00830
I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes
the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )
1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( )
A. creation
B. communication
C. comprehension
D. perception
2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced ______,respectively. ( )
A. affricates
B. stops
C. velars
D. palatals
3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _______ morphemes. ( )
A. free
B. bound
C. derivational
D. inflectional
4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain head, ______and complement. ( )
A. modifier
B. determiner
C. qualifier
D. specifier
5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )
A. Reference, sense
B. Sense, referent
C. Sense, reference
D. Referent, sense
6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )
A. prelocutionary
B. locutionary
C. illocutionary
D. perlocutionary
7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )
A. in word-initial
B. in word-middle
C. in word-final
D. in syllable-initial
8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )
A. a regional dialect
B. a social dialect
C. a situational dialect
D. an ethnic dialect
9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )
A. the motor area
B. Broca’s area
C. Wernicke’s area
D. the angular gyrus
10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )
A. prelinguistic
B. one-word
C. two-word
D. multiword
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.
( 1%×10=10% )
11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.
12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.
13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.
14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.
15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning.
16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .
17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule e occurs.
18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.
19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1 .
20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% ×10=20% )
21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.
22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．
23．( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24．( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．
25．( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．
26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.
27．( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.”She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28．( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community. 29．( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．
30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．
IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30% )
31.displacement
32.voicing
33.morpheme
34.finite clause
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ab17850082.html,ponential analysis
36.declarations
37.epenthesis
38.speech variety
39.linguistic relativism
40.the nativist view of language acquisition
V. Directions: Answer the following questions.
(10% × 2=20% )
41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?
42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.
全国 2018 年 1 月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码： 00830 I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2%×10=20% ) 1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. () A. system B. structure C. competence D. performance 2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. () A. larynx B. hard palate C. glottis D. vocal cords 3. The word “ manuscript ” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. () A. two roots B. a root and a prefix C. a root and a suffix D. a root and a free morpheme 4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules,which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP→ ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S).) A. phrases B. clauses C. sentences D. constituents 5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the“ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ” was proposed by ______. () A. Plato B. Ogden and Richards C. John Firth D. Bloomfield 6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. () 1
第一章绪论：公共管理（学）的视野A 一、填空 1、公共选择学派的奠基者是。 2、世界银行在20世纪80年代末用来概括非洲国家在发展中面临的问题。 3、20世纪七八十年代, 在美国大学的公共政策学院逐渐成长起来。 4、B—途径美心发展，主张在公共部门中引入和人部门的管理经验和模式。５、波齐曼和斯特拉斯曼于１９９０出版的被认为是第一部较为全面的公共管理教科书。 6、公共管理学更多以为基础。 7、公共管理学主要以作为研究对象。 8、第二次世界大战后,凯恩斯主义为西方经济学的主流流派,给西方经济国家普遍采用了 二、多项选择 1、我国学者往往以( )的角度来区分管理和行政这两个概念. A组织实体 B经济实体 C 管理实体 D 政治实体 2、传统公共行政学模式是建立在( )基础上 A科层制理论 B政治---行政二分法 C委托---代理 D内部取向 3、殴文.休斯在<<公共管理与行政>>一书认为( )都是对公共部门的研究 A公共行政 B公共政策 C公共管理 D公共组织 4、下面是公共管理物品的是( ) A国防 B外交 C教育 D社会保障 5、经过20世纪七八十年代的孕育和进化,公共管理的( )逐渐汇合形成公共管理新模式. A P—途径 B治理 C B—途径 D善治 6、在当代政策分析学科中最有影响的经济途径是（） A行为主义学派 B公共选择理论 C新制度学派 D科学管理学派 7、孟德斯鸠等人所提出的“三权分立”思想中“三权”是指（） A 立法 B 行政 C监督 D 司法 三、解释概念 1、公共行政 2、公共管理 3、公共物品 4、行政国家 5、纯公共物品 四、简答 1、公共管理学的基本研究方法有那些？ 2、市场经济国家的政府公共管理的模式有哪些？ 3、计划经济条件下政府公共管理有哪些弊端？ 4、入世后，我国各级政府的行政管理面临哪些严峻的挑战？ 五、论述题 1、公共管理的特征及其与传统公共行政学的区别？ 2、公共管理与私人管理的区别？
自考《现代语言学》复习讲义 一、常考题型 1.填空 2.单项选择 3.判断正误 4.解释词语并举例说明 对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明 5.回答问题 做题要求：用英文进行答题。 二、各章节学习要点 Chapter 1 Introduction （绪论） 1.What is linguistics? 1.1 Definition （语言学的定义） P.1 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but in language in general. 1.2 The Scope of linguistics （语言学的研究范畴） P.2—4 The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics(普通语言学).This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas. Main branches of linguistics 语言学的主要分支： 1）phonetics（语音学） 2)phonology （音系学） 3)morphology （形态学） 4)syntax （句法学） 5)semantics （语义学） 6)pragmatics （语用学） The study of all these aspects of language forms the core of linguistics.
精品文档 公共管理学考试题库答案（二） 二、多项选择题 1、公共部门组织目标的特点为（AC ） A.多元化 B.单一性 C.整体性 D.公共性 2、私人部门管理的突出特征表现为（ABD ） A.目标明确 B.协调过程中的效率优先 C.组织有效性度量很难 D.组织有效性度量相对容易 3、一般认为，在公共管理学的学科发展历史中，曾出现过的范式有（AD ） A.公共行政范式 B.公共服务范式 C.公共责任范式 D.新公共管理范式 4、促成公共行政范式产生的背景因素主要有（ABCD ） A.私人部门和市民社会对效率的普遍追求 B. 公共部门尤其是政府组织管理的改革 C. 私人部门的科学管理以及由此引发的对管理活动的系统化、科学化研究 D.政治学、行政法学和官房学的理论支撑 5、公共行政范式赖以产生的思想渊源和学科基础为（ABD ） A.政治学 B.行政法学 C.社会学 D.官房学 6、公共行政范式的理论基础为（AC ） A. 威尔逊的“政治与行政二分” B.杰弗逊的“独立宣言” C.韦伯的科层制 D.布坎南的公共选择理论 7、韦伯把权力分为（ABC ） A.合理--合法型权力 B.传统型权力 C.魅力型权力 D.知识型权力 8、立基于韦伯的合理--合法的权力类型之上的科层制组织，其构建和运作的原则为（ABCD ） A.知识性和职业化原则 B.非人格化和执行能力原则 C.法定管辖范围原则 D.公职等级制和权力等级化原则 9、公共行政范式的基本特征为（ABCD ） A.行政活动的科学化 B.作为一种价值观的效率 C.严格的等级制组织模式 D.常任的、中立的和无个性特征的公务员 10、公共行政范式存在的主要问题包括（BCD ） A.政治的顺向控制问题 B.政治的逆向控制问题 C.科层制组织的低效率问题 D.科层制组织的限制自由问题 11、造成科层制组织低效率现象的主要原因有（ABD ） A. 科层制行政组织有不断自我膨胀的内驱力 B.科层制组织中的行政公务员乃至行政部门有通过知识保密来获得和保持权力的激励 B. 科层制组织存在政治的逆向控制问题 D.严格等级制的科层制组织中不可避免在会出现“彼德现象” 12、新公共管理运动的措施主要包括（ABCD ） A.严格的成本控制 B.权力分散化 C.加强一线管理 D.运用市场机制和强化服务质量 13、新公共管理运动的主要观点包括（ABCD ） A.注重管理、绩效评估和效率 B.公共服务代理化 C. 在公共部门，特别是政府部门引入竞争机制并削减成本 D.强调产出控制而非过程控制 14、1992年英国梅杰内阁颁布的《公民宪章》中列出的公共服务的原则有（ABCD） A.公布明确的标准 B.公布有关服务运作的全面和准确的信息
全国2018年10月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% ) 1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. （）A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.（） A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. （） A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme 4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. （）A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （） A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（） 1
自学考试《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案2017 2017 年自学备考正在开展中，考生们要扎扎实实地复习，一步一步地前进，以下是搜索整理的一份《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案，供参考练习，希望对大家有所帮助!想 了解更多相关信息请持续关注我们! I .Multiple Choice Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2% x 10=20%) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.( ) A. gradable opposites B.relational opposites C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( ) A. Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( ) A.unusual B.something to be feared C.abnormal D.natural 4. __produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( ) A.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke's aphasic 5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night ” as “light ”.This shows: .( ) A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word.( ) A.a polysemous B.a synonymous C.an abnormal D.a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it? ” is __.( ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/ab17850082.html,rmative B.phatic C.directive D.performative
全国2002年10月高等教育自学考试 语言学概论试题 课程代码：00541 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题(本大题共26小题，每小题1分，共26分)在每小题列出的四个选 项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.关于口语和书面语的关系，下列说明不正确的一项是( ) A.任何一种语言总是先有口语，后有书面语 B.书面语是第一性的，口语是第二性的 C.在一个只有口语而没有书面语的社会中，社会交际存在着较大的局限 D.书面语是经过加工、提炼和发展了的口语的书面形式 2.区分“语言”和“言语”的主要目的是( ) A.明确语言学的研究对象 B.更好地研究书面语 C.强调在社会环境中研究语言 D.强调研究言语的个人特色 3.二十世纪语言学在索绪尔语言理论的影响下，集中主要精力研究的是( ) A.语言的历史演变 B.语言和民族的关系 C.语言和社会的关系 D.语言系统本身的内在规律 4.对人类语言而言，声音四要素中作用最重要的一个是( ) A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质
5.下列各组中，都是前元音的一组是( ) 6.下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是( ) A.[p,k] B.[n,b] C.[ts,s] D.[d,f] 7.语音不同于一般声音的本质属性是( ) A.物理属性 B.社会属性 C.生理属性 D.心理属性 8.常用语汇和非常用语汇主要是从下列哪个角度区分出来的( ) A.词的使用场合 B.词的专业特色 C.词的使用频率 D.词的历史来源 9.汉语经常用四字格表示而且使用最多的熟语形式是( ) A.成语 B.谚语 C.惯用语 D.歇后语 10.“最小的有意义的能独立使用的语言单位”是( ) A.语素 B.词 C.词组 D.字 11.英语动词“唱”的原形是sing，过去时形式是sang，这在语法手段的词形变化中叫作( ) A.附加 B.屈折 C.异根 D.零形式 12.英语句子“我看电视”有时写作I watch TV，有时写作I watched TV。其中动词 “watch(看)”的词形变化反映了语法上哪一种谓词属性范畴( )
公共管理学考试题库 一、单项选择题 1、在私人部门中，组织的最终目标为(A) A．追求可持续经济利润的最大化B．追求可持续政治利益的最大化 Ｃ．追求社会公平 D.追求公众的满意度 2、公共部门区别于私人部门的本质特征为(D) Ａ.计划性B．单一性 C.效率性D．公共性 3、公共管理活动的合法性基础为（C） A．公共性和私人利益Ｂ.效率性和私人利益Ｃ．公共性和公共利益 D.效率性和公共利益 4、有效的政府组织应该认识到,公共性的起点是(A） A.公民 B.政府Ｃ.企业Ｄ．政党 5、公共行政范式产生于（C) Ａ.17世纪末１8世纪初Ｂ.18世纪末19世纪初 C.19世纪末２0世纪初 D.2０世纪末2１世纪初 6、新公共管理范式产生于（D) A.19世纪60年代末70年代初 B.19世纪70年代末80年代初 Ｃ.20世纪60年代末７0年代初 D.20世纪７0年代末８0年代初 7、公共管理研究领域的第一个范式－--－公共行政范式诞生的标志为(Ａ） A．《行政学之研究》的发表Ｂ.《经济与社会》的发表 C.《行政学导论》的发表 D.《就业、利息和货币通论》的发表 8、公共行政范式得以产生的直接动因为（C) A.经济的发展B．政治的推动 C.公共部门的改革D．私人部门的改革 9、公共管理研究领域的第一个范式为（A） A.公共行政范式 B.新公共管理范式Ｃ．公共服务范式Ｄ．公共责任范式 1０、被誉为“行政学之父”的是(A） A.威尔逊Ｂ.韦伯 C.杰弗逊 D.怀特 11、公共行政范式赖以产生的学科基础之一官房学后来逐步演变为(D) A．会计学B．政治学Ｃ.行政学 D.公共财政学 １2、“政治与行政二分”最早的提出者是(D） A.凯恩斯 B.布坎南 C.韦伯 D.威尔逊 13、威尔逊指出行政研究建立的基础为(A） A.管理B．法律 C.经济Ｄ.政治 14、被称为“组织理论之父”的是（B) A．威尔逊Ｂ.韦伯 C.杰弗逊 D.怀特 15、韦伯认为科层制组织的基础为(Ｃ) A.传统型权力 B.魅力型权力Ｃ.合理--合法型权力Ｄ.知识型权力 16、韦伯认为,以“法律”或者“升上掌权地位的那些人发布命令的权力”为基础的权力属于（A） A.合理--合法型权力 B.传统型权力 C.魅力型权力 D.知识型权力
全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码：0830 Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%) 1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of（） A．all consonants B．vowels only C．all consonants and some vowels D．all vowels and some consonants 2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actually pronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work. （） A．deletion B．assimilation C．phonetic D．sequential 3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.（）A．two roots B．a root and a suffix C．a root and a free morpheme D．a prefix and a root 4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English” to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.（）A．rewriting B．preposing C．postposing D．maintaining 5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms? （） A．complementary B．relational C．superordinate D．gradable 6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（） A．one-place predication B．two-place predication C．three-place predication D．no-place predication 7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English, word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.
全国2013年1月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1.答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅰ. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%) 1. Which of the following does NOT account for the fact that modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken form of language? A. Speech precedes writing. B. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form. C. People were encouraged to imitate the “best authors” for language usage. D. The spoken is used for a wider range of purposes than the written. 2. In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants ［s］and ［z］are classified as ______. A. liquids B. affricates C. stops D. fricatives 3. Which of the following words has four morphemes? A. Undoubtedly. B. Instrument. C. Astonishing. D. Thermometer. 4. The word very in the phrase “very curious of the answer” is a ______ in terms of X-bar schema. A. specifier B. head 1 全国2013年1月自学考试现代语言学试题
公共管理学 第一章绪论：公共管理（学）的视野A 一、填空 1、公共选择学派的奠基者是布坎南。 2、世界银行在20世纪80年代末用政治危机来概括非洲国家在发展中面临的问题。 3、20世纪七八十年代, 公共管理途径在美国大学的公共政策学院逐渐成长起来。 4、B—途径美心发展经验理论，主张在公共部门中引入和人部门的管理经验和模式。 ５、波齐曼和斯特拉斯曼于１９９０出版的《公共管理战略》被认为是第一部较为全面的公共管理教科书。 6、公共管理学更多以经济学为基础。 7、公共管理学主要以政府的公共管理活动作为研究对象。 8、第二次世界大战后,凯恩斯主义为西方经济学的主流流派,给西方经济国家普遍采用了干预主义政策。 二、多项选择 1、我国学者往往以(AC )的角度来区分管理和行政这两个概念. A组织实体 B经济实体 C 管理实体 D 政治实体 2、传统公共行政学模式是建立在( AB )基础上 A科层制理论 B政治---行政二分法 C委托---代理 D内部取向 3、殴文.休斯在<<公共管理与行政>>一书认为(ABC )都是对公共部门的研究 A公共行政 B公共政策 C公共管理 D公共组织 4、下面是公共管理物品的是( ABCD ) A国防 B外交 C教育 D社会保障 5、经过20世纪七八十年代的孕育和进化,公共管理的(AC )逐渐汇合形成公共管理新模式. A P—途径 B治理 C B—途径 D善治 6、在当代政策分析学科中最有影响的经济途径是（ BC ） A行为主义学派 B公共选择理论 C新制度学派 D科学管理学派 7、孟德斯鸠等人所提出的“三权分立”思想中“三权”是指（ ABD ） A 立法 B 行政 C监督 D 司法 三、解释概念 1、公共行政 答：公共行政是指政府特别是行政机关为公众提提供服务的活动，行政官员或行政人员在这种活动中主要是执行由别人所制定的政策和法律，关注的焦点是过程，程序以及将政策转变为实际的行动，并以内部定向关心机构或人员以及办公室的管理。 2、公共管理 答：是指公共组织提供公共物品和服务的活动，它主要关注的不是过程,程序，而更多的是关注取得的结果和对结果的获得负个人责任。 3、公共物品 答：公共物品是指非竞争性的和排他性的货物。
全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% ) 1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______. A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme 4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （） A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（） A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner 7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. A. back-formation B. clipping C. blending D. abbreviating 8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. A. important B. unusual C. pejorative D. commendatory 9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （） A. brain B. vocal cords C. tongue D. articulatory organs 10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （） A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study. 12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology. 14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence. 15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites. 16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.
现代语言学试题 题型举例 Ⅰ. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration (20%; 5 terms ): 1.duality----- 2.free morpheme---- 3.phonology ------ 4.context------- 5.polysemy ------ Ⅱ. Indicate the following statements true or false (20%; 20 statements): ( )1. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. ( )2. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence pattern of a language. ( )3. Phonemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language. ( )4. Modern linguists regard the written language as primary, not the spoken. ( )5. English is a typical tone language. Ⅲ. Fill each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given (20%; 20 blanks): 1. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the a_________ of that phoneme. 2. A linguistic study is d___________ if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is p___________ if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior. 3. Competence is the ideal language user’s knowledge of his l____________, while p____________ is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances. 4. The two subtypes of affixes are p____________ and s_____________. 5. The description of a language at some point in time is a s______________ study. 6. P_______________ can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 7. The notion of c______________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.