公示语汉译英翻译常见错误
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公示语汉译英翻译常见错误
公示语汉译英翻译常见错误
近年来,随着中国与国际间交往的日益密切,在政治、经济、文化、旅游等
方面加快与其他国家的融合与共同发展,中国在打开国门加快经济建设的同时,也注重文化的建设,现代化的生活节奏与国际化的文化环境,既满足了国际旅游者,外交人员,商务人员等在中国经历和体验不同文化的需要,又提升国家或城市的自身形论文联盟象。因此,对于到访的国际友人来说,要想让他们在中国有宾至如归的感觉,公共场所的英文公示语就显得非常重要,它明确地告诉信息接受者相关信息和友善提示。所以,英文公示语对城市乃至国家的形象与对外宣传的影响显而易见。毋庸置疑,在公共场所使用规范化的伴有英文的公示语对中国加快国际化进程将起到巨大的推动作用。因此,正确的做好公示语英汉互译为外国友人提供便利的同时,展示良好的中国形象,已经成为伴随国际交流日益融洽过程中一件刻不容缓的事情。如何使用恰当的词语及形式将公示语有关信息准确地传达给公众,是公示语汉英互译的关键所在。
公示语通常出现在醒目的位置,具有窗口的作用,其应用范围非常广泛, 几乎涉及到我们日常生活的各个方面, 如街头的路牌、广告牌、路标、商店招牌、警示语、宣传语、旅游简介等等。作为一种交际工具,它用图标或文字与图标相结合等方式把必要的、有用的信息传达给大众,是人们生活中不可或缺的帮手。
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作为一种特定功能的文本形式,公示语应用历史久远,对其翻译研究意义深远。在世界各民族的社会、文化、经济发展进程中,准确的公示语翻译对外籍人员来说,
具有良好交际效果,可有效地对其规范社会行为,提高生产效率以及优化生存质量等方面。由于公示语在传递信息中的语言特色和特殊功能,我们应该认清公示语翻译过程中可能出现的问题及背后的原因。将极大地有助于翻译人员采取正确的翻译方法和翻译策略来解决问题。
要想解决以上问题,我们首先要了解公示语翻译研究趋势。公示语的
翻译研究在国外有比较长的发展历史,现在已经较为成熟和规范,而在中国,针对公示语方面的汉英翻译研究起步较晚,翻译界对此展开的研究还很不够, 缺乏体系性和规范性。在国内学者中,吕和方指出了公示语的四种应用功能特征:指示性、提示性、限制性、强制性,分析了公示语的动态和静态信息,提倡在从事汉英公示语翻译时首先应考虑使用英语中规范和标准词汇进行一对一的汉英置换, 在无对应译法的情况下宜参照英语公示语的功能要求确定语言风格进行试译, 在确认不会产生任何误解的情况下才可实际应用。
公示语意在向公众传递信息,帮助公众了解周围环境或提醒公众注意其所在场合的特定特点。公示语的使用对象明确,交际目的一致,应用范围清晰。因此,情境相同,对象一致,目标清楚,转换对应,触景传情是公示语汉英翻译所应遵循的标准。〔1〕然而,在对公示语英译的调查中发现,城市中公示语英译的现状令人堪忧,普遍存在着这样或那样的问题,影响城市形象并且阻碍城市外语语言环境的健康发展。在日常生活中,错误的公示语翻译随处可见,其中最常见也最为明显的就是公示语的汉英翻译,这些常见错误为外国朋友在中国的生活带来诸多不便,也使中国的对外形象受到一定程度上损害。〔2〕公示语翻译常见
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错误
主要误译表现在以下几个方面,
一、不考虑英美国家语言习惯,将汉语直译为英语
汉英语言差异较大,英语重形,英语造句多用形合法,汉语重意,汉语造句多用意
合法,不受形式约束,只要意义相关,就可以放置在一个不间断的语意流中,将分句统一在一个长句的形式之中。英语公示语翻译侧重语意与信息的传递,公示语的译文
应符合目的语读者的语言规范和使用习惯。然而,日常生活中对照原文,生搬硬套地将汉语直接译成英语此类翻译错误也是随处可见。
例如,公园里设置这样的公示语有您的参与,垃圾就不会无家可归,其常见译文
为If you would like to join us, rubbish will never be homeless. 我们都
能理解此公示语的目的在于倡导,规范公众的文明行为。然而,由于其译文过于忠实原文,将汉语逐词译出,略显生硬。因为不准乱扔垃圾是我们必须遵守的道德行为,
这是无可否认的,但译文中if和would like to的使用过于随意,并不能充分体现
出不许乱扔垃圾的强制性。由于此类公示语在国内外也是经常出现在公共场所,可
直接引入其语用习惯做到洋为中用,建议将其译成No littering,Thank you for
not littering 等。再如,在某超市的散装食品区公示语写到请让我们的员工为您
服务,谢谢，译文为PLEASE LET OUR STAFF TO SERVICE
YOU. THANK YOU! 句中LET为使役动词,在英语语法结构中经常使用let sb.
do sth.,并且service的词性为名词,句中误用为动词。建议将此句译为PLEASE LET OUR STAFF SERVE YOU. THANK YOU! 或者PLEASE ASK OUR STAFF FORSERVICE. THANK YOU!
二、公示语英译文本语意交际效果欠佳
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公示语着重强调读者的心理及行动反应。公示语英译就是帮助和指导目的语读
者对公示语的理解和反应,以便他们在异语言文化中能够更好地工作、学习、生活
和出行。因此,作为译者在对公示语这类文本翻译时应当以交际翻译的理论为指导,处处为译文读者着想,从译文读者的思维角度出发。充分考虑到读者的生活环境、
文化背景和语言习惯,让他们在异国他乡也能够清楚地理解公示语所包含的信息,并按照
相关要求作出相应的预期行动,以免由于公示语翻译工作的不完善带给读者更多的麻烦,或产生不良的交际效果。例如,我们通常将大型商场中的收银台译为Cashier,与前两处误用相比,译文没有语言表达的错误,表明了源语言的信息,实现了功能的对等。然而,在英国的商场中收银台的英文标识通常为please p论文联盟ay here,这里面有一个请字,体现了以人为本服务宗旨的独到之处。使公示语起到人性化信息传递功能和服务功能。又如,游乐场售票窗口会有温馨提示儿童一律购票,其翻译为All the children should buy the Ticket,语气生硬,态度冷漠。如果在ticket prices后面加括号注明 for all ages或是Adults and Children,即可达到说明任何年龄段的游客都应购票的目的,同时语气又十分亲和。又如,爱护绿化,严禁践踏有的地方将本句译成Protect the environment and keep off the grass.翻译虽然忠实原文,却词不达意,虽然传递中文意思却语气生硬,所以,我们最好译成Keep off the grass. 使句子言简意赅。
三、英文与汉语拼音混用
随着城市国际化步伐加快,公示语汉英翻译受到公众的足够重视。尽管如此,还是出现了令公众困惑的公示语,即汉语拼音与英文混用。城市的每条街、路都有具体的名称,如,和平街,我们总会看到在其附近的道路公示语标牌
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出现不同版本的译文,像 HEPING STREET, HEPING AVENUE或HEPING JIE。再如,中国的高铁火车票也同样出现了英文与汉语拼音的混用。如,G13次列车从北京南开往南京南,车票英文译文为 BEijingSouthNanjingnan。South的汉语含义为南方、南部,而同样表达南京南时却用到了中国汉字南的汉语拼音。此类问题一定会给外国友人带来困扰。目前,类似的英文公示语错误现象普遍存在,急需国家出台相
关的法律法规统一翻译标准,给从事公示语翻译工作者作出指导。因此,更应该以严谨的态度来对待公示语的翻译与译文的统一,以免造成误解。
四、其他方面
公示语英译中多数的错误还是英文单词的拼写错误,虽然多数误拼能得到公众
理解,但也难免带来困惑。译文中缺少字母比较常见,如,No moking (No Smoking) 和car parkng (Car Parking) 这样的公示语等。其次,冠词的误用也较为常见,例
如总服务台The general service counter的译文中多加了定冠词the,安全出口
An emergency exit应去掉不定冠词an。
公示语是应用文体, 翻译须以读者为本, 符合英语表达习惯和思维方式, 真正
达到对外交流和宣传的效果。街头路牌、商店招牌、宣传语、警示语、旅游简介等, 因受时间和空间限制, 不便于详读,通常以简单明确为主。此外, 公示语英译时,其作用是对外宣传翻译,不能简单地对号入座,而是要根据汉英两种语言之间的差异性, 对译文进行改写、重写、调整、梳理、深加工甚至再创作,才能使译文符合英语表
达习惯,取得预期宣传效果。
公示语汉英翻译是目前国内翻译领域中正待开发并充分发展的又一公共研究性
题目。在对于各种语言的公示语翻译过程中有待更多的英语专业人士及word格式论文
相关工作人员在文化背景,句子结构,语言规范,质量标准等反面继续努力提
高。公示语翻译是一项庞大而琐碎的工程,需要翻译工作者乃至全社会的持续关
注。翻译过程中不仅涉及两种语言,而且还涉及两种社会文化。语言是文化的载体,是具有不同语言文化背景的人互相交际、交流思想、达到相互了解的媒体。〔3〕
公示语汉英翻译时,译者应当在分析公示语汉语文本字面意义的同时认真、准确查
找相对应的英语词汇,以及相关同义词在源语言文化使用中的具体语言环境,才能达到公示语翻译的实际功效。尽量做到重视英汉两种语言文化的融合,使英语公示语
与汉语公示语在同一场合下使用,达到相同的目的。应该对公示语的翻译加以重视,使之规范化,为外国朋友营造一个舒适便利的服务环境,全面打造一个国际化的中国新形象。
[标签:标题] 篇一：2015汉译英句子翻译(包括参考译文) 2015年汉译英综合练习 1. 她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。 This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round. 2. 西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光奇丽。 The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with emerald hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty. 3. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。 But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 4. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地地受到关怀和照顾。 From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 5. 袭人道：“一百年还记得呢！比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”“I’ll remember it if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma. “I am not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.” 6. 要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be made. 7. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me? 8. 只有在我过于劳累，在我长时间无间断地工作，在我感到内心空虚，需要补充精神营养 的时候，我才感到寂寞。 I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. 9. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。 The successful explosion of the first atomic bomb in China caused great repercussions all over the world. 10. 我们应该实行国民经济信息化和科研成果产业化。 We should build an information-based national economy and apply scientific research achievements to industrial production. 11. 你说的倒轻巧，你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 You talk as if it were very simple. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too? 12. 中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。 China should show the world through actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 13. 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。 Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, visited 16 provinces in his lifetime, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. 14. 阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！ Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!”
Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。
汉译英 1.广场舞是社区中老年居民以健身、社交等为目的在广场、公园等开敞的地方进行的健身操或舞蹈，通常以高分贝的音乐伴奏。广场舞在中国大陆无论南北皆十分普遍。对于广场舞的确切认识，社会学界及体育界目前均未达成共识。广场舞的高分贝音乐常常造成噪音滋扰，因此许多居民反对在小区中跳广场舞。 The square dancing is a bodybuilding exercise or dance performed in wide and open places such as squares and parks among the middle-aged and old residents in communities, with the purpose of bodybuilding, socializing and so on, generally accompanied with high-pitched music. The square dancing is very popular all over mainland China, whether in the north or in the south. Neither the sociological circle nor the sports circle has currently reached a consensus on the exact perception of the square dancing. The high-pitched music of the square dancing often causes noisy disruption, and therefore many residents are opposed to the square dancing in communities. 2.故宫，又称紫禁城，是明、清两代的皇宫，二十四位皇帝在此生活起居和处理政务。它是世界现存最大、最完整的木质结构的古建筑群(architectural complex)。宫殿墙壁的色调以红色和黄色为主,红色代表快乐、好运和财富，而黄色代表帝王的神圣和尊贵。近十几年来，故宫平均每年接待中外游客600-800万人次，随着旅游业的繁荣，游客人数有增无减，可见人们对故宫的兴趣长盛不衰。 The Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, was the palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties where 24 emperors lived and handled government affairs. It is the largest and most complete existing ancient wooden architectural complex in the world. The palace wall was painted mainly in red and yellow. Red represents happiness, luck and fortune while yellow symbolizes imperial holiness and dignity. In recent decades, the Imperial Palace is visited annually by six to eight million tourists at home and abroad. Moreover, with flourishing tourism industry, the number of tourists keeps increasing. It shows people’s everlasting and unfading interest in the Imperial Palace. 3.《新闻联播》是中国中央电视台（CCTV）每日播出的一个新闻节目。节目每次播出时长一般为30分钟。它被中国大陆大多数地方频道同时转播，这使得它成为世界上收看人数最多的节目之一。自从1978年1月1日首次播出以来，它就以客观、生动、丰富的纪实手段记录着中华大地每一天的变化。作为中国官方新闻资讯类节目，《新闻联播》以沉稳、庄重的风格著称。 Xinwen Lianbo is a news program broadcast by China Central Television (CCTV) every day. It generally takes 30 minutes every time to broadcast the program. It is relayed simultaneously by most local television channels in the mainland of China, which makes it one of the world’s most-watched programs. Since it was first broadcast on January 1st, 1978, it has been recording the changes of every day throughout China by documentary means that is objective, vivid and rich. As the Chinese official news information program, Xinwen Lianbo is well-known for its
之前总结过英汉翻译宏观上的句法差异主要有10点： 1.英语重结构，汉语重语义。 2.英语多长句，汉语多短句。 3.英语多从句，汉语多分句。 4.英语多静态，汉语多动态。英语多物称，汉语多人称。 5.英语多被动，汉语多主动。 6.英语多变化，汉语多重复。 7.英语多抽象，汉语多具体。 8.英语多引申，汉语多推理。 9.英语多省略，汉语多补充。 10.英语多前重，汉语多后重。 英语中被动语态 （1）为了强调接受动作的人或事物的重要性 ?我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝十月一日的国庆节。 ?National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on Oct. 1 by the Chinese people of all nationalities every year. （2）便于上下文的连贯、衔接。 ?他出现在台上，观众给与热烈鼓掌。 ?He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. （3）为了使措辞得当、语气委婉 ?来宾请出示入场券。
?Visitors are requested to show their tickets. Assignment 7 Passive vs. Active As we have mentioned in the previous units, the passive voice is extensively used in English, while Chinese sentences are usually active. 有些含有被动语体的习惯用语需要记忆：it is admitted that, it is asserted that, it is believed that, it is claimed that, it is felt that, it is found out that , it is asserted that, it is noticed that, it is pointed out that, it is regarded that , it is stressed that, it is suggested that, It is thought that. (人们承认，有人主张，有人相信，有人认为，人们发现，大家知道，人们注意到，有人指出，人们认为，有人会说，有人强调，有人建议，有人认为，人们曾说．．．) Exercise: 英语多被动（正式文体的要求），汉语多主动。 1.他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。 I was surprised that he is ready to give me a job. 2. 很抱歉，因为雨太大，参观博物馆得推迟到明天了。 ?I’m sorry to say the visit to the museum has to be put off till tomorrow because of the heavy rain 3.采取一国两制适合中国国情, 并非权宜之计。 One country, two systems which is taken is suitable for China's national conditions, not shake-up.
B5M1(句子翻译) 1.It_doesn’t_matter_whether you will attend the party or not. 你来不来参加派对并不重要。 2.Many students are hot on playing computer games, while Wang Chen likes playing Weiqi. 许多学生热衷于电脑游戏，而王琛却喜欢下围棋。 .They have a lot in common and get along well with each other. 3.他们有很多相同之处，相处得很融洽。 .They are twin sisters, yet they have_little_in_common in their hobbies. 4.她们是孪生姐妹，但是她们的业余爱好几乎没有相同之处。 .In_common_with other companies, they advertise widely as well. 5.和其他公司一样，他们也广泛地做广告。 .One false step will make a great difference. 6.失之毫厘，谬以千里。 .The twins look so similar that you can hardly tell_the_difference_between them. 7.这对双胞胎看起来太像了，你简直无法把他们区分开来。 .It might be obvious to you, but it isn’t to me. 8.这对你来说也许很容易理解，但对我却并非如此。 .It_is_obvious_that the two Englishes have much in common. 9.很显然，这两种英语有很多共同之处。 .Obviously (obvious), American spelling is simpler than British spelling. 10很显然，美式拼写要比英式拼写简单。
汉英语篇翻译练习答案： 1．Retirement Attitudes toward retirement vary from person to person. Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed. Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap, they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provide. Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives. Tired out after all exhaus ting life revolving around work, they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved. As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion, they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream, such as writing, painting, growing flowers and traveling around. On the whole, female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers. Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man. 2. Good-bye, My Ill-fated Motherland! The moment I set foot on the deck of the ship, there began my temporary separation from Chinese oil and a feeling of parting sorrow welled up in my heart. At sailing time, I stood on deck watching the ship receding slowly from the bank until I was out of sight of the towering waterfront buildings and the foreign warships on the Huangpu River. Thereupon I turned round with hot tears in my eyes, murmuri ng, “Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland!” Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! I own what I am to the upbringing you have given me during the past 22 years. I have spent every day of my life in your warm bosom and under your loving care. Y ou have given me joy and sorrow as well as food and clothing. This is where my close relatives were born and brought up and where I have friends here and there. Y ou gave me a wide variety of happiness in my early childhood, but you have also been the source of my sorrow ever since I began to understand things. Here I have witnessed all sorts of human tragedy. Here I have come to know the times we live in. Here I have undergone untold sufferings. I have been struggling, fighting and, time and again, found myself on the brink of destruction and covered all over with cuts and bruises. I have laid to rest, with tears and sighs, some of my close relatives—relatives victimized by old feudal ethnics. Here, besides beautiful mountains and rivers and fertile farmland, we have ghastly prisons and execution grounds as well. Here bad people hold sway while good people suffer and justice is trodden down underfoot. Here people have to wage a savage struggle in order to win freedom. Here man eats man. O the numerous terrible scenes! O the numerous sad memories! O the grand Y ellow River! O the mysterious Y angtze River! Where on earth are your glories of the past? O my native land! O my people! How can I have the heart to leave you! Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! Much as I hate you, I’ve got to love you as ever. （选自《英语世界》2004年第三期，张培基译）
汉译英的几种常用技巧（一）常用的翻译技巧1. 增译2. 减译（省译）3. 重复 4. 转译 5. 语序（词序/句序）调整（倒置） 6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换 1.增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达 方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。 这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。 英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思完整。 总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。 1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到
2.Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 3.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。 4.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。 5. 没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 6. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 7. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 8. 班门弄斧 Showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 9. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。
汉译英三步骤： 1.理解原文 包括原文逐字逐句的理解、对原文整体思想、观点和态度的理解，也包括对原文句子之 间和各部分之间相互关系的理解。 2.英语表达 在正确理解原文的基础上进行的，不是一对一的死译，而是在理解原文的基础上用相应 的英语结构、词汇和表达习惯准确的表达原文的意思。 3.核对检查 认真阅读自己的译文，要用挑错的眼光来检查译文是否正确表达了原文的意思，是否有 漏译、错译，译文语法如时态、语态、单复数形式和拼写上是否有错误。 汉译英翻译技巧： 1.选择恰当的英语词汇 有些英语词汇不仅有字面意思，还有内含意思。 e.g.“国家”：country, nation, state, land 分别内涵：疆土、人民、政府、感情 有些英语词汇本身含有贬义或一些委婉的意思，运用时要特别注意。 e.g.“宣传”publicize, propaganda （带贬义） 汉译英选词原则： （1）选适合上下文的词汇 e.g.“观众”：audience,viewer, spectator 分别表示：听音乐会或看戏的观众、电视观众、看体育表演的观众 “条件”不同情况下应用不同的英语词表达： 工作条件：working condition 有利的条件：favorable situation 录取条件：admission requirement 付款条件：terms of payment 词汇选择首先要忠于原文的意思。 e.g.近年来由于就业问题日益严重，有些人建议让没有工作的未婚妇女来替换那些 家务繁重的女工。 “就业问题”：employment problem, unemployment problem（找不到工作就业已 成问题，即失业问题） “没有工作的妇女”: women without jobs, women hunting for jobs（没有工作又 需要找工作的妇女，不需找工作的并不包括在内） （2）要注意词的广义、狭义、具体的意思和抽象意思的不同 e.g. ①他讲的笑话逗得我们都笑了。 ②他讲的话使我们大家都笑了。 ①His joke made us laugh. ②What he said make us laugh. We all smile at what he said. （3）选词时不要望文生义，不要死译，要考虑与汉语对应的英语词汇真正的意思。 e.g.①他们的好奇心得到了满足。
1. 她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) 2. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) 3. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？(account for) 4. 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。(due to) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 6. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。(pour into) Unit2 1. 尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) 2. 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) 3. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) 4. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) 5. 经理需要一个可以信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。(count on) 6. 这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.) Unit3 1. 你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。(never too... to...) 2. 还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。(Use an appositional structure) 3. 由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。(meet with) 4. 虽然他历经沉浮，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。(ups and downs; all along) 5. 我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。(have reservations about) 6. 她长得并不特别高，但是她身材瘦，给人一种个子高的错觉。(give an illusion of) Unit4 1. 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？(Use "it" as the formal subject) 2. 不管黑猫白猫，能抓住老鼠就是好猫。(as long as) 3. 你必须明天上午十点之前把那笔钱还给我。(without fail) 4. 请允许我参加这个项目，我对这个项目非常感兴趣。(more than + adjective) 5. 人人都知道他比较特殊：他来去随意。(be free to do sth.) 6. 看她脸上不悦的神色，我觉得她似乎有什么话想跟我说。(feel as though) Unit5 1. 他说话很自信，给我留下了很深的印象。(Use "which" to refer back to an idea or situation) 2. 我父亲太爱忘事，总是在找钥匙。(Use "so... that..." to emphasize the degree of something) 3. 我十分感激你给我的帮助。(be grateful for) 4. 光线不足，加上地面潮湿，使得驾驶十分困难。(coupled with) 5. 由于缺乏资金，他们不得不取消了创业计划。(starve of) 6. 每当有了麻烦，他们总是依靠我们。(lean on) Unit6 1. 就像机器需要经常运转一样，身体也需要经常锻炼。(as... so...) 2. 在美国学习时，他学会了弹钢琴。(while + V-ing) 3. 令我们失望的是，他拒绝了我们的邀请。(turn down) 4. 真实情况是，不管是好是坏，随着新科技的进步，世界发生了变化。(for better or worse) 5. 我班里的大多数女生在被要求回答问题时都似乎感到不自在。(ill at ease) 6. 当地政府负责运动会的安全。(take charge of)Unit7
一、翻译下列句子，注意选词： 1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。 2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。 3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。 4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。 5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。 6.湖区水位提高可能要危及竹子的生长。这意味着以竹子为食物的大熊猫也将 受到威胁。 参考译文： 1.Why do people support us? Because our economy has been developing. 2.The sea level is rising little by little in the consequence of global warming. 3.Reforms and the open policy have also emancipated the minds of the people. 4.We need to be enhancing international competitiveness. 5.China’s modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations. 6.Higher water levels in the lake area may endanger the growing of bamboos, which means giant pandas that feed on these plants will suffer, too. 二、物称与人称（翻译下列句子，注意运用物称表达法） 我想到希望，忽然害怕起来了。 他气得话也说不出来。 我一时想不起他的名字。 我疏忽了这个问题。 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 走过草地几步，我们就到了一个华丽的大酒店。 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。 一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。 参考译文： The access of hope made me suddenly afraid. Anger choked his words. His name escaped me for the moment. This point slipped my attention. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel.
B5M1(句子翻译) 1.It_doesn’t_matter_whether you will attend the party or not. 你来不来参加派对并不重要。 2.Many students are hot on playing computer games, while Wang Chen likes playing Weiqi. 许多学生热衷于电脑游戏，而王琛却喜欢下围棋。 .They have a lot in common and get along well with each other. 3.他们有很多相同之处，相处得很融洽。 .They are twin sisters, yet they have_little_in_common in their hobbies. 4.她们是孪生姐妹，但是她们的业余爱好几乎没有相同之处。 .In_common_with other companies, they advertise widely as well. 5.和其他公司一样，他们也广泛地做广告。 .One false step will make a great difference. 6.失之毫厘，谬以千里。 .The twins look so similar that you can hardly tell_the_difference_between them. 7.这对双胞胎看起来太像了，你简直无法把他们区分开来。 .It might be obvious to you, but it isn’t to me. 8.这对你来说也许很容易理解，但对我却并非如此。 .It_is_obvious_that the two Englishes have much in common. 9.很显然，这两种英语有很多共同之处。 .Obviously (obvious), American spelling is simpler than British spelling. 10很显然，美式拼写要比英式拼写简单。 .Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news gets around quickly. 11.好事不出门，坏事传千里。 .It’s time I got down to some serious work. 12.我该认真干点正事了。 .I tried ringing you several times yesterday but I couldn’t get through. 13.昨天我试着给你打过几次电话，但是没有打通。 .A man in confusion (confuse) cannot focus on the required work. 14.思绪混乱的人不可能集中精力做他被要求做的工作。 ③The confused look on his face suggested that he was confused about the confusing questions asked by his parents.(confuse) 15.他脸上迷惑的表情表明他对父母问的那些令人迷惑的问题感到困惑。 They confused me by asking so many confusing questions. I was totally confused, standing there in confusion, not knowing what to do.
1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls （环礁）. 在那里，由于地心引力的剧烈干扰，一道道山脉，一座座火山升出水面。千百年来，微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡，形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多，那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人，于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方，河水漫出河床，宽达数英里。洪水切断了村与村之间的联系，迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起，困缩在一块块狭小的陆地上动弹不得。 6. The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and pond, on the hill and in the valley. 雪，在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上，撒在田野里，撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。 7. When his door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.