Knowledge base for automatic generation of online IMS LD compliant course structures

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国际自动化与计算杂志.英文版.

国际自动化与计算杂志.英文版.1.Improved Exponential Stability Criteria for Uncertain Neutral System with Nonlinear Parameter PerturbationsFang Qiu，Ban-Tong Cui2.Robust Active Suspension Design Subject to Vehicle Inertial Parameter VariationsHai-Ping Du，Nong Zhang3.Delay-dependent Non-fragile H∞ Filtering for Uncertain Fuzzy Systems Based on Switching Fuzzy Model and Piecewise Lyapunov FunctionZhi-Le Xia，Jun-Min Li，Jiang-Rong Li4.Observer-based Adaptive Iterative Learning Control for Nonlinear Systems with Time-varying DelaysWei-Sheng Chen，Rui-Hong Li，Jing Li5.H∞ Output Feedback Control for Stochastic Systems with Mode-dependent Time-varying Delays and Markovian Jump ParametersXu-Dong Zhao，Qing-Shuang Zeng6.Delay and Its Time-derivative Dependent Robust Stability of Uncertain Neutral Systems with Saturating ActuatorsFatima El Haoussi，El Houssaine Tissir7.Parallel Fuzzy P+Fuzzy I+Fuzzy D Controller:Design and Performance EvaluationVineet Kumar，A.P.Mittal8.Observers for Descriptor Systems with Slope-restricted NonlinearitiesLin-Na Zhou，Chun-Yu Yang，Qing-Ling Zhang9.Parameterized Solution to a Class of Sylvester MatrixEquationsYu-Peng Qiao，Hong-Sheng Qi，Dai-Zhan Cheng10.Indirect Adaptive Fuzzy and Impulsive Control of Nonlinear SystemsHai-Bo Jiang11.Robust Fuzzy Tracking Control for Nonlinear Networked Control Systems with Integral Quadratic ConstraintsZhi-Sheng Chen，Yong He，Min Wu12.A Power-and Coverage-aware Clustering Scheme for Wireless Sensor NetworksLiang Xue，Xin-Ping Guan，Zhi-Xin Liu，Qing-Chao Zheng13.Guaranteed Cost Active Fault-tolerant Control of Networked Control System with Packet Dropout and Transmission DelayXiao-Yuan Luo，Mei-Jie Shang，Cai-Lian Chen，Xin-Ping Guanparison of Two Novel MRAS Based Strategies for Identifying Parameters in Permanent Magnet Synchronous MotorsKan Liu，Qiao Zhang，Zi-Qiang Zhu，Jing Zhang，An-Wen Shen，Paul Stewart15.Modeling and Analysis of Scheduling for Distributed Real-time Embedded SystemsHai-Tao Zhang，Gui-Fang Wu16.Passive Steganalysis Based on Higher Order Image Statistics of Curvelet TransformS.Geetha，Siva S.Sivatha Sindhu，N.Kamaraj17.Movement Invariants-based Algorithm for Medical Image Tilt CorrectionMei-Sen Pan，Jing-Tian Tang，Xiao-Li Yang18.Target Tracking and Obstacle Avoidance for Multi-agent SystemsJing Yan，Xin-Ping Guan，Fu-Xiao Tan19.Automatic Generation of Optimally Rigid Formations Using Decentralized MethodsRui Ren，Yu-Yan Zhang，Xiao-Yuan Luo，Shao-Bao Li20.Semi-blind Adaptive Beamforming for High-throughput Quadrature Amplitude Modulation SystemsSheng Chen，Wang Yao，Lajos Hanzo21.Throughput Analysis of IEEE 802.11 Multirate WLANs with Collision Aware Rate Adaptation AlgorithmDhanasekaran Senthilkumar，A. Krishnan22.Innovative Product Design Based on Customer Requirement Weight Calculation ModelChen-Guang Guo，Yong-Xian Liu，Shou-Ming Hou，Wei Wang23.A Service Composition Approach Based on Sequence Mining for Migrating E-learning Legacy System to SOAZhuo Zhang，Dong-Dai Zhou，Hong-Ji Yang，Shao-Chun Zhong24.Modeling of Agile Intelligent Manufacturing-oriented Production Scheduling SystemZhong-Qi Sheng，Chang-Ping Tang，Ci-Xing Lv25.Estimation of Reliability and Cost Relationship for Architecture-based SoftwareHui Guan，Wei-Ru Chen，Ning Huang，Hong-Ji Yang1.A Computer-aided Design System for Framed-mould in Autoclave ProcessingTian-Guo Jin，Feng-Yang Bi2.Wear State Recognition of Drills Based on K-means Cluster and Radial Basis Function Neural NetworkXu Yang3.The Knee Joint Design and Control of Above-knee Intelligent Bionic Leg Based on Magneto-rheological DamperHua-Long Xie，Ze-Zhong Liang，Fei Li，Li-Xin Guo4.Modeling of Pneumatic Muscle with Shape Memory Alloy and Braided SleeveBin-Rui Wang，Ying-Lian Jin，Dong Wei5.Extended Object Model for Product Configuration DesignZhi-Wei Xu，Ze-Zhong Liang，Zhong-Qi Sheng6.Analysis of Sheet Metal Extrusion Process Using Finite Element MethodXin-Cun Zhuang，Hua Xiang，Zhen Zhao7.Implementation of Enterprises' Interoperation Based on OntologyXiao-Feng Di，Yu-Shun Fan8.Path Planning Approach in Unknown EnvironmentTing-Kai Wang，Quan Dang，Pei-Yuan Pan9.Sliding Mode Variable Structure Control for Visual Servoing SystemFei Li，Hua-Long Xie10.Correlation of Direct Piezoelectric Effect on EAPap under Ambient FactorsLi-Jie Zhao，Chang-Ping Tang，Peng Gong11.XML-based Data Processing in Network Supported Collaborative DesignQi Wang，Zhong-Wei Ren，Zhong-Feng Guo12.Production Management Modelling Based on MASLi He，Zheng-Hao Wang，Ke-Long Zhang13.Experimental Tests of Autonomous Ground Vehicles with PreviewCunjia Liu，Wen-Hua Chen，John Andrews14.Modelling and Remote Control of an ExcavatorYang Liu，Mohammad Shahidul Hasan，Hong-Nian Yu15.TOPSIS with Belief Structure for Group Belief Multiple Criteria Decision MakingJiang Jiang，Ying-Wu Chen，Da-Wei Tang，Yu-Wang Chen16.Video Analysis Based on Volumetric Event DetectionJing Wang，Zhi-Jie Xu17.Improving Decision Tree Performance by Exception HandlingAppavu Alias Balamurugan Subramanian，S.Pramala，B.Rajalakshmi，Ramasamy Rajaram18.Robustness Analysis of Discrete-time Indirect Model Reference Adaptive Control with Normalized Adaptive LawsQing-Zheng Gao，Xue-Jun Xie19.A Novel Lifecycle Model for Web-based Application Development in Small and Medium EnterprisesWei Huang，Ru Li，Carsten Maple，Hong-Ji Yang，David Foskett，Vince Cleaver20.Design of a Two-dimensional Recursive Filter Using the Bees AlgorithmD. T. Pham，Ebubekir Ko(c)21.Designing Genetic Regulatory Networks Using Fuzzy Petri Nets ApproachRaed I. Hamed，Syed I. Ahson，Rafat Parveen1.State of the Art and Emerging Trends in Operations and Maintenance of Offshore Oil and Gas Production Facilities: Some Experiences and ObservationsJayantha P.Liyanage2.Statistical Safety Analysis of Maintenance Management Process of Excavator UnitsLjubisa Papic，Milorad Pantelic，Joseph Aronov，Ajit Kumar Verma3.Improving Energy and Power Efficiency Using NComputing and Approaches for Predicting Reliability of Complex Computing SystemsHoang Pham，Hoang Pham Jr.4.Running Temperature and Mechanical Stability of Grease as Maintenance Parameters of Railway BearingsJan Lundberg，Aditya Parida，Peter S(o)derholm5.Subsea Maintenance Service Delivery: Mapping Factors Influencing Scheduled Service DurationEfosa Emmanuel Uyiomendo，Tore Markeset6.A Systemic Approach to Integrated E-maintenance of Large Engineering PlantsAjit Kumar Verma，A.Srividya，P.G.Ramesh7.Authentication and Access Control in RFID Based Logistics-customs Clearance Service PlatformHui-Fang Deng，Wen Deng，Han Li，Hong-Ji Yang8.Evolutionary Trajectory Planning for an Industrial RobotR.Saravanan，S.Ramabalan，C.Balamurugan，A.Subash9.Improved Exponential Stability Criteria for Recurrent Neural Networks with Time-varying Discrete and Distributed DelaysYuan-Yuan Wu，Tao Li，Yu-Qiang Wu10.An Improved Approach to Delay-dependent Robust Stabilization for Uncertain Singular Time-delay SystemsXin Sun，Qing-Ling Zhang，Chun-Yu Yang，Zhan Su，Yong-Yun Shao11.Robust Stability of Nonlinear Plants with a Non-symmetric Prandtl-Ishlinskii Hysteresis ModelChang-An Jiang，Ming-Cong Deng，Akira Inoue12.Stability Analysis of Discrete-time Systems with Additive Time-varying DelaysXian-Ming Tang，Jin-Shou Yu13.Delay-dependent Stability Analysis for Markovian Jump Systems with Interval Time-varying-delaysXu-Dong Zhao，Qing-Shuang Zeng14.H∞ Synchronization of Chaotic Systems via Delayed Feedback ControlLi Sheng，Hui-Zhong Yang15.Adaptive Fuzzy Observer Backstepping Control for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems with Unknown Time-delayShao-Cheng Tong，Ning Sheng16.Simulation-based Optimal Design of α-β-γ-δ FilterChun-Mu Wu，Paul P.Lin，Zhen-Yu Han，Shu-Rong Li17.Independent Cycle Time Assignment for Min-max SystemsWen-De Chen，Yue-Gang Tao，Hong-Nian Yu1.An Assessment Tool for Land Reuse with Artificial Intelligence MethodDieter D. Genske，Dongbin Huang，Ariane Ruff2.Interpolation of Images Using Discrete Wavelet Transform to Simulate Image Resizing as in Human VisionRohini S. Asamwar，Kishor M. Bhurchandi，Abhay S. Gandhi3.Watermarking of Digital Images in Frequency DomainSami E. I. Baba，Lala Z. Krikor，Thawar Arif，Zyad Shaaban4.An Effective Image Retrieval Mechanism Using Family-based Spatial Consistency Filtration with Object RegionJing Sun，Ying-Jie Xing5.Robust Object Tracking under Appearance Change ConditionsQi-Cong Wang，Yuan-Hao Gong，Chen-Hui Yang，Cui-Hua Li6.A Visual Attention Model for Robot Object TrackingJin-Kui Chu，Rong-Hua Li，Qing-Ying Li，Hong-Qing Wang7.SVM-based Identification and Un-calibrated Visual Servoing for Micro-manipulationXin-Han Huang，Xiang-Jin Zeng，Min Wang8.Action Control of Soccer Robots Based on Simulated Human IntelligenceTie-Jun Li，Gui-Qiang Chen，Gui-Fang Shao9.Emotional Gait Generation for a Humanoid RobotLun Xie，Zhi-Liang Wang，Wei Wang，Guo-Chen Yu10.Cultural Algorithm for Minimization of Binary Decision Diagram and Its Application in Crosstalk Fault DetectionZhong-Liang Pan，Ling Chen，Guang-Zhao Zhang11.A Novel Fuzzy Direct Torque Control System for Three-level Inverter-fed Induction MachineShu-Xi Liu，Ming-Yu Wang，Yu-Guang Chen，Shan Li12.Statistic Learning-based Defect Detection for Twill FabricsLi-Wei Han，De Xu13.Nonsaturation Throughput Enhancement of IEEE 802.11b Distributed Coordination Function for Heterogeneous Traffic under Noisy EnvironmentDhanasekaran Senthilkumar，A. Krishnan14.Structure and Dynamics of Artificial Regulatory Networks Evolved by Segmental Duplication and Divergence ModelXiang-Hong Lin，Tian-Wen Zhang15.Random Fuzzy Chance-constrained Programming Based on Adaptive Chaos Quantum Honey Bee Algorithm and Robustness AnalysisHan Xue，Xun Li，Hong-Xu Ma16.A Bit-level Text Compression Scheme Based on the ACW AlgorithmHussein A1-Bahadili，Shakir M. Hussain17.A Note on an Economic Lot-sizing Problem with Perishable Inventory and Economies of Scale Costs:Approximation Solutions and Worst Case AnalysisQing-Guo Bai，Yu-Zhong Zhang，Guang-Long Dong1.Virtual Reality: A State-of-the-Art SurveyNing-Ning Zhou，Yu-Long Deng2.Real-time Virtual Environment Signal Extraction and DenoisingUsing Programmable Graphics HardwareYang Su，Zhi-Jie Xu，Xiang-Qian Jiang3.Effective Virtual Reality Based Building Navigation Using Dynamic Loading and Path OptimizationQing-Jin Peng，Xiu-Mei Kang，Ting-Ting Zhao4.The Skin Deformation of a 3D Virtual HumanXiao-Jing Zhou，Zheng-Xu Zhao5.Technology for Simulating Crowd Evacuation BehaviorsWen-Hu Qin，Guo-Hui Su，Xiao-Na Li6.Research on Modelling Digital Paper-cut PreservationXiao-Fen Wang，Ying-Rui Liu，Wen-Sheng Zhang7.On Problems of Multicomponent System Maintenance ModellingTomasz Nowakowski，Sylwia Werbinka8.Soft Sensing Modelling Based on Optimal Selection of Secondary Variables and Its ApplicationQi Li，Cheng Shao9.Adaptive Fuzzy Dynamic Surface Control for Uncertain Nonlinear SystemsXiao-Yuan Luo，Zhi-Hao Zhu，Xin-Ping Guan10.Output Feedback for Stochastic Nonlinear Systems with Unmeasurable Inverse DynamicsXin Yu，Na Duan11.Kalman Filtering with Partial Markovian Packet LossesBao-Feng Wang，Ge Guo12.A Modified Projection Method for Linear FeasibilityProblemsYi-Ju Wang，Hong-Yu Zhang13.A Neuro-genetic Based Short-term Forecasting Framework for Network Intrusion Prediction SystemSiva S. Sivatha Sindhu，S. Geetha，M. Marikannan，A. Kannan14.New Delay-dependent Global Asymptotic Stability Condition for Hopfield Neural Networks with Time-varying DelaysGuang-Deng Zong，Jia Liu hHTTp://15.Crosscumulants Based Approaches for the Structure Identification of Volterra ModelsHouda Mathlouthi，Kamel Abederrahim，Faouzi Msahli，Gerard Favier1.Coalition Formation in Weighted Simple-majority Games under Proportional Payoff Allocation RulesZhi-Gang Cao，Xiao-Guang Yang2.Stability Analysis for Recurrent Neural Networks with Time-varying DelayYuan-Yuan Wu，Yu-Qiang Wu3.A New Type of Solution Method for the Generalized Linear Complementarity Problem over a Polyhedral ConeHong-Chun Sun，Yan-Liang Dong4.An Improved Control Algorithm for High-order Nonlinear Systems with Unmodelled DynamicsNa Duan，Fu-Nian Hu，Xin Yu5.Controller Design of High Order Nonholonomic System with Nonlinear DriftsXiu-Yun Zheng，Yu-Qiang Wu6.Directional Filter for SAR Images Based on NonsubsampledContourlet Transform and Immune Clonal SelectionXiao-Hui Yang，Li-Cheng Jiao，Deng-Feng Li7.Text Extraction and Enhancement of Binary Images Using Cellular AutomataG. Sahoo，Tapas Kumar，B.L. Rains，C.M. Bhatia8.GH2 Control for Uncertain Discrete-time-delay Fuzzy Systems Based on a Switching Fuzzy Model and Piecewise Lyapunov FunctionZhi-Le Xia，Jun-Min Li9.A New Energy Optimal Control Scheme for a Separately Excited DC Motor Based Incremental Motion DriveMilan A.Sheta，Vivek Agarwal，Paluri S.V.Nataraj10.Nonlinear Backstepping Ship Course ControllerAnna Witkowska，Roman Smierzchalski11.A New Method of Embedded Fourth Order with Four Stages to Study Raster CNN SimulationR. Ponalagusamy，S. Senthilkumar12.A Minimum-energy Path-preserving Topology Control Algorithm for Wireless Sensor NetworksJin-Zhao Lin，Xian Zhou，Yun Li13.Synchronization and Exponential Estimates of Complex Networks with Mixed Time-varying Coupling DelaysYang Dai，YunZe Cai，Xiao-Ming Xu14.Step-coordination Algorithm of Traffic Control Based on Multi-agent SystemHai-Tao Zhang，Fang Yu，Wen Li15.A Research of the Employment Problem on Common Job-seekersand GraduatesBai-Da Qu。

Essential knowledge for electronic engineers

Essential knowledge of electronic engineers (1)Operational amplifiers are widely used in analog and digital circuits with simple peripheral components. There are several models of op amps, and there are several differences in detailed performance parameters, but the principle is the same as the application method.An op amp typically has two inputs, a positive input and an inverted input, and one and only one output. In addition to two inputs and one output, some op amps have several performance-compensating pins.The resistance of the photoresistor changes significantly as the intensity of the light changes. Therefore, it can be used to make smart curtains, street light automatic switches, camera shutter time auto adjusters, and the like.A reed switch is an electronic component that can control the on and off of a circuit by a magnetic field. The inside of the reed pipe is composed of a soft magnetic metal reed. In the case of a magnetic field, the metal reed can gather magnetic lines of force and be subjected to a force to achieve the function of turning on or off.Essential knowledge of electronic engineers (2)The role of the capacitor is in three words: "charge and discharge." Do not underestimate these three words, because these three words, the capacitor can pass the alternating current, cut off the direct current; pass the high-frequency alternating current, hinder the low-frequency alternating current.If the function of the capacitor is in eight words, it is: "Blocking through, the high impedance is low." These eight words are based on the words "charge and discharge", do not understand it does not matter, first memorize hard .The filter capacitor can be selected according to the output current of the DC power supply and the power requirement of the latter stage (circuit or product). Generally, it is suitable for each 1 amp current corresponding to 1000UF-4700UF.Essential knowledge of electronic engineers (3)The role of the inductor is in four words: "Electromagnetic conversion." Do not underestimate these four words, because these four words, the inductor can block the AC, through the DC; through the low-frequency AC, hinder the high-frequency AC. The function of the inductor is then used in eight words: "The traffic is straight, the low impedance is high." These eight words are based on the word "electromagnetic conversion".The inductor is the dead end of the capacitor. In addition, the inductor has such a characteristic that the current and the magnetic field must exist at the same time. When the current is to disappear, the magnetic field will disappear; the magnetic field will disappear, the current will disappear; the magnetic field will change in the north and south, and the positive and negative currents will also change.The current and magnetic field inside the inductor have been "playing civil war". The current wants to change, and the magnetic field does not change. The magnetic field wants to change, and the current does not change. However, due to external factors, both current and magnetic fields may have to change. Adding voltage to the inductor coil, the current wants to increase from zero, but the magnetic field will oppose, so the current has to be gradually increased; the voltage is removed from the inductor, the current wants to change from large to zero, but the magnetic field has to be opposed, but the current loop No, the current has been forced to zero, the magnetic field will be angry, and immediately generate a very high voltage across the inductor inan attempt to generate current and maintain the current. This voltage is very high and can even damage electronic components, which is the self-inductance of the coil.Adding a varying magnetic field to an inductor coil produces a current as long as the coil has a closed loop. If there is no loop, a voltage is generated across the coil. The purpose of generating voltage is to attempt to generate current. When two or more coils share a single core (the action of the concentrated magnetic lines of force) or share a magnetic field, the current and the magnetic field between the coils interact with each other, which is the mutual inductance of the current.As you can see, the inductor is actually a wire, and the resistance of the inductor to DC is small, even negligible. The inductor exhibits a large electrical resistance to the alternating current.The series and parallel connection of the inductor is very complicated, because the inductor is actually a wire distributed in a certain position, so the series and parallel connection of the inductor are also related to the position of the inductor (mainly related to the interaction of the magnetic field), if not Considering the effects of magnetic field, distributed capacitance, and wire resistance (Q value), it is equivalent to the series and parallel effects of the resistor.The higher the frequency of the alternating current, the greater the hindrance of the inductance. The lower the frequency of the alternating current, the smaller the hindrance of the inductance. When the inductor and the fully charged capacitor are connected in parallel, the capacitor discharge will give the inductor, the inductor will generate a magnetic field, the magnetic field will maintain the current, and the current will reversely charge the capacitor. After the reverse charging, it will discharge again and again. If there is no loss, Or it can supplement this loss in time, and it will produce stable oscillation.Essential knowledge for electronic engineers (4)Coupling is the meaning of transmitting signals. Photocouplers are naturally used to complete the transmission of electrical signals. Generally, there is an electronic component that has a light-emitting portion and a receiving portion that are integrated and fabricated. Usually four active pins (ie, four pins are active in the circuit) are a group.Optocouplers have the advantage of being able to easily isolate the power supply and are most commonly used in primary and secondary isolation of utility power switching power supplies. In addition, there are many applications in computer peripheral communication, and multiple sets of photocouplers (minimum four pins per group) can be integrated in one component. Piezoelectric ceramic sheets can perform excellent vibration detectors. They are electro-acoustic devices that can hear sound when an audio voltage is applied. When subjected to vibration (mechanical deformation), a weak voltage can be induced.When welding, properly adjust the welded part, soldering iron tip, solder wire (with flux), make the three points in one, fully contact, when the soldering place has the proper solder and flux, the solder wire should be removed. . The welding process is usually suitable for 2-3 seconds. Flux: Pine perfume is often used as a flux in the factory. Everyone can make amateur homemade, using industrial alcohol (medical alcohol is more expensive, no need) to melt rosin. Keep an eye out: don't overdo it at a time, and the concentration can be flexibly controlled.Essential knowledge of electronic engineers (5)The role and function of the diode is in four words: "unidirectional conduction." Diodes are commonly used for rectification, detection, voltage regulation, clamping, and protection circuits.A rectifier diode is placed in the power supply circuit of the Walkman. When the DC power supplyis connected, no current will be generated and the Walkman will not be damaged.Adding a forward voltage of less than 0.6V to the diode (silicon data), the diode basically does not generate current (there is no more current in the reverse direction), this voltage is called dead zone voltage, threshold voltage, threshold voltage, conduction Voltage, etc.The function and function of the triode is completed by four words: "The resistance is variable." Since the resistance value equivalent to the triode can be changed indefinitely, the triode can be used to design a switching circuit, an amplifying circuit, and an oscillating circuit.The collector current of the triode is equal to the base current multiplied by the amplification factor. When the base current is large enough, the collector current cannot be increased for various reasons. At this time, the collector voltage is already equal to or close to the emitter. The voltage is equivalent to a resistance value of 0 ohms.Convinced that the triode's amplification state is tricky: the emitter junction is positively biased, and the collector junction is reverse biased.The triode is a current controlled device, and the FET is a voltage controlled device. FET performance is excellent, but in discrete components, low supply voltage adaptability is worse than triode.FETs are voltage-controlled devices that are easily damaged by static electricity. Therefore, most of the FETs have protection diodes.The thyristor is actually a high-speed electronic switch with no mechanical contacts. This switch requires a small current to master. This switch has a self-locking function, that is, after the conduction is removed, the current can still be maintained, and once it is turned off, the off state can be maintained.Essential knowledge of electronic engineers (6)The resistors are usually marked with a color circle. The color standard method uses ten colors of brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray, white and black to represent 1234567890 ten Arabic numerals. The two colors of gold and silver represent the magnification of 0.1, 0.01 or 5%, 10 %. The kit comes with a physical sample of color samples and a variety of color ring resistors.A common four-color ring is to read three significant digits, one or two digits represent a significant number, and the third digit represents a magnification. For example: yellow purple gold, the three significant digits are 472, which means that 47 times 102 (or two zeros) is equal to 4700, which is 4.7K ohms; another example: brown black gold, three significant digits are 100, indicating 10 times Let 100 (or add 0 0) equal 10, that is, 10 ohms.In the course of the experiment, if the base of the triode and other pins do not have unidirectional conduction characteristics (or the unidirectional conduction characteristics are not obvious), the triode is bad; in addition, even if the unidirectional conduction characteristics are normal, However, it cannot be controlled or unstable by the base. It also indicates that the triode is bad or has poor performance.When the thyristor adds a suitable trigger current to the control electrode, the thyristor can change from the off state to the on state. At this time, we cancel the trigger current of the gate, but the thyristor can still maintain the on state. . If the current flowing through the thyristor begins to become smaller, when less than the ability to maintain conduction, the thyristor is turned off and will not turn on until the next trigger.Essential knowledge of electronic engineers (7)As early as 2,000 years ago, people discovered electrical and magnetic phenomena. China invented Sinan as early as the Warring States Period (475-211 BC). The true understanding and widespread application of electricity and magnetism by humans has only been more than one hundred years old. Under the impetus of the first industrial revolution, many scientists have made in-depth and meticulous research on electrical and magnetic phenomena, and thus made significant progress. It has been found that charged objects repel each other and attract opposite sex, which is similar to magnetic phenomena.In 1785, the French physicist Coulomb put forward the "Coulomb's law" that later generations called on the basis of summing up the understanding of the electromagnetic phenomena of the predecessors, so that the phenomenon of electricity and magnetism was unified.In 1800, the Italian physicist Volt developed a chemical battery and obtained a continuous battery by artificial means, which created the first condition for the study of electrical and magnetic relations.In 1822, on the basis of a lot of work done by the predecessors, the British Faraday proposed the law of electromagnetic induction, which proved that "magnetic" can produce "electricity", which laid the foundation for the principle of generators and motors.In 1837, the American painter Morse designed a more practical telegraph machine that transmitted information by code on the basis of his predecessors. Later, he established the world's first telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore.In 1876, Bell of the United States invented the telephone and realized the earliest analog communication of human beings. On the basis of summing up the work of the predecessors, Maxwell of the United Kingdom proposed a complete "electromagnetic theory", which is represented by four differential equations. This is what later people call "Maxwell's equations." Maxwell concluded that the moving charge can generate electromagnetic radiation, forming an invisible electromagnetic wave that gradually spreads outward. Although he did not propose the term "radio", his electromagnetic theory has already told people that "electricity" can be transmitted "wirelessly".Essential knowledge of electronic engineers (8)For beginners' electronic knowledge, please think of "electricity" as "water" first, "circuit" as "waterway"; then learn some common terminology, and recognize several commonly used electronic components and their functions against physical objects; experiment.Any electronic product is composed of electronic components. Learning electronic technology requires learning electronic components first.The combination of electronic components becomes an electronic circuit, which is also the basic knowledge. With the knowledge of electronic components and electronic circuits, electronic tools will also be used, and you should do more practical product warfare.The best thing that can benefit from learning electronics is self-installed audio and amplifier. Appreciating music itself is a kind of beautiful enjoyment, but it is a new realm to enjoy with its own achievements.It’s easier to learn electronic computers than to learn electronic computers. A friend who knows electronics uses a computer to learn the outside of the computer. A friend who does not know electronics learns from inside the computer.What are the "fields"? A sports field often refers to a range in which people can exercise. An electric field is a range in which electricity generates force. A magnetic field is a range in whichmagnetic force produces force. Others are similar.A conductor that is relatively easy to pass through. Insulator, an object that is hard to pass. There is no obvious limitation between the conductor and the insulator. The conductor and the insulator are relatively opposite to each other with a difference in electrical conductivity.There are a number of objects that exhibit different conductive states under common different physical conditions (temperature, electric field, magnetic field, illumination, doping, etc.). We call these objects semiconductors.With conductors, insulators and semiconductors, we can produce a wide variety of electronic components, and we can easily and easily detect and utilize electrical energy.The switch is actually a shunt and an opener. It is a component whose resistance changes between zero ohms and infinity. This is the same as the effect and principle of the tap switch.At any time, as long as current flows, there must be a closed path. This path is the current loop. Regardless of the internals of the power supply, the current must flow from the positive pole to the negative pole.The power supply is equivalent to a special electronic component that has a closed path to generate current. No conductors and other electronic components are connected in a closed path and no current is generated.There is no current when there is no loop, and there must be a loop when there is current. (AC current does not require a physical path, and vacuum and air can form a current loop.)There is a water difference between the two different water levels, which is the water pressure. If there is a water pipe between the water pressure, the water will flow and the water will be dragged. The thinner the water pipe, the greater the resistance and the smaller the water flow; the higher the water pressure, the greater the water flow. Voltage is the potential difference between two objects, which is the voltage. If there is a conductive path between the voltages, current will be generated in this path. The larger the resistance, the smaller the current; the higher the voltage, the larger the current.Water pressure, water flow, water resistance. The direction of water flow is from high to low (not counting the pump); the analogy of electricity: voltage, current, resistance. The direction of electrical flow is from the positive pole to the negative pole (not counting the power supply). The water level difference between the two water levels is equal to the water pressure; the potential difference between the two electrodes is equal to the voltage. The high water level is equivalent to the positive electrode and the low water level is equivalent to the negative electrode.Essential knowledge for electronic engineers (9)Electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes have two pins. These components must be connected to their pins according to certain rules during use.The triode is equivalent to a resistor whose resistance can be controlled. Then the two legs of the collector and the emitter of the triode are equivalent to one resistor, and the base acts as a control.There are two basic connections for all electronic components. Parallel: The voltage across the parallel circuit is equal. Series: The currents in the series are equal.Parallel and series are the most basic circuit connections. No matter how complicated the circuit can be decomposed into basic parallel and series, all the electronic components also form a current loop because of the parallel connection and the series connection.The resistance of the resistor is smaller and smaller, which is equivalent to the increase of the water pipe, the widening of the passage, and the resistance of the water flow becomes smaller; the resistance of the resistor is larger and larger, which is equivalent to the lengthening of the water pipe, the passage becomes longer, and the resistance of the water flow becomes longer. Big.When measuring the voltage, the voltmeter must be connected in parallel on both ends of the test. The internal resistance of the voltmeter consumes a small current to deflect the pointer.。

标注英语怎么说

标注英语怎么说标注指在跑道上标示距离的牌柱。

那么，你知道标注的英语怎么说吗?标注的英语释义：label标注的英语例句：该文介绍了一种基于笔交互的标注工具,用户可以在电子文档上使用笔进行任意标注。

The paper introduces an annotation tool based on pen interaction.这篇论文的目的在于研究如何充分利用少量的手工标注数据训练得到尽可能精确的语音重音自动标注器。

An efficient and reliable automatic prosody labeler is always desired.标注图标被放置在专用标注注释出现的地方。

The callouts bugs are placed exactly where the special callout comment is situated.增添了地图标图的功能，使用户可以在地图上添加各种标注信息，实现电子地图个个性化显示。

Add the plotting function in the electronic map.开发一种用于标注的系统。

Develop a system for labeling.为幅员辽阔的国家绘制地图，想把每个地区都详细标注是件困难的事。

It is hard to map all the regions of big countries.彩盒上都应该标注所有产品的型号和件数。

All items should have model nos clearly marked on the gift box and the unit.使用标签标注你的信息。

Use labels to mark your messages.总尺寸一般应该标注。

The overall dimension should always appear.而且用图钉在地图上标注跟踪它们的动向。

And he had tracked their movements with pins on maps.有一天是用红色标注的。

自动化常用英文简写-按名称排序

AGC Automatic Generation Control 自动发电控制AMR Automatic Message Recording 自动抄表AMS Alarm Management System报警管理系统APC Advanced Process Control高级过程控制ASS Automatic Synchronized System 自动准同期装置ATS Automatic Transform System 厂用电源快速切换装置AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动电压调节器BCS Burner Control System 燃烧器控制系统BEM Battery Extension Module电源扩展模块BMS Burner Management System 燃烧器管理系统BOG Boil Off Gas气体蒸发C&E Cause and Effect起因和影响CAS Cascade级联CAT5 Category 5 type cable 5类线CCB Central Control Building中心控制大楼CCR Central Control Room中心控制室CCS Coordinated Control System 协调控制系统CCTV Closed Circuit Television闭路电视CIS Consumer Information System 用户信息系统CP Control Panel控制面板CPM DCS Controller (C200)DCS 控制器 (C200)CPU Central Processing Unit中央处理器CRMS Control Room Management System 控制室管理系统CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection载波监听多路访问/冲突检测CV Control Valve控制阀DA Distribution Automation 配电自动化DAS Data Acquisition System 数据采集与处理系统DCS Distributed Control System 分散控制系统DCS Distributed Control System集散控制系统DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制（系统）DEH Digital Electronic Hydraulic Control 数字电液(调节系统)Deutsche工业标准(德国工业标准)DIN Deutsche Industries Norm (German Industrial Standard)DMS Distribution Management System 配电管理系统DP Differential Pressure微分压力DPU Distributed Processing Unit 分布式处理单元DSM Demand Side Management 需求侧管理EEMUA Engineering Equipment and Material Users Association工程设备和材料用户协会EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility电磁兼容性EMS Energy Management System 能量管理系统ESD Emergency Shutdown紧急停车ETS Emergency Trip System 汽轮机紧急跳闸系统EWS Engineering Working Station 工程师工作站EWS Engineering WorkStation工程工作站F&G Fire And Gas火气FA Feeder Automation 馈线自动化FAT Factory Acceptance Test工厂验收测试FB Functional Block功能模块FCS Fieldbus Control System 现场总线控制系统FGS Fire And Gas System火气系统FIM Field Information Management现场信息管理FIR Field Instrument Room现场设备室FSC Shielded twisted pair故障安全控制器FSS Fuel Safety System 燃料安全系统FSSS Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System 炉膛安全监控系统FTA Field Terminal Assembly现场集线端子FTB Field Terminal Block现场模块端子FTE Fault Tolerant Ethernet容错以太网FTEB FTE Bridge Module FTE 网桥模块FTU Feeder Terminal Unit 馈线远方终端GIS Gas Insulated Switchgear 气体绝缘开关设备GPS Global Position System 全球定位系统GPS Global Positioning System全球定位系统GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic玻璃钢HART Highway Addressable Remote Transducer高速可编址远程传感器HCS Hierarchical Control System 分级控制系统HEC Honk Kong Electric香港电气HKCG Hong Kong China Gas中国香港燃气HMI Human Machine Interface人机界面HVAC Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning暖通和空调I/O Input /Output输入/输出IEC International Electro-technical Commission国际电工委员会IOLIM IO Link Interface Module IO 接口模块IOLIM IOs – IO link Interface Module IOs – IO 接口模块IP Ingress Protection入口保护IR Infra-red红外IRP Interposing Relay Panel插入式继电器盘IS Intrinsically Safe本质安全JCR Jetty Control Room码头控制室LAN Local Area Network本地网络LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示屏LCP Local Control Panel 就地控制柜LFAP Local Fire Alarm Panel本地火警面版LNG Liquefied Natural Gas液化天然气LTD Level, Temperature, Density combined measurement of LNG tanks LNG罐的液位，温度，密度综合测量MAC Manual Alarm Call point手动报警点MAN Manual手动MC Marshalling Cabinet集线柜MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker小型回路断路器MCC Motor Control Centre电机控制中心MFAP Main Fire Alarm Panel主火警面版MIS Management Information System信息管理系统MMS Maintenance Management System维护管理系统MOS Maintenance Override Switch维护超控开关MOV Motor Operated Valve电机操作阀MTBF Mean Time Between Failures平均故障间隔时间MTO Material Take Off材料提取MTTR Mean Time To Repair平均修复时间MV Measured Value测量值NG Natural Gas天然气NIS Non Intrinsically Safe非本质安全NPS Nominal Pipe Size标定管道尺寸NTP Net Time Protocol网络时间协议OOS Operational Override Switch可操超控开关OP Output输出OPC Object Linking And Embedding For Process Control基于过程控制的嵌入式对象连接orV Open Rack Vaporizer开架蒸馏器OTS Operator Training Simulator操作员培训模拟器P&ID Process And Instrument Diagram过程和仪表图PCN Plant Control Network工厂控制网络PIN Plant Information Network工厂信息网络PKS Process knowledge system (Honeywell control system)过程知识系统 (Honeywell 控制系统)PLC Programmable Logic Controller可编程逻辑控制器PRT Printer打印机PSU Power Supply Unit电源单元PTFE Polytetrafluoroethane聚四氟乙烯PV Process Value过程阀RM Redundancy Module冗余模块RM Redundancy Module冗余模块RPS Rack Power Supply机架电源RTD Resistance Temperature Detector电阻温度探测器RTIS Real Time Information System实时信息系统RTU Remote Transmission Unit远程传送单元SAT Site Acceptance Test现场验收测试SCADA System of Control And Data Acquisition监视控制与数据采集系统SCV Submerged Combustion Vaporiser水下燃烧蒸馏器SER Sequence Of Event Recorder事件记录序列SIGTTO Society Of International Gas Tanker And Terminal Operators国际液化气船及码头经营人协会SIL Safety Integrity Level安全整合等级SIS Safety Instrumented System安全仪表化系统SP Set Point设置点SS Stainless Steel不锈钢STP Shielded Twisted Pair屏蔽双绞线TC Thermocouple热电偶TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol传输控制协议/网际协议TDAS Tank Data Acquisition System罐数据采集系统TFT Thin Film Technology薄膜技术UCP Unit Control Panel (Packaged Equipment)单元控制面板 (打包设备)UPS Uninterruptable Power Supply不间断电源VAC Volts Alternating Current交流电压VCB Vaccum Control Breaker真空控制断路器VDC Volts – Direct Current直流电压VDU Visual Display Unit视频显示装置VESDA Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus烟尘预报侦测仪VFC Volt Free Contact电压自由触点VSD Variable Speed Drive变速驱动器WAN Wide Area Network广域网。

XO Enterprise SIP 门户快速启动指南说明书

XO Enterprise SIP Portal: Quick Start GuideWelcome! As an XO Enterprise SIP customer, you have access to a full suite of online tools to help you manage your XO services. These capabilities are available to you 24x7 via the XO Business Center, our robust and easy-to-use customer self-service website.XO Business Center NavigationThe top navigation bar takes you to the main functional areas within the Business Center: My Account, Billing, Network Management, Orders, Support, Contact Us, and Help.My AccountThis Overview page displays up to five Billing Locations with the current balance due for each, and five of your most recently submitted support requests and trouble tickets. You can also perform searches to display information on service locations, trouble tickets and telephone numbers/circuit IDs.In the Manage Users section you can create and approve new Business Center users, and view and update the existing users’ status. Go to My Profile section to update your account information or change your password. In the Notification Preferences section you can sign upto receive network outage and proactive maintenance notifications, and billing email alerts and reminders. BillingView current balance due, invoice date, and due datefor each of your accounts. Access and download up to 13 months of account statements and call detail in your choice of PDF, CSV or XML formats. Go Green by signing up for paperless billing. Pay your bills online or set up automatic payments.Network ManagementPreview Repair and Networking activity via convenient dashboards. Create trouble tickets and view/update their status. View and export your XO circuit inventory and active circuit alarms. Access a near-real time interactive map of your active circuit alarms. View and receive network outage and maintenance notifications.OrdersView your orders and their status, learn about the service installation process, export all orders at the account level or location level, get a detailed view of each order andall related orders, access order summaries, and accept/ decline your orders*.*for Enterprise SIP orders onlySupportUse the Message Center tab to access the list of all issues submitted within the last 90 days. Search for and display details of each Network Alert, trouble ticket or billing inquiry by clicking on the reference number. Access the online Knowledge Base for answers to frequently asked questions by clicking on the Help tab.Contact UsSubmit issues to XO Customer Care; initiate trouble tickets and check their status; contact XO Customer Care agents.HelpAccess the online Knowledge Base for answers to frequently asked questions and troubleshooting advice. Search by topic for up-to-date billing, troubleshooting and support information.A B C D EF GDEFGOnline Feature Management (OFM) for Enterprise SIP CustomersOnline Feature Management lets your group administrator easily access and configure services and telephone features on your organization’s phone lines, including:• Place orders to add or disconnect phone numbers• Manage account codes• Configure Automatic Call Routing*• E dit phone number and business name displayed in Caller ID• Set up Call Forwarding and Call Waiting• Manage directory listings• View your consolidated network diagram• View and analyze your session utilization* Not available in configurations where a customer already has failover between two or more IP-PBXs Navigating the OFMThe Location Details page lets you access the tools to manage your XO Enterprise SIP services (Online Feature Management).First, search for the desired service location, branch or phone number by entering the street address, city, or state in the search bar and clicking Find. If multiple locations match the criteria,a list of locations will be displayed. Select the desired location from the list.You can also click on the location address if it’s shown on the list of the Most Viewed Locations below the search bar.Location ProfileDisplays recently viewed locations andnumbers. Allows you to quickly look upprofiles of your service locations, branchesand phone numbers by clicking on theappropriate link.Managing Services at a Branch LocationThe Manage This Location menu on the right displays all feature management options available to perform for this branch location.Placing OrdersFollow a four-step process to manage features or place orders to add, reassign or disconnect phone numbers:Step 1: Find and select location(s)Step 2: Choose a feature to manage or select new service type, request a date for service installation, and calculate pricing informationStep 3: Configure service detailsStep 4: Review and submit orderAdd the following VoIP features to yourphone lines, quickly and easily:Call Forwarding AlwaysEnables a user to redirect incoming calls to another phone number. End user has the option to activate and deactivate the service by dialing a feature code. If activated, a user must specify the forwarding number.Automatic Call Routing (ACR)A business continuity failover option that automatically redirects an incoming call to an alternate number allowing your organization to maintain optimal performance anduptime in the event of an unforeseen interruption in service. Note: ACR is not available in Enterprise SIP configurations where a customer already has failover between two or more IP-PBXs.Account CodesEnable the tracking of outbound calls made to numbers outside the service location by prompting users for a code. You can change account codes online and specify which lines should have account codes. For locations usingaccount codes, your invoice call detail record (CDR) section will be arranged by account code. Account codes can also be useful in tracking calls billed to clients (e.g., law offices). You may select verified or non-verified account codes, but not both.Add Phone NumbersYou can add Direct Inward Dial extensions (DIDs) in blocks of 20 and 100, providing flexibility and scalability to meet the needs of growing businesses and multiple locations.Quick Tip : Making outbound callsPlease ensure that you and your end users are dialing 10 digits for all calls. You should not dial a “1” before any call. Credit card and fax machines, modems and other customer-premise equipment must be programmed for 10 digits only.Usage ReportingWhen your Enterprise SIP service is provisioned and installed, you get immediate access to usage reporting via your Business Center account. You can view and analyze your session usage anytime without having to call XO Customer Care.To access your usage reports, first find the location for which you want to view a report. Go to the Location Details page and either search for a specific location or click on an address from the list of recently viewed locations. Once you found the needed location, click on the Manage Services tab and scroll down to find Usage Reporting link or click on the View Usage Reports link in the Quick Links box on the right-hand side.Both of the links take you to a site where you will be able to view the following reports:• Usage Reports (shows your Enterprise SIP session utilization)• MIB Stats • Call Bursting© Copyright 2012. XO Communications, LLC. All rights reserved. XOESIPQSG1112。

CS专业研究方向详解(1)

美国大学CS专业十三大研究方向美国大学CS专业的研究分支也超级多，不同分支对学生的要求也会不同，因此，学生们要依照自己的条件选择适合自己的研究方向。

一、体系结构、编译器和并行计算 Architecture, Compilers and Parallel Computing 体系结构和编译器的研究要紧集中在硬件设计，编程语言和下一代编译器。

并行计算研究的包括范围很广，包括并行计算的计算模型，并行算法，并行编译器设计等。

二、系统与网络 Systems and Networking可细分为：(1)网络与散布式系统(Networking and distributed systems)：移动通信系统，无线网络协议(wireless protocols)，Ad-hoc网络，效劳质量治理(Quality of Service management，QoS)，多媒体网络，运算机对等联网(peer-to-peer networking, P2P)，路由，网络模拟，主动队列治理(active queue management, AQM)和传感器网络(sensor networks)。

(2)操作系统(Operating system)：散布式资源治理，普适计算(ubiquitous computing/pervasive computing)环境治理，反射中间件(reflective middleware)，中间件元级操作系统(middleware “meta-operating systems”)，面向对象操作系统设计，许诺单个用户与多运算机、对等操作系统效劳交互的用户设计，上下文灵敏的散布式文件系统，数据中心的电源治理，文件/存储系统，自主计算(autonomic computing)，软件健壮性的系统支持和数据库的系统支持。

(3)平安(Security): 隐私，普适计算，无线传感器(wireless sensors)，移动式和嵌入式运算机，标准，认证，验证策略，QoS保证和拒绝效劳爱惜，下一代通信，操作系统虚拟化和认证，关键基础设施系统，例如SCADA操纵系统和医疗，消息系统，平安网关，可用性平安。

李雅普诺夫稳定性自动化专业英语词汇表

.李雅普诺夫稳定性自动化专业英语词汇表公告记录成长的脚印,分享败绩、成功的智慧。

(大部门日记转自采集,如有侵权,即删。

) 日记总数： 47 品题数目： 42 访问次数： 15577 acceptance testing 验收测试 accumulated error积累误差 ac-dc-ac frequency converter 交-直-交变频器 ac(alternatingcurrent)electric drive交流电子传动 active attitude stabilization主动姿态稳定 actuator 驱动器,执行机构 adaline 线性适应元daptation layer适应层 adaptive telemeter system 适应遥测系统 adjoint operator 陪同算子 admissible error容许误差 aggregationmatrix结集矩阵ahp(analytic你好 erarchy process)条理分析法 amplifying element放大环节analog-digital conversion模数转换 ntenna pointing control接收天线指向控制anti-integral windup抗积分饱卷 aperiodic decomposition非周期分解 a posteriori estimate笱楣兰?approximate reasoning类似推理 a priori estimate 先验估计 articulated robot关节型机器人 assignment problem配置问题,分配问题 associative memory model遐想记忆模子 asymptotic stability渐进稳定性 attained pose drift现实位姿漂移 attitude acquisition姿态捕获aocs(attritude and orbit control system)姿态轨道控制系统 attitude angular velocity姿态角速度 attitude disturbance姿态扰动 attitude maneuver 姿态机动 augment ability可扩充性 augmented system增广系统 automatic manual station不用人力-手动操作器 autonomous system自治系统 backlash characteristics间隙特征 base coordinate system基座坐标系bayes classifier 贝叶斯分类器 bearing alignment 方位瞄准 bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表 benefit-cost analysis 收入成本分析 bilinear system 双线性系统 biocybernetics 生物控制论 biological feedback system 生物反馈系统black box testing approach 黑箱测试法 blind search 盲目搜索 block diagonalization 块对于角化 boltzman mac 你好 ne 玻耳兹曼机 bottom-up development 自下而上开辟 boundary value analysis 界限值分析 brainstorming method 头脑风暴法 breadth-first search 广度优先搜索 cae(computer aided engineering) 计较机匡助工程 cam(computer aided manufacturing) 计较机匡助创造 camflex valve 偏疼旋转阀 canonical state vari able 标准化状况变量capacitive displacementtransducer 电容式位移传感器 capsule pressure gauge 膜盒压力表 card 计较机匡助研究开辟 cartesian robot 直角坐标型机器人cascadecompensation 串联赔偿 catastrophe theory 突变论 chained aggregation 链式结集 characteristic locus 特征轨迹 chemical propulsion 化学推进classical information pattern 经典信息标准样式 clinical controlsystem 临床控制系统关上 d loop pole 闭环极点关上 d looptransfer function 闭环传递函数cluster analysis 聚类分析 coarse-finecontrol 粗- 精控制 cobweb model 蜘蛛网模子 coefficient matrix 凳?卣?cognitive science 认知科学 coherent system 枯燥关接洽统 combination decision 组合决定计划 combinatorial explosion 组合爆炸combined pressure and vacuum gauge 压力真空表 command pose 指令位姿companion matrix 相伴矩阵 compartmental model 房室模子 compatibility 相容性,兼容性 compensating network 赔偿采集 compensation 赔偿,矫正compliance 柔顺, 适应 composite control 组合控制 computable general equilibrium model 可计较普通均衡模子 conditionallyinstability 条件不稳定性connectionism 毗连机制 conservative system 守恒系统 constraint condition 约束条件 consumption function 消费函数 context-free grammar 上下文无关语法continuous discrete eventhybrid system simulation 连续离散事件混淆系统仿真continuous duty 连续事情制 control accuracy 控制精密度 control cabinet 控制柜controllability index 可控指数 controllable canonical form 可控标准型[control]plant 控制对于象,被控对于象 controlling instrument 控制仪表 control moment gyro 控制力矩捻捻转儿 control panel 控制屏,控制盘 control synchro 控制 [式]自整角机 control system synthesis 控制系统综合 control time horizon 控制时程 cooperativegame 互助对于策 coordinability condition 可协调条件coordinationstrategy 协调计谋 corner frequency 迁移转变频率 costate variable 蔡?淞?cost-effectiveness analysis 用度效益分析 coupling ofrbit and attitude 轨道以及姿态耦合 critical damping 临界阻尼 ritical stability 临界稳定性 cross-over frequency 穿越频率,交越频率 current source inverter 电流[源]型逆变器 cut-off frequency 截止频率 cyclic remote control 循环遥控 cylindrical robot 圆柱坐标型机器人 damped oscillation 阻尼振动 damping ratio 阻尼比 data acquisition 数值采集 data encryption 数值加密 data preprocessing 数值预处理 data processor 数值处理器 dc generator-motor set drive 直流发机电-电动机组传动 d controller 微分控制器 decentralizedstochastic control 分散 rand 控制 decision space 决定计划空间 decisionsupport system 决定计划支持系统 decomposition-aggregation approach 分解结集法 decoupling parameter 解耦参量 deductive-inductive hybrid modeling method 演绎与归纳混淆建模法 delayed telemetry 延时遥测derivation tree 导出树 derivative feedback 微分反馈 describingfunction 描写函数 desired value 希望值deterministic automaton 确定性不用人力机 deviation alarm 误差报警器 dfd 数值流图 diagnosticmodel 诊断模子 diagonally dominant matrix 对于角主导矩阵diaphragmpressure gauge 膜片压力表 difference equation model 差分方程模子differential dynamical system 微分动力学系统 differential game⒎侄圆differential pressure level meter 差压液位计 differentialpressure transmitter 差压变送器 differential transformer displacementtransducer 差动变压器式位移传感器 differentiation element 微分环节 digital filer 数码滤波器 digital signal processing 数码旌旗灯号处理 digitizer 数码化仪 dimension transducer 尺度传感器 direct coordination 直接协调 discrete event dynamic system 离散事件动态系统 discretesystem simulation language 离散系统仿真语言 discriminant function 判别函数 displacement vibration amplitude transducer 位移波幅传感器dissipative structure 耗扩散局 distributed parameter control system 漫衍参量控制系统 disturbance compensation 扰动赔偿 domain knowledge 范畴常识dominant pole 主导极点 dose-response model 剂量反映模子 dual modulation telemetering system 两重调制遥测系统 dualprinciple 对于偶原理 dual spin stabilization 双自旋稳定 duty ratio 负载比 dynamic braking 能耗制动 dynamic characteristics 动态特征 dynamic deviation 动态误差 dynamic error coefficient 动态误差系数 dynamic exactness 动它吻合性 dynamic input-outputmodel 动态投入产出模子 econometric model 计量经济模子 economiccybernetics 经济控制论 economic effectiveness 经济效益 economicvaluation 经济评价 economic index 经济指数 economic in dicator 经济指标 eddy current t 你好 ckness meter 电涡流厚度计 effectivenesstheory 效益意见 elasticity of demand 需求弹性 electric actuator 电动执行机构 electric conductancelevelmeter 电导液位计 electricdrive control gear 电动传动控制设备 electric hydraulic converter 电-液转换器 electric pneumatic converter 电-气转换器electrohydraulicservo vale 电液伺服阀 electromagnetic flow transducer 电磁流量传感器 electronic batc 你好 ng scale 电子配料秤 electronic belt conveyorscale 电子皮带秤 electronic hopper scale 电子料斗秤 emergencystop 异样住手empirical distribution 经验漫衍 endogenous variable 内发生变故量equilibrium growth 均衡增长 equilibrium point 平衡点 equivalence partitioning 等价类区分清晰 error-correction parsing 纠错剖析 estimation theory 估计意见 evaluation technique 评价技术 event chain 事件链evolutionary system 高级演化系统 exogenous variable 外发生变故量 expected characteristics 希望特征 failure diagnosis 妨碍诊断 fast mode 快变模态 feasibility study 可行性研究 feasiblecoordination 可行协调 feasible region 可行域 feature detection 特征检测 feature extraction 特征抽取 feedback compensation 反馈赔偿 feedforward path 前馈通路 field bus 现场总线 finite automaton 有限不用人力机 fip(factory information protocol) 工场信息以及谈 first order predicate logic 一阶谓词逻辑 fixed sequence manipulator 固定挨次机械手 fixed set point control 定值控制 fms(flexiblemanufacturing system) 柔性创造系统 flowsensor/transducer 流量传感器 flow transmitter 流量变送器 forced oscillation 强迫振动 formal language theory 情势语言意见 formal neuron 情势神经元forward path 正向通路 forward reasoning 正向推理 fractal 分形体,分维体frequency converter 变频器 frequency domain modelreduction method 频域模子降阶法 frequency response 频域相应 full order observer 全阶测候器 functional decomposition 功效分解 fes(functional electricalstimulation)功效电刺激 functionalsimularity 功效相仿 fuzzy logic 含糊逻辑 game tree 对于策树 general equilibrium theory 普通均衡意见 generalized least squaresestimation 意义广泛最小二乘估计 generation function 天生函数geomagnetictorque 地磁性矩 geometric similarity 几何相仿 gimbaled wheel 蚣苈global asymptotic stability 全局渐进稳定性 global optimum 全局最优 globe valve 球形阀 goal coordination method 目标协调法 grammatical inference 文法判断 grap 你好 c search 图搜索 gravitygradient torque 重力梯度力矩 group technology 成组技术 guidancesystem 制导系统 gyro drift rate 捻捻转儿漂移率 hall displacementtransducer 霍尔式位移传感器 hardware-in-the-loop simulation 半实物仿真 harmonious deviation 以及谐误差 harmonious strategy 以及谐计谋 heuristic inference 开导式推理你好 dden oscillation 隐蔽振动你好 erarc 你好 calchart 条理布局图你好 erarc 你好 cal planning 递阶规划你好 erarc你好 calontrol 递阶控制 homomorp 你好 c model 同态系统 horizontal decomposition 横向分解 hormonal control 内排泄控制 hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达 hypercycle theory 超循环意见 i controller 积分控制器 identifiability 可辨识性 idss(intelligent decision support system)智能决定计划支持系统 image recognition 图象辨认 impulse function 冲击函数,电子脉冲函数 incompatibility principle 不相容原理 incrementalmotion control 增量运动控制 index of merit 品质因数 inductiveforce transducer 电感式位移传感器 inductive modeling method 归纳建模法 industrial automation 工业不用人力化 inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏锐器 inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系 inertialwh eel 惯性轮 inference engine 推理机 infinite dimensional system 无限维系统information acquisition 信息采集 infrared gasanalyzer 红外线气体分析器 inherent nonlinearity 本来就有非线性 inherent regulation 本来就有调节 initial deviation 初始误差 injection attitude 入轨姿式input-output model 投入产出模子 instability 不稳定性 instructionlevel language 指令级语言 integral of absolute value of errorcriterion 绝对于误差积分准则integral of squared error criterion 平方误差积分准则 integral performance criterion 积分性能准则 integration instrument 积算摄谱仪 intelligent terminal 智能终端 interactedsystem 互接洽统,关接洽统 interactive prediction approach 互联预估法,关联预估法 intermittent duty 断续事情制ism(interpretivestructure modeling) 诠释布局建模法 invariant embedding principle 不变镶嵌原理 inventory theory 库伦论 inverse nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图 investment decision 投资决定计划 isomorp 你好 c model 同构模子iterative coordination 迭代协调 jet propulsion 喷气推进 job-lot control 分批控制kalman-bucy filer 卡尔曼-布西滤波器 knowledgeaccomodation 常识适应knowledge acquisition 常识获取 knowledgessimilation 常识夹杂kbms(knowledge base management system) 常识库管理系统 knowledge representation 常识抒发 lad der diagram 菪瓮?lag-lead compensation 滞后超前赔偿 lagrange duality 拉格朗日对于偶性 laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换 large scale system 大系统 lateral in 你好 bition network 侧抑制采集 least cost input 最小成本投入 least squares criterion 最小二乘准则 level switch 物位开关 libration damping 天平动阻尼 limit cycle 极限环 linearizationtechnique 线性化要领 linear motion electric drive 直线运动电气传动 linear motion valve 直行程阀 linear programming 线性规划 lqr(linear quadratic regulator problem) 线性二次调节器问题 oad cell 称重传感器 local asymptotic stability 局部渐近稳定性 local optimum 局部最优 log magnitude-phase diagram 对于数幅相图long term memory 长期记忆 lumped parameter model 集总参量模子 lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability 李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理 macro-economic system 宏观经济系统 magnetic dumping 磁卸载 magnetoelastic weig 你好ng cell 磁致弹性称重传感器 magnitude- frequencycharacteristic 幅频特征magnitude margin 幅值裕度 magnitudecale factor 幅值缩尺 man-mac 你好ne coordination 人机协调 manualstation 手动操作器 map(manufacturing automation protocol) 创造不用人力化以及谈 marginal effectiveness 边岸效益mason's gain formula 梅森增益公式 matc 你好 ng criterion 匹配准则 maximum likelihood estimation 最大似然估计 maximum ove rshoot 最大超调量maximum principle 极大值原理 mean-square error criterion 均方误差准则mechanismmodel 机理模子 meta-knowledge 元常识 metallurgical automation 冶金不用人力化 minimal realization 最小使成为事实 minimum phase system 最小相位系统 minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计 minor loop 副回路missile-target relative movement simulator 弹体- 目标相对于运动仿真器 modal aggregation 模态结集 modal transformation 模态变换 mb(model base)模子库model confidence 模子置信度 model fidelity 模子传神度 model reference adaptive control system 模子参考适应控制系统 model verification 模子证验mec(mostconomic control)最经济控制 motion space 可动空间 mtbf(mean time between failures) 均等妨碍距离时间 mttf(mean timeto failures)均等无妨碍时间 multi-attributive utility function 嗍粜孕в 煤??multicriteria 多重判据 multilevel 你好 erarc 你好 cal structure 多级递阶布局 multiloop control 多回路控制 multi- objective decision 多目标决定计划 multistate logic 多态逻辑multistratum 你好 erarc 你好 calcontrol 多段递阶控制 multivariable control system 多变量控制系统 myoelectric control 肌电控制 nash optimality 纳什最优性 naturallanguage generation 自然语言天生 nearest- neighbor 这段邻necessitymeasure 肯定是性侧度 negative feedback 负反馈 neural assembly 神经集合 neural network computer 神经采集计较机 nichols chart 尼科尔斯图noetic science 思维科学 noncoherent system 非枯燥关接洽统 noncooperative game 非互助博弈 nonequilibrium state 非平衡态 nonlinear element 非线性环节nonmonotonic logic 非枯燥逻辑 nonparametric training 非参量训练nonreversible electric drive 不成逆电气传动 nonsingular perturbation 非奇妙摄动 non-stationaryrandom process 非平稳 rand 历程 nuclear radiation levelmeter 核辐射物位计 nutation sensor 章动敏锐器 nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据 objective function 目标函数 observability index 可测候指数observable canonical form 可测候标准型 on-line assistance 在线帮忙 on- off control 通断控制 open loop pole 开环极点 operational research model 运筹学模子 optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表 opt imal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术 orbital rendezvous 轨道交会 orbit gyrocompass 轨道捻捻转儿罗经 orbit perturbation 轨道摄动 order parameter 序参量 orientationcontrol 定向控制 oscillating period 振动周期 output predictionmethod 输出预估法 oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计overalldesign 总体设计 overlapping decomposition 交叠分解 pade approximation 帕德类似 pareto optimality 帕雷托最优性 passive attitude stabilization 不主动姿态稳定 path repeatability 路径可重复性 pattern primitive 标准样式基元 pr(pattern recognition)标准样式辨认 p control 比例控制器 peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法 periodic duty 周期事情制 perturbation theory 摄动意见 pessimisticvalue 悲观值 phase locus 相轨迹 phase trajectory 相轨迹hase lead 相位超前 photoelectric tachometric transducer 光电式转速传感器phrase-structure grammar 短句布局文法 physical symbol system 物理符号系统 piezoelectric force transducer 压电式力传感器 playbackrobot 示教再现式机器人 plc(programmable logic controller)可编步伐逻辑控制器 plug braking 反接制动 plug valve 旋塞阀 pneumaticactuator 气动执行机构 point-to-point control 点位控制 polar robot 极坐标型机器人 pole assignment 极点配置 pole-zero cancellation 零极点相消 polynom ial input 多项式输入 portfolio theory 投资配搭意见 pose overshoot 位姿过调量 position measuring instrument 位置丈量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器 positive feedback 正反馈 power system automation 电力系统不用人力化 predicate logic 谓词逻辑pressure gauge with electric contact 电接点压力表 pressure transmitter 压力变送器 price coordination 价格协调 primal coordination 主协调 primary frequency zone 主频区 pca(principal component analysis)主成份分析法principlef turnpike 通途原理 process- oriented simulation 面向历程的仿真production budget 生产预算 production rule 孕育发生式法则 profitforecast 利润预测 pert(program evaluation and review technique) 计划评审技术program set station 步伐设定操作器 proportionalcontrol 比例控制 proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器 protocol engineering 以及谈工程pseudo random sequence 伪 rand 序列 pseudo-rate-increment control 伪速度增量控制 pulse duration 电子脉冲持续时间 pulse frequency modulation control system 电子脉冲调频控制系统 pulse width modulation controlsystem 电子脉冲调宽控制系统 pwm inverter 脉宽调制逆变器 pushdown automaton 下推不用人力机 qc(quality control)质量管理 quadratic performance index 二次型性能指标 quali tative physical model 定性物理模子quantized noise 量化噪声 quasilinear characteristics 准线性特征 queuing theory 列队论 radio frequency sensor 射频敏锐器 ramp function 斜坡函数 random disturbance rand 扰动 random process rand 历程 rateintegrating gyro 速度积分捻捻转儿 ratio station 比率操作器 reactionwheel control 反效用轮控制realizability 可以使成为事实性,能使成为事实性 eal time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野 rectangularrobot 直角坐标型机器人 recursive estimation 递推估计 reducedorder observer 降阶测候器 redundant information 冗余信息 reentrycontrol 再入控制 regenerative braking 回馈制动,再生制动 regionalplanning model 地区范围规划模子 regulating device 调节装载 relationalalgebra 关系代数 relay characteristic 继电器特征 remote manipulator 遥控操作器 remote set point adjuster 远程设定点调整器 rendezvo 目前世界上最强大的国家 nd docking 交会以及对于接 resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻 esolution principle 归结原理 resource allocation 资源分配responsecurve 相应曲线 return difference matrix 回差矩阵 return ratiomatrix 回比矩阵 reversible electric drive 可逆电气传动 revoluterobot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器 rewritingrule 重写法则 rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学 riskdecision 危害分析 robotics 机器人学 robot programming language 机器人编程语言 robust control 鲁棒控制 roll gap measuring instrument 辊缝丈量仪 root locus 根轨迹 roots flowmeter 腰轮流量计otameter 浮子流量计,转子流量计 rotary eccentric plug valve 偏疼旋转阀 rotary motionvalve 角行程阀 rotating transformer 旋转变压器 routh approximation method 劳思类似判据 routing problem 肪段侍?sampled-data control system 采样控制系统 sampling controlsystem 采样控制系统 saturation characteristics 饱以及特征 scalarlyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数 scara(selective complianceassembly robot arm) 最简单的面关节型机器人 scenario analysis method 情景分析法 scene analysis 物景分析 self- operated controller 自力式控制器 self-organizing system 自组织系统 self-reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制 semantic network 语义采集 semi-physical simulation 半实物仿真 sensing element 敏锐元件 sensitivity analysis 活络度分析sensory control 觉得控制 sequentialdecomposition 挨次分解 sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计 servo control 伺服控制,随动控制servomotor 伺服马达 settling time 过渡时间 short term planning 短期计划shorttime horizon coordination 短时程协调 signal detection and estimation 旌旗灯号检测以及估计 signal reconstruction 旌旗灯号重构 simulated interrupt 仿真中断 simulation block diagram 仿真框图 simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度 single axle table 单轴转台 single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度捻捻转儿 single levelprocess 单级历程 single value nonlinearity 单值非线性 singularattractor 奇妙吸引子 singular perturbation 奇妙摄动 slave dsystem 受役系统 slower-than-real-time simulation 欠实时仿真slow subsystem 慢变子系统 socio-cybernetics 社会形态控制论 socioeconomic system 社会形态经济系统软体 psychology 软件生理学 solar array pointing control 日头帆板指向控制 solenoid valve 电磁阀 speed control system 魉傧低spin axis 自旋轴 stability criterion 稳定性判据 stabilitylimit 稳定极限 stabilization 镇定,稳定 stackelberg decision theory 施塔克尔贝格决定计划意见 state equation model 状况方程模子 state space description 状况空间描写 static characteristics curve 静态特征曲线 station accuracy 定点精密度stationary random process 平稳 rand 历程 statistical analysis 统计分析 statistic pattern recognition 统计标准样式辨认 steady state deviation 稳态误差steadystate error coefficient 稳态误差系数 step-by-step control 步进控制step function 阶跃函数 stepwise refinement 慢慢精化 stochasticfinite automaton rand 有限不用人力机 strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器 strategic function 计谋函数 strongly coupled system 狂詈舷低?subjective probability 主观频率 supervised training 喽窖??supervisory computer control system 计较机监控系统 sustainedoscillation 矜持振动 swirlmeter 旋进流量计 switc 你好 ng point 切换点 symbolic processing 符号处理 synaptic plasticity 突触可塑性syntactic analysis 句法分析 system assessment 系统评价 systemhomomorp 你好sm 系统同态 system isomorp 你好 sm 系统同构 system engineering 系统工程target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器 task cycle 功课周期 teac 你好 ng programming 示教编程 telemetering system ofrequency division type 频分遥测系统 teleological system 目的系统 temperature transducer 温度传感器template base 模版库 theoremproving 定理证实 therapy model 治疗模子 t 你好ckness meter 厚度计 three-axis attitude stabilization 三轴姿态稳定 three state controller 三位控制器 thrust vector control system 推力矢量控制系统 time constant 时间常数 time-invariant system 定常系统,非时变系统 time schedule controller 时序控制器 time-sharing control 分时控制 time-varying parameter 时变参量 top-down testing 自上而下测试topological structure 拓扑布局 tqc(total quality control)全面质量管理 tracking error 跟踪误差 trade-off analysis 权衡分析 transfer function matrix 传递函数矩阵transformation grammar 转换文法 transient deviation 瞬态误差 transient process 过渡历程 transition diagram 转移图 transmissible pressure gauge 电远传压力表 trend analysis 趋向分析 triple modulation telemetering system 三重调制遥测系统 turbine flowmeter 涡轮流量计 turing mac 你好 ne 剂榛?two-time scale system 双时标系统 ultrasonic levelmeter??镂患?unadjustable speed electric drive 非调速电气传动 unbiasedestimation 无偏估计 uniformly asymptotic stability 一致渐近稳定性 uninterrupted duty 不间断事情制,长期事情制 unit circle 单位圆 unit testing 单位测试 unsupervised learing 非监视进修upperlevel problem 较高等级问题 urban planning 城市规划 utility function 效用函数 value engineering 价值工程 variable gain 可变增益,可变放大系数 variable structure control system 变布局控制 vectorlyapunov function 向量李雅普诺夫函数 velocity error coefficient 速度误差系数 velocity transducer 速度传感器vertical decomposition 纵向分解 vibrating wire force transducer 振弦式力传感器 viscousdamping 粘性阻尼 voltage source inverter 电压源型逆变器vortexprecession flowmeter 旋进流量计 vortex shedding flowmeter 涡街流量计 wb(way base) 要领库 weig 你好 ng cell 称重传感器 weightingfactor 权因数weighting method 加权法 w 你好 ttaker-shannon samplingtheorem 惠特克-喷鼻农采样定理 wiener filtering 维纳滤波 work stationfor computer aided design 计较机匡助设计事情站 w-plane w 最简单的面 zero-based budget 零基预算 zero-input response 零输入相应 zero-stateresponse 零状况相应 zero sum game model 零以及对于策模子2022 年 07 月 31 日历史上的今天：ipad2 怎么贴膜好吧,我还是入了 iPad2 2022-06-26 斗破苍穹快眼看书 2斗破苍穹 22 下载 20 11-06-26特殊声明：1：资料来源于互联网，版权归属原作者2：资料内容属于网络意见，与本账号立场无关3 ：如有侵权，请告知，即将删除。

中医药临床有效性证据库构建与应用

•实践与交流•中医药临床有效性证据库构建与应用杨丰文\庞博\欧益\季昭臣\田金徽2，杜亮3,王虎城\郑文科\51. 天津中医药大学循证医学中心（天津300193)2. 兰州大学循证医学中心（兰州730000)3. 四川大学华西医院中国循证医学中心（成都610041)【摘要】阐述中医药临床有效性证据库（TCM-CED)的构建与应用，为中医药研究证据链提供支持。

构建过程主要包括：专家团队组建、TCM-CED功能模块设计、证据采集、质量控制等。

TCM-CED应用内容包括：中成药系统评价/M eta分析自动生成、中医药优势病种证据报告自动生成、中成药证据指数自动运算、优化中医药研究结局指标、中医药研究方法学和报告质量跟踪、促进中医药证据国际传播等。

随着信息技术与人工智能的快速发展，TCM-CED将实现中医药全方位证据链构建及全过程自动化。

【关键词】中药；有效性；证据转化；数据库Construction and application of clinical evidence database of traditional Chinese medicineYANG Fengwen1,PANG Bo1,OU Yi1, JlZhaochen1,TIAN Jinhui2,DU Liang3,WANG Hucheng',ZHENG Wenke1,ZHANG Junhua11. Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R.China2. Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R.China3. Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R.China Correspondingauthor:ZHANGJunhua,Email:******************【A bstract】To describe the construction and application of clinical evidence database of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM-CED) so as to provide evidence for TCM research. The construction process primarily includes: expert team building, TCM-CED function module design, evidence collection and quality control. The applications of TCM-CED primarily include the following aspects: automatic generation of systematic review/meta-analysis in TCM, automatic generation of evidence reports on dominant diseases of TCM, automatic generation of evidence index of Chinese patent medicine, optimizing the selection of outcomes in TCM research, tracking methodological and reporting quality of TCM research, and promoting international dissemination of TCM evidence. With the rapid development of information technology and artificial intelligence, TCM-CED will be combined with artificial intelligence to achieve the construction of all-dimensional TCM evidence chain and the automation of the whole process.【Key words 】Traditional Chinese medicine; Effect; Translation of evidence; Database2019年10月25日，全国中医药大会召开4 10月26日，《中共中央国务院关于促进中医药传承创新发展的意见》（以下简称《意见》）发布。

240700初学VASP(四)_k点的选择

初学VASP(四) k点的选择初学VASP(四) k点的选择如前所述The Bloch theorem changes the problem of calculating an infinite number of electronic wavefucntions to one of calculating a finite number of wavefunctions at an infinite number of k-points. (参见CASTEP的帮助文档，他和VASP是亲兄弟)。

所以呢，一般来说，k点越密越多，计算精度也越高，当然计算成本也越高。

嗯，对于k点的需求，金属>>半导体，绝缘体，不过呢，很多时候主要还是受硬件限制简约化可以使k点的数目大大下降。

对于原子数较多的体系的计算，就需要谨慎的尝试k点数目，在避免或者预先评估wrap-around error的前提下尽量减少k点数目。

另一个问题是k空间网格(k-points grid)的位置和形状，是否包括Г点(Gamma点，也可理解为原点)？(一般不包括的话很可能会带来误差，尤其是使用了tetrahedron方法的时候。

暂时还不知道不包括的好处，为了减少k点？)方形？线形？还是长方形？或者奇形怪状？：）后文另述。

那么现在来看看KPOINTS file的结构：Line1: comment line 注释行 no problemLine2: k点总数或者 '0'自动生成网格(Automatic k-mesh generation)如果是前者，给出k点总数，又分两种情况M.全手动Entering all k-points explicitlyLine3: 输入格式标识。

直角坐标 (Cartesian)或者倒格坐标（Reciprocal）同样的'cCkK' for Cartesian，其他首字母则自动切换到 ReciprocalLine4-n: 逐个k点的描述。

使用ABINIT计算Si的声子谱

使用ABINIT计算Si的热力学性质HHWJ340在ABINIT自带的例子中，有关于AlAs的声子谱计算。

这里给出如何使用ABINIT计算简单的材料Si的声子谱过程。

1.基态计算必须先计算基态，这是下面一系列计算的基础。

一般来说需要对acell,K点和ecut的参数进行优化，因为ABINIT自带的例子中有关于Si的计算，这里就直接读取。

这样基态计算的输入文件为：2.使用相应函数方法计算总能量对原子位置的二阶导数需要上一步计算得到WFK文件，将文件名中的“o”改为“i”。

计算文件为：3.Gamma点声子频率的计算没有LO-TO的分离，无需引入极化场。

计算结果为：参考文献：Ab initio calculation of phonon dispersions in semiconductors.P.R.B.1991.3,43-9上给出的结果为：GammaTO:517,GammaLO:517.这里计算的结果为514.4.计算X点的声子输入文件：计算的结果为：文献(同上)上的结果为：X TA：146，X LA：414，X TO：466，X LO：414.5.计算声子谱5.1生成所需要的q wavevectors setq-set由一个GS计算得到。

输入文件如下：计算得到16个点,如下，5.2生成derivative database(ddb)这个计算需要很长的时间。

5.3使用MRGDDB合并DDB文件输入文件如下：5.4使用ANADDB工具计算声子谱计算生成freq文件，使用band2eps可以生成图像文件，band2eps 输入文件为：最后得到声子谱为：文献(同上)上的结果如下：。

PMP考试术语讲解

全国高等学校英语应用能力考试(A级)词汇表

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英文参考文献自动生成方法

英文参考文献自动生成方法Title: Automatic Generation of English Reference Citations (Creating Relevant Content and Expanding on the Topic)Introduction:Citing references correctly is crucial in academic writing to acknowledge the original sources of information and provide credibility to the arguments made. With the increasing amount of research publications available, the task of generating accurate and properly formatted reference citations can be time-consuming and error-prone. Hence, there is a growing need for automated methods to assist researchers and writers in generating reference citations in English.1. Machine Learning Approaches:One approach to automatically generate reference citations is through the use of machine learning techniques. Researchers have developed algorithms that can analyze the textual content of a document and identify relevant citation information, such as author names, publication titles, dates, and page numbers. These algorithms learn from large datasets of already-citedreferences, allowing them to make predictions about the format and structure of new citations.2. Natural Language Processing (NLP) Techniques:NLP techniques can also be employed to generate reference citations automatically. By applying named entity recognition algorithms, the system can identify and extract relevant information from the text, such as author names and publication titles. Additionally, NLP algorithms can analyze the linguistic features of a citation, such as verb tense and context, to ensure the accuracy and coherence of the generated references.3. Online Reference Management Tools:Several online reference management tools, such as EndNote, Mendeley, and Zotero, offer features for automatically generating reference citations. These tools often provide browser extensions that can capture citation information from webpages, databases, and PDFs, and then generate the corresponding citation in the desired citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. Users can also manually input the required information, and the tools will generate the citation accordingly.4. Integration with Academic Writing Software:To further streamline the process of generating reference citations, some academic writing software, like Microsoft Word and Google Docs, offer built-in citation management tools. These tools allow users to search for references within the software's database or import references from external sources, and then generate citations within the document. This integration enhances the efficiency and accuracy of citation generation while writing.Conclusion:Automated methods for generating English reference citations have significantly simplified the task for researchers and writers. Machine learning, NLP techniques, online reference management tools, and integration with academic writing software all contribute to the seamless and accurate creation of reference citations. As technology continues to advance, these methods will likely become more efficient and user-friendly, enabling researchers to focus more on their research and writing rather than spending significant time on citation formatting.。

人工智能英汉

人工智能英汉Aβα-Pruning, βα-剪枝, (2) Acceleration Coefficient, 加速系数, (8) Activation Function, 激活函数, (4) Adaptive Linear Neuron, 自适应线性神经元,(4)Adenine, 腺嘌呤, (11)Agent, 智能体, (6)Agent Communication Language, 智能体通信语言, (11)Agent-Oriented Programming, 面向智能体的程序设计, (6)Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering, 凝聚层次聚类, (5)Analogism, 类比推理, (5)And/Or Graph, 与或图, (2)Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), 蚁群优化算法, (8)Ant Colony System (ACS), 蚁群系统, (8) Ant-Cycle Model, 蚁周模型, (8)Ant-Density Model, 蚁密模型, (8)Ant-Quantity Model, 蚁量模型, (8)Ant Systems, 蚂蚁系统, (8)Applied Artificial Intelligence, 应用人工智能, (1)Approximate Nondeterministic Tree Search (ANTS), 近似非确定树搜索, (8) Artificial Ant, 人工蚂蚁, (8)Artificial Intelligence (AI), 人工智能, (1) Artificial Neural Network (ANN), 人工神经网络, (1), (3)Artificial Neural System, 人工神经系统，(3) Artificial Neuron, 人工神经元, (3) Associative Memory, 联想记忆, (4) Asynchronous Mode, 异步模式, (4) Attractor, 吸引子, (4)Automatic Theorem Proving, 自动定理证明,(1)Automatic Programming, 自动程序设计, (1) Average Reward, 平均收益, (6) Axon, 轴突, (4)Axon Hillock, 轴突丘, (4)BBackward Chain Reasoning, 逆向推理, (3) Bayesian Belief Network, 贝叶斯信念网, (5) Bayesian Decision, 贝叶斯决策, (3) Bayesian Learning, 贝叶斯学习, (5) Bayesian Network贝叶斯网, (5)Bayesian Rule, 贝叶斯规则, (3)Bayesian Statistics, 贝叶斯统计学, (3) Biconditional, 双条件, (3)Bi-Directional Reasoning, 双向推理, (3) Biological Neuron, 生物神经元, (4) Biological Neural System, 生物神经系统, (4) Blackboard System, 黑板系统, (8)Blind Search, 盲目搜索, (2)Boltzmann Machine, 波尔兹曼机, (3) Boltzmann-Gibbs Distribution, 波尔兹曼-吉布斯分布, (3)Bottom-Up, 自下而上, (4)Building Block Hypotheses, 构造块假说, (7) CCell Body, 细胞体, (3)Cell Membrane, 细胞膜, (3)Cell Nucleus, 细胞核, (3)Certainty Factor, 可信度, (3)Child Machine, 婴儿机器, (1)Chinese Room, 中文屋, (1) Chromosome, 染色体, (6)Class-conditional Probability, 类条件概率,(3), (5)Classifier System, 分类系统, (6)Clause, 子句, (3)Cluster, 簇, (5)Clustering Analysis, 聚类分析, (5) Cognitive Science, 认知科学, (1) Combination Function, 整合函数, (4) Combinatorial Optimization, 组合优化, (2) Competitive Learning, 竞争学习, (4) Complementary Base, 互补碱基, (11) Computer Games, 计算机博弈, (1) Computer Vision, 计算机视觉, (1)Conflict Resolution, 冲突消解, (3) Conjunction, 合取, (3)Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF), 合取范式,(3)Collapse, 坍缩, (11)Connectionism, 连接主义, (3) Connective, 连接词, (3)Content Addressable Memory, 联想记忆, (4) Control Policy, 控制策略, (6)Crossover, 交叉, (7)Cytosine, 胞嘧啶, (11)DData Mining, 数据挖掘, (1)Decision Tree, 决策树, (5) Decoherence, 消相干, (11)Deduction, 演绎, (3)Default Reasoning, 默认推理（缺省推理）,(3)Defining Length, 定义长度, (7)Rule (Delta Rule), 德尔塔规则, 18(3) Deliberative Agent, 慎思型智能体, (6) Dempster-Shafer Theory, 证据理论, (3) Dendrites, 树突, (4)Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), 脱氧核糖核酸, (6), (11)Disjunction, 析取, (3)Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI), 分布式人工智能, (1)Distributed Expert Systems, 分布式专家系统,(9)Divisive Hierarchical Clustering, 分裂层次聚类, (5)DNA Computer, DNA计算机, (11)DNA Computing, DNA计算, (11) Discounted Cumulative Reward, 累计折扣收益, (6)Domain Expert, 领域专家, (10) Dominance Operation, 显性操作, (7) Double Helix, 双螺旋结构, (11)Dynamical Network, 动态网络, (3)E8-Puzzle Problem, 八数码问题, (2) Eletro-Optical Hybrid Computer, 光电混合机, (11)Elitist strategy for ant systems (EAS), 精化蚂蚁系统, (8)Energy Function, 能量函数, (3) Entailment, 永真蕴含, (3) Entanglement, 纠缠, (11)Entropy, 熵, (5)Equivalence, 等价式, (3)Error Back-Propagation, 误差反向传播, (4) Evaluation Function, 评估函数, (6) Evidence Theory, 证据理论, (3) Evolution, 进化, (7)Evolution Strategies (ES), 进化策略, (7) Evolutionary Algorithms (EA), 进化算法, (7) Evolutionary Computation (EC), 进化计算,(7)Evolutionary Programming (EP), 进化规划,(7)Existential Quantification, 存在量词, (3) Expert System, 专家系统, (1)Expert System Shell, 专家系统外壳, (9) Explanation-Based Learning, 解释学习, (5) Explanation Facility, 解释机构, (9)FFactoring, 因子分解, (11)Feedback Network, 反馈型网络, (4) Feedforward Network, 前馈型网络, (1) Feasible Solution, 可行解, (2)Finite Horizon Reward, 横向有限收益, (6) First-order Logic, 一阶谓词逻辑, (3) Fitness, 适应度, (7)Forward Chain Reasoning, 正向推理, (3) Frame Problem, 框架问题, (1)Framework Theory, 框架理论, (3)Free-Space Optical Interconnect, 自由空间光互连, (11)Fuzziness, 模糊性, (3)Fuzzy Logic, 模糊逻辑, (3)Fuzzy Reasoning, 模糊推理, (3)Fuzzy Relation, 模糊关系, (3)Fuzzy Set, 模糊集, (3)GGame Theory, 博弈论, (8)Gene, 基因, (7)Generation, 代, (6)Genetic Algorithms, 遗传算法, (7)Genetic Programming, 遗传规划（遗传编程）,(7)Global Search, 全局搜索, (2)Gradient Descent, 梯度下降, (4)Graph Search, 图搜索, (2)Group Rationality, 群体理性, (8) Guanine, 鸟嘌呤, (11)HHanoi Problem, 梵塔问题, (2)Hebbrian Learning, 赫伯学习, (4)Heuristic Information, 启发式信息, (2) Heuristic Search, 启发式搜索, (2)Hidden Layer, 隐含层, (4)Hierarchical Clustering, 层次聚类, (5) Holographic Memory, 全息存储, (11) Hopfield Network, 霍普菲尔德网络, (4) Hybrid Agent, 混合型智能体, (6)Hype-Cube Framework, 超立方体框架, (8)IImplication, 蕴含, (3)Implicit Parallelism, 隐并行性, (7) Individual, 个体, (6)Individual Rationality, 个体理性, (8) Induction, 归纳, (3)Inductive Learning, 归纳学习, (5) Inference Engine, 推理机, (9)Information Gain, 信息增益, (3)Input Layer, 输入层, (4)Interpolation, 插值, (4)Intelligence, 智能, (1)Intelligent Control, 智能控制, (1) Intelligent Decision Supporting System (IDSS), 智能决策支持系统，(1) Inversion Operation, 倒位操作, (7)JJoint Probability Distribution, 联合概率分布,(5) KK-means, K-均值, (5)K-medoids, K-中心点, (3)Knowledge, 知识, (3)Knowledge Acquisition, 知识获取, (9) Knowledge Base, 知识库, (9)Knowledge Discovery, 知识发现, (1) Knowledge Engineering, 知识工程, (1) Knowledge Engineer, 知识工程师, (9) Knowledge Engineering Language, 知识工程语言, (9)Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF), 知识交换格式, (8)Knowledge Query and ManipulationLanguage (KQML), 知识查询与操纵语言，(8)Knowledge Representation, 知识表示, (3)LLearning, 学习, (3)Learning by Analog, 类比学习, (5) Learning Factor, 学习因子, (8)Learning from Instruction, 指导式学习, (5) Learning Rate, 学习率, (6)Least Mean Squared (LSM), 最小均方误差,(4)Linear Function, 线性函数, (3)List Processing Language (LISP), 表处理语言, (10)Literal, 文字, (3)Local Search, 局部搜索, (2)Logic, 逻辑, (3)Lyapunov Theorem, 李亚普罗夫定理, (4) Lyapunov Function, 李亚普罗夫函数, (4)MMachine Learning, 机器学习, (1), (5) Markov Decision Process (MDP), 马尔科夫决策过程, (6)Markov Chain Model, 马尔科夫链模型, (7) Maximum A Posteriori (MAP), 极大后验概率估计, (5)Maxmin Search, 极大极小搜索, (2)MAX-MIN Ant Systems (MMAS), 最大最小蚂蚁系统, (8)Membership, 隶属度, (3)Membership Function, 隶属函数, (3) Metaheuristic Search, 元启发式搜索, (2) Metagame Theory, 元博弈理论, (8) Mexican Hat Function, 墨西哥草帽函数, (4) Migration Operation, 迁移操作, (7) Minimum Description Length (MDL), 最小描述长度, (5)Minimum Squared Error (MSE), 最小二乘法,(4)Mobile Agent, 移动智能体, (6)Model-based Methods, 基于模型的方法, (6) Model-free Methods, 模型无关方法, (6) Modern Heuristic Search, 现代启发式搜索,(2)Monotonic Reasoning, 单调推理, (3)Most General Unification (MGU), 最一般合一, (3)Multi-Agent Systems, 多智能体系统, (8) Multi-Layer Perceptron, 多层感知器, (4) Mutation, 突变, (6)Myelin Sheath, 髓鞘, (4)(μ+1)-ES, (μ+1) -进化规划, (7)(μ+λ)-ES, (μ+λ) -进化规划, (7) (μ,λ)-ES, (μ,λ) -进化规划, (7)NNaïve Bayesian Classifiers, 朴素贝叶斯分类器, (5)Natural Deduction, 自然演绎推理, (3) Natural Language Processing, 自然语言处理,(1)Negation, 否定, (3)Network Architecture, 网络结构, (6)Neural Cell, 神经细胞, (4)Neural Optimization, 神经优化, (4) Neuron, 神经元, (4)Neuron Computing, 神经计算, (4)Neuron Computation, 神经计算, (4)Neuron Computer, 神经计算机, (4) Niche Operation, 生态操作, (7) Nitrogenous base, 碱基, (11)Non-Linear Dynamical System, 非线性动力系统, (4)Non-Monotonic Reasoning, 非单调推理, (3) Nouvelle Artificial Intelligence, 行为智能,(6)OOccam’s Razor, 奥坎姆剃刀, (5)(1+1)-ES, (1+1) -进化规划, (7)Optical Computation, 光计算, (11)Optical Computing, 光计算, (11)Optical Computer, 光计算机, (11)Optical Fiber, 光纤, (11)Optical Waveguide, 光波导, (11)Optical Interconnect, 光互连, (11) Optimization, 优化, (2)Optimal Solution, 最优解, (2)Orthogonal Sum, 正交和, (3)Output Layer, 输出层, (4)Outer Product, 外积法, 23(4)PPanmictic Recombination, 混杂重组, (7) Particle, 粒子, (8)Particle Swarm, 粒子群, (8)Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), 粒子群优化算法, (8)Partition Clustering, 划分聚类, (5) Partitioning Around Medoids, K-中心点, (3) Pattern Recognition, 模式识别, (1) Perceptron, 感知器, (4)Pheromone, 信息素, (8)Physical Symbol System Hypothesis, 物理符号系统假设, (1)Plausibility Function, 不可驳斥函数（似然函数）, (3)Population, 物种群体, (6)Posterior Probability, 后验概率, (3)Priori Probability, 先验概率, (3), (5) Probability, 随机性, (3)Probabilistic Reasoning, 概率推理, (3) Probability Assignment Function, 概率分配函数, (3)Problem Solving, 问题求解, (2)Problem Reduction, 问题归约, (2)Problem Decomposition, 问题分解, (2) Problem Transformation, 问题变换, (2) Product Rule, 产生式规则, (3)Product System, 产生式系统, (3) Programming in Logic (PROLOG), 逻辑编程, (10)Proposition, 命题, (3)Propositional Logic, 命题逻辑, (3)Pure Optical Computer, 全光计算机, (11)QQ-Function, Q-函数, (6)Q-learning, Q-学习, (6)Quantifier, 量词, (3)Quantum Circuit, 量子电路, (11)Quantum Fourier Transform, 量子傅立叶变换, (11)Quantum Gate, 量子门, (11)Quantum Mechanics, 量子力学, (11) Quantum Parallelism, 量子并行性, (11) Qubit, 量子比特, (11)RRadial Basis Function (RBF), 径向基函数,(4)Rank based ant systems (ASrank), 基于排列的蚂蚁系统, (8)Reactive Agent, 反应型智能体, (6) Recombination, 重组, (6)Recurrent Network, 循环网络, (3) Reinforcement Learning, 强化学习, (3) Resolution, 归结, (3)Resolution Proof, 归结反演, (3) Resolution Strategy, 归结策略, (3) Reasoning, 推理, (3)Reward Function, 奖励函数, (6) Robotics, 机器人学, (1)Rote Learning, 机械式学习, (5)SSchema Theorem, 模板定理, (6) Search, 搜索, (2)Selection, 选择, (7)Self-organizing Maps, 自组织特征映射, (4) Semantic Network, 语义网络, (3)Sexual Differentiation, 性别区分, (7) Shor’s algorithm, 绍尔算法, (11)Sigmoid Function, Sigmoid 函数（S型函数）,(4)Signal Function, 信号函数, (3)Situated Artificial Intelligence, 现场式人工智能, (1)Spatial Light Modulator (SLM), 空间光调制器, (11)Speech Act Theory, 言语行为理论, (8) Stable State, 稳定状态, (4)Stability Analysis, 稳定性分析, (4)State Space, 状态空间, (2)State Transfer Function, 状态转移函数,(6)Substitution, 置换, (3)Stochastic Learning, 随机型学习, (4) Strong Artificial Intelligence (AI), 强人工智能, (1)Subsumption Architecture, 包容结构, (6) Superposition, 叠加, (11)Supervised Learning, 监督学习, (4), (5) Swarm Intelligence, 群智能, (8)Symbolic Artificial Intelligence (AI), 符号式人工智能（符号主义）, (3) Synapse, 突触, (4)Synaptic Terminals, 突触末梢, (4) Synchronous Mode, 同步模式, (4)TThreshold, 阈值, (4)Threshold Function, 阈值函数, (4) Thymine, 胸腺嘧啶, (11)Topological Structure, 拓扑结构, (4)Top-Down, 自上而下, (4)Transfer Function, 转移函数, (4)Travel Salesman Problem, 旅行商问题, (4) Turing Test, 图灵测试, (1)UUncertain Reasoning, 不确定性推理, (3)Uncertainty, 不确定性, (3)Unification, 合一, (3)Universal Quantification, 全称量词, (4) Unsupervised Learning, 非监督学习, (4), (5)WWeak Artificial Intelligence (Weak AI), 弱人工智能, (1)Weight, 权值, (4)Widrow-Hoff Rule, 维德诺-霍夫规则, (4)。

自动化专业英语词汇1

自动化专业英语词汇12022-03-18 16:18自动化专业英语词汇 [/b][b]加速度传感器acceleration transduceracceptance testing验收测试可及性accessibility积累误差accumulated error交-直-交变频器AC-DC-AC frequency converter交流电子传动AC (alternating current) electric drive主动姿态稳定active attitude stabilization驱动器，执行机构actuator线性适应元adaline适应层adaptation layer适应遥测系统adaptive telemeter system伴有算子adjoint operator容许误差admissible error集结矩阵aggregation matrix层次分析法AHP (analytic hierarchy process)放大环节amplifying elementanalog-digital conversion模数转换信号器annunciator天线指向控制antenna pointing control抗积分饱卷anti-integral windup非周期分解aperiodic decomposition后验估计a posteriori estimate近似推理approximate reasoning先验估计a priori estimate关节型机器人articulated robot配置问题，分配问题assignment problem联想记忆模型associative memory modelassociatron联想机渐进稳定性asymptotic stability实际位姿漂移attained pose drift姿态捕获attitude acquisition姿态轨道控制系统AOCS (attritude and orbit control system)姿态角速度attitude angular velocity姿态扰动attitude disturbance姿态机动attitude maneuver吸引子attractor可扩充性augment ability增广系统augmented systemautomatic manual station自动-手动操作器自动机automatonbacklash characteristics间隙特性基座坐标系base coordinate system贝叶斯分类器Bayes classifier方位对准bearing alignment波纹管压力表bellows pressure gauge收益成本分析benefit-cost analysisbilinear system双线性系统生物控制论biocybernetics生物反馈系统biological feedback systemblack box testing approach黑箱测试法盲目搜索blind search块对角化block diagonalization玻耳兹曼机Boltzman machine自下而上开辟bottom-up development边界值分析boundary value analysis头脑风暴法brainstorming method广度优先搜索breadth-first search蝶阀butterfly valve计算机辅助工程CAE (computer aided engineering) CAM (computer aided manufacturing)计算机辅助创造偏心旋转阀Camflex valve规范化状态变量canonical state variable电容式位移传感器capacitive displacement transducer膜盒压力表capsule pressure gauge计算机辅助研究开辟CARD直角坐标型机器人Cartesian robot串联补偿cascade compensation突变论catastrophe theory集中性centrality链式集结chained aggregationchaos混沌特征轨迹characteristic locus化学推进chemical propulsion清晰性calrity经典信息模式classical information pattern分类器classifierclinical control system临床控制系统闭环极点closed loop pole闭环传递函数closed loop transfer functioncluster analysis聚类分析粗-精控制coarse-fine control蛛网模型cobweb modelcoefficient matrix系数矩阵认知科学cognitive sciencecognitron认知机单调关联系统coherent system组合决策combination decision组合爆炸combinatorial explosion压力真空表combined pressure and vacuum gauge指令位姿command posecompanion matrix相伴矩阵房室模型compartmental model相容性，兼容性compatibilitycompensating network补偿网络补偿，矫正compensation柔顺，顺应compliance组合控制composite control可计算普通均衡模型computable general equilibrium model条件不稳定性conditionally instability组态configuration连接机制connectionism连接性connectivity守恒系统conservative systemconsistency一致性约束条件constraint condition消费函数consumption function上下文无关语法context-free grammar连续离散事件混合系continuous discrete event hybrid system sim 统仿真连续工作制continuous duty控制精度control accuracy控制柜control cabinet可控指数controllability index可控规范型controllable canonical form[control] plant控制对象,被控对象控制仪表controlling instrument控制力矩陀螺control moment gyro控制屏，控制盘control panel控制[式]自整角机control synchro控制系统综合control system synthesiscontrol time horizon控制时程合作对策cooperative game可协调条件coordinability conditioncoordination strategy协调策略协调器coordinator转折频率corner frequencycostate variable共态变量费用效益分析cost-effectiveness analysiscoupling of orbit and attitude轨道和姿态耦合临界阻尼critical damping临界稳定性critical stability穿越频率，交越频率cross-over frequency电流[源]型逆变器current source inverter截止频率cut-off frequencycybernetics控制论循环遥控cyclic remote control圆柱坐标型机器人cylindrical robotdamped oscillation阻尼振荡阻尼器damper阻尼比damping ratio数据采集data acquisition数据加密data encryption数据预处理data preprocessing数据处理器data processor直流发机电-电动机组传动DC generator-motor set drive微分控制器D controller分散性decentralitydecentralized stochastic control分散随机控制决策空间decision space决策支持系统decision support system分解集结法decomposition-aggregation approach解耦参数decoupling parameter演绎与归纳混合建模法deductive-inductive hybrid modeling method 延时遥测delayed telemetry导出树derivation tree微分反馈derivative feedback描述函数describing function希翼值desired valuedespinner消旋体目的站destination检出器detector确定性自动机deterministic automaton偏差舱deviation偏差报警器deviation alarmDFD数据流图诊断模型diagnostic model对角主导矩阵diagonally dominant matrixdiaphragm pressure gauge膜片压力表差分方程模型difference equation model微分动力学系统differential dynamical systemdifferential game微分对策差压液位计differential pressure level meterdifferential pressure transmitter差压变送器差动变压器式位移传感differential transformer displacement trans 器differentiation element微分环节数字滤波器digital filer数字信号处理digital signal processing数字化digitization数字化仪digitizer尺度传感器dimension transducerdirect coordination直接协调解裂disaggregation失协调discoordinationdiscrete event dynamic system离散事件动态系统离散系统仿真语言discrete system simulation language判别函数discriminant function位移振幅传感器displacement vibration amplitude transducer耗散结构dissipative structure分布参数控制系统distributed parameter control systemdistrubance扰动扰动补偿disturbance compensation多样性diversitydivisibility可分性领域知识domain knowledgedominant pole主导极点剂量反应模型dose-response model双重调制遥测系统dual modulation telemetering system对偶原理dual principle双自旋稳定dual spin stabilization负载比duty ratiodynamic braking能耗制动动态特性dynamic characteristics动态偏差dynamic deviationdynamic error coefficient动态误差系数动它吻合性dynamic exactness动态投入产出模型dynamic input-output model计量经济模型econometric model经济控制论economic cybernetics经济效益economic effectiveness经济评价economic evaluation经济指数economic index经济指标economic indicator电涡流厚度计eddy current thickness metereffectiveness有效性效益理论effectiveness theoryelasticity of demand需求弹性电动执行机构electric actuator电导液位计electric conductance levelmeter电动传动控制设备electric drive control gear电-液转换器electric hydraulic converter电-气转换器electric pneumatic converter electrohydraulic servo vale电液伺服阀电磁流量传感器electromagnetic flow transducer电子配料秤electronic batching scaleelectronic belt conveyor scale电子皮带秤电子料斗秤electronic hopper scale仰角elevation异常住手emergency stop经验分布empirical distribution内生变量endogenous variable均衡增长equilibrium growth平衡点equilibrium point等价类划分equivalence partitioning工效学ergonomicserror误差纠错剖析error-correction parsing估计量estimate估计理论estimation theory评价技术evaluation technique事件链event chain进化系统evolutionary system外生变量exogenous variable希翼特性expected characteristics外扰external disturbance事实fact basefailure diagnosis故障诊断快变模态fast mode可行性研究feasibility study可行协调feasible coordination可行域feasible region特征检测feature detectionfeature extraction特征抽取反馈补偿feedback compensation前馈通路feedforward pathfield bus现场总线有限自动机finite automaton工厂信息协议FIP (factory information protocol) first order predicate logic一阶谓词逻辑固定顺序机械手fixed sequence manipulatorfixed set point control定值控制柔性创造系统FMS (flexible manufacturing system)流量传感器flow sensor/transducer流量变送器flow transmitter涨落fluctuation强迫振荡forced oscillationformal language theory形式语言理论形式神经元formal neuron正向通路forward pathforward reasoning正向推理分形体，分维体fractal变频器frequency converter频域模型降阶法frequency domain model reduction method 频域响应frequency response全阶观测器full order observer功能分解functional decomposition功能电刺激FES (functional electrical stimulation)功能相似functional simularity含糊逻辑fuzzy logicgame tree对策树闸阀gate valve普通均衡理论general equilibrium theory广义最小二乘估计generalized least squares estimation生成函数generation function地磁力矩geomagnetic torque几何相似geometric similarity框架轮gimbaled wheel全局渐进稳定性global asymptotic stability全局最优global optimum球形阀徢globe valvegoal coordination method目标协调法文法判断grammatical inference图搜索graphic search重力梯度力矩gravity gradient torque成组技术group technology制导系统guidance systemgyro drift rate陀螺漂移率陀螺体gyrostat霍尔式位移传感器Hall displacement transducerhardware-in-the-loop simulation半实物仿真和谐偏差harmonious deviation和谐策略harmonious strategyheuristic inference启示式推理隐蔽振荡hidden oscillationhierarchical chart层次结构图递阶规划hierarchical planning递阶控制hierarchical control内稳态homeostasis同态系统homomorphic model横向分解horizontal decomposition内分泌控制hormonal control液压步进马达hydraulic step motor超循环理论hypercycle theoryI controller积分控制器可辨识性identifiabilityIDSS (intelligent decision support system)智能决策支持系统图象识别image recognition冲量impulse冲击函数，脉冲函数impulse function点动inching不相容原理incompatibility principle增量运动控制incremental motion control品质因数index of merit电感式位移传感器inductive force transducer归纳建模法inductive modeling method工业自动化industrial automation惯性姿态敏感器inertial attitude sensor惯性坐标系inertial coordinate systeminertial wheel惯性轮推理机inference engine无穷维系统infinite dimensional system信息采集information acquisition红外线气体分析器infrared gas analyzer知识顺应卡尔曼-布西滤波器knowledge accomodation Kalman-Bucy filer知识同化KBMSknowledge acquisition知识获取knowledge assimilation知识库管理系统瓢knowledge(knowledge base management system)滞梯形图lag-lead compensatio representation知识表达ladder diagramtransform拉格朗日对偶性Laplace拉普拉斯变duality后超前补偿Lagrange侧抑制网换large scale system大系统lateral inhibition network最小成本投入least squares criterion最小二乘准络 least cost input天平动阻尼 limit极cycledamping则 levelswitch物位开关 libration直线性化方法linear motion electric 限环linearization technique线性规划programming直行程阀linear线运动电气传动linearmotionvalve线性二次调节器问题loadcellproblem)称regulatorLQR(linearquadratic局部最局部渐近稳定性localoptimumstability重传感器localasymptotic对数幅相图long term memory长期记忆优log magnitude-phase diagram集总参数模型Lyapunov theorem of asymp lumped parameter model宏观经济系统stability李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理macro-economic systemmagnetic dumping磁致弹性称重传感磁卸载magnetoelastic weighing cell幅值裕器magnitude-frequency characteristic幅频特性magnitude margin机械手man-machine幅值比例尺manipulator度magnitude scale factor人机协调manual station手动操作器MAP (manufacturing coordination边际效益创造自动化协议marginal effectiveness automation protocol)梅森增益公式 master station主站matchingMason''s gain formula最大似然估计maximum 匹配准则maximum likelihood estimation criterion极大值原理mean-square error overshoot最大超调量maximum principle元知识机理模型meta-knowledge 均方误差准则mechanism modelcriterion冶金自动化minimal realization最小实现metallurgical automation最小方差最小相位系统minimum variance estimatio minimum phase system副回路missile-target relative movement弹体-估计minor loop模态集结 modal transformatio模目标相对运动仿真器modal aggregation模型置信度modelfidelity模型库 modelconfidence(modelbase)态变换MB模型参考适应控制模型逼真度 model reference adaptive control sy模块化 MEC (most模型验证 modularization系统model verification最经济控制 motion space可动空间MTBF (mean time economic control)平均无平均故障间隔时间MTTF (mean time to failur between failures)多属性效用函数故障时间multi-attributive utility function多级递阶结构多重判据multilevel hierarchical structu multicriteria多目标决策multiloop control多回路控制 multi-objective decisioncontrol多段递阶控hierarchical多态逻辑 multistratummultistatelogiccontrol多变量控制系统myoelectric肌电system制multivariablecontrol纳什最优性natural language generation自然语言生控制Nash optimality必然性侧度negative最近邻necessity measure成nearest-neighbor神经神经集合neural network compute 负反馈 neural assemblyfeedback思维科学noncoherent尼科尔斯图noetic science网络计算机Nichols chart非合作博弈nonequilibrium system非单调关联系统noncooperative gamelogic非线性环节nonmonotonic非单调逻stateelement非平衡态nonlinear不可非参数训练nonreversible electric dr 辑nonparametric training非奇妙摄动 non-stationary ra 逆电气传动nonsingular perturbation核辐射物位非平稳随机过程 nuclear radiation levelmeter processcriterion奈奎斯特稳stability章动敏感器 Nyquistsensor计 nutation可观测指数目标函数observability index定判据objective function在线匡助可观测规范型on-line assistance observable canonical form开环极点operational researc on-off control通断控制open loop poletrajectory光纤式转速表optimaltachometermodel运筹学模型 opticfiber最优化技术orbital rendezvous轨道交会最优轨迹 optimization technique轨道摄动order轨道陀螺罗盘orbit perturbationorbit gyrocompass始发站定向控制originatorparameter序参数orientation control输出预估法oval振荡周期 output prediction method oscillating period过阻design总体设计overdamping椭圆齿轮流量计overallwheelflowmeterapproximation帕德近似Pareto交叠分解Padedecomposition尼overlapping被动姿态稳定optimality帕雷托最优性passive attitude stabilizationpath repeatability 路径可重复性pattern primitive 模式基元PR (pattern recognition) 模式识别P control 比例控制器peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法perceptron 感知器periodic duty 周期工作制perturbation theory 摄动理论 pessimistic value 悲观值phase locus 相轨迹phase trajectory 相轨迹phase lead 相位超前photoelectric tachometric transducer 光电式转速传感器phrase-structure grammar 短句结构文法physical symbol system 物理符号系统piezoelectric force trans 压电式力传感器playback robot 示教再现式机器人PLC (programmable log controller) 可编程序逻辑控制器plug braking 反接制动plug valve 旋塞阀pneumatic actuator 气动执行机构point-to-point control 点位控制polarrobot 极坐标型机器人pole assignment 极点配置pole-zero cancellation 零极点相消polynomial input 多项式输入portfolio theory 投资搭配理论poseovershoot 位姿过调量 position measuring instrument 位置测量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器positivefeedback 正反馈power system automation 电力系统自动化predicate logic 谓词逻辑pressure gauge with electric contact 电接点压力表pressuretransmitter 压力变送器price coordination 价格协调primal coordinatio 主协调primary frequency zone 主频区PCA (principal component 主成份分析法principle of turnpike 大道原理priority 优先级process-oriented simulation 面向过程的仿真production budget 生产预算production rule 产生式规则profit forecast 利润预测PERT (program evaluation and review technique) 计划评审技术program set station 程序设定操作器proportional control 比例控制proportional plus deriv controller 比例微分控制器protocol engineering 协议工程prototype 原型pseudo random sequence 伪随机序列pseudo-rate-increment cont 伪速率增量控制pulse duration 脉冲持续时间pulse frequency modulatio system 脉冲调频控制系统pulse width modulation control 脉冲调宽控制系统PWM inverter 脉宽调制逆变器pushdown automaton 下推自动机QC(quality control) 质量管理quadratic performance index 二次型性能指标qualitative physical model 定性物理模型quantized noise 量化噪声quasilinear characteristics 准线性特性queuing theory 排队论radiofrequency sensor 射频敏感器ramp function 斜坡函数random disturbance 随机扰动random process 随机过程rate integrating gyro 速率积分陀螺ratio station 比值操作器reachability 可达性reaction wheel control 反作用轮控制realizability可实现性,能实现性real time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野rectangular robot 直角坐标型机器人rectifier 整流器recursive estimation 递推估计reduced order observer 降阶观测器redundant information 冗余信息reentry control 再入控制regenerative braking 回馈制动，再生制动regional planning model 区域规划模型regulating device 调节装载regulation 调节relational algebra 关系代数relay characteristic 继电器特性 remote manipulator 遥控操作器 remote regulating 遥调 remote set point adjuster 远程设定点调整器 rendezvous and docking 交会和对接reproducibility 再现性resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻 resolution principle 归结原理resource allocation响应曲线return difference 资源分配response curve回响回比矩阵reverberationmatrix回差矩阵return ratio matrix可逆电气传动revolute robot关节型机器人reversible electric drive转速传感器rewriting rule重写规则rigidrevolution speed transducer风险分析robotics机器decisiondynamics刚性航天动力学riskspacecraft机器人编程语言robust control鲁棒控制人学robot programming language辊缝测量仪rootlocus根instrumentmeasuringrobustness鲁棒性rollgap浮子流量计，转子流量计rotary腰轮流量计rotameter轨迹rootsflowmeter角行程阀rotating eccentric plug valve偏心旋转阀rotary motion valve劳思近似判据routing transformer旋转变压器Routh approximation method采样控制系统sampling 路径问题sampled-data control systemproblem饱和特性scalarcontrol system采样控制系统saturation characteristics标量李雅普诺夫函数SCARA (selective complia Lyapunov function情景分析assembly robot arm)平面关节型机器人scenario analysis method域 self-operated controll自力物景分析s-domain s法scene analysis自组织系统self-reproducing自繁systemsystem式控制器self-organizing语义网络殖系统 self-tuning control自校正控制semantic network半实物仿真sensing element敏感元件semi-physical simulation感觉控制 sequential灵敏度分析 sensory controlsensitivity analysis序贯最小二decomposition顺序分解sequential least squares estima伺服控制，随动控制servomotortime伺服马达settlingcontrol乘估计servo短期计划short time horizo 六分仪short term planning过渡时间sextantestimation信号检测和估andcoordinationdetection短时程协调 signal相似性simulated interru 计signal reconstruction信号重构similarity仿真实experiment仿真框图simulation仿真中断simulationblockdiagram单轴仿真器single axle table验simulation velocity仿真速度simulator单单自由度陀螺single level proces 转台single degree of freedom gyroattractor单值非线性singular奇妙吸引nonlinearity级过程singlevalue受役系统汇点slaved system子singular perturbation奇妙摄动sink慢变子系统欠实时仿真slow subsystemslower-than-real-time simulation社会经济系统softwaresystem社会控制论socioeconomicsocio-cybernetics太阳帆板指向控制软件心理学solar array pointing control psychology比冲speed control源点specific impulsesolenoid valve电磁阀source自旋体stability criterion自旋轴spinner稳调速系统spin axissystem镇定，稳定Stackelberg定性判据stability limit稳定极限stabilization状态方程模型decision theory施塔克尔贝格决策理论state equation model静态状态空间描述static characteristics c state space description平稳随机特性曲线 station accuracy定点精度stationary random process统计模patternrecognition统计分析statistic过程statisticalanalysiserrorcoefficient稳statestate稳态偏差steady式识别steadydeviation阶跃函数stepwisefunctioncontrol步进控制step态误差系数step-by-step随机有限自动机 strain 逐步精化stochastic finite automaton refinement策略函数strongly应变式称重传感器strategic functiongauge load cell主观频率suboptimalityprobabilitycoupledsystem强耦合系统subjective次优性supervised training监督学习supervisory computer cont旋进流量计自持振荡swirlmeter计算机监控系统sustained oscillation符号处理synapticprocessingplasticity 切换点symbolicswitchingpoint句法分析system突触可塑性synergetics协同学 syntactic analysis系统同态系统学system homomorphism assessment系统评价systematology系统工程tachometerengineering转速系统同构systemsystemisomorphism作业周期 teaching表target flow transmitter靶式流量变送器task cycle远动学telemetering system of programming示教编程telemechanics遥测teleological频分遥测系统telemetrysystem divisiontypefrequency温度传感器template目的论temperature transducer目的系统teleologyproving纹理 theorem定理证明base张力计 texture模版库tensiometer温度计thickness热电偶thermometer治疗模型thermocoupletherapymodel三轴姿态稳定threestatestabilization厚度计 three-axisattitudemeter推力矢量控制系统controller三位控制器 thrust vector control system定常系统，时间常数time-invariant system 推力器time constantthruster时序控制器time-sharing control分非时变系统time schedule controller自上而下测试时变参数top-down testing时控制time-varying parameter全面质量管拓扑结构TQC (total quality control) topological structure权衡分析transferfunctionanalysis跟踪误差trade-off理trackingerrordeviation转换文法transientmatrixgrammar传递函数矩阵transformation过渡过程transition diagram转移图瞬态偏差transient process变送器trend电远传压力表transmittertransmissible pressure gauge三重调制遥测系趋势分析triple modulation telemetering sys analysis图灵机two-time scale涡轮流量计Turing machine统turbine flowmeter超声物位计unadjustable speed system双时标系统ultrasonic levelmeter无偏估计underdampingestimationdrive非调速电气传动unbiasedelectric一致渐近稳定性uninterrupteddutyasymptoticstability欠阻尼 uniformly单元测试单位圆unit testing不间断工作制，长期工作制unit circle上级问题urban非监督学习 upper level problem unsupervised learing价值工程效用函数value engineering planning城市规划utility function可变增益，可变放大系数variable structure contr variable gain变结构控制vector Lyapunov function向量李雅普诺夫函数velocity error速度传感器verticalcoefficient速度误差系数velocity transducer振弦式力传感器decomposition纵向分解vibrating wire force transducerinvertersource电压振动计viscous粘性阻尼voltagevibrometerdamping旋进流量计vortex 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Automatic generation of hierarchical taxonomies from free text using linguistic algorithmsJuan Lloréns1 and Hernán Astudillo31 Computer Science Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,Leganés, Madrid, Spainllorens@inf.uc3m.es2 Financial Systems Architects, 25 Broad St.,New York, NY, USAhernan@acm,orgAbstract.This paper presents a technique, based on linguistic algorithms, toconstruct hierarchical taxonomies from free text. These hierarchies, as wellas other relationships, are extracted fro m free text by identifying verbalstructures with semantic meaning. The created taxonomies can be used askernel for complete domain representation of a particular knowledge area.The domain representation could allow software architects to reuseInformation. In order to test the algorithms, an example domain is presentedto exemplify the use of the technique.1 Automatic generation of information structures in Sw. Engineering Software engineering (SE) has quickly evolved towards effectiveness in the last s decade. Software projects development demand quality policies, metrics and best practices. Among them, software reuse has always been considered as a key factor to enhance an organization’s productivity and strength. During the last years, the concept of software has evolved towards a more complete definition.According to Jacobson et. al in [1], an artifact is “a tangible piece of information that (1) is created, changed, and used by workers when performing activities, (2) represents an area of responsibility, and (3) is likely to be put under separate version control. An artifact can be a model, a model element, or a document.”. Therefore, considering an artifact as the atomic element is software development, an artifact’s reuse should no longer be just software reuse but information reuse, considering information as a general container of structured and free text data.Implicit in this artifact definition, one of Software Engineering’s main goals since the 1980’s has been finding a way to represent software artifacts using a standard model.2 Juan Lloréns and Hernan AstudilloSoftware engineers needed a common language, and a common representation schema for visualizing, specifying, constructing, documenting, and communicating all kinds of artifacts [2]. At the end of the 1990’s, the UML (Unified Modeling Language) [3] had become the clear standard, and many organizations have begun to use its information representation model to represent software artifacts. Unfortunately, the UML metamodel [4] has not been designed to cope with textual arti facts, particularly regarding textual information storage, which implies that a complete textual domain representation model can not be created to support information reuse.Textual artifacts (text documents) were the first ones to be represented in a comp uter, as computers changed their goals from calculation to information processing [5]. Therefore, the first information representation models were developed to cope with this kind of artifacts. Many approaches to text representation models have been made, using free text words as descriptors, or using terms from controlled vocabularies [6] coming from basic taxonomies (Dewey decimal system, presented by Melvil Dewey in 1873 [7], [8]), or advanced ones, like semantic networks [9], Thesauri [10], [11], Topic Maps [12] or facets [13]. These controlled vocabularies are part of standard cataloguing practice in libraries and information traders and are now being applied to more advanced digital resources using thematic keywords in metadata resource descriptors. For example, the Dublin Core [14] standard metadata set includes elements for Title, Creator, Date, Format, etc. in addition to the more complex notion of the Subject (or theme) of a resource. Guidelines recommend that, where possible, the Subject element be taken from a relevant controlled vocabulary. Links between concepts in the subject domain can be expressed by the semantic relationships in a thesaurus. According to [10], the three main thesaurus relationships are Equivalence (equivalent terms), Hierarchical (broader/narrower, whole/part and enumerative terms), and Associative (more loosely Related Terms) [15]. However, most of the domain representation attempts, as DARE [16], DRACO [17], the intelligent libraries of Simos [18], Feature Oriented Domain Analysis (FODA) [19], the Synthesis project [20], the intelligent design of Lubars [21], the Rapid project [22], KAPTUR tool [23], Gomaa’s domain analysis method [24] or the Organization Domain Modeling [25], provide a kind of support for hierarchical taxonomies as the kernel to organize information.In order to support information reuse by software engineers, a clear domain representation is needed; the lack of such is one of the essential drawbacks towards the generalization of reuse practices inside the software development process. In order to settle the issue, classification algorithms assisting automatic generation of domain representations have been tried in the last years, coming from such disciplines like pattern clustering (from artificial intelligence), data-text mining, psychology or information science.Many researchers have been trying to apply cluster analysis and pattern matching algorithms (originally from Artificial Intelligence) to information classification. Neural networks like Kohonen’s maps [26], ART based algorithms and classical perceptrons [27], have been used. The main application has been to find clusters of semanticallyAutomatic generation of hierarchical taxonomies from free text using linguisticalgorithms 3 common terms, linked by associative relationships.Text mining has been another approach to information structuring. Although the main goal of miners used to be the location of associations within large data-text corpus, their work, specially in the application of complicated regression models, has led to interesting definitions for complex information structures. Relevant authors are Feldman & Hirsh [28] and Basili & Pazienza [29].From a different perspective, studying the abstraction as a kernel principle, Rosch et. al. in [30] created their own models for information structure, including hierarchies. Information science has provided plenty of algorithms for information classification. Main examples are Zipf´s law [31] for information discrimination, Inverse Document Frequency (IDF) [32] for relevance measurements of terms or n-grams [33] for phrase filtering based on statistical calculations of grams (character groups) occurrences. Also, co-wording algorithms [34] arise from some proposals related to bibliometrics. It consist basically in building up science maps by means of word occurrences. One common application of co-wording is Chen’s algorithm [35]. This algorithm generates, for each pair of terms, a coefficient that measures the degree of relationship between them. The result of this algorithm is a set of terms, called cluster, that semantically are similar to each other. Again, the results of this algorithm are only associative relationships.Statistics have also been widely used before, specially those dealing with classification. K-means (supervised), axial k-means used in [36] by Lelu, max-min or Isodata (not supervised) applied in [37], using Euclidean and Humming distance. It is clearly accepted today that statistical classifiers can not, without other information sources, get meaningful semantic clusters. Anyhow, these methods gather also associative relationships between terms.Some authors have proposed methods to generate thesaurus structures, like Chen in [38], but the proposed techniques are only applied to the associative relationship of the ISO-2788 standard for information taxonomies (Thesauri). Diaz et. al proposed in 1998 [39] a recursive neural networks method to create hierarchies of clusters which would lead to a hierarchical taxonomy. Although it can be considered an advance, obtained results showed the need of an improvement in order to practically apply the algorithms.As a complement to the experiments carried out in the last decade, Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques started to be applied to information classification [40]. NLP provides accurate techniques to identify tags in natural language phrases. Modern translators have had high level of success in translating complex sentences.The authors intention has been to apply NLP techniques to identify verb structures in order to find semantic information about the concepts the verb is linking.4 Juan Lloréns and Hernan Astudillo2 Gen/Spe Hierarchical Relationships from Free TextThe main principle of the presented technique is to consider that hierarchical information regarding terms can, many times, be found explicitly in electronic documents, specially if the docum ent corpus is carefully selected. Field description documents, manuals, state of the art summaries, etc. are a very good source to look for Generalization/Specialization (Gen/Spec) hierarchies. This technique identifies two types:The main principle of the presented technique is to consider that hierarchical information regarding terms can, many times, be found explicitly in electronic documents, specially if the document corpus is carefully selected. Field description documents, manuals, state of the art summaries, etc. are a very good source to look for Generalization/Specialization (Gen/Spec) hierarchies. This technique identifies two types:1. Grammatical Gen/Spec hierarchies gathered from term-phrasesA normal term-phrase can certainly hide a specialization hierarchy, called grammatical in this work as it comes from a grammatical rule. For example, the term phrase “Artificial Intelligence” can provide the following taxonomical structure:Fig. 1. Taxonomical structure for the “Artificial Intelligence” phrase2. Linguistic Gen/Spec hierarchiesIt is possible to identify Gen/Spec hierarchical relationships from text phrases by linking normalized verb structures to semantic relationships. For example, the following sentence: “A MAZDA is a kind of car that [..]” could provide the following hierarchy:Fig. 2. Specialization hierarchies gathered from linguistic parsingThe intention of the proposed technique is to identify verb structures in normal form (in the example, it would be to identify the “BE A KIND OF” verb expression) and toAutomatic generation of hierarchical taxonomies from free text using linguisticalgorithms 5 associate them to a semantic relationship (in this example, associate “BE A KIND OF” with a specialization hierarchy). This method allows not only to identify specialization hierarchies but also aggregations, compositions, associations etc. This feature is the essence of its main application: to generate representations of domains. The algorithm, which indeed is a kind of indexer, is presented in the following diagram:Fig. 3. Algorithm description using UML Activity diagrams.This indexer is called RelationSHiPs Indexer (RSHPIndexer) because it needs to identify relationships. Finally, to construct a complete taxonomy from the { <Name>, <Verb structure>, <Term> } tuples, a management process to link together all the different hierarchies identified in the indexing process is needed. A brief description of the RSHPIndexer follows:A - Single words normalization into conceptual form: (Worder) The normalization process consists of checking whether a word is a generic form, and if it is not, transforming it into an accepted normal version of the representative concept, either in singular, plural, infinitive, etc. For example the input term “vehicles” could be normalized to “Vehicle” if this representation is considered normal for the <vehicle> concept. If the generic form of a given word input can not be found, that word is included as a new generic form of a new concept. This process is based on classical stemming algorithms. The single word normalization has been fully presented in [41].B – Noun Phrase Identification: (Phrase Normalizer)The Phrase Normalizer intends to identify either noun and verbal phrases. Single terms can be used to represent concepts but usually, the more specific a domain is (or its taxonomic representation) the more noun phrases are used. In order to identify noun6 Juan Lloréns and Hernan Astudillophrases, the following automaton was defined:Fig. 4. Noun Phrase identification automatonwhere: T: Noun Terms, P: Noun connectives, W: Rest of grammatical tags, N(T): Automaton startThis automaton can be evolved to a more complicated one, according to the particular needs. The E1state is the only one returning results. It returns the concatenated text chain in the form of a Noun Phrase.C - Verb structures Identification: (Phrase Normalizer)Essentially, the previous automaton can be reconfigured for identifying verb structures, in the type of “BE A KIND OF”.V QFig. 5. Verb structures identification automatonwhere: V: Verb Terms, Q: Verb connectives, Z: Rest of grammatical tags, N(V): Automaton start The E1 state is the only one returning results. It returns the concatenated text chain in the form of a Verb Structure.D -Verb Structures Matching Against Semantic MeaningThis stage is a simple mapping between language text chains and relationship meanings. Text chains represent verb structures, and relationship meanings represent semantic links between concepts. This step is quite critical as it intends to map syntactical analysis withAutomatic generation of hierarchical taxonomies from free text using linguisticalgorithms 7 semantic meaning. This information is stored in Database tables. For example:Verb Structure Relationship Type<BE A KIND OF> Generic- Specific hierarchy<BE A TYPE OF> Generic- Specific hierarchy<BE A PART OF> Whole Part Aggregation (Whole/Part hierarchy inISO-2788 standard)<BE EQUIVALENT TO> Equivalence relationship (synonym in ISO-2788standard)etc.E - Identification of Linguistic RelationSiHP tuples: (RSHPExtractor)Once a verb structure has been matched against a relationship type, a possible Relationship can be created, depending on the noun phrases position around the verb structure. Therefore, in order to identify the whole relationship tuple, {<Noun phrase> , <Verb structure>, <Noun phrase>} from the Noun and Verb phrases, a third automaton was designed :Fig. 6. Relationships generation automatonwhere: SV: Verb Structure, SN: Noun Phrase, SW: Stop Word, , FF: End of Phrase. The E3 state is the only one returning results. It returns the relationship tuple.F - Identification of Grammatical RelationSiHP tuples: (RSHPExtractor)The algorithm has been designed to extract grammatical relationships from Noun Phrases.3 ConclusionsThis paper presents a technique which main goal is to identify relationships from free text using linguistic algorithms. Although the technique extracts all kinds of relationships, we have concentrated the presentation on the issue of hierarchical relationships. Two8 Juan Lloréns and Hernan Astudillodifferent types of sources were used to identify them: the noun phrases and the verbal structures, all of them found within free text electronic documents. An experiment was made to test the algorithm, showing that it extracted a low number of hierarchies. The main problems detected point to the need of a complete semantic ontology for verbal structures, which would help to solve the “gray-zone problems” formed by hierarchical Gen/Spec, composition and aggregation. However, the main goal of this algorithm was fulfilled, namely helping domain engineers to represent domain structures using taxonomies, since the computer provides the expert with taxonomic structures, albeit some of them are incomplete or incorrect, which can be used as start point for more complex domain generation procedures.4 AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to acknowledge the importance of Irene Diaz PhD study at the root of this work [42]. The algorithm presented here has evolved from experiments by Irene and us at the end of the 90’s. Her (hopefully provisional) retirement from research activities in this area is sad news for the community.The work presented in this paper was funded by the Technology and Science Ministry of Spain - MCYT, in the PROFIT program titled “Sistema de Gestión del Conocimiento en Calidad Desarrollado en Español y en Inglés.”References1 Jacobson, I., Booch, G., Rumbaugh, J. (1999): The unified software developmentprocess. Reading (Massachusetts), Addison-Wesley.2 Rumbaugh, J., Jacobson, I. & Booch, G. (1998): The unified modeling languagereference manual. Addison-Wesley.3 UML, 2001: /4 OMG Unified Modeling Language, Specifications V 1.4. Semantics.http///technology/documents/formal/uml.htm5 Mooers, C.N. (1950): “Information Retrieval viewed as temporal signaling”.Proceedings of the International Conference of Mathematicians, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 19506 Luhn, H.P. (1957): “A statistical approach to mechanized encoding and searching ofliterary information.” IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1.7 Dewey, M. (1979): Decimal Classification and Relative Index. Forest Press Inc.8 On-Line Computer Library Center, Inc.</dewey/about/index.htm>9 Quillian, M. R. (1968): “Semantic Memory”. In: Semantic Information Processing,Automatic generation of hierarchical taxonomies from free text using linguisticalgorithms 9 M. Minsky (ed.).10 ISO-2788, 1986: Guidelines for the Establishment and Development of MonolingualThesauri. International Organization for Standardization, 2nd edition -11-15 UDC 025.48. ISO 2788. Geneva11 ISO-5964, (1985): Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingualthesauri. International Organization for Standardization, ISO 5964:1985., Geneva12 ISO/IEC 13250 (2000): Information technology - SGML Applications - Topic Maps,Geneva: ISO. February 2000.13 Ranganathan, S. R. Prolegomena to Library Classification. Asian Publishing House.India. 196714 /15 "Semantically Indexed Hypermedia: Linking Information Disciplines", DouglasTudhope and Daniel Cunliffe, 2000. ACM Computing Surveys./memex/ACMCSHT/6/6.html16 Frakes, W & Prieto-Díaz, R, Fox, C.: “DARE: Domain Analysis and ReuseEnvironment”. Annals of Software Engineering, (5) 125-141, The Netherlands: Baltzer Science Publishers, 1998.17 Neighbors, J.: “The Draco Approach to Constructing Software from ReusableComponents”. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. Vol. SE-10 (5), 1984. 18 Simos, M.: “The Growing of an Organon: a Hybrid Knowledge-based Technologyand Methodology for Software Reuse”. In: Domain Analysis and Software Systems Modeling, (eds.) R. Prieto-Díaz & G. Arango, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp 204-221, 1991.19 Kang, K., Cohen, S., Hess, J., Novak, W. & Peterson, S.: “Feature-Oriented DomainAnalysis (FODA)”. Feasibility Study. Technical Report CMU/SEI-90-TR-21, Software Engineering Institute, Pittsburgh, 1990.20 Campbell, G., Faulk, S. & Weiss, D.: “Introduction to Synthesis”. Technical ReportIntro_Synthesis-90019-N, Software Productivity Consortium, Herndon, 1990.21 Lubars, M.: “Domain Analysis and Domain Engineering in IdeA”. In: DomainAnalysis and Software Systems Modeling, (eds.) R. Prieto-Díaz & G. Arango, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp.163-178, 1991.22 Vitaletti, W. & Guerrieri, E.: “Domain Analysis within the ISEC RAPID Center”.Proceedings of the Eighth Annual National Conference on Ada Technology, 1990. 23 Bailin, S.: Domain Analysis with KAPTUR. Course Notes. CTA Inc. Rockville,1992.24 Gomaa, H., Kerschberg, L., Sugumaran, V., Bosch, C. & Tavakoli, I.: “A PrototypeDomain Modeling Environment for Reusable Software Architectures”. 3rd International Conference on Software Reuse, pp 74-83. IEEE Computer Society Press. Rio de Janeiro, 1994.25 Simos, M.: “Organization Domain Modeling (ODM): Formalizing the Core DomainModeling Life Cycle”. SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes. Special Issue on the 1995 Symposium on Software Reusability, 1995.26 Kohonen, T.: “Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps”.10 Juan Lloréns and Hernan AstudilloBiological Cybernetics, 43:59-69, 198227 Rosenblatt, F.: “The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage andOrganization in the Brain”. Psychological Review, 65, 386-408. 195828 Feldman ,R. ; Hirsh , H. Mining Associations in Text in the Presence of BackgroundKnowledge. Proc. of the 2nd Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD-96), 343-346. AAAI Press, 1996.29 Basili, R. & Pazienza, M. T. Lexical Acquisition for Information Extraction.Information Extraction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to an Emerging Information Technology (M. T. Pazienza, ed.), (Frascati, Italy), LNAI Tutorial, Springer, July 199730 Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W., Johnson, D., & Boyes-Braem, P. Basic objectsin natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 8, p382,439.-197631 Zipf, G. K.: Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction toHuman Ecology. Haffner. New York, 1972.32 Spark Jones, Karen: “A statistical interpretation of term specificity and itsapplication in retrieval.” Journal of Documentation, 28 (1972), 11-21.33 Cohen, J. D.: “Highlights: Language and Domain Independent Automatic IndexingTerms for Abstracting”. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 46(3), pp 162-174, 199534 Gallant, S. (1995): Neural Network Learning and Expert Systems. The MIT Press.35 Chen, H., Yim, T., Fye, D. & Schatz, B. (1995): “Automatic Thesaurus Generationfor an Electronic Community System”. Journal of the American Society for Information Science. Vol. 46(3).36 Lelu, C. (1993) Modéles neuronaux pour l’analyse de données documentaires ettextuelles. Ph. D. Université de Paris.37 Gallant, S. (1995): Neural Network Learning and Expert Systems. The MIT Press.38 Chen, H., Yim, T., Fye, D. & Schatz, B. (1995): “Automatic Thesaurus Generationfor an Electronic Community System”. Journal of the American Society for Information Science. Vol. 46(3).39 Díaz, I., Velasco, M., Lloréns, J., Martínez, V.: “Semi-Automatic construction ofthesaurus applying domain analysis techniques”. International Forum on Information and Documentation. October 1998.40 Mahesh, K. & Nirenburg, S.. Semantic classification for practical natural languageprocessing. Proceedings of Sixth ASIS SIG/CR Classification Research Workshop: An Interdisciplinary Meeting, Chicago IL, October 8, 1995.41 Diaz, I., Llorens, J., Morato, J.: “An Algorithm for Term Conflation Based on TreeStructures”. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 53(3), 2002.42 Díaz, I: “Esquemas de Representación de Información basados en Relaciones.Aplicación a la Generación Automática de Representaciones de Dominios”. PhD Thesis. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Leganés, Madrid (Spain), 2001.。

系统英文名称

SCADA：监视控制和数据采集(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) EMS：能量管理系统（Energy Management System）•AGC：自动发电控制（Automatic Generation Control）•TMR：电能计量系统（Tele-Meter Reading）•DTS：调度员培训仿真系统（Dispatcher Training Simulator）EMOS：电力市场技术支持系统（Electricity Market Operation System）DMS：配电管理系统(Distribution Management System)DMIS：调度管理信息系统(Dispatching Management Information System) GIS：地理信息系统（Geographic Information System ）DAS：数据采集系统(data acquisition system)DCS：分散控制系统(distributed control system)SIS：监控信息系统（Supervisory Information System）CIS：（Consumer Information System）用户信息系统PAS：（Power Application Software ）电力应用软件CRMS：（Control Room Management System）控制室管理系统FCS: (Fieldbus Control System)现场总线控制系统OMS：（Outage Management System）停电管理系统。

WMS：（Work Management System）工作管理系统。

SA：（Substation Automation ）变电站自动化RTU：（Remote Terminal Unit）站内远方终端FA（Feeder Automation）馈线自动化FTU：（Feeder Terminal Unit）馈线远方终端DA：（Distribution Automation）配电自动化DSM：（Demand Side Management）需求侧管理AMR：（Automatic Message Recording）自动抄表ERP——企业资源计划（Enterprise Resource Planning）MRP——物料需求计划（Material Requirement Planning）MRPⅡ——制造资源计划（Manufacturing Resource Planning）RCM——以可靠性为中心的维修(Reliability Centered Maintenance) TPM——全员生产维修(Total Productive Maintenance)BPR——业务流程重组（Business Process Reengineering ）CRM——客户关系管理（Customer Relation Management）DRP——分销资源计划（Distribution Resource Planning）EIP——企业信息门户（Enterprise Information Portal）EAM——企业资产管理（Enterprise Asset Management）HRM——人力资源管理(Human Resource Management)KRM——知识资源管理（Knowledge Resources Management）MIS——管理信息系统（Management Information System）PM——项目管理（Project Management）SCM——供应链管理（Supply Chain Management）。

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Knowledge base for automatic generation of online IMS LDcompliant course structuresEcaterina Giacomini Pacurar1, Philippe Trigano2, Sorin Alupoaie3Université de Technologie de CompiègneUMR CNRS 6599 Heudiasyc BP 2052912360205 Compiègne FRANCEegiacomi@hds.utc.fr1, philippe.trigano@utc.fr2, salupoai@etu.utc.fr3AbstractOur article presents a pedagogical scenarios-based web application that allows the automatic generation and development of pedagogical websites. These pedagogical scenarios are represented in the IMS Learning Design standard. Our application is a web portal helping teachers to dynamically generate web course structures, to edit pedagogical content and to administrate their courses. In this paper we are describing the methodological framework and the theoretical approaches used in our research project. We will also make a brief presentation of how the structures are automatically generated. Our application uses a knowledge-based system developed in the JESS environment (Java Expert System Shell). The knowledge is represented in XML files, then translated in JESS rules. Finally we are presenting an example of an educational website structure model developed using our tool and we are presenting an IMS LD graphic editor for modifying the course structures as well. Keywords: pedagogical scenario, knowledge based system, IMS LD graphic representation, instructional theory, dynamic generation of pedagogical website structures, HCI (Human-Machine Interface) for websites.1. INTRODUCTIONToday, the Internet and Web development has transformed teaching and training practices. Courses circulate through software platforms in many formats and varied structures.Considering the diversity of digital material and taking into account that users can access these elements, distribute them, exchange them, update them, the designers of electronic teaching objects have underlined the importance of standards. These are presented in the form of a "common language", which is currently used for indicating, organizing and describing the digital educational resources.Our analysis regarding various norms and standards (“IEEE, 2001”, “Friesen, 02”, “ADL, 2001”, “IMS, 2003”) enabled us to choose the standard IMS LD for representing the pedagogical content in models of educational websites. In the realization of these teaching models, we are interested in taking into account several concepts like: theories and models of teaching and training, curricular areas, roles of actors (learning, group leaders, professors, tutors, etc.) and interactions between these various actors in the training environment. The use of this language facilitates the implementation of the dynamic evolution of a training course. Consequently, all elements that have been described led us to apply the IMS LD standard in the creation of educational websites.2. LEARNING DESIGN EXISTING TOOLS: SOME EXAMPLES(Griffiths et al., 2005) classifies the authoring tools dedicated to the design of a unit of learning in two categories: "low level" tools (use a presentation of terms and structures is close to the IMS LD specification) and "high level" tools (using a presentation of terms and structures distant from the IMS LD specification and also utilising a "hidden mapping" between the interactions of the users and the IMS LD document which must be published). The target for the first category is users (pedagogicalEcaterina Giacomini Pacurar, Philippe Trigano, Sorin Alupoaiecontent creator) with a deep knowledge of IMS LD specification. For the second category ("high level") of tools, the target users are those who aren’t familiar with the IMS LD specification. Therefore, the IMS LD structure and terminology are considered inappropriate for them. In order to be easy to use, these “high level” tools integrate vocabularies and representations well recognized by users. For example, teachers, as well as other actors who take part in the creation of the online courses, are familiar with terms like lesson, module of teaching, exercises etc. Consequently, they must specify and visualize the development of their courses by using these terms, which do not necessarily have a direct equivalent in LD.Another direction that we can take into account in the classification of the authoring tools refers to the generic and specific dimensions of these tools (Griffiths et al., 2005). Thus, the tools known as "generic" give users access to the whole specification of LD. This category of tools is used by specialists in pedagogy, but also by technical specialists designing the units of learning.Thereafter we give some examples of tools based on IMS LD. These tools are divided into three main categories: learning design editors, runtime tools and learning design players.2.1 LEARNING DESIGN EDITORS2.1.1. RELOAD LD EditorThe RELOAD project (Reusable e-Learning Object Authoring and Delivery) is a project of JISC whose objective is the development of tools in order to facilitate the use of interoperability specifications of pedagogical technology such as those created by ADL and IMS (Reload, 2005). Reload LD Editor is an authoring tool developed at the University of Bolton by Phillip Beauvoir and Paul Sharples. It proposes a graphical environment used for editing and conceiving packages in conformity with the IMS LD specification. The second version supports levels A, B and C of IMS LD and is currently available on the project website (Reload, 2005).The Reload LD Editor allows the import and the creation of IMS LD packages. For each unit of learning, we can find the buttons corresponding to the principal IMS LD concepts: roles, activities, properties, environments, as well as plays structured in acts and role-parts. The process of conceivinga unit of learning consists of filling in all the fields, according to the IMS LD specification.2.1.2. CopperAuthorCopperAuthor is an IMS LD editor developed by the OUNL (CopperAuthor, 2005). It provides a graphical interface that gives the user the possibility of developing and validating units of learning, visualizing the resulted XML code and unifying incomplete units of learning. It is not yet possible to import units of learning. CopperAuthor provides also a graphical interface to assign roles with runs in Coppercore and a previsualisation with Coppercore the execution of the created course.2.2 LEARNING DESIGN ENGINE AND PLAYERS2.2.1. CopperCoreCopperCore (CopperCore, 2005) is an IMS Learning Design engine developed by the OUNL in the context of the Alfanet project which supports all three levels of this standard (A, B and C). It handles the business logic of Learning Design, by providing support for dynamically checking and personalizing the activity workflow in a IMS LD content organization. The implementation of LD business logic as a separate software unit with an API facilitates the development of IMS LD players by hiding all the complexities of this standard. Thus, the CopperCore engine can be used when developing players that interpret the IMS LD.2.2.2. Reload Learning Design PlayerAn example of a tool that uses the CopperCore engine is Reload Learning Design Player (Reload, 2005), developed at the university of Bolton by Paul Sharples and Phillip Beauvoir. Using this tool, it is possible to manage several units of leaning at the same time. The features of this LD player are: wraps the Coppercore (version 2.2.2) runtime engine within an easy to use management interface; 290Knowledge base for automatic generation of online IMS LD compliant course structures291automatically launches and deploys Coppercore under a JBoss server; Interface allows for easy import/removal of Learning Designs in the Coppercore engine without the use of command line tools; automatically reads a Learning Design and populates Coppercore with a default run and active user for every role found within the manifest.; easy launch - double click a role within the management interface and it launches in the Native Browser.In section 8 of this article, we position our tool in comparison to the other tools presented here.3. APPLICATIONS OF IMS LD: PEDAGOGICAL WEBSITE MODELSWe have designed an online guide called CEPIAH in order to help teachers to implement pedagogical websites and to produce on-line courses. This system is composed of three modules: Help in the Design, Help with the Evaluation and Assistance with the development of online course structures. After having integrated the first two modules into the CEPIAH guide (Trigano and Giacomini, 2004) (Giacomini and Trigano, 2003), in the third module we were interested in assisting the design and development of educational websites structures. We developed a Web portal, named netUniversité, of which the general architecture is represented in Figure 1. Using this application the teacher can automatically generate educational website structures, adding the pedagogical content to these structures, then visualize, manage and participate in his courses. The students can view and participate in courses using the navigator integrated in netUniversité. Our web portal netUniversité, also integrates an QTI editor for interactive exercises (see Giacomini et al, 2005).These structures are generated starting from answers given by the user (the teacher) by responding to two interactive questionnaires: a pedagogical questionnaire and a GUI related questionnaire (cf. Figure 1).A more detailed description of the principle of generating educational websites structures will be the subject of the following section.Ecaterina Giacomini Pacurar, Philippe Trigano, Sorin Alupoaie4. PROPOSING UNIT OF LEARNING MODELS REPRESENTED IN IMSLD BY USING AN INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE APPROACHIn this section we present our approach for the creation of the basic pedagogical models used in the process of automatic generation of the educational website structures. Thus, we applied two approaches: inductive, which consists in analyzing a base of 170 educational websites accessible through the Intranet at our Technology University of Compiegne; another deductive approach, which consists of an analysis of a bibliographical study on various theoretical approaches of learning and teaching. The analysis of the educational websites was made with an aim of achieving two goals: the prime objective was to find the types of pedagogical units (scenarios) most often used; the second objective was to determine the components for the graphical aspects of the interface of pedagogical websites (colors, the shapes of the menus and button, etc). We present below the results of the analysis on the educational websites from a pedagogical point of view and then we present some theoretical approaches which we studied with the aim of enriching typology of the pedagogical units (scenarios) obtained during the inductive analysis. However, the results of the inductive analysis on the graphical aspects will be presented in §5.2.4.1 INDUCTIVE APPROACHAs we mentioned above, this analysis also allowed us to collect information concerning the pedagogical elements that comprise an educational website. In order to structure the great amount of information concerning the pedagogical concepts, we proposed some criteria like the existence of: theoretical parts in a formation module, exercises of various types (QCM, problems to be solved, text to be completed, etc), projects, types of evaluations, auto-evaluation, etc.Generalizing these criteria we determined three main types of pedagogical units to be included in a course: presentation of theoretical concepts, exercises (course application) and projects (practical work). From a pedagogical point of view, these pedagogical units were limited to a simple presentation of contents, often not well structured. Moreover, the reduced numbers of proposed projects were not conceived to encourage group work, debates and discussions on forums.4.2 DEDUCTIVE APPROACH: A REVIEW OF INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN THEORY AND MODELSThe last century marked the appearance and the development of theories, models and methods of teaching and training, starting with Piaget’s work (Gallagher and Reid, 1981), concerning the constructivist approach, the socio-cultural approach of Vygotski (Vygotski, 1978), and ending with Gagné’s and Medsker’s work (Gagné, 1996) on the conditions of training and Merrill’s work (Merrill, 2002) on the identification of the fundamental principles of teaching and training. We can also mention Reigeluth’s work (Reigeluth, 1999), which proposes several models and methods of teaching, integrating various teaching scenarios as well as the work of Paquette (Paquette, 2002) on teaching engineering for the systems of e-learning. In the first phase of work, we studied some of these models applied to our proposal for teaching scenarios. In the following paragraphs we present the fundamental principles of teaching and training, suggested by Merrill (Merrill, 2002), and give some examples of teaching and training models, respecting these principles, that we take into account in the design of the pedagogical models of the websites. Several methods of teaching suggest that the majority of the training environments are problem solving based and involve the students in four phases of training that Merrill (Merrill, 2002) distinguishes: (1) activation of former knowledge, (2) demonstration of competences, (3) applications of competences and (4) integration of these competences in the activities of the real world.An example, which includes all the learning stages that Merrill talks about, is the approach based on the collaborative problem solving proposed by Nelson (Nelson, 1999). In this case, much more importance is accorded to the application stage rather than to the demonstration stage. In order to help the designers of pedagogical scenarios such as ‘project based learning’ or ‘collaborative problem solving’, Nelson proposes a guideline including recommendations structured on various stages of activity, as follows: define the goals and the plan of the project, set up groups of learners, define the issues, define and assign the respective roles, involve the learners in a repeating process of problem solving, end the project, reflect upon it, synthesize and assess the results obtained.292Knowledge base for automatic generation of online IMS LD compliant course structures The constructivist approach of Jonassen (Jonassen, 1999) is also centered on problem solving or projects by including all the principles of training mentioned by Merrill (Merrill, 2002). Jonassen says that the training is favored when the learners discover the contents of the field through problems solving. Moreover, he recommends a progression in the resolution of problems: "start the learners with the task they know how to perform and gradually add task difficulty until they are unable to perform alone" (Jonassen, 1999).Schank (Schank, 1999) proposes a model of “learning-by-doing”, GBS (goal-based scenario) centered on the resolution of the problems by using reasoning starting from cases (box based reasoning). This model insists on the phases of application, activation and demonstration; the phase of integration is accentuated. In this model, learners must achieve the goals of training by applying their competencies and using related content knowledge (presented in the form of cases), which can help them in the achievement of their objectives.Another example is the approach called "Elaboration Theory" proposed by CH Reigeluth (Reigeluth, 1988) (Reigeluth, 1999). With the same point of view as Jonassen, Reigeluth recommends a «simple towards complex» organization of the teaching contents, by stressing that: "... the simple-to-complex sequence is prescribed by the development theory because it is hypothesized to result in: the cognitive formation of more stable structures, hence causing better long-term retention transfer; the creation of meaningful contexts within which all instructional content is acquired [... ] ". In addition, Reigeluth considers that at the beginning of a course it is desirable to pre-evaluate the participating students.In general, we can observe that all these approaches take into account the fundamental principles of learning stated by D. Merrill. Another common point aims at the aspect centered on the problem solving or project-based work, which can be carried out individually or by groups.The study of various theoretical approaches of teaching and training was useful to us as a theoretical support in modeling the teaching models of pedagogical scenarios. The website structures generated by the course generation module are based on teaching models of scenarios that integrate, according to the case, the characteristics of these theories. In section §7 we present an example of a pedagogical scenario based on certain characteristics of the "Elaboration Theory" approach.4.3 PROPOSING PEDAGOGICAL UNIT MODELS COMBINING THE TWO APPROACHESAs we mentioned above, this analysis also allowed us to collect information concerning the pedagogical elements that comprise an educational website. Starting from these three main types of units obtained by inductive analysis we created 17 models of pedagogical units associated with pedagogical scenarios (plays), by taking into account the characteristics resulting from the theoretical approaches presented above. By using an adaptation of criteria suggested by Reeves (Reeves and Reeves, 1997) for the characterization of a training course, table 1 presents the types of pedagogical units that we integrated in the knowledge-base used by the module of generation of educational website structures (called Generator) implemented in the netUniversité portal. We mention here that these types of pedagogical units are basic models (building blocks) but they can, according to the answers to the teaching questionnaire, also be used like final models (resulting course structures).293Ecaterina Giacomini Pacurar, Philippe Trigano, Sorin Alupoaie2942, 3 Learning theoreticalconcepts withexercisesAcademic no Rather Transmissive Email Formative Rather Academic or inspired by Elaboration Theory 4 Learningtheoreticalconcepts, exercises,problem solvingAcademic than Applicative no Rather Transmissive Email Summativ e and Formative Rather Academic (behaviourist ) 5, 6 Problem solving(Sequential andflexible itinerary)Applicative no Rather Transmissive X Formative Rather Academic (behaviourist ) 7, 8 Problem solving(Sequentialitinerary )Applicative yes Moderator Email Forum Summativ e and Formative Rather constructivis t 9 Learningtheoreticalconcepts, problemsolvingAcademic Applicative yes Transmissive Moderator Email Forum Formative Instructivist and constructivis t tendencies 10, 11 Learningtheoreticalconcepts Academic, students participation yes Transmissive Moderator Email Forum Formative Instructivist and Constructivist tendencies12 Learning by project Applicative no Guide Email Forum Summativ e FormativeConstructivist13 Collaborative learning by project Applicative yes Guide Email Forum Summativ e Formative Constructivist(socialaspects)14, 15 Learning by project based on « active pedagogy » Applicative yes Observer Email Forum Summativ e Formative ConstructivistActivePedagogy16 Modelation and problem solving Applicative (pairs) no Guide Email Forum Formative ConstructivistCognitiveapprenticeship17 Learning by project based on analysis of questions/problems Applicative yes ModeratorEmail Forum Summativ e Formative ConstructivistProject ofanalysingquestions/problems Table 1. Analysis of a unit of learning based on the model proposed by Reeves (Reeves and Reeves,1997)These different types of pedagogical units are modeled in the UML activity diagram then we formalize them in XML-IMS-LD (IMS, 2003).5. INTERACTIVE QUESTIONNAIRES FOR THE DYNAMICGENERATION OF EDUCATIONAL WEBSITE STRUCTURESIn order to generate the website structures, our system uses as inputs the answers of the two interactive questionnaires represented in XML files: a pedagogical questionnaire and a questionnaireKnowledge base for automatic generation of online IMS LD compliant course structures295for the aspects of the graphical interface. Each generated website structure is represented by two XML files, one for the graphical interface models and another one for storing the pedagogical content organized in IMS LD format.5.1 THE DESIGN STEP FOR THE PEDAGOGICAL QUESTIONNAIREThe module for dynamical generation of online course structures (see figure 4), integrates several teaching scenarios represented in various structures of websites. The goal is to help non-competent teachers to create their own course in the form of a website. In order to reach this goal, we have chosen an automatic course generation approach, from dynamic questionnaire. We think this approach will induce or help teachers to think about their pedagogical practice by making them evolve towards different methods, which may be more suitable for current needs in the training domain, by using web technologies.Our pedagogical questionnaire makes possible for the user to dynamically choose the elements that will be integrated in his and her educational website. This questionnaire is structured on three levels of granularity: a question itself, its reformulation as well as an in depth explanation related to this question (see Figure 2). In the in-depth explanation, we present a short synthesis on the theoretical concepts of teaching and training, connected to this question, while also explaining the consequences for the website structure.Figure 2. An example of the pedagogical questionnaire web interface5.2 THE DESIGN STEP FOR THE DYNAMIC QUESTIONNAIRE FOR WEBSITEINTERFACESThe analysis of the great number of educational websites evoked in section §4 also enabled us to determine various types of possible interface models. Several criteria are taken into account: navigation starting from the menus, the shapes of the buttons of navigation within the various pages of the website, the colors of the menus and the buttons, etc.In our approach we consider that a website structure is composed of two elements (figure 3): structure and appearance . The structure is made up of two types of navigation (general and secondary) plus aThe question itselfThe questionreformulationEcaterina Giacomini Pacurar, Philippe Trigano, Sorin Alupoaie296 central page. Some of these elements are represented in a XML diagram (figure 3), obtained using the XMLSpy software.The principal navigation relates to the main menus, which are integrated in the websites starting from the banner page. Thus, we can distinguish the menu allowing navigation on top of the page, the menu allowing navigation in the left part of the page as well as the central menu. We can also modify the type of the initial navigation, by adding different menus compared to that which is on the banner page. The navigation resulting from this modification is called secondary navigation. The presentation of the central page relates to the various forms of presentation that can be used, for example: lists, tables, etc. Appearance represents what is related to the esthetics of the interface of an educational website. Thus, we can take into account: colors, the shapes of buttons in the menus and/or for navigation within the pages and images representing a given curricular area.By using this typology, we designed a dynamic questionnaire that allows the choice of the graphic aspects of the interface for the website. Figure 4 shows an example question implemented in this questionnaire.Figure 4. Example of question integrated in the dynamic websites interfaces questionnaireFigure 3. XML diagram for the interface of the pedagogical websitesKnowledge base for automatic generation of online IMS LD compliant course structures Two types of graphical interface are considered for the generated courses: a simple, standard interface and predefined models of interface. While answering a certain question, the teacher has the possibility to choose the desired type of interface before the course is generated. The functions of the selected type of interface, the IHM attributes are used either to define the characteristics of the standard interface (color, position of menus etc), or to select the predefined model of interface, appropriate to the answers of the teacher.6. AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF EDUCATIONAL WEBSITES STRUCTURES6.1. MODELING OF THE KNOWLEDGE BASEThe problem of the complexity of the conditions used for the automatic generation lead us to a knowledge-based system. The number of entries (represented by the possibilities of response to the questionnaires) and the great number of choices concerning the teaching models required us to develop a rules-based system. In order to implement these rules we chose an environment for developing the expert systems in Java, named JESS (Java Expert System Shell). JESS is a library written in Java, for Java, which can be used for the development of the Web applications containing applets or JSP pages (Java Server Pages).The treatment of the answers to the questionnaire is complex because it implies knowledge about several theories and models of training, such as behaviorism, constructivism, socio-constructivism, etc. To obtain independence between the executive part (generator) and the data part (teaching knowledge) we separated these two parts by conceiving a XML schema for representing this knowledge. Thus, the knowledge base can be developed independently by publishing a simple XML file without affecting the generator. Knowledge is stored in XML, in a format similar to a JESS rule. It will be transformed into this language and will be added in the inference engine before being treated by the generator.6.2 AN AUTOMATIC TOOL FOR GENERATION OF PEDAGOGICAL WEBSITESIn order to generate the pedagogical website structures, we use a list of primary pedagogical models (i.e., basic models) also named building blocks. These building blocks are used to build the final models (structures of course generated). The inference rules in the knowledge base specify the way in which these elementary bricks are associated (figure 5). The latter are IMS LD components which can be created by default at the time of generation or conceived beforehand and recorded in XML files that respect this standard.The primary pedagogical models are specified in the XML file that represents the knowledge base. The elements that characterize these models are a single identifier (id) of the model, a title, a type (teaching unit, scenario, activity of training, etc). If the primary education model was recorded, this information is also specified. These models can be created starting from several levels of depth in IMS LD. For example, we can consider either an entire unit of learning or only some blocks used to build an unit of learning: plays, learning-activities and/or support activities, activity-structures, environments, etc. Thereafter we describe the operation of an automatic tool for generation that we have developed. Thus, the answers from the two questionnaire are translated into the JESS format and are loaded in the inference engine (Figure 5). Once the inference process has completed, the rules will create two types of facts: the facts that represent IHM attributes (description of the graphical interface of the pedagogical website) and the facts that establish links between the primary pedagogical models. These facts become the entries for the CourseBuilder of the models.297。

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