第一篇基础知识
第一节字母
英语是字母文字，共有26个字母，26个字母按一定的顺序排列在一起便组成字母表，英语中称之为―Alphabet‖。
1.26个字母的读音
2.元音字母是哪些？
英文字母分为元音字母和辅音字母。Aa , Ee , Ii, Oo, Uu为5个元音字母，除Yy 外其他20个为辅音字母。Yy 为半元音字母.
第二节语音
关于语音的几个概念
1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2)音标：词的语音形式。
3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。
4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。单元音有12个：/i:/ /I/ /e/ /?/ /?:/ /?/ /∧/ /a:/ /?/ /?:/ /u/ /u:/ 双元音有8个/eI/ /aI/ /?I/ /?u/ /au/ /I?/ /ε?/ /u?/
6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28个辅音。清辅音有11个：/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /θ//∫/ /h/ /t∫/ /tr/ /ts/ 浊辅音有17个：/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /z/ /δ/ /з/ /r/ /dз/ /dr/ /dz/ /m/ /n/ /? / /l/ /w/ /j/
7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音he, go, hi
8)闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it
9)重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
第二篇语法知识梳理
第一节词法
在英语中，共有10大词类，它们是：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。
一、名词
1.什么叫名词？
名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：mother妈妈 panda熊猫library图书馆 pencil 铅笔 wish愿望
2.名词是如何分类的？
（1）名词根据意义分为专有名词和普通名词。
○1专有名词表示特定的人或事物的名称。如：Mr Green格林先生the Spring
○2普通名词是不属于特定的人或事物名称的词。普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词，如：radio（广播），watch（手表）；集体名词，如：class（班级），people（人民）；物质名词，如：milk（牛奶）water（水）；抽象名词，如：work（工作），health（健康）。
(2)名词根据其表示的事物性质的不同，分为可数名词和不可数名词。
○1可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的，有单数和复数两种形式。如：a banana一只香蕉two bananas两只香蕉
○2不可数名词表示的事物是不可以用数字一个一个数出来的，不分单、复数；抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般都是不可数名词。如：milk 牛奶ice 冰idea 想法France法国
3. 可数名词复数形式的构成规则是什么？
(2)需要特别记住的是英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的。如：
Man-men woman-women foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice
child-children sheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish Chinese-Chinese
4. 如何表示不可数名词的数量？
（1）不可数名词没有单、复数的区别，是不能直接以数字计算事物的名词，要表示“一”这个概念，我们可以用“a+表示数量的名词+ of+名词”
的形式。如：a glass of water 一杯水 a cup of tea 一杯茶（2）如果要表达两个或两个以上的概念，表示数量的名词需要用复数形式，不可数名词不变。如：two glasses of water 两杯水five bags of
5. 什么是名词所有格？
名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格，意为“……的”，一般在名词后加是’s。如Grandma ’s house 奶奶的房子my parents ’car 我父母的车
（2）如果名词代表的事物是没有生命的，常与组成短语来表示其所有格，表示前者属于后者。
It ’s a map of China.这是一张中国地图。
The name of the cartoon is Cinderella. 这部动画片的名字是《灰姑娘》。
例题引路
一、写出下列名词的复数形式。
1．baby 2.key 3.strawberry 4.life
5.half
6.woman
7.German
8.Japanese
答案1.babies 2.keys 3. strawberries 4.lives 5.halves 6.women
7.Germans 8. Japanese
二、翻译下列词组
1.长城
2.许多羊
3.三袋大米
4.五篮子鸡蛋5四位女教师
6.八棵苹果树7七张老太太的照片
8.她的一个朋友
答案1 .the Great Wall 2.many/a lot of sheep 3.three bags of rice
4.five baskets of eggs
5.four women teachers
6.eight apple trees
7.seven photos of an old woman 8.a friend of hers
衔接训练
一、写出下列名词的复数形式。
1.pencil-box
2.wife
3.Sunday
4.city
5.dress
6.Englishman
7.match
8.Chinese 9.exam 10.library 11.radio
12. family 13.boy 14. photo 15.tomato
16.dish 17.American 18.dictionary
三、单项选择
1.My father is a .He works in a hospital.
A.teacher
B. doctor
C. farmer
D. soldier
2.We need some more .Can you go and get some ,please?
A. potato
B. potatos
C. potatoes
D. a potato
3.In the picture there are many and two .
A. sheep; foxes
B. sheeps ;foxes
C. sheeps; fox
D. sheep ; foxs
4.Let?s meet at 7:30 outside the gate of .
A. the People?s Park
B. the Peoples? Park
C. the People Park
D. People?s Park
5.There are sixty-seven in our school.
A.women?s teacher
B. women teachers
C. women teachers
D. women teacher
6.This shop sells apples,bananas and things like these.It?s a .
A. food shop
B. book shop
C. fruit shop
D. vegetable shop
7.September10th is in China.
A.Teacher?s Day
B. Teachers? Day
C. Teacher Day D .Teachers Day
8.The football under the bed is .
A. Su Hai and Liu Tao
B. Su Hai?s and Liu Tao?s
C.Su Hai?s and Liu Tao
D. Su Hai and Liu Tao?s
9..The post office is a bit far from here. It?s about .
A. thirty minutes?s walk
B. thirty minute?s walk
C. thirty minutes …walk
D. thirty minutes walk
10. are big and bright.
A. The classroom window
B. The window of the classroom
C.The classroom?s windows
D. The windows of the classroom
四、用所给名词的适当形式填空。
1.Are there three (child)playing in the classroom?
2.Here?re two (bottle)of (milk) for you.
3.Daniel always wears a pair of (glass) and he looks clever.
4.We do too much (homework)every day so we have no time to play.
5.It?s Sunday and there are so many (people)in the street.
6.You should brush your (tooth)at least twice every day.
五、根据汉语提示完成句子。
1. Beijing is (中国的首都)
2.I?m hungry. Please give me （四片面包）
3.Are these（你父母的照片）？
4.I visited（长城）last year.It?s really wonderful.
5 （Tom和Mike 的手表）are new. They bought them last Saturday.
6.You can found （一些苹果树）in the garden.
7. （杨玲和南希的桌子）is very clean,but
（她们的椅子）are very dirty.
二、动词
1.动词的定义和分类
动词是表示动作或状态的一类词。动词充当谓语时，要受到主语的限制，与主语在人称和数上一致。用来表示动作或状态在各种时间条件的动词形式称为时态。动词根据其在句中的功能，可以分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。
2.实义动词
（1）实义动词的分类
实义动词也叫行为动词，即表示动作的动词，能独立作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分。及物动词是指后面可以直接跟宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词。
We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。
（3）实义动词的基本形式
有动词原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、现在分词、过去分词。
3.系动词
（1）系动词的定义
.系动词亦称连系动词，不能单独做谓语，后面必须跟表语。
（2）系动词的功能
系动词的主要功能是把表语（名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句）和其主语联系在一起，以说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它和其后的表语一起构成句子的谓语。
（3）常见系动词
My father is a policeman.
You will feel better after a night?s sleep.
It?s getting warmer and warmer in spring.
He looked angry/sad/happy.
4.助动词
（1）助动词的定义
助动词是语法功能词，本身没有词义，不可单独使用。
He doesn’t like English.
(2) 助动词的功能
○1表示时态He is singing. He doesn’t go to school on Saturday.
○2构成疑问句
Do you like college life? Did you study English before you came here?
○3与否定副词not 连用构成否定句
I don’t like playing computer games. They are not watching TV now.
(3)目前学过的助动词有：be(am/is/are),do(does/did)
○1“am/is/are+现在分词”构成现在进行时态。
They are having a meeting. English is becoming more and more important. ○2do/does/did构成一般疑问句、否定句、否定祈使句。
Do you want to pass the English exam?
6. 情态动词
（1）情态动词的定义及功能
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与普通动词一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等得一类词。情态动词一般本身无人称和数的变化，其后面的实义动词要用动词原形。
She can swim fast, but I can’t. You mus t stay here until I come back.
（2）常见情态动词的用法
○1can表示能力，意为“会，能”。表示客观可能性或推测时，用于否定句和疑问句；She can sing English songs.
It can’t (不可能)be Jim.I saw him at school just now.
Can /May(可以) I borrow your bike?
○2may 表示许可，用于陈述句；表示正式的请求或许可，用于一般疑问句。
回答may 提出的问题，肯定形式为：Yes,please./ Yes, please
do./Yes,certainly./Yes,you may. 否定形式为：No,you mustn?t./No, you
can?t./Please don?t.
You may go out to ply now.
----May I smoke here?
----Yes,you may./No you mustn?t.
○3must指客观可能性或猜测时，意为“一定”；表示“应当，必须”时，其否定形式为mustn?t 意为“禁止，不允许，千万别”。回答由must构成的一般疑问句，肯定形式为：Yes ，主语+must ；否定形式为：No，主语+needn?t/don?t have to。
It must (肯定)be Nancy?s book.Her name is on the cover.
You mustn’t (千万别) play football in the street.
------Must I hand in my homework tomorrow?
------Yes, you must. / No, you needn?t/don?t have to.
○4should 表示“应该，应当”，shouldn?t表示“不应该”。
You should tell your mother the truth.
You shouldn’t make the same mistake.
例题引路
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1.My father always (help)my mother with housework.
2.The ships (not be)in the river now;they (be)there a moment ago.
3.Our family (have)a new computer last month.
4.I can (do )it better than you .
二、模仿例词写出所给动词的相应形式。
例词:do does doing did
1. write _______ _______ _______ _______
2.carry _______ _______ _______ _______
3.wash _______ _______ _______ _______
4.meet _______ _______ _______ _______
衔接训练
一、单项选择
1.My brother_______ a teacher. He ________ his pupils very much.
A. is ; like
B. is; likes
C. are; likes
D. are; like
2.----How many days_________there in a week?
-----There_______seven.
A. is; is
B.are; is
C. is; are
D. are; are
3.My English teacher ________.
A. all look young
B. looks young
C. look young
D. all looks young
4.I ______busy now, but I ____ free next week.
A. am; am
B. am; will
C. am; will be
D. being; will be
5.May I _______to Helen Brown?
A. tell
B. speak
C. talk
D. say
6.Yang Ling can _______clothes for the doll.
A. make;
B. makes
C. made
D. making
7.She looks ____because she will go to Hainan for a holiday.
A. happily
B. be happy
C. happy
D. happiness
8. ----________I use your pen,Dad?
-----Yes,you can .
A. May
B. Do
C. Am
D. Must
二、用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. Two and six_______(be) eight.
2.There ________(be)lots of sheep on the farm last year.
3.The boy with his friends_________(have)some homework every day.
4.You must _______(listen)to your teacher in class.
5.We like __________(watch)cartoons at the weekend.
6.Listen! Someone __________(sing)in the next room.
7.Su Hai wants___________(be)a teacher when she grows up.
8.What ________you ________(do)last night?
9. __________(not speak)loudly in the reading room.
10. I like ___________(read) very much,but I don?t like
__________(read)today.I?m too tired.
三、形容词
1.什么是形容词？
形容词是用来修饰或描述名词或代词，以说明人或事物的性质、状态或特征的一类词。Jane is a beautiful girl. Is there anything wrong with your MP4?
2.形容词在句中的位置是怎样的？几个形容词连用时，如何排序？
（1）形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，系动词和不定代词之后。She is a good girl. I am tall and thin.
There is something important to tell her.
提示：1.有的形容词只能作表语，如：afraid害怕，alone 独自的，asleep睡着的，awake醒着的，alive活着的，well健康的，ill病的
2.某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人或整体的东西，谓语动词用复数。The Chinese have long history. We should help the old
(2) 多个形容词修饰名词时，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后.
She bought herself a new silk skirt.
3.什么是形容词的比较等级？
绝大多数形容词有三种形式：原级、比较级和最高级。
Liu Hai is as tall as me . (tall 是原级)
It is warmer today than it was yesterday. (warmer是比较级)
She is the best student in her class. (best是最高级)
4.形容词比较等级的构成规则是什么？（见八年级上语法附录）
5.形容词比较等级的几种用法
（1）形容词的原级可用于两个人或事物的比较，常用的有两种结构：
○1肯定结构：as +形容词的原级+ as ，意为“和……一样”。
She is as careful as her mother.
○2否定结构：not as /so +形容词的原级+as ，意为“不如……”。
This dish is not as nice as that one.
（2）形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，常用的有四种结构：
○1形容词比较级+than ，表示“……比……”。
This film is more interesting than that one.
○2形容词比较级+形容词比较级，表示“越来越……”。
My sister is getting taller and taller.
○3the +形容词比较级，the +形容词比较级，表示“越……越……”。
The more, the better.
The more careful you are ,the fewer mistakes you wii make.
○4the +形容词比较级+ of the two ，表示“两者中较……的一个”。
(3) 形容词的最高级用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较，常用“the +形容词
的最高级+名词+范围（of/ in 短语或从句）”结构，意为“……中最……的”。
He is the busiest boy in our class.
7. 常见形容词的反义词，你记住了吗？
bad---good better---worst best----worst big---small/little beautiful---ugly black---white busy—free cheap---expensive clean—dirty clever---foolish cloudy----sunny cool—warm cold---hot dangerous---safe
dark---bright/light dry---wet early---late easy—difficult east—west
far---near sunny---rainy first---last happy---unhappy/sad hard---soft
ill---healthy/well light---heavy more---less/few most---least/fewest
old---new old—young poor—rich quiet---noisy same—different
short---long short---tall slow---quick small---big/large/great
strong---weak thin---fat thin---thick
例题引路
一、单项选择
1.I have_______to do today.I couldn?t help you now.
A. anything important
B. something important
C. important nothing
D. important something
2.---Is chemistry more difficult than physics?
---No, chemistry isn?t as _____as physics.
A.easy
B. easier
C. difficult
D. more difficult
二、同义句转换。
1.Liu T ao is not as strong as Gao Shan.
.Liu T ao is______ ________ Gao Shan.
Gao Shan.is ______ ______ Liu T ao.
2.David is the tallest student in his class.
.David is_____than______ _____ _____ in his class.
衔接训练
一、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.Of the three girls,I found Millie is the _________(clever).
2.There are ________(few)people here today than yesterday.
3.My sister is two years________(old)than I .
4.Jane?s parents have four daughters, and she is the ________(young)child.
5.The _________(cheap)things are not always the worst ones.
6.The short one is ____________(expensive)of the five.
7.The boy is not so _________(interesting)as his brother.
8. She will be much _________(happy)in her new house.
二、单项选择
1.He feels______today than yesterday.
A. tired B .more tired C. more tireder D. much tired
2.Of the two toys,the child chose________.
A. the more expensive one
B. one most expensive
C. a least expensive
D.the most expensive of them
3.The line is ____than that one.
A. more longer
B. not longer
C. much more longer
D. many more longer
4.The book is _______of the three.
A. thinner B . the thinner C .more thinner D. the thinnest
5.She looks ______than she is.
A. the more older B, very older C. much older D. more older
6. The garden is becoming _______.
A. more and more beautiful
B. more beautiful and beautiful
C. more beautiful and more
D. more beautiful and beautifuler
7._______hurry, _______speed.
A. More; less
B. Much; little
C. The more; the less
D. The much; the little
8 Looking ______at his mother, the little boy looked_____.
A. happy;good
B. happy; well
C. sad; sadly
D. sadly; sad
三、根据汉语提示完成句子。
1.这本书跟那本书一样有趣。
This book is ____ __________ ________that one.
2.这个故事不如那个有趣。
This story is ______ ________than that one.
3.今天比昨天冷得多。
It is _________ ________ today _______ it was yesterday.
4.他对英语越来越感兴趣。
He is becoming ______ ________ _______ ______ in English.
5.他吃得越多，就越胖。
_______ _______ he eats , _______ _______he gets.
6.他比我大两岁。
He is______ _______ _______ than I.
四、副词
1.什么是副词？
副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的词，以说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
We should listen to our teachers carefully.
In spring , I can see flowers everywhere.
2.副词的种类有哪些？
（1）方式副词，如quickly,neatly,happily
（2）地点、方位副词，如here,away,outside,west
（3）时间副词，如yesterday,already,just,now,before,later,often,sometimes （4）强调副词，very,too,even,only,
4.副词在句中的位置和排列顺序
（1）时间、地点副词，小在前，大在后。
He comes from New York,America.
（2）方式副词，短在前，长在后。
Please write slowly and carefully.
（3）方式+地点+时间
The old woman runs very slowly along the river at 6:00 every morning.
4.副词同形容词一样也有比较级和最高级形式。
5.常见副词的区别：
（1）very, much, very much
Very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；very much用于修饰动词。
John is very good.
This garden is much bigger than that one.
I love music very much
(2)so , such
○1so修饰形容词或副词；such修饰名词。
My brother runs so fast that I can?t follow him.
He is such a boy.
○2so修饰的形容词后可以有一个单数的可数名词，其结构是“so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数”；such可修饰可数名词单复数和不可数名词，名词前可以有形容词作定语，其结构是“such+（a/an）+形容词+可数名词单数/复数/不可数名词”。
He is so clever a boy.=He is such a clever boy.
It is such cold weather.
They are such good students.
提示：如果可数名词复数前有many,few或不可数名词前有much ，little 修饰，用so不用such。
(3)also ,too, as well, either
also ,too, as well,用于肯定句，also常用于be动词、情态动词、助动词之后，行为动词之前，too, as well用于句末；either用于否定句末。
My father is a teacher. My mother is also a teacher.
= My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher as well.
= My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher,too.
I can?t speak French. Jenny can?t speak French,either.
(4) sometime, sometimes, some time, some times
sometime意为“某一时间“，可指将来，过去；sometimes意为“有时”；some time指“一段时间”；some times指“几次，几倍”。
We?ll have a test sometime next month.
Sometimes we are busy and sometimes,we are not.
He stayed in Beijing for some time last year.
I have been to Beijing some times.
例题引路
一、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.He is too tired and he can?t walk as_______(quick)as his father.
2.I feel _________(well)today than yesterday.
3.Helen draws___________(care)of the girls in her class.
二、单项选择
1.Remember not to speak_______when we are in the reading room.
A. fast
B. slowly
C. politely
D.loudly
2.----What was the weather like yesterday?
----It was terrible.It rained so _______that people could______go out.
A.hardly; hard
B. hardly; hard
C. hard ; hardly
D. hard; hard
3.There was an accident at the corner._____,the girl wasn?t _____hurt.
A.Luckily; badly
B..Luck; hardly
C. Lucky; heavily
D. Lucky;strongly
衔接训练
一、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.Who gets up ________(early),Yang Linor Miss Liu?
2.Tom did well in the exam,so his classmates spoke________(high)of him.
3. He put on his coat and went out _______(quick)
4.It?s dangerous to stand outside,for the wind is blowing ________(strong).
5.He learns math ______(quick) than the other students.
6.English is _______(wide)used in the world.
7.They don?t know why you talked to them so __________(angry.)
8.It is raining _________(heavy),so you?d better not go out now.
9.He did the work as _________(careful) as most of us.
10.Li Lei and Lin Tao are working much________(hard)than before.
二、单项选择
1. Jack?s brother doesn?t work so ________as Jack.
A. harder
B. hard C . hardest D. hardly
2.Jim speaks Chinese very_______.
A. good
B. better
C. well
D. best
3.He drives much _______than he did three years ago.
A. careful
B. carefully C . more careful D. more carefully
4. I think Math is _______more difficult than English.
A. much
B. very
C. too
D. so
5. My son looks _____today.He is playing _______with other children.
A. happy; happy
B. happy ; happily
C. happily; happily
D. happily; happy
6. Look! There is _______ice on the lake.
A. too much
B. too many
C. much too
D. so many
7.She walked into the room ______because her mother was sleeping.
A. clear
B.quiet
C.quick .
D. quietly
8. Jim?s computer is _______than ________. Don?t you think so?
A. a lot newer; Lin Tao
B. very new; Lin Tao?s
C. much newer; Lin Tao?s
D.a little newer; Lin Tao
五、数词
1.什么是数词？
表示数目“多少”和顺序“第几”的词叫数词。分为基数词和序数词。参看课本，记牢读音和拼写。
2. 基数词的用法
（1）表示“哪一年”，每两位数一读。
1998年，读作nineteen ninety—eight 2009年读作two thousand and nine (2)表示“几点”at five o?clock
（3）表示编号No.101 bus
(4)表示加减乘除One and two is three.
(5)表示小数 5.3 读作five point three
(6)表示百分数40% 读作forty percent
3.什么情况下用序数词？
（1）表示日期3月8号写作：March (the) eighth 读作：March the eighth （2）表示分数1/6 one sixth 3/5 three fifths
例题引路
单项选择
1.About _______of the books in our school library are written in Chinese.
A. fourth-fifth
B. four-fifth
C. four-fifths
D. fourths-fifth
2. The road is over _______meters long.
A. six hundred and fifty-two
B. six hundreds and fifty two
C. six hundred , fifty-two
D. six hundred , fifty and two
3.January _______is New Year?s Day.
A. first
B. two
C. the first
D. the second
There were _______people in the meeting room yesterday.
A. two hundreds
B. two hundred of
C. hundreds of
D. hundred of
衔接训练
一根据句意，填入合适的数词。
1.Su Hai is ______(12)years old.She is in Class _______(5)Grade______(6).
2.September is the _______(9)month in a year.
3.Which girl is thinner,the ________(2)one or the _____(3) one?
4.One _______years is a century(世纪)。
5.There are ________minutes in an hour.
二、单项选择
1.----How many students are there in your school?
----_______the students in our school______over two thousand.
A.The number of ;is
B. The number of;are
C. A number of;is
D. A number of;are
2. The new student is in __________.
A. Class 2
B. Class Second
C. 2 Class
D. class 2
3.---How many teachers are there in your school?
----________, but I? m not sure.
A. Hundreds
B. Hundred
C. Hundred of
D. One hundred
4.__Dad,when will you be free ? You agreed to go to the seaside with me four days ago.
---I?m sorry,Jean. But Ithink I will have a _______holiday soon.
A. four—days
B. four—day
C. fourth day
D. four day
5. This story happened on __________.
A. 2009,Oct.21st
B. Oct.21st , 2009
C. 2009,21 October
D. 21st of October,2009
六、代词
1.什么是代词？如何分类？
代词是用来代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的一类词。按其指代作用不同可分为人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、指示代词、反身代词、不定代词、关系代词、相互代词八类。
2. 人称代词
（1）人称代词的概念
人称代词是为了避免重复，用来代替前面提到的人或事物的名称的一类代词。Jim and Liu Tao ,Miss Li is waiting for you!
Pick up your books and put them away.
(2) 人称代词的人称、数和格
人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你
（3）人称代词的基本用法
○1人称代词主格在句中作主语，是动作的执行者。
She likes playing volleyball very much.
○2人称代词宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语，是动作的承受者。
Mr. Brown teaches us English.
You must look after them.
3.物主代词
（1）物主代词的概念
物主代词是表示所有关系的一类代词。
This isn?t my Walkman.It?s hers.
（3）物主代词的基本用法
○1形容词性物主代词和形容词有相似之处，用来修饰名词，不可以单独使用。These are their books. Her name is Cheng Jie.
○2名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，后面不必再加名词。This is my pen .That is yours/your pen.
4. 疑问代词
(1)疑问代词基本用法
疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，常被用来构成疑问句，置于句首。Whose book is this ? What are you reading now?
(2)常见的疑问代词有：what,which,who,whom,whose等。指人的是
who,whom,whose；指物的是：what；既可指人又可指物的是which。
Which do you like better , tea or milk?
What?s your father?
Whose books are these on the desk?
5. 指示代词
this,these ,指较近的事物；that, those指较远的事物。
6.反身代词
（1）反身代词的构成：myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves herself, himself, itself, themselves, oneself
（2）反身代词的用法
反身代词可以作宾语、表语、同位语等。
We enjoyed ourselves very much.
I bought a new coat for myself.
He himself did it .
7.不定代词
（1）常见的不定代词有：all,
each,both,either,neither,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,somebo dy,anybody,nobody,everybody,someone,anyone,
no one,everyone,something,anything,everything,none.
(2) 常见的不定代词区别
○1both,either,neither
both表示“两者都”，either 表示“两者中的任何一个”，neither 表示“两者都不”。
Both of us are right. Either you two is OK. Neither of us is right.
提示：
1.both +名词复数= either +名词单数
There are many trees on both sides of the street.
= There are many trees on either side of the street
2.both…and…作主语时谓语动词用复数，either…or…和neither…nor…作主语时谓语动词的单复数与邻近的主语保持一致。
Both Tom and Jenny are from America.
Either Tom or I am right.=Either I or Tom is right.
Neither Tom nor I am right.=Neither I nor Tom is right.
○2few, a few, 与little ，a little
few和a few 修饰可数名词的复数，谓语动词都用复数，little 和a little 修饰不可数名词，谓语动词都用单数。a few ,a little 是肯定的含义，意为“一些”；few,little是否定的含义，意为“几乎没有”。
A few students go to the park. Few students go to the park.
He has a little hair. He has little hair.
○3each 和every
each 和every都意为“每一个”，后面的谓语动词都要用单数。但each比every更强调个体。Each具有形容词和代词两个词性，可以作句子主语；every 只能作形容词，不作主语。
Each (man)has his life. Every singer has his successful song.
○4other,another,the other,others,与the others
other表示“其他的，另外的”，后面跟名词或代词；“another+单数名词”意为“又一个，另外一个”，泛指。无限定范围；the other表示“另外一个”，指两者中的另外一个；others表示“其他人”，泛指复数含义，无限定范围，后面不能跟名词；the others表示“其他人”，特指的复数，指在一定范围内去除一部分后剩下的另一部分。
I have two flowers.One is red, the other one is white.
Tom is taller than the others in his class.
Would you like another cup of tea?
There are many people in the park, some are talking,some are flying kites and others are reading.
例题引导
一、用other,the other,others,与the others 填空
1. He has two daughters.One is a nurse,________is a worker.
2. Some people like walking. Some like running.________like swimming.
3.Two boys will go to the zoo,and _______will stay at home.
4. Do you have any _______qustions?
二、单项选择
1.---________school is much larger than ________?
----Really?
AOur; your B. Our; yours C. Ours ; yours D. We; you
2. ________are all in Class6.
A.You,I and he
B. He, you and I
C.I ,you and he .
D.You ,he and I
3.The buildings in Dalian are similar（相似的）to ______in Tokyo.
A. ones
B. those
C. these
D. that
衔接训练
一、单项选择
1，The weather in Guangzhou is better than ____in Shenyang.
A. that
B. it
C. this
D. one
2._______have a racing bicycle.
A.Each
B. Each of us
C.Every of us
D. We each
3.My bike is broken.May I borrow_________?
A. you
B. yourself
C. yours
D.your
4. I bought _______exercise books with _______money.
A. a few; a few
B. a few; a little
C. a little ; a few .
D. a little; a little
5.---_____is he?
He is a bus driver.
A.Who
B. Which
C. That
D. What
6.--- ________hat is this ?
----It?s________.
A.Whose;me
B. Who; mine
C. Whom; his
D.Whose; mine
7.He has ________to tell us.
A. something important
B. important something
C. anything useful
D. useful nothing
8. _____of the teachers are OK in our school.
A. Every
B. Each
C. Either
D. All
9. Of the three foreigners, one is from London,and _____are from thexUSA.
A.two others
B.the other two
C.. another two
D. the both
10. ---Which would you like,sir,tea or coffee?
---I don?t mind.______is OK.
A. Either
B. Neither
C. Any
D. Both
11. ________of us has read the newspaper,so we know nothing about it.
A.Some
B. Both
C. None
D. All
12. He is not a warm-hearted man, so _____people can get on well with hm.
A. few
B. a few
C. little
D. a little
七、冠词
1.什么是冠词？
冠词是一种虚词，它置于名词前，帮助说明名词的含义。本身没有意义，不可单独使用，只能和名词连用。英语中的冠词分不定冠词a/an和定冠词the两种。
2.不定冠词的含义和主要用法
不定冠词a/an通常泛指同类事物中的某一个（位、块、片……）。其中，a用在辅音音素开头的单词前，如a book; an用在元音音素开头的单词前，如an orange. 不定冠词主要有以下四种用法：
（1）指人或事物的某一种类。
It?s a basketball. A horse is a useful animal. This is an interesting movie.
（2）表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有强烈。
She has a small nose and long hair.
(3)指某人或某物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。
His grandfather is an old man . There is an eraser on the desk.
(4)用于一些固定短语中，如：a few,a little,a lot of 等。
3. 定冠词的含义和主要用法
定冠词the通常对所修饰的名词有指定作用，表示“这（那）个”，“这（那）些”。
定冠词主要有以下用法：
（1）特指某（些）人或某（些）事物
The girl in an orange dress is my sister.
（2）指谈话双方都知道的人或物
Please look at the blackboard.
（3）指上文提过得人或物
I went to the People?s Park yesterday. The park is beautiful.
（4）指世界上独一无二的事物
The sun is bigger than the earth.
（5）用在序数词和形容词最高级前
Gao Shan lives on the fifth floor.
（6）用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前
the Great Wall,the Palace Museum
（7）用在江、河、湖、海等专有名词前
the Changjiang River , the Yellow River
（8）用在姓氏的复数形式前指一家
The Browns are very friendly.
（9）用在乐器名称前Can Tom play the violin?
(10)用在一些习惯用语中in the morning,/afternoon/evening,in the end 4.什么叫零冠词？什么情况下不用冠词？
有些情况下，名词前面可以不用冠词。
（1）专有名词前
He went ti Nanjing three days ago.
（2）月份、周日、节日、季节前
He was born on July1st,1990.
（3）三餐名词前
Liu Tao has lunch at school.
（4）球类运动名称前
Mr Brown plays tennis very well.
（5）职位、头衔和称呼语等名词前
Mum! Where are my shoes?
（6）复数名词表示一类人或事物时
I like potatoes.
（7）语言、学科等名称前
We have Math four times a week.
（8）两个词义相同或相近的名词连用时
He works hard day and night.
（9）名词前已经有作定语的指示代词、物主代词和不定代词时
This book is interesting.
（10）泛指人类时
Man can?t live without air.
（11）用在固定词组中go to school,by train,in hospital,at night. 例题引路
单项选择
1.He give my sister _______usefil book yesterday.
A. an
B. a
C. /
D. the
2.My brother is_______honest boy,so he has many friends.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D./
3.More college graduates wanted to work in _____west part of
country____next year.
A the; the B. / ; / C. / ; the D. the ; /
4. Jim always answers the teacher?s questions_____.
A. in class
B. in the class
C. after class
D. at class
衔接训练
一、单项选择
1. ---What color is ________orange?
----It?s _______orange.
A. an ; an
B. an; the
C. an ; /
D. /; an
2.Look! The children are having ______good time.
A. /
B. the
C. an
D. a
3. London is _______capital of ____England.
A. the; the
B. a; a
C. a; the
D. the; /
4.There?re ____few mistakes in your homework.Don?t make____same mistakes again.
A. a; a
B. a; the
C. the; the
D. /; the .
5. Yesterday I went to _____work on _____foot.
A. the; /
B. / ; the
C./ ; /
D. the;the
6. There is ____”h”in the word “hour”, but ___”h” doesn?t make a sound.
A. a; a
B. a ; the
C. the ; an
D. an; the
7. He often says _____rich should help ___poor.
A. the; a
B. a; the
C. the; the
D. / ; /
8 There was ______“s”on _______blackboard.
A. a; a
B. a ; the
C. an ; a
D. an ; the
9. There?s _____egg on the plate. ______egg is for you.
A. a; A
B. an ; An
C. an; The
D. the; An
10 Did you enter for ______high jump or _____400--- meter race?
A. a; a
B. a ; the
C. the ; a
D. the; the
11. _______old man in black is waiting for you for half ______hour.
A. The; an
B. The ; a
C. An ; a
D. An ; /
12._______elephant is _______huge animal.
A. An; an
B. An ; a
C. The; an
D. A ;an
八、介词
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词 或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间 接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如： He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：
第一篇 基础知识 第一节字母 英语是字母文字，共有26个字母，26个字母按一定的顺序排列在一起便组成字母表，英语中称之为―Alphabet‖。 1.26个字母的读音 2.元音字母是哪些？ 英文字母分为元音字母和辅音字母。Aa , Ee , Ii, Oo, Uu为5个元音字母，除Yy 外其他20个为辅音字母。Yy 为半元音字母. 第二节语音 关于语音的几个概念 1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u, 2)音标：词的语音形式。 3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。 4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand 5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。单元音有12个：/i:/ /I/ /e/ /?/ /?:/ /?/ /∧/ /a:/ /?/ /?:/ /u/ /u:/ 双元音有8个/eI/ /aI/ /?I/ /?u/ /au/ /I?/ /ε?/ /u?/ 6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28个辅音。清辅音有11个：/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /θ//∫/ /h/ /t∫/ /tr/ /ts/ 浊辅音有17个：/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /z/ /δ/ /з/ /r/ /dз/ /dr/ /dz/ /m//n/ /? / /l/ /w/ /j/ 7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音he, go, hi 8)闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it
初中英语语法基础知识汇总 形容词adj. 形容词的定义和用法： 定义：形容词用来修饰名词或代词, 表示人或事物的性质, 状态,和特征。形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语，补语。 She is a good student, and she works hard. 她是一个好学生,她学习努力。 This bike is expensive. 这辆自行车很贵。 I am sorry, I'm busy now. 对不起,我现在很忙。 Have you got everything ready for the meeting? 你为这次会议做好准备吗? 形容词在句中的位置: 形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定, 越密切的形容词越靠近名词。如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面, 音节多的形容词放在后面。 英语单词中,something, anything, nothing 等不定代词被形容词修饰时,形容词放在名词后面。 I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事要告诉你。 Is there anything interesting in the film. 电影里有什么有趣的内容吗？ There is nothing dangerous here. 这儿一点都不危险。 由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。 This is the book easy to read. 这是一本容易读的书。 用and 或or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。 Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting. 每一个人,男女老少,都应该参加会议。 You can take any box away, big or small. 这些箱子，不管大小，你都可以拿走。 形容词的比较级和最高级： 绝大多数形容词有三种形式,原级,比较级和最高级, 以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。 形容词的原级: 形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的形容词的原形。例如: poor tall great glad bad 形容词的比较级和最高级: 形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。分为规则变化和不规则变化。 规则变化如下: 1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加-er 和-est 构成。 great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(最高级) 2) 以-e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-r 和-st 构成。 wide (原级) wider (比较级) widest (最高级) 3)少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er 和-est 构成。 clever(原级) cleverer(比较级) cleverest(最高级) 4) 以-y 结尾,但-y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把-y 去掉,加上-ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级) 5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er和-est。
人教版初中复习资料 【初中英语词组总结】 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 37 be full of 装满……的be filled with 充满eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中
第一篇基础知识 第一节字母 英语是字母文字，共有26个字母，26个字母按一定的顺序排列在一起便组成字母表，英语中称之为“Alphabet”。 1.26个字母的读音 2.元音字母是哪些？ 英文字母分为元音字母和辅音字母。Aa , Ee , Ii, Oo, Uu为5个元音字母，除Yy 外其他20个为辅音字母。Yy 为半元音字母. 第二节语音 关于语音的几个概念 1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u, 2)音标：词的语音形式。 3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。 4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand 5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。单元音有12个：/i:/ /I/ /e/ /?/ /?:/ /?/ /∧/ /a:/ /?/ /?:/ /u/ /u:/ 双元音有8个/eI/ /aI/ /?I/ /?u/ /au/ /I?/ /ε?/ /u?/ 6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28个辅音。清辅音有11个：/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /θ//∫/ /h/ /t∫/ /tr/ /ts/ 浊辅音有17个：/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /z/ /δ/ /з/ /r/ /dз/ /dr/ /dz/ /m//n/ /? / /l/ /w/ /j/ 7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音he, go, hi 8)闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it
英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
初中英语知识归纳总结大全 第一课时名词 一、概述 1、名词的属性：表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。 2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物，或某种物体 或抽象概念的名称。如：teacher, desks, plates, milk, box等，专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。（运用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic等。（专有名词的第一个字母要大写） 二、可数名词与不可数名词 1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。如：glass-----glasses; book---- books 2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。 如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。 3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。 Light travels faster than sound; (light：光线，不可数) The lights are on.(light：灯，可数) 4、不可数名词的量的表示 不可数名词一般无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表示数量，它的量往往借助于容器来表示。 如：a glass of milk ------ four glasses of milk a piece of paper------two pieces of paper a bag of rice------three bags of rice 三、可数名词的复数形式（识记、运用） 1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化 情况变化形式例词 1 / 68
初中英语语法基础知识汇总(1) 英语语法基础知识词类-名词Noun 名词（Noun．-n．） 第一部分：名词基础知识 定义：人、地、物、事或观念等名称叫做名词。 人：Edison（爱迪生），Helen（海伦），Mr．Wang（王先生） 地：Asia（亚洲），China（中国），New York（纽约） 物：book（书），dog（狗），tree（树），water（水） 事或观念：work（工作），music（音乐），truth（真理） 注： 1．如人名、地名、国名等属于该名称持有者专用的名称，其第一字母必须大写，如E dison，New York，China。 2．名词亦有可数和不可数之分，如果是可数的就有单数和复数的区别。所谓复数就是多于一个的意思，通常是在单数名词的词尾加“-s，es，ies，…”以示其为复数。例如： a book（一本书）two books（两本书） one boy（一个男孩）some boys（一些男孩） one girl（一个女孩）many girls（许多女孩） 名词在句子中的主要功能如下： （1）作句子的主语，例： Miss Lin is our English teacher． （林小姐是我们的英语老师。） （2）作句子的主语补语或宾语补语，例： John and Tom are good friends． （约翰和汤姆是好朋友。—主语补语） I call my puppy “Luck”． （我叫我的小狗“来福”。—宾语补语）
（3）作及物动词的直接宾语，例： Can you ride a bicycle?（你会骑自行车吗？） （4）作介词的宾语，例： You can go by taxi．（你可以乘出租车去。） 第二部分：名词单复数-单数变复数 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音读[s]，结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。 例：friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化：统一加读[iz]。 例：bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories 四、以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es，否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes 反例：silo→silos; piano→pianos（外来词）; photo→photos; macro→macros（缩写词）五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves，但有例外。 读音变化：尾音[f]改读[vz]。 例：knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例：roof→roofs 还有一些不规则变化，请参照中学英语频道相关文章。 第三部分：名词所有格 A. 's用在单数名词以及不以s结尾的复数名词之后： a man's jo b 男人的活儿
一、选择题 1．I share my room ______ a friend of _________. A．to, me B．with, mine C．with, me D．from, mine 2．I’m hungry. I want some _________. A．water B．bread C．toys D．homework 3．—Do _________ like going to ___________? —I don’t know. A．woman teachers, clothes shops B．women teachers, clothes shops C．woman teachers, sport shops D．women teachers, vegetables shops 4．With the ________ of society, our environment is becoming worse and worse. So we should do what we can ________ our environment. A．development; to protect B．developing; to protect C．development; protect D．develop; protect 5．Look at the________on the ground, and it’s telling us autumn has come. A．leaves B．leaf C．leafs D．leafes 6．—Do you know Shanghai is one of _______ in the world? —Yes, it’s bigger th an _______ city in China. A．the biggest city; any B．the biggest cities; any C．the biggest cities; any other D．the biggest cities; the other 7．—Why do you get up so early? —Because my home is far from the science museum. It’s ________bus ride. A．fifty-minutes B．fifty minute’s C．fifty-minute’s D．fifty minutes’8．—What does your mother have for dinner？ — A．Chickens and tomato B．Chicken and tomatoes．C．Chicken and tomato．9．There________some water in the bottle. A．is B．am C．are D．be 10．These are some photos of ________ bedroom. What a tidy and comfortable room! A．Jerry’s and Jenny’s B．Jerry and Jenny’s C．Jerry’s sand Jenny 11．Good food and_______help her_______better. A．exercise; study B．exercise; studies C．exercises; studying D．exercises; to study 12．— Do you know all the names in your class, Mr King? —No, only part of them. A．student B．students C．student’s D．students’13．—_________ is it from Wuxi to Shanghai? —It’s about ________ drive. A．How long; a two hours’B．How far; a two-hours
一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don’t want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 2.一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? 2)表示在过去一段时间，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3)句型: It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"
中考辅导 ——人教版初中阶段中考基础知识整合与测评 JUNIOR BOOK I 一．知识网络 【重点内容概要】 1．元音字母在重读开音节、闭音节中的读音。 2．常用的日常交际用语。 3．人称代词，物主代词、指示代词及基数词。 4．动词be(am，is，，are)的用法及人称代词，名词的数的一致性， 5．一些表示方位、地点介词的用法． 6．名词所有格。My father’s watch the pic of Billy billy’s pictures 7，冠词a，an，the的基本用法。 8．以What、Where、Who、Whose、Which、How等引导的疑问句和一般疑问句以及它们的回答． 9．能灵活运用人称代词的主格和宾格． 10．掌握可数名词和不可数名词的用法，以及与其搭配使用的相关修饰词 11．There be句型以及与have(has)的运用及区别。 12．动词的现在进行时和一般现在时的运用。
13．祈使句的肯定、否定形式． 14．常用的句型及交际用语。 15．人称代词主格和宾格的使用。 16．可数名词和不可数名词的运用． 17．常用的句型。 18．现在进行时和一般现在时的使用。 【句型、词组精讲】 Words and Expressions 1. Excuse, me. / I’m sorry. 这两个句子是会话时常用客套语。 1）Excuse me. 表示“劳驾”，“请问”，“请原谅”，“对不起”，“打扰一下”等意思，多用于句首，主要用于在请求别人帮忙时用。如： Excuse me, is this watch yours? Excuse me. How can I get to the station? 2）I’m sorry. 或Sorry. 一般用于听到别人的不幸或做了对不起别人的事情表示遗憾或向其道歉，或不能够给对方提供信息或帮助时的场合。如：I’m sorry I’m late. I’m sorry to hear your mother is ill. Sorry, I can’t go with you. Sorry, I won’t do that again.
第一节词法 在英语中，共有10大词类，它们是：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。 一．名词 1.名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。 如：mother妈妈panda熊猫library图书馆pencil 铅笔wish愿望 2.名词的分类： 1）.名词根据意义分为专有名词和普通名词。 ○1专有名词表示特定的人或事物的名称。 如：Mr Green格林先生the Spring Festival春节the Great Wall长城Britain英国 ○2普通名词是不属于特定的人或事物名称的词。普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。 个体名词，如：radio（广播），watch（手表）； 集体名词，如：class（班级），people（人民）； 物质名词，如：milk（牛奶）water（水）； 抽象名词，如：work（工作），health（健康）。 2)名词根据其表示的事物性质的不同，分为可数名词和不可数名词。 （1）可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的，有单数和复数两种形式。如：a banana一只香蕉two bananas两只香蕉 注意：名词复数形式构成的基本规则。 (2）不可数名词 表示的事物是不可以用数字一个一个数出来的，不分单、复数；抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般都是不可数名词。 如：milk 牛奶ice 冰idea想法France法国 3.名词所有格： 名词中表示有生命的事物所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格，意为“……的”，一般在名词后加是’s。 如Grandma ’s house 奶奶的房子my parents ’car 我父母的车 注意：如果名词代表的事物是没有生命的，常与组成短语来表示其所有格，表示前者属于后者。 It ’s a map of China.这是一张中国地图。 The name of the cartoon is Cinderella. 这部动画片的名字是《灰姑娘》。 二、动词 .动词的定义和分类 动词是表示动作或状态的一类词。动词充当谓语时，与主语在人称和数上一致。动词根据其在句中的功能，可以分为实义动词、助动词和情态动词三类。 1.实义动词 实义动词也叫行为动词，即表示动作的动词，能独立作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分。及物动词是指后面可以直接跟宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词。 We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。 George’s father lives there. 乔治的爸爸住在那儿。 2.助动词 （1）助动词的定义
一.用be的适当形式填空 1.–What’s five and six? -- It __eleven。 2. My clothes ____ on the bed. 3. I ___ten years old. 4.Ann’s Chinese name ___ Lili. 5 I ___American. And she ___Chinese. 6 I ____ in Class 1and my sister ___in Class Two. 7The boy ___(be) from France. 8 -- Who ___that man? --He ____ Tom’s father. 9 What color ___ her pens? --They __yellow. 10____(be) you Mr. Black? Who ____ (be) these girls? 11-- How old ____ (be) your cousin? -- 11 years old. 12 How much ____ (be) the broccoli? 13 How much ____ (be) these white pants?
14 Ken wants ____(be) a musician. 15 I want to ____(be) a great swimmer. 16Here ____(be) his family photo. 17 Here ____(be) your books. 18 There____ (be) lots of carrots in the kitchen 19There ____(be) two pictures on the wall. 20There ____ (be) some water in the bottle (瓶子).21There ____ (be) an apple in the basket.二.否定句 1.Their parents ___ (not like) ice creamfor breakfast. 2.Billlikesstrawberries,but Bob____(not). 3.She _____ (not have) a computer. 4.LucyandLily_____(notlike)oranges. 5.Lucy____(notlike)hamburgers.But she ___ (like) French Fries. 6.JimandJohn____(notdo)haveabasketball. 7.His friends _____ (not like) broccoli. 8.He doesn’t _____ (like) apples verymu ch. 9.She_____(notdo)herhomeworkin the morning. 10.I_____(notcan)playtheguitaratall. 11.Thelittleboy_____(notlike)French fries. 三.肯定句
一、选择题 1．— What kind of home do you ? — A flat three bedrooms. A．live in; with B．live; with C．live in; has D．live; has 2．Colours can change our moods and make us happy or sad . A．feel B．to feel C．felt D．feeling 3．Here _______a nice photo of my family. A．am B．be C．is D．are 4．Parents always hope their children a happy and healthy life. A．to live B．can live C．living D．should live 5．The woman made her husband_______ outside the gate yesterday afternoon. A．wait B．waiting C．to wait D．waited 6．I don’t have a baseball, but Alan A．do B．does C．have D．has 7．—Listen! I can hear someone __________ for help. —Is there __________? A．calling; anything wrong B．call; anything wrong C．calling; wrong anything D．call; wrong anything 8．Lucy and I ________ good friends. A．am B．is C．are 9．The library ______ from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. on weekdays. But it______ at 5 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays. A．is open; closes B．opens; closed C．is opened; closes D．is opening; is closed 10．This is a photo of my grandpa. He young A．looks B．feels C．sounds D．hears 11．The shopping mall near our school _________ for 12 hours a day. It _________ at 9:00 p.m.. A．opens; closes B．opens; is closed C．is open; is closed D．is open; closes 12．Many students are so crazy about mobile games that they lose interest in their schoolwork, which _________ their parents and teachers a lot. A．worries about B．is worried about C．worries D．is worried 13．—Where_______you come from? —I______from Japan A．are; am B．are; come C．do; come 14．—How much ________ this pair of socks? —Two dollars for one pair. A．am B．is C．are 15．—________ you Mary? —Yes, I ________.
初中英语基础知识归纳总结 初中英语基础知识 1. 名词 (1) 不规则名词的单、复数形式要特别记忆: man—men, woman—women, child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth (2) 单数、复数同形的名词: fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese (3) 常用复数形的名词: trousers, shoes, glasses (4) 只有复数形的名词: thanks, clothes
(5) 单数形式但其意为复数的可数名词: people, police (6) 有生命的名词所有格形式: 单数名词加’s，复数名词加s’，不是以s结尾的复数名词加’s，如: children’s room (7) 无生命的名词所有格用of结构表达: 如: the capital of China (8) 表示并列名词各自所有，在各名词词尾加’s: 如: Tom’s and Mary’s bikes (两人各自的自行车) (9) 表示并列名词共同所有，则在后一个名词的词尾加’s:
如: Tom and Mary’s mother (即Tom与Mary是兄妹) (10)关于时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的所有格: 如: ten minutes’walk, ten miles’journey，a boat’s length，two pounds’weight, ten dollars’worth (11) 双重所有格: afriend of my father’s 初中英语必备知识 1、What’s thisin English? 这用英语怎么说? It’s a jacket. 夹克衫 What’sthat in English? 那用英语怎么说? It’s an orange. 橘子。 in + 语言:用某种语言in Chinese/English/Japanese用汉/
最新初中英语基础知识归纳 初中英语基础知识 介词 (1) 表示时间： at: 表示某一时间点 如：at noon on: 表示特定的日子 如：on Christmas in: 表示一段不具体的时间 如：in the morning，in the Second world war 如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on
如：on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning during: 表示期间内的某个时期 如: during the night, during the Second World War for: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词 如：for three days through: 表示在整个期间没有间歇 例：It snowed through the night. till/until: 表示动作持续的终点 例：I studied hard till twelve o’clock last night. by: 表示动作完成期限 例：I’ll be back by five o’clock.
since: 表示某动作的起始点 例：I have studied English since 1990. (2) 表示地点： at: 表示较小的地点 如：arrived at the school gate in: 表示较大的地点 如：arrived in Shanghai for: 表示目的地 例：I’ll leave for Shanghai. above: 表示上面，上方，其反意词是below over: 表示垂直上方，其反意词是under