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China in global economic - File 1 - Pre-reform

CCCH 9007

China in the

Global Economy Wed 4:30 – 6:20 pm, KKLG109 Y.F. Luk / Clement Wong /

Vivian Cheung

CCCH 9007

China in the

Global Economy

1.Brief remarks on pre-1949 and the

socialist period in 1949-78

China and the Global Economy

?The emergence of the Chinese economy, and the increasingly dominant role it plays in the world economy, are major international issues in early 21st century

?Economic linkages between China and the rest of the world dates back to centuries ago

?For example, the Silk Road

?since the Han Dynasty

?extended for 4,000 miles

?not just silk, but many other kinds of goods

Zhang Qian to Central Asia (140 BC) 張騫出西域

Estimates by Angus Maddison

?1820 (between Jiaqing 嘉慶 and Daoguang 道光)

?China had one-third of the world population

?32 percent of world GDP (largest in the world)

?GDP per capita 90 percent of world average

?1913

?China had one-fourth of the world population

?9 percent of world GDP

?GDP per capita 40 percent of world average

(though slightly declined compared to 1820)

The Traditional Economy

?Land was fully utilized

?Given technology, needed lots of labor input to maintain output

?Output per unit of land was high but output per unit of labor was low, so average standard of living was low

?There was a certain degree of commercialization ?Then came challenges from the West and Japan, and wars and civil wars

The Opium War

?China was enjoying trade surpluses with the West by exporting silk, tea, porcelain, etc

?In return, China received silver and as a result there was money and economic expansion

?The British did not want to see the loss of silver, so they sold opium (produced in India) to China to balance the trade

?China went into trade deficits, and the economy slowed down

?Attempts to stop inflow of opium led to the Opium War, the Treaty of Nanking, Hong Kong and HKU

The Nationalist Government Period ?Development of a small but significant modern sector in 1920s and 1930s

?For example, industrialists in Shanghai, some of whom later came to Hong Kong

?Development disrupted by the Sino-Japanese War and the Civil War

?Also, hyperinflation and financial chaos in the 1940s

By 1949

?China was very poor

?There was relatively good endowment of human capital as a developing economy

?literacy rate reasonably high

?But lack of other resources:

?physical capital and infrastructure

?skilled labor

?foreign exchange

?GNP per capita (1952$): 50

?Population (million): 573

?Rice yields (ton/acre): 2.5

?Wheat yields (ton/acre): 1.1

?Industrial output per capita

?coal (kg): 96 cotton spindles: 0.005

?steel (kg): 2 electricity (kW): 0.01 ?Railroads (km): 20,746 in 1936

?GNP per capita (1952$): 60

?Population (million): 358

?Rice yields (ton/acre): 1.3

?Wheat yields (ton/acre): 0.7

?Industrial output per capita

?coal (kg): 97 cotton spindles: 0.03

?steel (kg): 4 electricity (kW): 0.04 ?Railroads (km): 72,000

Brief History since 1949

?1949-52: recovery and preparation for central planning

?1953-57: first 5-year plan, fast growth

?1958: Great Leap Forward and people’s communes, with disastrous results

?1960-64: retrenchment, slight recovery

?1966-76: cultural revolution

?Late 1978: economic reform and opening up

Development Thinking

?Economic development was naturally high on the nation’s agenda after the establishment of the PRC, as with other newly independent countries after WWII

?Some underlying thinking:

?self-sufficiency as a principle

?rejected the use of foreign capital

?went after high economic growth

?emphasized heavy industry

Development Strategy

?Choice of heavy industry as the development strategy was affected by:

?economic thinking in the 1950s (development

and modernization seen as industrialization)

?socialist ideology (workers were pioneers of

revolution, etc)

?international politics and national security

considerations (Korean war in the early 1950s, split with the Soviet Union in the late 1950s)

How to Develop Heavy Industry?

?But China had no comparative advantage in developing heavy industry

?lack of capital, skilled labor, foreign exchange,

etc.

?Had to distort market forces to achieve the goal ?Distortions needed political power to maintain

?so the state made economic decisions and

controlled economic activities

?adopted central planning instead of leaving

things to the market

Some Resulting Policies

?Squeezed agriculture for industry

?Squeezed consumption for investment

?Distorted prices of output and input (wages artificially low)

?Distorted the interest rates (artificially low and close to zero)

?Distorted the exchange rate (RMB artificially overvalued)

?Soviet-type command economy

?The government owned all large factories, transportation, communication, firms, etc

?Agricultural collectives (e.g. communes 人民公社) owned the land and managed the rural economy ?Central planners assigned production targets to firms and allocated resources directly

?Prices lost their role as signals for decision-making and resource allocation

?Government set prices to direct resources to achieve their goals

?Prices of industrial output set relatively high while those for agricultural output relatively low

?Compulsory procurement of grain from farmers to the government so as to create a government monopoly

?Low prices on agricultural products helped suppress wages at a low level

?Low prices on agricultural products also made industrial output that used these products as inputs appear to be profitable

?Restrictions on labor mobility to avoid people leaving the farm

?Control of personnel matters and career path

?Little external economic relationship except with the Soviet Union and Hong Kong

?No financing since most production activities were planned and resources transferred by the state

?No financial market (stocks, bonds, foreign exchanges, etc) and no financial institution (such as insurance companies) except “banks”

?But the banks were basically a monobank system that served mostly as cashiers

?China took pride in being the only country in the world without internal nor external debt. (But is debt something bad?)

?What are the functions of the financial sector?

模拟联合国立场文件英文稿

模拟联合国立场文件英文稿 ----------------------------精品word文档值得下载值得拥有---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---- Delegate: Chen yuying,Chen chunhao, Liu chengyi School: No.2 Experimental School Country: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Committee: Disarmament and International Security Topic: Space Weaponisation 总结第10页的“背景” In 1967 the United Nations through the outer space convention clarify, any country can will any part of the space of for yourself, and at the same time, all countries should the peaceful use of space, space belongs to all mankind, no country has the right to deprive other countries outside the space development and utilization of peace rights. In 2004, the general assembly of the United Nations passed a resolution to 59, requires countries to take action to prevent an arms race in outer space. But American X37B air plane research and development success seems to become a prelude to the stationing of space. Does the United States, and promoting the national missile defense (NMD) system, and its basic

立场文件写作格式(中英文)

关于立场文件的写作 每个国家在会前都要针对各个议题提交一份立场文件,对本国的基本观点做出简明扼要的阐述。立场文件应以文段的形式撰写。 开头要写明代表姓名,学校,代表国家,所在委员会和议题。(这是立场文件的五要素。) 首先要概括介绍本议题在当前国际社会上的状况,对整体情况有个大致的了解。然后要介绍联合国和本国就此议题的态度和采取过的行动,要避免冗长的罗列,以能表达立场为目的。接着要详尽阐述本国的立场、观点和计划采取的行动,需要真实、有可行性。最后用最简单的语言总结本国最基本的立场观点。 字号为小四,英文字体为Times New Roman,中文字体为宋体。A4的纸一张,只能少不能多。立场文件在会前提交,大会组委会将审阅,评出Best Position Paper奖项,在大会闭幕式颁出。组委会审阅后会将立场文件公布,以便代表能够了解各国立场。 Position Paper Delegates: Wang Zheng and Cao Mengyang School: Qingdao NO.2 Middle School Country: The Russian Federation Committee: General Assembly Topic: International cooperation in anti-terrorism Before September 11 in 2001, the word “terrorism” meant little to most people. Four years later, counter-terrorism has taken center stage on the agenda for most countries. It has occurred throughout history and in all parts of the world.. Today, as in the past, these groups are motivated by radical ideals, patriotism and religious beliefs. But unlike the past, a single terrorist group can now operate across the globe. In Russia, Chechnya rebels have become more active in recent years. It has obviously affected the security in Russia and the peace in the world. Russia has taken a lot of powerful measures to anti-terror. And also, Russia would take much stronger counter-terrorism measures this year. Just in October, 2004, the Russian people have been battered by a series of attacks that are nearing the scale and horror of September 11---half of the 330 known dead in the Beslan outrage were schoolchildren. Last year’s strikes h ave shown that terrorists will stop at nothing to achieve their ends. The world has no choice but to hang in together to counter them. In this context, Resolution 1373 on counter-terrorism, passed by the United Nations Security Council, is a significant step. Russia was rather active in promoting resolutions like this. Meanwhile, our government said it would also seek international cooperation on counter-terrorism. Russia believes that counter-terrorism measures should focus more

模拟联合国土耳其立场文件

Delegate: XXXXXX School: Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Country: Republic of Turkey Committee: Topic A: water resource Ⅰ,General Introduction 72% of the Earth's surface is covered with water, but fresh water resources accounted for only 0.75% of all water resources, nearly 70% of the fresh water is fixed in the Antarctic and Greenland ice, the rest mostly soil moisture or deep groundwater can not be used by man.Only less than 1% of the fresh water, or about 0.007% of the water on the Earth can be direct human use. First, seawater and salty bitter and undrinkable, not pouring, it is difficult for industrial. Global freshwater resources, not only shortage but also the geographical distribution is extremely uneven. By geographical area, the fresh water resources of the nine countries of Brazil, Russia, Canada, China, the United States, Indonesia, India, Colombia and Congo accounted for 60% of the world's freshwater resources. The freshwater shortage of about 15 million population accounts for about 40% of the world's population in 80 countries and regions of extreme water shortage of about 300 million people in 26 countries. Even more frightening is expected by 2025, there will be 30 million people in the world will face water shortages, 40 countries and regions, a serious shortage of fresh water. Water sources such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs and shallow groundwater easier to mining for direct human use, but the number is less than 1% of the world's fresh water, accounting for 0.007% of all water on Earth. Global annual precipitation is about 110 trillion cubic meters water landed in the continent, less atmospheric evaporation and the amount of water absorbed by plants, runoff of about 42.7 trillion cubic meters on the rivers in the world, in terms of the world's population in 1995, the average amount of water available per person per year to 7300 m3. As the world's population continues to increase, the average number has decreased compared to 1970 by 37%. The 1980s, the number of actual post-global freshwater use per year 300 billion cubic meters, accounting for 1-3% of the total can be used, but with the increase in population growth and per capita income, the water consumption in million Total digit growth.

模拟联合国立场文件范文

立场文件 立场文件的英文是Position Paper,可定义为“表明一国在某一个问题上的基本观点和立场的文件”。立场文件反映了一个国家对特定话题的立场和解决建议,许多代表也会用立场文件作为大会中第一次发言的发言稿,由此可见其重要性。一篇立场文件只阐述对于一个议题的国家立场观点,如果一个委员会的议题有两个,那么就需要提交两份立场文件。一份立场文件的篇幅应尽量控制在一到两页。立场文件作用其他国家可以通过一国的立场文件来了解该国在这一议题上的基本立场,确定该国是否与自己的国家具有共同的目标和利益等等,这样便于各国协会协商和合作。也可以提醒本国代表自己的底线。立场文件同时也是会议开始阶段各国陈述观点的主要参照发言材料,但它并不是发言稿。立场文件的 格式和要点1)开头立场文件的开头应该包括以下部分:代表姓名(delegates) 代表来自的学校(schools)国家(country)委员会(committee)议题(topic)2)正文正文的内容一般安排如下:背景介绍:简要陈述议题。这一部分所占篇幅最小,只需简单概括该问题的历史,并提出讨论解决该问题的重要性即可。 过去的行动:这部分包括联合国在该问题上的决议或行动及本国在该问题上已经作出的 行动和决议等。本国的立场/政策/解决措施:这部分主要表明本国的立场,提供本国对于该问题的解决办法和措施,并提供理由等。3)篇幅书写语言为中文,字体用宋体,5号字,单倍行距。篇幅尽量控制在一到两页左右。4)充实内容前面介绍的正文内容安排只是一种参考。立场文件不是考试作文的八股文,其内容的安排顺序和文章结 构都可以根据代表国的实际情况调整。还可以从以下很多方面充实立场文件的内容: 对该国在这个议题上的立场的总体概括和对该国在此问题上的历史介绍该问题是怎样影响该国的该国在此问题上的政策和实施相关政策的理由 该国在此问题上签署的协议或批准的决议在此问题上别国的立场怎样影响该国 的立场国家领导在相关问题上发言的引言为支持该国在此问题上的对策的相关数据5)写作中需要注意的问题如非必要不需要陈述这个国家的详细信息(GDP、 人口、资源等)尽量使文体显得官方和正式,写作的时候再选词方面要特别注意 举出实例,而不是空讲政策和态度用脚注或尾注来表明所引用的资料(不强求) 立场文件作为会议要求的正式文件,在用词方面也有固定的要求。用词要求正式,避免口语化的表达。一般,立场文件都采用第三人称“中国认为(China thinks)、美国代表团相信(the US Delegation believes)”等等,而不用“你、我、他”。同时立场文件的表达应当简洁明了,尽量不要采用修辞、排比等过于文学的表达方式。由于篇幅有限,立场文件应该围绕议题和国家立场展开,确保每一句话都是为了表达国家立场服务。我们建议代表使用一个简明的架构来书写立场文件。你的工作不是把你所收集的大量信息填充到结构中,而是把你的观点、建议以及解决办法等等信息融合起来加以整理,使他们能够很好的融合到你的立场文件结构中,让你的立场文件更有建设性。一篇好的立场文件应包括以下几个方面:简要阐述议题,并说明代表国认为对这个议题对于其本国以及整个国际社会所具有的重要性。代表国所持有的立场、态度。可包括该国与此相关的国内事务及外交政策,以及过去在国际工作中所支持过的决议等等。对于联合国所采取过的主要措施代表国持怎样的态度。代表国对委员会的建议。可包括代表国认为有效可行的解决措施,以及国际社会应承当的角色。所以确切的说,立场文件更接近说明文,而不是一般认为的议论文或者辩论陈词。后者往往要求先明确表达观点(比如托福作文或GRE的Argument部分),然后旁征博引来证明观点的正确正当。但是立场文件的写作不是要通过具有冲击力的词汇说服阅读者,而是要通过合理引用客观资料说明问题,并在此基础上得出结论,更强调体现出一种分析的过程。换

立场文件范文两篇

立场文件范例分析 学校:**** 国家:尼日利亚 代表:**** 2004年12 10米,13个印度洋国家的 21万6000大的一场自然灾难之一,联合国公布死难者数字是至少22万3000此外,多国沿岸的酒店和村庄城镇也受到严重破坏,180经济损失近百亿美元。 并且非常愿意在本国承受范围之内以“不强制遣返,为原则接受部分难民,希望在印尼海啸难民问题中能发挥积极作用。 尼日利亚对印尼海啸难民问题的解决前景感到乐观。不久,国际社会包括,国际援助总额已经超过80金将陆续就位。的繁荣。 在救助活动中,我们都能清楚地意识到,要尽快地解决印尼海啸难 民问题,我们仍然需要处理好下面几个方面: 1、 海啸在世界范围内都存在着,为防止下次所海啸所带来的 爆发性难民问题,由联合国牵头建立全球海啸预警系统; 2、 建立更加“有前瞻性、有战略性、公开和有效”的救援资金 分配机制,确实保证一部分资金用于解决印尼海啸难民问 题,避免救援资金被挪用或贪污; 3、 加强国际合作机制,由联合国难民署牵头协调各国解决此 次的难民问题,登记注册灾区难民特别是灾区儿童,以防 人口贩卖,为难民提供生活住所,并且在经济、政策等方 面给予必要的援助,帮助难民重返家园; 难民问题在世界各地尤其是在广大的非洲国家中不断出现,尼日利 亚希望通过解决这次的印尼海啸难民问题,继续扩大联合国难民署的职

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