环境生态学（外文资料及翻译）
"Environmental ecology, mainly in humanities and social and environmental ecology international wide public concern" the concept of sustainable development ", "environmental protection and sustainable development strategy problem", "harmonious society and circular economy", "human survival way and environmental ecological crisis", "China at the beginning of 21 century on the path of sustainable development", "environmental culture and living safety", "global warming the earth's environment and the ecological security", "ozone depletion of earth environment the ecological influence", "acid rain on the earth's environment the ecological influence", "urbanization on city environment and regional climate effect", "desert-oasis ecosystem water heat transfer and the interaction numerical simulation", "western China development of water resources and the sustainable development problems".
In the 21 st century, the human face of worsening ecological environment and the lack of human resources, clearly recognized that must walk the path of sustainable development. From a long-term perspective, the development environment ecological education is to solve the environmental problems and the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development at all. Higher school education is to improve the
ecological environment of the new century, the environment of the builders ecological awareness, to the transportation environment of specialized personnel the ecological protection of important way. As a contemporary college students, must have the living environment and the sense of urgency and have the time should be the new century demand quality talent environmental knowledge.
Green peace in China and international stage play an active role. In China, the green peace was China's most influential media as "China's best public organization"; On the international stage, green peace at the UN conference on climate change, and in the light of the international society should how to deal with climate change challenge from China put forward the folk organization views.
Because of "traditional environmental technology can not to" contemporary environmental biological technology, the development of high level technology mainly in the hot, namely to molecular biology technology as the main body, by genetic engineering as the leading pollution diagnosis, pollution monitoring, pollution control and ecological remediation technologies. Among them, the environmental biological new technology, new methods of development and utilization, such as pollution of the environment molecular diagnosis technology is
pollution control and repair the premise and basis. Because the current environmental biological technology researchers, still can't very well in biological chip, genetically modified, stem cell, protein group, metabolic group, biological technology, such as the development of light pollution detection and monitoring of the effective method.
People and the environment is inseparable relationship. In the past, present and future, human beings are always in constant change the environment, create not only use, and beautiful environment space. City imply, is more than just building, streets, shops and construct the accumulation of artificial things and contain in many functional facilities and hard landscape of social culture, accompanied by economic, political and urban residents colorful life. From external visual image of the city is to see, by its plane structure, the sky outline, various building, facilities, regional market, open space, landmark plant gardens and indefinite traffic tools through a city, but these are people in choice and the selected behavior formed under the physical form, which contain deep natural law, social psychology, human emotions and historical vicissitudes of life.
Urbanization in bring about many benefits for people at the same time, also caused a series of serious ecological environment problems, to natural ecosystem and the people's health effects. These problems is
reflected in three aspects: one is the urban climate change (such as heat island effect) and environmental pollution, including water, air and noise and solid waste pollution, etc.; 2 it is natural resource depletion and shortages, especially fresh water, fossil fuel, cultivated land excessive utilization and biodiversity of the reduced; Three is the city the increase of population, resulting in a large number of social issues, such as housing nervous, heavy traffic, reduce, education and health and green lag and so on. Ecological city is to point to in ecological system, within the scope of carrying capacity of the ecological economy principle and system engineering construction method of the city. And Ecological city construction, change the traditional way of production and consumption, decision-making and management methods, fully mining district inside and outside the resources can be exploited to all potential, has developed economy, ecology and efficient industry, the system is reasonable, the harmony of the society culture and ecological health, landscape suitable environment, to achieve the conditions of the socialist market economy, economic growth and environmental protection, material civilization and the spiritual civilization, natural ecological and human ecological high unification.
Ecological city practice methods should be coordinated economic and social development, at the same time ensure long-term ecological health
and future generations, the resources needed for survival and development. China's ecological city planning with other plan to have two different. Its planning time more than 20 years of general (general layout planning of fixed number of year), for long-term development direction. In addition, ecological city planning than any other plan covers the content more widely. China's ecological city method can reflect the most need to solve two aspects of the--the economic and ecological, the purpose is to seek for the economic and social benefits, long-term ecological health and resource management and coordination. Social issue would be in the discussions of the ecological city becomes more and more important. First, pay attention to the exploration of the urban ecology theory, especially the different scale of urban construction and function of; Second, expanding the scope of the city scientific research, that is, from the city by a single objective of the study, change is compound ecological system in rural and urban studies, including half of urbanized area research and rural industrialization and urban agglomeration research; Third, the development of ecological city construction applicable technology system, and promote the existing technology the ecological; Fourth, for ecological city construction ecological landscape planning and provide the ecological culture methodological guidance; Fifth, establish the corresponding policies and decrees and rewards and punishment system, promote the development of
ecological city; Sixth, strengthen education, training and ecological city construction, enhance the ability of ecological consciousness; Seventh, to strengthen international between cities and communities, cooperation and communication between the..
"We have a responsibility, which is not only consider the meaning, and open our own to experience the beauty and follows the lead. The urban environment art, a kind of choice and the progress of relief.
The current both large and medium cities or towns and villages, the ecological construction practice in our country on booming has. People are more and more aware of ecological city development and construction of ecological city the importance and the urgency of
Ecological city is put forward based on the awakening of the human ecological civilization and to the traditional industrialization and industrial cities, ecological city has not reflect pure natural ecology, but the natural, social and economic compound the symbiosis between the urban ecological, it and sanitation city, garden city, urban landscape, garden city, forest city, different qu co-workers, have distinction to have connection again already, have increase public cultural quality and life quality effect, note that the Chinese ecological environment conditions
differ in thousands ways, may not single development type and development model, need to adjust measures to local conditions of ecological city planning create all sorts of type and various development model.
Facing the new century, the human orientation and inevitable choice is ecology. Urban ecological development path, construction go ecological city is the inevitable trend of the development of history. The construction of ecological city cannot leave the creative planning and design, creative planning and design need forward-looking theoretical guidance. In the research of ecological city became a city plan the forefront of research topic. Change the traditional urban planning values, it is necessary in new ecological values of the current under the guidance of the urban planning theory to a fundamental reform system, ecological city planning and design theory principle and method, the method, a series of problems, such as technology to meet the need of the time.
Ecological city idea contains the sustainable development idea and city and nature coexist aims, the domestic future urban planning work have important significance. In today's science and technology is developed, to transform nature (namely human intervention natural ability of past situation, far beyond human must be aware that any living environment
(including city) is a global ecological system, part of the human activities within the limit in the ecological necessary, and fully embodied in the planning, this is true in the premise of sustainable development of establishing ecological city, is also the fundamental guarantee.
Ecological civilization of moral evaluation standard, in general, that is beneficial to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is good, what things are harmful to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is evil. Of course, consciously abide by the environmental law shall ecological civilization is the base line of ethics standards, specific provision people in dealing with the relationship between man and nature, what should do and what should not do. And active practice ecological ethics behavior may allow have DuoZhong realm. The highest state is "ecological self-supervision", that is, no matter when and where, regardless of whether supervision, always to ecological moral standard, in the interests of both consciously and ecological benefits, the determination to promote the harmony between human being and nature and prosperity, and the relationship between man and nature to solve the crisis with all my heart. In short, ecology theory in China construction of ecological civilization society has the important, not the role of the body, and provide scientific theory.
Hope that nature can peace and common forever!!!!!
《环境生态学》主要以人文社会和环境生态学方面国际社会广泛关注的“可持续发展的理念”、“环境保护与可持续发展战略问题”、“和谐社会和循环型经济”、“人类生存方式与环境生态危机”、“中国21世纪初可持续发展之路”、“环境文化与生存安全”、“全球变暖与地球环境生态安全”、“臭氧层破坏对地球环境生态的影响”、“酸雨对地球环境生态的影响”、“城市化对城市环境及区域气候的影响”、“沙漠－绿洲生态系统水热输送及相互作用数值模拟”、“中国西部水资源开发与可持续发展问题”。
在人类跨入21世纪之际，面临不断恶化的生存环境生态和资源的匮乏，人类清醒地认识到必须走可持续发展的道路。从长远观点来说，发展环境生态教育是解决环境问题和实施可持续发展战略的根本。高等学校的环境生态教育，是提高新世纪建设者的环境生态意识，向社会输送环境生态保护专门人才的重要途径。作为当代大学生，必须具有生存环境的时代紧迫感和具备应有的新世纪人才环境知识的需求素质。
环境生态学研究重点是环境污染的生态学原理和规律、环境污染的综合治理、自然资源的保护和利用、废弃物的能源化和资源化技术，研究目的是改善不断恶化的生态环境，达到资源的永续利用，促进经济、环境和人类社会的可持续发展．环境生态学的研究对象是污染的环境对整个生态系统（以生物为主）的影响。它是研究生态系统中的生物与污染的环境两者之间作用与反作用、对立与统一、相互依赖与相互制约、物质的循环与代谢等一系列相互作用的规律，以及支配这些规律的内在机理。生命系统与人为干预的环境系统两者之间的相互作用，可以表现为各级水平，所以，环境生态学的研究对象既包括从宏观上研究环境中污染物和人为干预的环境对生物的个体、种群、群落和生态系统产生影响的基本规律，也包括从微观上研究污染物和人为干预的环境对生物的分子、细胞和组织器官产生的毒害作用及其机理。
环境污染是指由于对生态系统有害的物质进入环境后对生态系统造成的干扰和损害的现象，简称污染。具体来说就是，有害物质或有害因子进入环境并在环境中发生扩散、迁移、转化，并跟生态体统的诸要素发生作用，使生态系统的结构与功能发生变化，对人类以及其它生物的生存和发展产生不利影响。环境污染除了给生态系统造成直接的破坏和影响外，污染物的积累和迁移转化还会引起多种衍生的环境效应，给生态系统和人类社会造成间接的危害，有时这种间接的环境效应的危害比当时造成的直接危害更大，也更难消除。例如，温室效应、酸雨、和臭氧层破坏就是由大气污染衍生出的环境效应。这种由环境污染衍生的环
境效应具有滞后性，往往在污染发生的当时不易被察觉或预料到，然而一旦发生就表示环境污染已经发展到相当严重的地步。
当然，环境污染的最直接、最容易被人所感受的后果是使人类环境的质量下降，影响人类的生活质量、身体健康和生产活动。例如城市的空气污染造成空气污浊，人们的发病率上升等等；水污染使水环境质量恶化，饮用水源的质量普遍下降，威胁人的身体健康，引起胎儿早产或畸形等等。严重的污染事件不仅带来健康问题，也造成社会问题。随着污染的加剧和人们环境意识的提高，由于污染引起的人群纠纷和冲突逐年增加。
目前在全球范围内都不同程度地出现了环境污染问题，具有全球影响的方面有大气环境污染、海洋污染、城市环境问，环境污染也日益呈现国际化趋势，近年来出现的危险废物越境转移问题就是这方面的突出表现。
绿色和平在中国和国际的舞台都扮演着积极的角色。在中国，绿色和平被中国最有影响力的媒体评为“中国最佳公益组织”；在国际舞台，绿色和平出席联合国气候变化大会，并针对国际社会应当如何应对气候变化的挑战提出来自中国的民间组织的见解。
“气候变化在全球范围内造成越来越严重的影响，我们甚至有了紧迫感。现在缺乏的是政治上的意愿。我们需要你们——绿色和平，需要你们来汇聚民意，促使政治家们能够去施行这件正确的事情。你们准备好了吗？”
现代生物技术与环境保护，现代生物技术是以DNA分子技术为基础，包括微生物工程，细胞工程，酶工程，基因工程等一系列生物高新技术的总称。现代生物技术不仅在农作物改良、医药研究、食品工程方面发挥着重要作用，而且也随着日益突出的环境问题在治理污染、环境生物监测等方面发挥着重要的作用。自20世纪80年代以来生物技术作为一种高新技术，已普遍受到世界各国和民间研究机构的高度重视，发展十分迅猛。与传统方法比较，生物治理方法具有许多优点。
正因为要“能传统环境技术之不能”，当代环境生物技术的发展热点主要集中在高层次技术，即以分子生物学技术为主体，以基因工程为主导的污染诊断、污染监测、污染控制及污染生态修复技术上。其中，环境生物新技术、新方法的开发和利用，如污染环境的分子诊断技术是污染控制与修复的前提和基础。因为当前环境生物技术研究人员，仍不能很好地用生物芯片、转基因、干细胞、蛋白质组、代谢组、生物发光等技术，发展出有效的污染检测与监测方法。
人与环境有着密不可分的关系。无论过去、现在还是未来，人类总是在不断地改造环境，创造不仅使用，而且美观的环境空间。城市所意味的，不仅仅是建筑、街道、商店等人工建构物的堆积，而蕴涵着在诸多功能性设施及硬质景观相伴下的社会文化、经济、政治和城市居民多姿多彩的生活。从外在的视觉影像
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa278359.html,（通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa278359.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月
目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)
1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面， ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法，已知的当做服务公司模型，表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款，监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司，和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验，在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。
A Wavelet Based Approach for Fast Detection of Internal Fault in Power Transformers The power transformer is one of the most expensive elements of power system and its protection is an essential part of the overall system protection strategy. The differential protection provides the best protection for power transformer. Its operation principle is based on this point that the differential current during an internal fault is higher than normal condition. But, a large transient current (inrush current) can cause mal-operation of differential relays. Then, studies for the improvement of the transformer protection have focused on discrimination between internal short circuit faults and inrush currents in transformers. The magnetizing inrush current has a large second order harmonic component in comparison to internal faults. Therefore , some transformer protection systems are designed to halt operating during the inrush current by sensing this large second order harmonic. The second harmonic component in the magnetizing inrush currents tend to be relatively small in modern large power transformers because of improvements in the power transformer core materials. Also , it has been seen that the fault current can contain higher second order harmonics than the inrush current due to nonlinear fault resistance, CT saturation .the distributed capacitance in the transmission line, which transformer is connected to, or due to the use of extra high voltage underground cables. Various methods have been suggested for overcoming this protection system mal-operation. This paper presents a wavelet based method for discrimination among inrush current, internal short circuit ,external short circuit and energizing and it is not affected by CT saturation and it is able to detect internal faults while transformer energization. Unlike Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy logic based algorithms. This approach is not system dependent. The operating time of the scheme is less than 10ms. The Daubechies mother wavelet is used with a sample rate of 5 kHz. Then , the differential currents of the three phases are decomposed into two details and only the second level will be considered by using db5 mother wavelet. Discrete Wavelet Transform The wavelet transform is a powerful tool to extract information from the non-stationary signals simultaneously in both time and frequency domains. The ability of the wavelet transform to focus on short time intervals for high-frequency components and long intervals for low-frequency components improves the analysis
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
Web应用程序安全外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Basic Security Practices for Web Applications Even if you have limited experience with and knowledge of application security, there are basic measures that you should take to help protect your Web applications. The following sections in this topic provide minimum-security guidelines that apply to all Web applications.General Web Application Security Recommendations;Run Applications with Minimum Privileges ;Know Your Users; Guard Against Malicious User Input;Access Databases Securely;Create Safe Error Messages;Keep Sensitive Information Safely;Use Cookies Securely;Guard Against Denial-of-Service Threats. 1. General Web Application Security Recommendations
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 包装对食品发展的影响 一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在食品加工和包装组合下，在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。保质期，可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间，方便以及减少浪费食物的风险，消费者和/或零售商。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。 包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
河南科技学院新科学院 2013届本科毕业生论文（设计） 英文文献及翻译 Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition 学生姓名：王艳杰 所在院系：经济系 所学专业：国际经济与贸易 导师姓名：侯黎杰 完成时间：2013年4月15日
Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition Abstract:This paper examines the resource allocational and welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in a general-equilibrium model with oligopolistic competition and unemployment. Although the welfare impact for the short run is ambiguous and dependent upon the strength of excess profits and scale economies relative to unemployment in manufacturing, in the long run additional inflows of foreign capital always improve national welfare with capital mobility. Hence, attracting foreign capital remains a sound policy for economies characterized by imperfect competition, scale economies,and regional unemployment. Keywords: International capital mobility; Imperfect competition; Welfare 1.Introduction The welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in the presence of trade restrictions have been extensively studied. Brecher and Diaz Alejandro (1977) show that when imports are subject to tariffs, an introduction of fo reign capital inflows accentuates the tariff distortion and hence reduces national welfare if the import-competing sector is relatively capital-intensive. In contrast, Dei (1985) shows that when imports are restricted by quotas,foreign capital inflows in the presence of foreign-owned capital always improve welfare by depressing the rental and so lowering the payments to existing foreign-owned capital. Recently, Neary (1981), using a common framework for both tariffs and quotas, obtains more general results of foreign capital inflows; the welfare effect of such inflows depends crucially on whether foreign-owned capital exists initially in the home country. In addition, Khan (1982) and Grinols (1991) have examined the effects of foreign capital inflows for a generalized Harris-Todaro economy under tariff protection. Khan finds that the result by Brecher and Diaz Alejandro is still valid even in the presence of unemployment, whereas Grinols argues that increased foreign capital need not be detrimental to welfare if the opportunity costs of labor are sufficiently low. Noteworthy is that the models used by these authors are all based upon the premise of perfect competition along with constant returns-to-scale technology. Although perfect competition serves as a useful assumption in crystallizing theoretical insights, it nevertheless fails to depict many of the real-world phenomena. The real-world economy is characterized, to a large extent, by imperfect competition and economies of scale. The policy implications of imperfect competition and economies
大数据外文翻译参考文献综述 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Data Mining and Data Publishing Data mining is the extraction of vast interesting patterns or knowledge from huge amount of data. The initial idea of privacy-preserving data mining PPDM was to extend traditional data mining techniques to work with the data modified to mask sensitive information. The key issues were how to modify the data and how to recover the data mining result from the modified data. Privacy-preserving data mining considers the problem of running data mining algorithms on confidential data that is not supposed to be revealed even to the party
running the algorithm. In contrast, privacy-preserving data publishing (PPDP) may not necessarily be tied to a specific data mining task, and the data mining task may be unknown at the time of data publishing. PPDP studies how to transform raw data into a version that is immunized against privacy attacks but that still supports effective data mining tasks. Privacy-preserving for both data mining (PPDM) and data publishing (PPDP) has become increasingly popular because it allows sharing of privacy sensitive data for analysis purposes. One well studied approach is the k-anonymity model [1] which in turn led to other models such as confidence bounding, l-diversity, t-closeness, (α,k)-anonymity, etc. In particular, all known mechanisms try to minimize information loss and such an attempt provides a loophole for attacks. The aim of this paper is to present a survey for most of the common attacks techniques for anonymization-based PPDM & PPDP and explain their effects on Data Privacy. Although data mining is potentially useful, many data holders are reluctant to provide their data for data mining for the fear of violating individual privacy. In recent years, study has been made to ensure that the sensitive information of individuals cannot be identified easily. Anonymity Models, k-anonymization techniques have been the focus of intense research in the last few years. In order to ensure anonymization of data while at the same time minimizing the information