中英礼貌原则差异在商务沟通中的
应用
独创性声明
本人郑重声明：所呈交的学期课程论文是本人自己的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。本人承诺，在创作本论文的过程中严格遵守学术规范，避免学术不端的行为。本人了解，如果论文被认定存在学术不端的问题，本论文提交者将有可能面临以下某项之处理：
（1）重新写作，并在规定日期重新提交。
（2）判定为不及格。
（3）判定为零分。
作者签名：Chyrie签字日期：2010年12月30日
摘要
中英礼貌原则差异在商务沟通中的应用
本论文首先强调了礼貌原则在跨文化商务沟通中的重要性，然后系统地对礼貌原则进行解释，并分析其在中英方面的差异性，接着陈述商务沟通的定义及组成部分。分析完礼貌原则与商务沟通之后，本文再理论且现实地把二者联系起来，展现了中英礼貌原则差异在商务沟通中的应用，以期尽量避免在跨文化商务沟通由礼貌原则差异带来的误解，进而为公司达成最佳交易。
关键词：礼貌原则差异，商务沟通，英语，汉语，应用
ABSTRACT
The Application of Diverse Politeness Principles Between Chinese and English in Business Communication
By Ou Minzhen
This thesis first emphasizes the significance of the politeness principles in intercultural business communication; second it systematically gives a general knowledge about politeness principles both in Chinese and English-speaking countries and finds out the factors about business communication; then following it presents the link between the two by showing the application of the diverse politeness principles between Chinese and English in each part of business communication,theoretically and realistically, in the hope of helping avoid the misunderstandings in the communicaton and make the best for the companies.
Keywords: diverse politeness principles, business communication, Chinese, English, application
CONTENTS
摘要 (i)
ABSTRACT (ii)
CONTENTS (iii)
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION (1)
CHAPTER TWO OVERVIEW OF POLITENESS PRICIPLES AND BUSINESS COMMUNICATON (2)
2.1 Politeness Principles (2)
2.1.1 The Definition of Politeness Principle...................................... .. (2)
2.1.2 The Existent Diversity of Politeness Principles between Chinese and English (2)
2.1.3 Factors Affecting the Diversity (3)
2.2 Business Communication ............... . (3)
2.2.1 The Definition of Business Communication (3)
2.2.2 Oral Communication in Business Communication (4)
2.2.3 Written Communication in Business Communication (4)
2.2.4 Noverbal Communication in Business Communication (5)
CHAPTER THREE APPLICATION of DIVERSE POLITENESS PRINCIPLES BETWEEN CHINESE AND ENGLISH IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION (5)
3.1 Application in Oral Communication in Busniess................................ (5)
3.1.1 Public Oral Communication (5)
3.1.1 Interpersonal Oral Communication (6)
3.2 Application in Written Communication in Busniess (6)
3.2.1 Business Correspondence (6)
3.3 Application in Nonverbal Communication in Busniess.................... (7)
3.3.1 Facial Expression (7)
3.3.3 Space and Promexic (7)
CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION (8)
REFERENCES (9)
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1Introduction
When it comes to business activities, things may be whether important or trivial. Successful and effective business communications are crucial to business activities. Before you communicating overseas in business enviroment, you should have been acquainted with sufficient business knowledge to know hnow how to hold sense of property more and be well-behaved and graceful.Being an essential quality in business communication, politeness principles have rich cultural connotation. However，those principles vary greatly because different cultural and historical background and customs of each nation.
With the Chinese economic development and the world economy integration and the globalization tendency strengthening increasingly, the international cooperation between China and English spoken countires around the world become more and more frequent.,especially after China’s entering to WTO, the global cooperation in economy and technology and the progress of trading issues are frequent and blossoming, which lead to a great number of needs of good-qualified genius. Business communication becomes much more popular and important in modern society. In business communicaton, both sides have the relationship of not only cooperation but also competition. Under this circumstance, as well as getting the best profit for each other by using an intimate knowledge of business and good eloquence , to insure the relationgship goes well, proper and polite language functions a great. To my way of thinking, Chinese is high-context culture, while many English spoken countries are low-context ones. Thus, the politeness Principles vary with persons, their beliefs and skills, apart from the general contexts in which communications occue. It can also vary dramatically due to culture differences in areas like communication styles and decesion-making patterns. That’s to say, in terms of politeness principles, there exist many differences, or rather, barriers to overcome. For instance, in Chinese, public display of emotion is a sign of immaturity and a potential cause of shame to the group, whereas in American, a deliberate concealment of emotion is considered to be insincere or poker-face. If a Chinese firm is negotiating with an American firm, it has to understand the difference so that it won’t feel humiliating by others’ behaviors, or it can do something to cator to the cooperative partner. In doing so, more chances are that both sides can reach the best deal, maintaining ont only contact but also relationship. That’s win-win, isn’t it?
CHAPTER TWO
Overview of Politeness Principle and Business Communition
2.1Politrness Principle
2.1.1 The definition of politeness principle
The definition of politeness for universals has shown considerable divergence and lack of clarity as they have received increased attention since Brown and Levinson's (1978) proposed framework. To achieve certain specific goals in a language communication activity, the speakers, as well as the listeners, are supposed to obey an intangible rule known as conversational principle. However, in practice, it can not account for why people sometimes employ euphemisms or fuzzy language, which are probably out of politeness. According to Brown and Levinson (1987:61), “Every social member that has interpersonal ability inclines to a decent public self-image.” Being polite aims at lessening the threatening aftermaths of some communicative behaviors. Leech(1983) defines politeness as forms of behaviour that establish and maintain comity. That is the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony. Leech proposes Politeness Principle which comprises maxims of tact, generosity, approbation, and modesty which seem to account better for the types of utterce produces in the name of politeness. Leech places politeness principle as a menber of a set principles that he calls International Rhetoric. In stating his maxims Leech uses his own terms for two kinds of illocutionary acts. He calls representatives “assertives”, and calls directives “impositives”.
2.1.2 The Existent Diversity of Politeness Principle between Chinese and English
Chinese and English cultures have different criteria and implementation strategies of politeness. Chinese cultural emphasis on modesty guidelines, while Western culture is highlighted appropriate criteria. Modesty standards require people to minimize their praise, as much as possible to depreciate yourself. Western culture embraced each other to avoid damage to praise each other's face, so it is polite. Thus, westerners tend to accept compliment with delight and thankfulness, taking a suit rather than a negative way, so as not to reveal who is inconsistent with the compliment, it is embarrassing. Most Chinese people are used to denying and promoting modesty, but this approach may probably threaten the West. In addition, the Westerners held by some independent self-concept, which has a relatively independent and self-concept of a fixed kernel, thus, Westerners focus on personal
privacy in communication and independence, always from the standpoint of individualism, emphasis on individual's face. Some of the Chinese people held by the concept of self-dependence, this self-concept of the kernel is not stable, the relationship between others and self-relative is not so clear, sharp, self-core according to the relationship between self and others may be, to be released only when the self- in the appropriate social relationships can be meaningful, will become complete. Therefore, Chinese intellectuals attached great importance to participation and the relationship between individuals and groups, focusing on the collective sense of honor; in communication, they often proceed from the concept of collective culture, emphasizing the groups face. Self-concept of Chinese culture is another feature of the family blood for the scale, in close communication guidelines for compliance." "For example, when Chinese people like to ask people in the private business communication, or disclosure of their private affairs without reservation, because according to traditional Chinese politeness, understanding of private business is communication and the other party in order to shorten the horizontal distance and made a force that positioned away from the other side of a main communication relatively close position."
2.1.3Factors Affecting the Diversity
Back and compare the different cultural trodictions in Chinese and the west. Chinese culture of courtesy is rooted in the Confucian rites of the traditional, which has long dominated the idology. Prof. Gu Yueguo has contributed significantly to the study of politeness in mordern Chinese holds that there are basically four notions underlying the Chinese conception of Limao: Modesty, Attitudinal Warmth, Refinement. Gu’s principle reflects the typical Chinese characteristics. Chinese has its own principles and explanations. And through studies such priciples, we could go further on study the concerling part of Chinese culture. Collectivism would be revealed through PP of China. On the contary, the culture of English-speaking countries is influenced by Western intellectual tradition of freedom and equality, emphasizing the individual and personal values to promote individual self-confidence and pragmatism. Leech divides the PP into a number of maxims: Tact Maxim, Generosity Maxim, Approbation Maxim, Sympathy Maxim. Leech concluded the polite behaviors of English-speakers and give the PP that based on the English culture. The concealing culture is revealed individualism.
2.2Business Communication
2.2.1 The definition of business communition
There are a number of books on business communication, but one could hardly find a definition of business communication. However, business communication does have its specific application, which differs to a certain degree from other forms of communication, though they share something in common. According to Business Communication(2001), “a dynamic, multi-channeled process, which covers internal as well as external communication in a given organization.” (P1) The definition is tentative in nature. Nevertheless, that business communication is some what
different and unique rather from other type of communication is because the purpose of business is to get profit. Thus to make good way for profit the communicator should develop good communication skills, in the fields of oral, written and nonverbal ,such as facial expressions, body language and tone of voice aspects. Everyone knows that in the present day trends the knowledge alone won't be a fruitful one to have sustainable development. In order for communication to be the most effective, verbal oral and nonverbal communication must agree. For example, if a person says, "you're doing a great job," but says it in an angry tone of voice, the message may be confusing or misunderstood.
2.2.2Oral Communication in Busniess
Oral communication skills may be key to successful business communication, which can be between two employees, a customer and the business or business to business. Oral communication, forms of which are in public communication, such as presentations speeches, and interpersonal communication, such as client interations, interoffice interations, plays a significant role in representing and maintaining a positive public image.
As a businessperson, you spend an average of 30 percent of your working hours in speaking. For each workday, besides other ways of communication,you have to communicate orally with your colleagues,employees,superiors, and customers.
From time to time, you have to talk to the reporters, bank staff, taxation officials, and members from other organizations and institutions. Still other times you may be asked to make presentations to groups of visitors to your organization, or to speak to other groups of people outside your organization. There are other kinds of speaking activities, to name but a few here.
Oral communication in the office can be referred to as interoffice interaction. This is comprised of conversations with superiors, subordinates and co-workers. Depending on the levels of power separation between the individuals engaging in conversation, the communication will fluctuate between formal and informal, though it should always remain professional. Conversations in this context may reference data, but will be much more analysis heavy, and will be a dialog by nature.
2.2.3 Written Communication in Busniess
Written communication is also very important aspect of business communication. It is important to fix accountability and responsibility of people in organization. This requires more of written communication, much of paper work. Everything should be communicated in written by the manager to the people in the organization. Written messages can be saved for future references and cannot be denied. Business Communication is a permanent means of communication and is much easier understanding then oral means of communication. Good written communication contributes to success of an organization. It helps in building goodwill of an organization. Written business communication includes - correspondance, memoranda, agenda, manuals, reports etc.
2.2.4 Nonverbal Communication in Busniess
“Nonverbal communication is a way of communication without words.”(Malandroet,1989). It refers to the communication which is not carried in words, but through one’s voice qualties, facial expressions, gestures, body movements, or attitudes towards space and time, ect. Nonverbal communication used to be neglected by many people, simply because of its nonverbal nature. But things are different now: business people are paying more and more attention to nonverbal ways in their communication.
Non-verbal behavior can be governed by situation. Thus people who are very formal in the office can be quite unreserved in a social situation. But they wouldn't wish to loosen up in the workplace. Another danger area is the use of irony or humor: subtle meanings might be conveyed by tone of voice but these signals could easily be missed in intercultural situations. Similarly, words might be used to preserve certain forms of politeness but the situation as a whole governs the meaning behind the words. When we seek agreement, for example. Some cultures see overt disagreement as impolite and may say they agree to preserve dignity.
CHAPTER THREE
Application of Diverse Politeness Principles Between Chinese and
English in Business Communication
3.1 Application in Oral Communication in Busniess
While oral communication can provide a lot of benefits in a business setting, there are limitations to its utility. In the view of politeness, initially, the time oral communication usually takes to complete is not usually the same in Chinese and English concept, as oral communication's polite concepts can blur the focus of a conversation.Moreover, the capability of individuals to effectively communicate orally varies greatly. It is considered that more English individuals have less problem engaging in oral communication effectively. For Chinese, the task is far more difficult. But one thing is sure, that is both Chinese and English are supposed to learn each other’s polite culture, to make the communication more effective.
3.1.1 In Public Oral Communication
Public oral communication is any message sent or received by a group of people. Public oral communication can be a press conference, a presidential speech or a business presentation which are usually an organized conveyance of information to a group of people. Stylistically, they tend to be far more formal than informal, and rely more heavily on data and facts than they do analysis.
To be humorous or not is a factor considered whether polite or not in a business
presentation. In the United State, presentions are offen started with a joke or a cartoon related to the topic to be covered. But when the same technique is used with Chinese audience, few are amused. Chinese humor finds little joke about sex, religion, or minorties; however, they will laugh out of politeness when a joke is told. They take business seriously and do not appreciate joking remarks during the communications. For example, when a presentation in Germany began with a cartoon deriding European cultural difference, no one laughed. As a week progressed, people stated laughing, both in and out of the sessions. Later the presenters learned that cartoons were not appropriate in a professional setting of strangers.(Trompenaars&Hampden-Turner,1998)
Some business people with global experience recommend that jokes be avoided with people of diverse cultures; they maintain that American humor is hard to exprt and appreciate. Even though the intention of humor is put your international colleagues at ease and create a more relaxed environment, the risk of offending someone of another culture or of telling a story that no one understands,is great.(Thiederman,1991) in short, we do not all laugh at the same thing.
3.1.2 In interpersonal Oral Communication
Interpersonal oral communication is the exchange of words between two individuals. The purpose of interpersonal communication is to build and maintain relationships. Effective interpersonal oral communication will encourage, educate and inspire. This form of communication is commonly seen within families, between friends, co-workers, or client interaction. Dispite the different politeness priciple between the employee and the client, if from different countries, the communication may still a success against a cross-culture.
Now let’s see the examples illustrating Chinese and English communicating on business occasion. First is abuot their approbation and modesty which can generalize as appraise. When there is a praise in the talk between a Chinese and a English , whether it should praise the other unstintedly, when the recipient should receive the praise courteously? For instance:
English: Your sense of business is excellent.
Chinese: Thank you. I have very good teachers.
In the above approbation and modesty have been fully used. A considers from Chinese and magnifies praise to English. While Englishconsiders from self decreases praise to self and says it is because he has very good teachers that enabled him to have good sense of business. In this way both speaker and listener feel satisfied and closer.
3.2 Application in Written Communication in Busniess
3.2.1 In Business Correspondence
As a basic means of business communication, business correspondence, plays a vital role in economic activities. In wrinting a business conrrespondence, politeness is a language feature that most attracts attention. A refined and courteous business correspondence can effectively enhance trust between both parties of the trade, and improve the probability that the commercial affair succeeds. Chinese
self-denigration and other-respecting maxim cover a large rang than English modesty maxim. For example, addressing, the gambit of communication, is common in almost every culture. However, the addressing customs differs a lot in different cultural background. In English business correspondence, the write often address the address with Mr.X/Mrs.X/Ms.X, such as: Dear Mr. Green. In this addressing, a few or no implication of titles or occupations should be seen. On the contary, in Chinese business correspondance, the addresses often include titles, office or occupations. The writer often addresses like”温总理”, ”胡主席” an so forth. Such addresses are seldom seen in English.
3.3 Application in Nonverbal Communication in Busniess
Communications in international business are considered more often at the verbal level than in terms of body language and the signs and symbols that cultures use instinctively to convey messages and attitudes.
The sending and receipt of non-verbal messages takes place on a subliminal level and this makes it a much more difficult aspect of international communications to master. It is very easy, for example, to misinterpret a message and consider it implite because we do not understand its meaning outside our culture. Eye contact in western cultures is associated with openness, engagement, sincerity. But in some cultures it is considered disrespectful. Or we might assume that a behavior from our own culture has the same meaning elsewhere. People from more tactile cultures who use a lot of touch could inadvertently appear inappropriately friendly in more reserved cultures.
3.3.1 Facial Expression
Facial expression are important in business communication, because they are almost always visible during face to face interaction. It is apprently true that when conversing with each other, people tend to look at their interlocutor’s face, especially interlocutor’s eyes.
Let’s see the different politeness maxim apply in cross-culture business communication. The movement of eyebrows carries messages like greeting, surprise, fear etc. In a business communication between Chinese ans English, the English are supposed to use more eyebrow movements to convey messages than the Chinese do. However, some eyebrow movements are regarded as shared ones, like a locked eyebrow, which indicates anxiety; or a raised one, which often indicates one’s surprise. In addition, eye contact is an important channel for nonverbal communication. A number of countries have described eyes as “the window of one’s mind”. For that reason, many people have depand more on their eye contact than on their verbal communication. For example, in America, one cannot expect to find a job if he forgets to look directly at the interviewers’ eyes.
3.3.2Space and Proxemics
In a business environment, being conscious about physical proxemics is crucial to build a comfortable atmosphere and also to ensure no one feels physically threatened or pursued. While there is no definite answer, a good guideline is to keep conversations at about an arm's length. This boundary can be created naturally through a handshake, when the hands come down, maintain that distance.
A word of caution: the concept of appropriate space and physical distance is
largely dependent on one's culture, and interaction with individuals from other countries can often create awkward moment because of it. A Chinese is planning to do business with English clients, he should make himself aware of the politeness principles in their native culture so he will be ready to effectively interact.
These tips can help businessmen develop healthy habits with posture and personal space that are sure to enhance the messages they'd like to be sending with their body language.
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Any behaviors in business communication against the politeness principles will inflict others’humiliation, and lead to failure of business or deterioration of relationship. In addition, different encoding and decoding of politeness principles are inevitable in the business commucation, especially the international business communication, in the view of different cultural connotation. Therefore, we should consider and learn how to behave decently, sparing others’face, so as to build up business contact successfully.
Thus, in the first of my paper, I have briefly expounded the the current situation of Chinese economic development and the world economy integration and the globalization tendency, to show the importance of well applying the PP in business communication. Second, I have compared general PP between Chinese and English-speaking countries. Then, I have presented the applicaton of different PP between Chinese and English in three types of business communication, namely oral business communication, written business communicaton, nonverbal business communicatoin, by stating the importance and giving examples.
As the cross-culture business communication between Chinese and English-speaking countries becomes increasingly intensive, in the course of English learning, understanding the different politeness priciples between Chinese and English will greatly contribute to cultivating our intercultural communication awareness and ability, and enhancing the success in intercultural business communication.
REFERENCES
Brown, P．&Levinson，S．Some Universals in Language Usage: Politess Phonomena.In Goody, E. N. (ed.) Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction, Cambridge University Press,1978
He Zhaexiong Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Cultures 1995(05)
Leech.G.. Principles of Pragmatics [M]. London: Longman, 1983
Gu Yueguo.”Politeness Phenomena in Modern Chinese”[J]. Journal of Pragmatics,1990, NO.14.
Brown, P．&Levinson，S．Some Universals in Langua 【M】．Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1987．
Leech, G..N: Language and Tact.Paper 46 of Linguistic Agency, University of Trier.1977.
Xu Guangxian.(2001). “Business Communication”
Loretta A. Malandro, Larry L. Barker, and Deborah Ann Barker. “Nonverbal Communication”, 1989.
浅析跨文化交际中礼貌原则的差异 摘要：语言作为文化交流的工具,被不同的民族赋予了不同的文化内涵。而礼貌用语作为跨文化交际中重要的工具,应该被学习者认识和了解。本文列举了一些中西文化背景下的礼貌行为的差异，尤其是从称呼语、问候语、致谢语、道歉、对赞扬语的应答五个方面的异同之处及产生的原因，引起注意以运用于实践，避免文化冲突。 关键词：跨文化交际；礼貌原则；称呼语；问候语；致谢语 A Brief Talk about Different Politeness Principle of Cultural Exchange Abstract：Language as a tool for cultural exchange, has been given the different ethnic and cultural connotations. Courtesy as a cross-culture communication is very important, particularly in the awareness and understanding by learner. This article lists some differences and causes of five aspects including addressing, greeting, acknowledgement, apology and response of the compliments, attention should be paid on applying practice and avoid cultural conflicts. Key words: cross-cultural communication; politeness principle; appellation;greeting; acknowledgement;apology;response of the commendation 语言学习的范围很广,学习者在语言学习的过程中不仅要注意语法学习，还要注重母语与外语之间的文化差异。礼貌以言语行动所表现的谦虚恭敬,广泛体现在各种语言中,但是由于民族形成时不同的社会背景和风俗习惯的差异,导致人们对礼貌的界定有着不同的见解。礼貌原则所维护的是“面子”(face)。但中西方文化中对于“面子”的认知因历史、社会、宗教等原因不尽相同。汉文化中因儒家所倡导的“中庸”而使大家在维护面子时更注重维持个体在公众面前的形象,希望获得赞同、夸奖。而西方文化因受宗教文化的影响主张个性解放,注重个人自由,而使大家在维护面子上更偏向于个体独立,不受外界干涉。礼貌的存在是客观的,但是礼貌的内涵和意义却是因文化而异的。因此在进行跨文化交际活动的同时,为了达到最好的交际效果,一定要对文化差异有所认识,以免引起误解。 一、中英文化中的礼貌原则 (一)英语文化中的礼貌原则 任何交际都是为了沟通，它是交际主体共同实施完成的动作，但是任何主体之间都存在着差异。美国语言学家Grice针对这一情况提出了合作原则，他认为，只有交际双方遵守一些共同的基本原则，否则人们在日常生活中可能会造成双方的误解。他提出的合作原
《商务英语翻译》课程标准 适用专业：商务英语专业课程编码：TA0B28 开设时间：第5学期课时数：72学时 ? 一、课程概述 本课程旨在传授翻译理论知识及实用的翻译方法和技巧，培养学生独立完成英汉翻译任务。课程是翻译理论为基础，结合实际的典型翻译例文向学生传递实用的翻译技巧，与此同时培养学生的举一反三的能力，最后通过实际的翻译任务锻炼学生的实际翻译能力。 课程设计从商务英语教学的实际需要入手，结合基本的翻译理论、方法以及实际外贸业务对英汉翻译的专业知识需要，在比较全面的介绍英汉翻译知识的同时也为学生补充了大量实际有用的专业翻译方法和技巧，使学生不仅对英汉互译有进一步的学习，同时也可以将所学翻译技巧充分运用于实际工作，从而真正做到学有所用。 坚持以高职教育培养目标为依据，遵循“结合理论联系实际，以应知、应会”的原则，以培养锻炼职业技能为重点。注重培养学生的翻译理论灵活运用能力和翻译实践能力。把实践和创新素质的培养贯穿于教学中，采用翻译任务独立完成等方式注重发展学生独立思维和专业应用能力。培养学生在翻译过程中分析、解决实际问题的能力。 ?
二、课程培养目标 1.方法能力目标 （1）熟悉英语翻译的理论知识。 （2）掌握翻译的标准和原则。 （3）熟悉各种商务文体翻译的过程。 （4）了解译者的工作原则和职业操守。 2.社会能力目标 （1）能够处理对外贸易企业的日常涉外文件翻译。 （2）能够对外贸企业各种函电进行专业翻译。 （3）能够做到对外贸易工作过程中的陪同口译。 3.专业能力目标 （1）熟练掌握词义的选择和引申、词类转译法、增词法、省词法、被动结构的译法和正反、反正的译法。 （2）掌握各种名词性从句的译法、长句的译法和直译、意译法。 （3）能够熟悉掌握商业名片的翻译、标识的翻译、公司介绍的翻译、产品说明书的翻译、商业广告的翻译、商务函电的翻译、外贸单证的翻译等各种实用商务文体的英汉互译。 （4）熟悉各种实用文体的翻译技巧和典型句型，能够在词典的帮助下独立翻译各种基本实用商务文体。
英汉礼貌用语对比研究 学生姓名：周丽平 指导老师：王亚琼 教学单位：外国语学院 摘要：当社会文明达到一定程度，人们在相互交往时十分看重礼貌，东方和西方国家在内涵方面有所差异。这个课题以英汉礼貌用语以及双方的面子维持和礼貌策略，采用积极礼貌和消极礼貌策略、关联性与独立性等概念，就事论事的分析英汉两种语言在具体的间接言语行为方面的文化差异。本文从信件为基础，就双方的礼貌策略和面子维持策略，包括感谢、祝贺、以及其他表情性文字等进行详细的分析，并据此来分析翻译中必要的调整。 关键词：礼貌与面子策略；英汉礼貌言语行为对比和翻译 一、引言 礼貌是文明的象征，在中西国家礼貌运用广泛，但他们之间有鲜明的对比，在运用当中才能体出来。 二、礼貌与面子策略 贾玉新以Goffman(1959)，Levinson(1983)，Scollon和Scollon(1995)的有关理论为依据，认为礼貌是非对称性的，对听话人来讲是礼貌的行为(如祝贺，邀请，感谢)，对说话人来讲可能是不礼貌的，即说话人必须有所付出；反之，对说话人有礼貌的(如命令，请示，请求，建议等)，对听话人来讲可能不礼貌，构成对听话人面子的威胁。礼貌概念分为积极礼貌和消极礼貌。从言语行为来看，积极礼貌可能包括承诺性和表情性言语行为，而消极礼貌则可能包括指示性言语行为，常常涉及到对别人自由的干扰，尽量委婉或策略地表示我们对其他人的尊重。积极礼貌是“对别人表示赞许”，消极礼貌是“对强加(行为)的回避”。R．Scollon和S．W．Scollon在《跨越文化交际一话语分析法》中提到了关联面子(involvement face)和独立面子(independence face)两个原则，一方面我们要参与和别人的活动，并向别人表明我们在参与；另一方面我们要与其它参与者相区别，保持一定程度的独立性。关联面子强调“平等性”，而独立面子则强调“尊重性”。这两个方面相悖相反的，却同时发生。任何交际过程中，说话人和听话人同时面临对自己面子的威胁。 三、案例分析 3.1称呼语的使用和翻译 双方关系的协调，首先体现在双方对彼此的称呼上。般都是dear+full name。英语正式信件的称呼，一般是dear+Mr．／Ms．+full name，可是，在跨文化交际中，汉语拼音并不能象英语名字一样标志性别，甚至姓氏和名字，(除非已经融入英语文化的名人，比如Jaekie Chen，否则一般的翻译就是Cheng Long)，可能正是因为这个原因，项目方的格式，就是dear+full name。在翻译
本科生毕业设计（论文）封面 （ 2017 届） 论文（设计）题目 作者 学院、专业 班级 指导教师（职称） 论文字数 论文完成时间 大学教务处制
英语原创毕业论文参考选题 一、论文说明 本写作团队致力于英语毕业论文写作与辅导服务，精通前沿理论研究、仿真编程、数据图表制作，专业英语本科论文3000起，具体可以找扣扣805990 0749，下列所写题目均可写作。部分题目已经写好原创。 二、原创论文参考题目 1、(英语毕业论文)浅析《恋爱中的女人》中劳伦斯的爱情观 2、(英语毕业论文)从礼貌原则分析发盘的语言技巧 3、(英语毕业论文)浅析《愤怒的葡萄》中主要人物的性格特征（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 4、(英语毕业论文)A Study of Narrative Strategies in Beloved 5、(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯?思特里克兰德的追寻自我 6、(英语毕业论文)从奥运菜单看中式菜肴英译名规范化程度（开题报告+论文） 7、(英语毕业论文)中西饮食文化中的差异（开题报告+论文） 8、(英语毕业论文)从幽默取材看中英传统价值差异(开题报告+论文) 9、(英语毕业论文)美国情景喜剧《老友记》中幽默的翻译研究（开题报告+论文） 10、(英语毕业论文)加工层次理论指导下的商务英语词汇学习 11、(英语毕业论文)Yellow Peril–the Image of Fu Manchu in the West 12、(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯?思特里克兰德的追寻自我 13、(英语毕业论文)互文性理论指导下的公示语汉英翻译 14、(英语毕业论文)文化负迁移对翻译的影响（开题报告+论文） 15、(英语毕业论文)奇幻作品中所反映的欧洲民族神话—以《指环王》为例（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 16、(英语毕业论文)商务谈判中的模糊语的使用 17、(英语毕业论文)论艾略特《荒原》中的宗教信仰与价值观(开题报告+论文+文献综述) 18、(英语毕业论文)分析《贵妇画像》中伊莎贝尔的个性特点（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 19、(英语毕业论文)从高校课桌文化透视当代大学生的内心压力（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 20、(英语毕业论文)公示语的功能、语言特点及翻译 21、(英语毕业论文)《呼啸山庄》中的爱与复仇(开题报告+论文) 22、(英语毕业论文)从关联理论解读《家庭战争》的幽默（开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译） 23、(英语毕业论文)中西方家庭教育对比研究——从《傅雷家书》和《致儿家书》的对比(开题报告+论文) 24、(英语毕业论文)从《阿甘正传》看个人主义对美国文化的影响 25、(英语毕业论文)从归化和异化的角度对《小妇人》的两个中文译本的比较研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 26、(英语毕业论文)语言经济学视角下的商务英语信函写作（开题报告+论文+文献综述）
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 A comparative study of Chinese and American food cultures－－-from Cross—Cultural Communication Perspective 2 美国黑人社会地位的历史演变 3 《双城记》中的象征手法分析 4 英语委婉语的语用分析 5 马斯洛需要层次理论下的《奥兰多》 6 The Comparison of Symbolic Meaning of Animals in Chinese Culture and Western Culture in the Aspect of Literary works 7 礼貌原则视角下奥巴马演讲技巧的分析 8 性格和命运－－《小妇人》中四姐妹分析 9 《基督山伯爵》中大仲马性格的显现及其对主人公言语行为的影响 10 论《爱玛》中简奥斯丁的社会理想 11 A Preliminary Study on Christianity 12 扭曲的“美国梦”－－简析“鸡蛋的胜利”的主题 13 从fans和PK看西方文化对汉语言文化的冲击与影响 14 《傲慢与偏见》中女性意识的体现 15 The Elementary Stage Translation Teaching Design for Undergraduate English Majors 16 英语词汇的记忆方法 17 论《阿甘正传》中的美国梦 18 论商务英语信函写作的语篇衔接与连贯 19 从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 20 浅析英诗翻译的原则和方法——丁尼生《鹰》的不同译文比较 21 A Study on the Effective Ways to Improve Memory Efficiency in Consecutive Interpreting 22 《紫色》中的隐喻语篇功能探索 23 汉英“眼”概念隐喻的对比研究 24 从文化角度探析中英基本颜色词的比较和翻译 25 英语词汇教学方法探讨 26 《紫色》中“家”的解读 27 世纪年代鲁迅与梁实秋之间的翻译论战 28 从《死者》看都柏林人的精神瘫痪 29 高中英语听、说、读教学活动中写作融入模式的初探 30 基于跨文化视角文化全球化的分析 31 伊丽莎白．贝内特与简．爱的婚姻观之比较 32 通过巴丝谢芭看哈代的宿命论 33 英语新闻标题的语言特点分析 34 论色彩在《红字》中的运用与艺术效果 35 教师在初中教学中对学生的评价 36 寻找女性的自我—评托妮莫里森作品《秀拉》中秀拉形象 37 从交际翻译理论看幽默对话翻译——以《老友记》第一季为例 38 The Painful Growth of Scarlett O’Hara in Her Three Marriages 39 英汉社交称呼语礼貌规范和语用失误研究 40 从电影《七宗罪》看‘七宗罪’与基督教传统的关系
有关于商务英语翻译原则 在商务英语中有些单词需要翻译成一些商务术语和专有名词，你需要做的就是知道这些单词对应的商务术语和专有名词是什么，小编今天就给大家带来了商务英语，有时间的可以阅读和借鉴 商务英语 1.准确严谨 由于国际商务合同的专业性和兼容性越来越强，因此，合同的内容也就日趋精确和完备。这就要求译者在翻译时应把“准确严谨”作为首要标准，尤其是合同中的法律术语和关键词语的翻译更应予以特别重视，仅仅忠实原文远远不够，而应严格贴近合同所涉及的专业性内容。以“offer”一词为例，将它翻译为“提供、提议”是正确的，但在国际商务合同种，offer一般只能译为“要约、报盘”。此外，为了避免产生歧义，有些词语的翻译必须保持同一种译法，尤其是合同中的专业术语和关键词语都有着严格的法律涵义，翻译时一定要透彻理解原文的内容要求，准确完整地传达合同文件的精神实质。以“exclusive”为例，exclusive territory应译为“独占区域”，表示许可方不得再把同样内容的技术许可协议授予该地域内的任何第三方。但是，exclusive contract则译为“专销合同”，表示制造商与转卖商之间签订的专销协议，规定转卖商不得同时经销竞争对手的产
品。 2.规范通顺 所谓“规范通顺”，就是把理解了的东西，用规范通顺的、合乎合同语言要求的文字(中文)表达出来。因此，要使合同语言“规范通顺”，译者就要特别注意合同的词语运用规范，符合合同文体中约定俗成的含义。例如，将“documentarybillatsight”译为“即期付有单据的票据”，虽然表达的意思符合原文要求，但概念并不清晰，因为“票据”本身的涵义是广义的，在国际商务合同中的票据主要指汇票，因此，应译为“跟单汇票”。此外，国际商务合同的译文不仅要符合合同语言的要求和规律，还应做到通顺，着重体现在条理清晰上。国际商务合同的条款往往比较繁复，翻译时应首先弄清全文的条例，对各条款间的制约关系和逻辑关系须仔细琢磨，注意译文语言的语句结构，不拘泥于原文的词句结构和句法框框的限制。 1.功能性归化 国际商务英语合同自身的文体特征和鲜明的“告知”与“规定”功能，决定了这类文本翻译的特殊要求和目的，即：遣词用字、行文布局必须符合译文的形式和规范，在翻译技巧上毫无例外地一律采用归化的方法。因而，它的翻译不可能也无必要遵循原文的语言形式，原文仅仅提供信息，语言表达必须顺从译文形式，追求的完全是一种原文与译文功能上的对等。以合同翻译的准则为指导，功能性归化在国际商务英语合同中译过程中的运用主要体现在以下点：顺应译文—突出语域特征;严禁精确—避免歧义误解;力求详尽
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa2018493.html, 英汉礼貌用语的语用差异 作者：陈忠良 来源：《教育教学论坛》2014年第11期 摘要：礼貌在不同的文化中具有不同的特性。礼貌用语在英汉语中都得到广泛使用，然而在不同文化中，语义相对应的礼貌用语在语用上存在很大差异，了解这些差异可以帮助人们消除语用障碍和语用失误，有利于跨文化交际的顺利实现。本文从语用的角度对常见的英汉礼貌用语，包括致谢语、请托语、致歉语和道别语等方面进行比较研究，揭示了它们的语用差异。 关键词：英汉礼貌用语；语用对比；语用差异 中图分类号：H003 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-9324（2014）11-0106-02 礼貌是人类社会的一种普遍现象，和语言有着密切的联系。礼貌用语的语用差异指的是在语言使用过程中的礼貌文化差异，而这种差异，常常构成跨文化交际中的障碍，从而导致语用障碍和语用失误。礼貌是一个相对的概念，带有明显的民族性，每个民族衡量礼貌与否的标准也是不同的。本文试图找出英汉礼貌用语的不同和相似之处，以及在跨文化交际中的重要性。 英汉语中使用频率最高的礼貌用语主要包括致谢语、请托语、致歉语和道别语。在英语中分别对应thank you，please，sorry（excuse me），goodbye，汉语中分别对应谢谢、请、对不起、再见。英汉语中的这些用语，在语义上基本对应，但它们却具有语用上的差异。 1.致谢语：“谢谢”和“thank you”。汉语中的“谢谢”和英语中的“thank you”基本语义是对应的，但两者有着很大差别。首先，“thank you”的使用频率比“谢谢”更高。在汉语中，家庭成员之间基本不用“谢谢”，熟人、亲戚好友之间，也很少用。而英美人则相反，熟人、亲戚朋友、家庭成员之间均用“thank you”这句话。其次，“谢谢”和“thank you”在使用的范围和场合上也有差别。当讲汉语的中国人得到别人的恭维、赞扬或邀请时往往采用谦虚推让、贬己尊人甚至是否认自己的方式，而英美人在受到称赞或邀请时，会高兴地表示谢意。此外，讲汉语的人在接受服务时，常常向服务员表示谢意，而英美国家则相反，往往是服务员向顾客表达谢意。另外，英汉两种语言对于“谢谢”和“thank you”的回答也存在差异。当受别人感谢时，讲汉语的人会回答“不客气”或“没关系，这是我应该做的”等类似的话，而讲英语的人则会回答“You are welcome”或“I am glad to help you！”等。如果将汉语的回答“没关系，这是我应该做的”译成英语为“Never mind. It’s my duty.”而在英语中“Never mind”是在对方表示道歉时才使用的回答语，而“It’s my duty”通常是值班人员或工作人员的用语，表示是职责所在，不得不为之的意思。最后，英语的“Thank you”并不总是表示感谢，有时作为一种窘迫下的解脱之词，还表示要结束 谈话，甚至表示拒绝的搪塞之词。英语中，“thank you”也常用回答别人的恭维和赞美。在英语中，一般遵循“一致准则”。当有人夸奖时，受夸奖者的回答往往是“Thanks！”或“Thank you （very much）！”。但在中国，面对夸奖则遵循“谦虚准则”。中国人通常是“否认”或“自贬”，如：“哪里，哪里”、“不敢当”、“过奖了”等。
Business Collection商务必读 2302012年7月 https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa2018493.html, 商务英语信函的礼貌原则 吉林农业大学外国语学院 张英 摘 要：商务英语信函在国际商务活动中起着重要作用。本文通过综合分析和大量实例的比较，论述了商务英语信函写作应坚持礼貌原则，并从词语、句子两个层面归纳出了体现礼貌原则的主要方法。 关键词:商务英语信函 礼貌原则 中图分类号：F752 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005-5800(2012)07(b)-230-03 1 商务信函的礼貌原则 商务信函是商务交流的一种重要方式。通过它人们可以交流信息、联系业务、商谈贸易、处理问题、传递友谊等。在商务活动中，以书信洽谈业务时，双方不能相互见面，只靠文字来传递信息和情感，信函的语言表达直接影响到交易的成败及合作关系的建立，其重要性不容忽视。商务英语因其语言、知识、交际技巧、商务特点、文化背景等因素而形成了自己的特点。一般来说，商务英语信函应遵循7C原则。即：礼貌原则(courtesy)、体谅原则(consideration)、完整原则(completeness)、清楚原则(clarity)、简洁原则(conciseness)、具体原则(concreteness)和正确原则(correctness)。礼貌、文雅的语言不仅能显示商务工作者自身的良好素质，而且有助于树立良好的企业形象，建立合作关系，促进业务，加强往来。收到对方订单时的感谢、给对方带来损失时的抱歉、拒绝对方要求时的婉转语气等等都是礼貌原则的体现。本文从词汇和句型两方面着手，探讨在商务英语信函写作中如何具体运用礼貌原则，提高商务英语信函写作技能。 2 礼貌原则下商务英语信函的词汇策略 2.1 积极词汇 否定和消极的话语常给人不友好、不愉快的感觉，还可能恶化双方关系；而友好、肯定的表达能够显示出对对方的尊重，能够使对方身心愉悦，也就更容易使对方接受自己的观点，有利于双方的合作。故商务信函写作中要尽量淡化对方做得不妥、失误及所提条件对我方不利的一面，强化其值得肯定的、积极的一面。特别是在有关催款、投诉、索赔等信函中，即便错不在己方，也要把消极的表达藏于积极的表达之中。在信函中，应当选择一些含有积极情感意义的词语如：please，satisfy，oblige，accurate，welcome 等。而尽量避免使用表示否定及不良情绪的词语，如：dissatisfied，disappointing，error，mistake，failure，not，trouble，defective， bad，impossible， inconvenience，fail，delay，ignore，forget，omit，destroy，ruin，complaint，inefficiency，claim，defective等。试比较： (1)Please do not be late in submitting your application for the L/C. (2)Please submit your application for the L/C promptly. (1)We have received your complaint about the late arrival of the samples. (2)Thank you for calling our attention to the late arrival of the samples. (1)We are sorry you are dissatisfied with the service. (2)We appreciate your frank comments. 针对同一件事的评论，(2)句与(1)句表述的角度不同，(2)句使用了积极词汇，(1)句使用了消极词汇。显然，(2)句比(1)句表达的意 一项特别条款). It says: The Arbitration clause is ?(是仲裁条款吗？). steve: Yes，in fact I can back now. (是的，我现在都能够背下来了). It says: “In case of any dispute, should first settled through friendly negotiation, if the negotiation fails, it shall be submitted to arbitration.”(如果有争议，应先要通过友好协调来解决，若协商失败，就需要提交仲裁). steve ：Now, I am pleased to tell you we have never had the opportunity to use this clause(现在，我很高兴地告诉大家我们从来没有机会使用这一条款). Wang: I hope you will always have no chance (They laugh)(我希望你永远也不能够有这样的机会(彼此大笑)). 在上述举例中，最后一句“I hope you will always have no chance”让大家都会心的笑了起来，冲淡了仲裁话题紧张氛围。 3.3 使用模糊用语 在国际英语商务谈判中，对于谈判双方都比较敏感话题，通常都使用模糊用语。这样，即可以保住双方的脸面，也可以失去谈判顺利进行。如下面两句所表达的效果： (1)There are two types of products have been exported to France and Singapore. (2)There are two types of products have been exported to international market. 第一句中的“法国、新加坡”都非常明确的词语，而第二句中的“某些国际市场”则婉转、笼统地表达为模糊用语，可是，上述两句语句所表达起来的营销效果，很明显后者好于前者。谈判过程中，如果遇到意见时候，通常另一方都会用模糊用语进行表达，为谈判预留空间。 4 结语 英语是当前国际通用的官方语言。只有握住商务英语谈判的翻译原则，掌握英语的语言特征，译员才能够灵活地周旋于谈判的每一阶段，为实现商务谈判活动中的已方利益做出自己的贡献。 参考文献 [1] 甘长银.析商务谈判中的模糊语言[J].西南民族大学学报(人文 社科版),2005. [2] 袁小华.商务英语谈判中“赞同”与“否决”句型巧用[J].南 京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2001.
汉英礼貌用语对比研究 一、引言 礼貌是各种文化普遍存在的一种社会现象。礼貌用语是人们日常语言交际过程中的重要手段，不同的文化背景下有着不同的礼貌用语。恰当使用礼貌用语，对调和及融洽人际关系起到了意想不到的作用。 二、本论 (一)“礼貌”概念的不同渊源 1．汉文化中的“礼貌”概念的历史渊源 .汉文化中“礼貌”概念的历史渊源礼貌具有普遍性，但不同文化在实现礼貌的方法以及在礼貌的判断标准上存在着差异。这些差异是在社会、历史、人文、地理等多种因素的长期影响下逐步形成的。首先，汉英文化中礼貌概念的渊源有所不同。汉文化中现代的“礼貌”概念有着悠久的历史渊源，它起源于古代的“礼”，即礼制。众所周知，礼是中国古代哲学思想的一个重要组成部分，也是儒家思想的重要概念之一。孔子生活的春秋末期，诸侯争霸，统治者内部矛盾重重，战争不断，社会动荡。孔子为了适应当时的社会生活的要求，致力于恢复“礼制”，以便使社会平稳地过渡到一个新的“天下有道”的社会。孔子的“礼”并不指“礼貌”，而是指自奴隶社会时期的周朝（公元前1100年）以来的社会等级秩序。通过“正名”，“礼”规定了社会成员之间的等级差别，要求每个社会成员按照自己的社会地位来说话、做事。在《论语·子路》中，孔子指出：“名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成，事不成则礼乐不兴，礼乐不兴则刑罚不中，刑罚不中则民无所措手足”。因此，“正名”就是要维护君君、臣臣、父父、子子等的等级关系，这种关系在某种程度上是通过语言来实现的。《荀子·礼论》也谈到了礼的起源（当然说的是礼制）：“人生而有欲，欲而不得，则不能无求；求而无度量分界，则不能不争；争则乱，乱则穷。先王恶其乱也，故制礼义以分之，以养人之欲，给人之求，使欲不穷乎物，物必不屈于欲，两者相持而长，是礼之所起也”，“也就是说，礼起源于人类欲望与欲望的难以满足之间的不平衡”［1］，因此，无论是孔子还是荀子，都把“礼”看成是维护现行社会等差的行为法则，只要人人遵守“礼”，既定的社会秩序就不会打乱；相反，若违反“礼”，就会受到惩罚。 在孔子之后的二、三百年，礼制已完全建立起来。但后来孔子的“礼”的概念发生了变化，已接近现代意义的“礼貌”概念。西汉戴申所编《礼记》中的重要论述：“勿不敬。夫礼者，自卑而尊人”，表明那时“礼”的概念已包含“尊敬”、“敬意”这些现代“礼貌”概念的要素。而且《礼记》中所表述的贬己尊人，正是汉文化中礼貌的一大特点。因此，汉文化中现代“礼貌”概念的悠久的历史渊源决定着它与英语文化中“礼貌”概念在内涵上完全不同。 2．英语文化中的“礼貌”概念的历史渊源 2.英语文化中“礼貌”概念的渊源礼貌作为一种各社会各群体共有的普遍现象，在英语文化中也能找到其渊源。英语文化中“礼貌”概念的产生和演变，也经历了不断的变化。在英语中“礼貌”（politeness）是和“宫廷”（court）及“城市”（city）联系在一起的。首先，从词源上说，“politeness”和“polite”都与词根“polis，polit”有直接联系，这两个词根由希腊词根“polis”和“politeia”派生而来，而这两个希腊词根就指城市或城市的管理（city or government of city）。其次，英语中polite的同义词有courteous，urbane和civil。这些词原本都用来指宫廷中或城市中人们良好的言行举止。何兆熊指出：“不少学者的研究结果已证明礼貌和宫廷及城市之间的词汇上的联系。历史上某个时期城市中人们的行为被认为是礼貌的，而另一个时期宫廷中人们的行为被认为是礼貌的。”［2］如上所述，汉英两种文化中，“礼貌”的渊源迥然不同，这种差异必将导致“礼貌”的内涵
On the Comparison of Chinese and English Expressions on Politeness 中英礼貌用语之比较I. Introduction引言 II.汉英礼貌原则 A.中西礼貌原则的共同处 B. 汉语和英语文化中的礼貌原则 1.英语文化中的礼貌原则 2.汉语文化中的礼貌原则 C.汉英礼貌用语与文化价值观念 III.礼貌用语在应用中的差异Difference in the applications of politeness principles in Chinese and English （1）礼貌的内涵差异Different views about politeness in English and Chinese cultures （2）礼貌的实际语用差异 ●1，称呼上的差异性different uses of addressing terms ● 2. 问候上的差异性different uses of greetings ●谦语、敬词的差异性（建议删除这一项） ● 3. 语言称赞策略的差异性Different uses of praising strategy
● 4. 致谢语的差异性Difference in the use acknowledging thanks ● 5.道歉语的差异性Difference in the use of apologising terms ●词语文化内容的差异性（建议删除这一项） （3）中西礼貌差异的原因 IV、Conclusion结束语 参考文献： 《英汉礼貌用语的比较与翻译》 《英汉礼貌用语比较谈》 《中西社会礼貌原则及其差异分析》 《基于文化差异的汉英礼貌用语对比研究》 《汉英礼貌用语的比较》
从合作原则和礼貌原则角度分析英汉委婉 语 摘要： 委婉语作为一种较为普遍的语言和言语现象，它的功能就是替代禁忌语来达到愉悦交谈的效果。本文主要阐述了英汉委婉语的定义，合作原则及委婉语对合作原则的违背，礼貌原则及委婉语对礼貌原则的遵守。合作原则主要包含数量准则、质量准则、关联准则和方式准则；礼貌原则主要包含得体准则、慷慨准则、赞扬准则、谦逊准则、一致准则以及同情准则。本文主要分析了委婉语对合作原则的违背和对礼貌原则的遵守，目的在于运用委婉语形成良好的交流环境和建立协调的人际关系。 关键词：委婉语合作原则礼貌原则 引言： 委婉语作为一种较为普遍的语言和言语现象，它的功能就是替代禁忌语来达到愉悦交谈的效果。随着社会的发展，现在大量的委婉语是用来表示说话人的礼貌，而不再过多关注禁忌。随着社会和科学的发展，禁忌不再像以前那样的神秘或可怕，而是越来越多的禁忌被接受。在现代社会中，委婉语使用的动机不再因为担心禁忌，更关心的是不要触及任何一方的敏感神经。这在很大程度上意味着使用委婉语的心理动机的变化，现在更倾向于礼貌的目的，这样更有利于建立良好的交流环境和协调的人际关系。 一．委婉语的定义 委婉是一种修辞的技巧，将新的字词使用在原本无法大声张扬、有负面意涵、具有攻击性或在社会脉络中有禁忌的地方。在西方，由于宗教上的禁忌，不可直呼神明，所以会用委婉的方式找寻代名，而在中国自古以来也不可以直呼皇帝的名讳或使用与其相关的字汇，所以也有许多避讳的用法。而这样的用语则称为委婉语。 英语单词“euphemism”来自希腊语，词头‘eu’是“好”的意思，词干‘pheme’是“讲话”或“说”的意思，所以它的字面意思是“说话好词或一个愉快的方式”（尼曼，1990）。委婉语，表达一种特殊的方式，已经在不同的书籍和词典中有不同的定义。一些典型的定义列举如下： 1）a mild or vague periphrastic expression as a substitute for blunt precision of disagreeable truth.(Forler, 1965) 2）use of other mild, vaguer and indirect words or phrases in place of what is required by truth or accuracy.(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 1984) 3）(an example of)the use of a pleasanter, less direct name for something thought to be unpleasant. ( Longman English-Chinese Dictionary of Contemporary English, Longman Group UK Limited, 1988)
有关于商务英语翻译原则 商务英语 1.准确严谨 由于国际商务合同的专业性和兼容性越来越强，因此，合同的内容也就日趋精确和完备。这就要求译者在翻译时应把“准确严谨” 作为首要标准，尤其是合同中的法律术语和关键词语的翻译更应予 以特别重视，仅仅忠实原文远远不够，而应严格贴近合同所涉及的 专业性内容。以“offer”一词为例，将它翻译为“提供、提议”是 正确的，但在国际商务合同种，offer一般只能译为“要约、报盘”。此外，为了避免产生歧义，有些词语的翻译必须保持同一种 译法，尤其是合同中的专业术语和关键词语都有着严格的法律涵义，翻译时一定要透彻理解原文的内容要求，准确完整地传达合同文件 的精神实质。以“exclusive”为例，exclusiveterritory应译为“独占区域”，表示许可方不得再把同样内容的技术许可协议授予 该地域内的任何第三方。但是，exclusivecontract则译为“专销 合同”，表示制造商与转卖商之间签订的专销协议，规定转卖商不 得同时经销竞争对手的产品。 2.规范通顺 所谓“规范通顺”，就是把理解了的东西，用规范通顺的、合乎合同语言要求的文字(中文)表达出来。因此，要使合同语言“规范 通顺”，译者就要特别注意合同的词语运用规范，符合合同文体中 约定俗成的含义。例如，将“documentarybillatsight”译为“即 期付有单据的票据”，虽然表达的意思符合原文要求，但概念并不 清晰，因为“票据”本身的涵义是广义的，在国际商务合同中的票 据主要指汇票，因此，应译为“跟单汇票”。此外，国际商务合同 的译文不仅要符合合同语言的要求和规律，还应做到通顺，着重体 现在条理清晰上。国际商务合同的条款往往比较繁复，翻译时应首
《商务英语交往中的礼貌原则》 ＿＿商务英语信函中的礼貌原则【摘要】随着全球经济一体化进程的不断发展，世界范围内的经济交流与合作也在不断增多。人们不可能跟自己的贸易伙伴亲自拜会，会函就成了取代亲自拜会的一种便宜而有效的沟通媒介。我们给贸易伙伴的每一封信都代表着自己所在公司的形象，显示着公司的水平和实力。一封礼貌有加、措辞得体的商务信函可以帮助一个公司建构起良好的商业形象，进而做成一笔笔好生意；反之,一封礼貌欠佳、用语不当的信函则会给一个公司带来负面的评价，使之弄砸了生意不说，还有可能毁了公司苦心经营的形象。可见，礼貌在商务信函中的作用不容忽视。本文通过大量实例的比较，论述英语商务信函应坚持的礼貌原则，归纳出当代商务英语信函中的礼貌表现。 关键词：英语商务信函；礼貌；原则 Politeness in English Business Letters Abstract: With the development of the process of Global Economic Integration, the worldwide economic cooperation and exchanges are increasing. It is impossible that people meet their trading partners face-to-face, and we often need to make all kinds of the commitments that our trading partners have made a written record that can be checked. Now English business letters have become a cheap and effective medium of communication and replaced a
最新专业原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 A Study on Differences of Family Education between China and America－－A Case Study of The Joy Luck Club 2论简奥斯丁在《傲慢和偏见》中的女性意识和婚姻观 3对林语堂的《吾国和吾民》几种中译本比较研究 4生态哲人约翰斯坦贝克 5从家庭伦理关系视角解读《儿子和情人》的女性主义 6论报刊语言翻译中的译者主体性 7凯特肖邦作品中女性自我意识觉醒的主题研究 8商务英语信函中的礼貌原则 9《紫色》中“家”的解读 10从电影《七宗罪》看‘七宗罪’和基督教传统的关系 11基于微博（推特）文化的新型营销模式 12Bertha Is Jane:A Psychological Analysis of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre 13爵士时代下的狂欢化精神——分析豪华宴会在《了不起的盖茨比》中的写作手法以及作用 14外来词的翻译方法初探 15中文古诗词叠词的研究和翻译 16文类、历史和受众心态——论小说《红字》的电影改编 17电影名称的翻译特点 18浅析中美商务谈判中的文化冲突 19中西方鬼怪比较研究 20汉英“眼”概念隐喻的对比研究 21从僵尸和吸血鬼比较中西方文化的异同 22法律英语翻译中的动态对等理论分析 23浅论《汤姆琼斯》的现实主义特征 24从《法国中尉的女人》看约翰福尔斯的女性主义思想及其局限性 25从功能对等理论谈中国小吃名英译 26简奥斯丁的女权主义在《理智和情感》中的体现 27海明威短篇小说的叙述艺术－－以《一个明亮干净的地方》为例 28从叔本华的哲学思想角度简析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧 29中英文颜色词的非对应翻译 30英语抽象名词和物质名词的数概念分析 31《雾都孤儿》中的批判现实主义 32女性主义解读《傲慢和偏见》中的柯林斯 33《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 34论高中英语文化教学 35论翻译的艺术 36英汉职业委婉语中“礼貌原则”之对比分析 37《王尔德童话故事》的翻译美学探析 38《了不起的盖茨比》和《太阳照常升起》中时髦女郎的对比 39Elements on the Growth of Mary in The Secret Garden 40不做房间里的天使——解读《爱玛》中的女性主体意识 41纳博科夫小说《洛丽塔》的爱情讽刺
英汉语言文化中礼貌原则的差异性研究 摘要: 礼貌原则体现了社会文化对语言使用的制约和影响。礼貌原则是人们顺利进行言语交际的基础,在不同的文化中表现出各自的特点。本文从英汉两种文化差异出发,将顾曰国先生分析的汉文化的礼貌特征与Leech以英国文化特征归纳的礼貌原则作一比较,可更深刻地理解这种差异,并在实际的交际中更有效地面对这种差异,以取得交际的成功。 关键词: 英汉语言文化差异礼貌原则差异性 1.引言 众所周知,通过语言表达礼貌是最常用的手段,它的确是成功交际的一条十分重要的原则。礼貌作为人们交际活动的基本准则,是维系人际和谐的工具和手段,是实现人与人之间成功交际的基本条件,是人类文明进步的重要标志。然而,礼貌虽然是人类言语交际中的普遍现象,但不同的文化对礼貌有不同的解释和侧重。 英汉两种语言在语用方面所受到的制约有诸多不同,其中,最重要的是文化因素的制约。英国语言学家Leech根据英语文化的特征列举了六条礼貌原则,而顾曰国先生在《礼貌、语用与文化》一文中分析了汉文化的礼貌持征,归纳了五个礼貌准则。将顾先生与Leech的礼貌准则作比较可发现英、汉语的礼貌准则在很多方面存在差异,科学地分析、对比这些差异是防止语用失误、促进交际顺利开展的有效途径。 2.英汉文化背景下的礼貌原则 不同语言文化的差异性决定了人们言语行为方式的不同,也决定了表达礼貌方式的差异。因此,要讨论礼貌原则在英汉语言文化中的差异,首先有必要了解两种文化的主要价值取向。 2.1以英语文化为背景的礼貌准则 封建制度桎梏对英语语言文化的影响时间较短,基督教文化和西方哲学思想体系是英语国家文化的主体。在英语言文化中具有“以个人为中心的社会价值”的特点,相信每个人都是一个独特的个体,以个人的工作和成绩来评定人(包括自己)。英语语言文化没有传统的贵贱之分,平等意识较强,无论贫富,人人都会尊重自己,不允许别人侵犯自己的权利,同时,人人都能充分地尊敬他人。 根据英语国家的文化背景,前人做了大量研究。早在20世纪50年代,美国学者戈夫曼(E. Goffman)就从社会学角度提出了“面子行为理论”,建立了礼貌模式。1987年英国学者Brown 和Levinson根据Goffman的解释提出面子论。他们把它分成积极面子和消极面子两种,这样礼貌也就随之分为积极礼貌和消极礼貌。 20世纪80年代,英国语言学家Leech在“合作原则”的基础上,从修辞学、语体学的角度出发,提出了著名的“礼貌原则”。Leech的这一原则也是本论文的一条主线。他的礼貌原则概