Sentence Translation
Unit 1
Text A
1.However, the volume of business done on the Internet is growing rapidly, as people order
books and other products to make money transactions.
但是，因特网上的交易数量急速增长，人们从网上购书和其他的产品，进行资金交易。
2.They use them to prowl the Internet, looking for ways to break into computers systems run
by banks, telephone companies and even government departments.
他们用电脑上网，寻找能够进入银行电脑系统、电话公司的电脑系统、甚至是政府的电脑系统的方式。
3.The first indication of a security breach may be when a customer discovers a fraudulent
money transaction on a credit card account.
当顾客发现信用卡的帐号上出现了来历不明的消费时，这可能就是安全受到了破坏的第一个标志。
4.The use of credit cards to buy things on the Internet converts the issue of Internet security
into one of general security.
用信用卡在网上购物使网络安全变成了大众所普遍关注的安全的一种
5.Few people think twice about giving a credit card number over the phone and many are
equally careless about what happens to the carbon copy when completing a transaction over the counter.
很多人会在电话里随意报出自己的信用卡号码，同样地，也有很多人不留意交易完成后放在银行柜台上的副本。（此句翻译要注意习语，还要正确划分句子的语法结构。）
6.These are atta ched to documents or messages being received, and lodge in computer’s hard
drive.
这些病毒藏在收到的文件或邮件上，进入到电脑的硬盘。
Text B
1.Processing means handling or manipulating the material that has been presented to the
machine in such ways as performing calculations, classifying information, or making comparisons.
数据处理就是以计算、分类、比较的方式来处理那些预先存放到机器中的资料。
（此句的翻译要注意的有被动形式的定语从句，还有状语的翻译。）
2. A computer is made of millions of electronic devices that can store the data or switch them
through complete circuits with different functions at incredible speeds.
电脑是由数以百万的电子装置组成的，能够通过具有不同功能的闭合电路，以令人难以置信的高速存储或转换数据。（此句的翻译也是要注意定语从句和状语结构。）
3.We have all heard of computers plotting the course of rockets, preparing bank statements,
predicting elections, forecasting weather, and so forth.
我们都听说电脑用于火箭路线的设计、银行文件的处理、选举预测、天气预报等。
4.This is probably due to the fact that computers perform very complex operations in a very
short time — seconds or even fractions of a second.
这可能是因为电脑可以在极其短暂的——几秒甚至是不到一秒的时间里完成非常复杂的运行。（此句的翻译要点是同位语从句。）
5.His job is to determine what information is needed and what operations the computer must
perform in order to solve a problem.
他的工作就是决定计算机需要什么信息，必须要完成哪些运行才能解决一个问题。
Unit 2
Text A
1. Robots, becoming an increasingly prevalent adjunct in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered mechanical manipulators designed to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.
在发达国家的工厂和车间里，用机器人来充当助手越来越普及，它是经设计并制造出来的机器手，可以独立从事各种工业活动。
2. Most of today’s robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such assembly line operations as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.
当今的机器人大多用于汽车工业，他们代替人类从事装配线上的操作，诸如给汽车和卡车焊接、喷漆等。
3. Robots already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree in other industries as well.
在汽车行业，机器人已经代替人类做许多事情，这种机器人在其他行业也开始出现，尽管还不是很常见。
4. Robots are more flexible and adaptable and usually more transportable than other machines.
机器人更灵活，更有适应性，并且通常比其它机器更易于移动。
5. It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.
将来某一天机器人是否能够具备和人一样好的视力还未可知。
Text B
1.But the fact that others are starting to use it again suggests that AI has moved on from being seen as an overambitious and under-achieving field of research.
但其他人从新开始使用人工智能的事实表明人工智能已从被视作是预期过高而成就很低的研究领域摆脱出来。
2.The expression provided an attractive but informative name for a research program that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science.
这种措辞为一个之前包括如运筹学、控制论、逻辑学和计算机科等不同的研究领域取了一个迷人而且信息量十足的名字。
3.By the late 1980s, the term AI was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, a nd so on’.
在二十世纪八十年代末，很多研究人员避免使用人工智能这一术语，他们选择进行更详细的分支学科如神经网络学、代理技术、实证理论等的研究。
4.In particular, the problem of information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and the explosion in the number of web pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for new technologies to help filter and categories information - classic Al problems.
特别要指出的是，信息超载、电邮数量的激增以及网页数量的急剧增加等问题意味着有大量
的机会来研究新技术以帮助需要信息分类的人工智能问题进行过滤和分类。
5.It may be, however, that the comparison with HAL no longer seems quite so important, and Al can now be judged by what it can do, rather than by how well it matches up to a 30-year-old science-fiction film.
然而，和HAL的比较可能不再那么重要。人们现在能根据人工智能所作的工作而不是通过它与一个三十年前的科幻电影有多吻合来判断它的功能。
Unit 3
Text A
1.There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming over the last 50 years is
attributable to human activities.
新的、更强有力的证据表明，近五十年以来的气候变暖大部分是由于人类的活动造成的。
（此句翻译要运用词类转译的技巧）
2.The heat-trapping property of these gases is undisputed although uncertainties exist about
exactly how earth’s climate responds to them.
这些气体具有吸热性是众所周知的，尽管这是否就是地球气候变暖的原因仍有质疑。
（此句翻译要运用词类转译的技巧，还要注意状语的翻译技巧。）
3.It turns out that the global average temperature is quite stable over long periods of time, and
small changes in that temperature correspond to enormous changes in the environment.
结果表明，在相当长的时间内，全球平均气温都是相当稳定的，可极小的温度变化却意味着环境的巨大改变。
4.Much of modern human civilization owes its existence to the stability in the average global
temperature since the end of the last ice age --- a stability that allowed human cultures to transition from roaming, hunter-gatherer societies into more permanent, agriculture-supported communities.
自从上一个冰川纪末期以来，大部分人类文明的生存就是得益于全球稳定的平均气温。
这种稳定性使得人类文明能够从狩猎的游牧社会转变成生活更加稳定、以农业为生的农耕社会。
5.Unless we act now, our children will inherit a hotter world, dirtier air and water, more severe
floods and droughts, and more wildfires.
除非我们马上行动起来，否则我们的孩子面对的世界将会是气候更炎热，空气更污浊，洪水泛滥，干旱肆虐，火灾频发。
Text B
1.This interest has been driven by a variety of factors, including concerns about increasing
waste generation and dwindling landfill capacity, air pollution from incineration, and a general appreciation of the need for environmental protection.
2.These holistically address waste generation through source reduction, reuse and recycling.
3.In Germany, recycling has been driven by public support for sustainable development and by
concerns about diminishing landfill capacity.
在德国，为保证社会的可持续发展，和对垃圾场填埋能力不断缩小的担心，公众大力支持对垃圾进行循环利用。（注意被动语态和定语结构的翻译）
4.As an alternative, companies can contract with a third party to collect packaging from
households and ensure that government-specified recycling targets are met.
或者，企业也可以与第三方签订回收家庭包装的协议，以确保完成政府规定的回收目标。
（注意被动语态和宾语从句的翻译）
5.As a result, the country has relies on incineration as its predominant means of waste disposal.
因此，日本主要以焚烧的方式来处理垃圾。/因此，焚烧垃圾是日本主要的垃圾处理方式。
Unit 4
Text A
1.Whether they are used to run cars and buses or to make electricity for other applications, fuel
cells operate by converting hydrogen to electricity without combustion.
无论是用作轿车和公汽的能源，还是发电作其他的什么用途，燃料电池都是无需燃烧就可将氢转化成电能。
2.While batteries alone haven't supplied the performance most drivers want, proponents believe
that fuel cells, probably combined with batteries, hold the promise of performance, range and better mileage, compared with today's internal combustion engines.
尽管单靠电池是不能满足大多数司机对于汽车性能的预期要求，但燃料电池的支持者认为，与目前的内燃机相比，或许燃料电池和电池一起使用是可以提供更好的性能、路程和里程保证的。
（注意状语从句、定语从句、宾语从句、分词短语的翻译。）
3.The direct method, which could be available commercially in five or six years, would use
different, lighter stacks of plates that eliminate the need for a reformer.
五、六年以内就可能会有直接的方法，采用不同的、更轻的金属板，而且无需转换装置。
4.Marsh envisions fuel cells in lawn mowers, snow-blowers, jet skis（水艇）and other mobile
devices which now contribute to noise and air pollution, and which don't run well on batteries.
Marsh设想，燃料电池可以用在割草机、吹雪机、喷气式滑雪板（滑橇）和其他一些移动设备上，这些东西产生噪音和空气污染，并且用电池的效果不好。
5.Cars with methanol fuel cells would do little to change the regular routine of consumers at the
filling station.
用甲醇燃料电池的轿车用户加油的时候和其他的用户没什么不一样的。
Text B
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa14107442.html,ing biofuels rather than oil would reduce the greenhouse gases that accelerate global
warming, because plants absorb carbon dioxide when they grow, balancing out the carbon released when burned in cars or trucks.
使用生物燃料而不是石油可以减少温室气体的产生，因为温室气体加速全球气候变暖。
而植物生长要吸收二氧化碳，这样就平衡了轿车、卡车释放出来的二氧化碳含量。
（定语从句转化成原因状语。分译原因状语从句，增译关联词，并注意分词短语作状语的翻译。）
2.But according to a pair of studies published in the journal Science recently, biofuels may not
fulfill that promise —and in fact, may be worse for the climate than the fossil fuels they're
meant to supplement.
但是，最近发表在科学杂志的一对研究报告并没有验证生物燃料的这种作用。并且，事实上，相对于要被取而代之的化石燃料来说，生物燃料对气候产生的危害是有过之而无不及。（定语成分、比较结构的翻译，直译和意译）
3.Any climate change policy that doesn’t take this fact into account doesn’t work.
不把这个因素考虑在内，任何解决气候问题的措施都将是无效的。（增译）
4.In their paper, Fargione’s team calculated the “carbon debt” created by raising biofuel crops
—the amount of carbon released in the process of converting natural landscapes into cropland.
在他们的文章当中，Fargione的研究人员算出了用做生物燃料的农作物的生长形成的碳债——即将自然景观转变成农田的过程中释放的碳的数量。
5.Biofuels are one of the few-alternative fuels that are actually available right now, but the
evidence suggests we be better off not relying on them.
生物燃料是目前可以获得的为数极少的化石燃料的替代物之一，但证据表明，我们最好是不要依赖它们。（注意词类的转译和定语成分的翻译。）
Unit 5
Text A
1.We are constantly reminded that we live in a world that is both dependent on and limited by
materials.
很多东西都在不断地提醒我们，我们生活的世界既依赖各种材料，又受限于这些材料。
2.All of these require materials specifically tailored for their application.
这些东西都需要人们根据它们不同的用途来精心选材。
3.Specific properties are required that result from carefully selecting the materials and from
controlling the manufacturing processes used to convert the basic materials into the final engineered product.
人们需要考虑各种材料特定的性质，通过精心选择以及控制生产加工的过程来把原材料变成成品。
4.The activities of these engineers range from primary materials production, including recycling,
through the design and development of new materials to the reliable and economical processing/manufacturing for the final product.
这些工程师们的研究活动有很多：从原材料加工（这包括设计和研发新材料来循环利用各种材料），到以经济可行的方式加工和生产最后的成品。
5.Many applications are limited by the operating constraints imposed by the properties or
behavior of the materials available.
现有材料材质的局限性限制了材料的应用。
6.While much attention is being focused on developing metals, ceramics, polymers, and
composites with improved properties, the ability to actually engineer, or create, materials to meet specific needs is just now being realized.
尽管备受关注的是研发金属，陶瓷，聚合物与复合材料材质的改善，但有能力生产，制造可以满足特定需求的材料现在也在渐渐变成现实。
Text B
1.Even microwavable popcorn bags, which look like paper, actually contain a metalized
plastic film that allows them to reach high temperatures so the corn can fully pop.
看起来像纸一样可以在微波炉里放心使用的装爆米花的袋子实际上含有一种金属化的塑料膜，正是这层膜能使爆米花达到很高的温度，从而充分的爆开。
2.But as part of the approval process, the FDA considers the amount of a substance expected
to migrate into food and the toxicological concerns about the particular chemical.
但是在获准审批的过程中，美国食品和药物管理局要考虑会渗透进食物的某种化学物质的含量及其危害性。
3.The agency has assessed migration levels of substances added to regulated plastics and has
found the levels to be well within the margin of safety based on information available to the agency.
该机构已经评估了添加进常规塑料中的那些物质的活性程度，目前掌握的资料已经证实这些会渗透进食物的化学物质的影响完全在安全的范围之内。
4.The levels of the plasticizer that might be consumed as a result of plastic film use are well
below the levels showing no toxic effect in animal studies.
动物实验证实了什么程度不会具有危害性，而用作塑料薄膜的可塑剂的含量比这个程度还低得多。
5．Machuga says that consumers should be sure to use any plastics for their intended purpose and in accordance with directions.
Machuga说，消费者应该根据自己的需要并按照要求使用各种类型的塑料。
Unit 6
Text A
1.The cells can be studied in isolation from the body, but for them to survive independently
they must be provided with exactly the right sort of environment in a "culture" which contains a supply of all the essential chemical nutrients required by the cell.
这些细胞可以单独进行体外培植研究。但要使它们单独存活，则需要有一个恰好能提供所需的全部化学营养成分的营养的“培养基”。
2.Each chromosome contains a very large number of genes, and is basically two strands of
DNA joined together which separate as the nucleus and cell divides with each strand of DNA duplicating itself.
每个染色体上都有大量的基因片段和DNA，DNA一般是两条螺旋的双链结构，只有当DNA在复制的过程中细胞核和细胞分裂的时候，两条螺旋才会分开（即解旋）。3.The molecular biologist is interested both in the control the gene exercises on cell function
and, conversely, the control which chemicals in the cell exercise on the function of the gene.
分子生物学家对基因对细胞功能的控制及与之相逆的细胞的化学成分对基因功能的影响都感兴趣。
4.The message is sent along a nerve fiber and when it reaches the end a chemical substance,
known as a neurotransmitter, is released and this then triggers off a series of chemical reactions which result in the contraction of the cells in the muscle.
信息沿着一条神经纤维传送，当它到达其末端时，一种化学物质——神经传递素便释放出来，随后产生一系列的化学变化，导致肌肉细胞的收缩。
5.Certain special glands produce these hormones and none of them acts wholly independently
of all the others.
某些特殊的腺体会产生这些荷尔蒙。没有哪一种荷尔蒙是脱离其它荷尔蒙单独起作用的。
Text B
1.The findings suggest that specific polyphenols, present in large amounts in fermented seeds
and skins cast away after grapes are pressed, interfere with the ability of bacteria to contribute to tooth decay.
这些发现证实，葡萄汁被压出以后，在那些被扔掉的发酵的葡萄籽和葡萄皮中有一种含量丰富的特定的多酚，这种物质能防止引起蛀牙的细菌。
2.Beyond cavities, the action of the wine grape-based chemicals may also hold clues for new
ways to lessen the ability of bacteria to cause life-threatening, systemic infections.
除了能防止蛀牙，这些化学物质的作用可能还持有另外的线索，提示一些新的治疗方法能削弱那些危及生命、引起全身感染的细菌的能力
3.The widespread overprescribing of antibiotics and the speed of bacterial evolution have
greatly increased the likelihood that the strains most able to resist antibiotics will thrive and spread.
抗生素的过度滥用以及细菌的迅速进化都大大增加了那些最能抵抗抗生素的菌种猖獗横行的可能性。
4.Fermented winemaking waste, called pomace, contains at least as many polyphenols as whole
fruit, eliminating the need to use up perfectly good food to make any future drugs.
发酵的造酒废弃物称为果渣，至少包含和整果一样多的多酚，将来制药根本不需要耗用新鲜的水果。
（注意过去分词作定语（前置、后置）的翻译技巧，as…as结构的翻译技巧；分词的翻译技巧。）
5．All contain polyphenols and the race is on to determine which may be the most useful medically.
这些物质里都含有多酚，当务之急是确定哪一种最适用于医学领域。
Unit 7
Text A
1.Just as a human body relies on its network of vessels to circulate blood to its organs, a city
depends on its transportation system to move people and goods to jobs, schools, and stores.
人体是靠心血管系统供给各个器官的血液循环，而城市是靠交通运输系统将人员和物资输送到其工作的场所、学校和商店。（本句翻译要用上增译的技巧。）
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa14107442.html, cities have led the trend toward dispersed, low-density development.
布局分散，人口密度低的美国城市发展特点成为（世界城市发展的）一种趋势。
（本句的翻译主要要用上增译的技巧，可以根据上下文将句子意思补充完整。另外还有词类的转译。）
3.Wasted fuel and lost productivity cost $74 billion annually in US metro areas.
每年美国地铁地区的能源浪费和生产效率下降耗费的资金高达740亿美元。
4.But new roads attract more cars, so regions that have invested heavily in road construction
have fared no better at easing congestion than those that have invested less.
但是修新路只会吸引更多的私家车，所以有些地区靠投资重金修路来缓解交通堵塞，其
效果并不比那些在这方面投资较少的地方好多少。
5. A recent World Bank study suggests that the high costs of automobile dependence outweigh
the benefits of car transportation, eroding economic development in the United States, a 1998 survey of leading real estate investors and analysts came to a similar conclusion: denser cities that boast alternatives to the car are better investment bets than sprawling suburban agglomerations.
世界银行最近的一项研究表明，依赖小车的交通体系造价高昂，弊大于利，损害了美国的经济发展。1998年的一项针对主要房地产投资商的调查也得出同样的结论：人口密度较高的城市交通发展另辟蹊径比无止境的往郊外扩伸发展要好得多。
6.Decoupling car ownership from car use removes incentives to drive.
将小车的使用权和拥有权剥离会降低开车的热情。
7.New car-sharing networks eliminate that desire by providing easy access to a car, without the
costs of owning or the hassles of renting.
新的拼车网络提供便捷用车的途径，不仅无需自己购车，也免去租车的繁琐，使很多人打消了买车的念头。
Text B
1.But one force behind the import-export boom has passed all but unnoticed: the rapidly falling
cost of getting goods to market.
在进出口贸易繁荣发展的背后还有一个最重要但并不为人所注意的因素是，货物运抵市场的费用在迅速下降。
2.At the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and manufacturing were the two most important
sectors almost everywhere, accounting for about 70% of total output in Germany, Italy and France, and 40-50% in America, Britain and Japan.
19世纪末20世纪初，世界范围内，农业和制造业是两个最重要的（经济发展领域），占德国、意大利、法国总产量的70%，占美国、英国、日本总产量的40-50%
3.Today it is finished manufactured products that dominate the flow of trade, and thanks to
technological advances such as lightweight components, manufactured goods themselves have tended to become lighter and less bulky.
当今，主导贸易市场流通的是成品（指和以前不一样，农业经济时期主要是依赖于原材料的贸易流通）。技术的进步使得产品部件的重量变轻，所以产品本身的重量也是越变越轻，体积也越变越小。
（注意强调结构、过去分词及词类转译的翻译技巧）
4.Businesses can locate based on other consideration, such as the availability of labor, while
worrying less about the cost of delivering their output.
5.Forty years ago, the process of exporting or importing involved a great many stages of
handling which risked portions of the shipment being damaged or stolen along the way.
40年前，进出口贸易涉及处理运输过程中货物存在的被损及被盗的诸多风险。
Unit 8
Text A
1. Will the term still be attractive in the years to come or will it be just another overused and
discarded buzzword?
电子商务这个词在以后是否会依然诱人，或者它也会成为又一个虽风靡一时但随后便销声匿迹的热门词？
（过去分词作定语的翻译技巧。）
2. While transactions are conducted via electronic devices, they may be transported using
either traditional physical shipping channels, such as a ground delivery service, or digital mechanisms, such as the download of a product from the Internet.
虽然交易通过电子设备完成，但运输则可能采用传统的货运渠道，如地面送货服务，或通过数字输送方式，如从网上下载。
3. The actual and projected growth rates and uses of the Internet indicate that electronic
commerce is no passing fad, but rather a fundamental change in the way in which businesses interact with one another and their consumers.
实际的和预期的互联网使用的增长率表明，电子商务绝对不会只是昙花一现，而是会从根本上改变贸易双方业务往来以及他们和顾客交往的方式。
4. Internet and web-based electronic commerce is more affordable than traditional EDI; it can
reach a more geographically dispersed customer base, reduce the costs of purchases, lower sales and marketing costs and better the customer service.
互联网和基于网络的电子商务比起传统的电子数据交换更经济，它能接触到分散在各处的顾客群，减少采购的开支，降低促销的成本，提供更好的服务
5. They can receive increased choice of vendor and products, convenience from shopping at
home or office, greater amounts of information that can be accessed on demand and more competitive prices and increased price comparison capabilities.
他们（指上文的顾客）有更多可供选择的卖主和产品，在家里和办公室就可以购物，可以根据需求获取更丰富的信息，更满意的价格，而且能够货比三家。
Text B
1.Privacy concerns aside—and there are plenty of them—rapid technological innovation and
explosive adoption rates make this far-fetched scenario, well, not so far-fetched after all.
撇开担心隐私安全不谈，尽管这样的顾虑太多了，技术革新的快速发展，使用率的急剧上升，使看起来遥不可及的情景并非真的那么遥不可及了。
2.Year-to-year growth in shipments to the federal government topped 1,000 percent, while
shipments to retail and financial institutions grew by 377 percent and 146 percent, respectively.
销往联邦政府的智能卡与往年同期相比增幅高达1000%，零售业和金融机构的则分别增加了377%和146%。
3.It looks like this is the last year we have to say that.
似乎这是最后一年我们这样说了。
4.However, critics are quick to point out that it’s easy to achieve triple-digit growth when you’re
starting from practically nothing.
但是，评论家迅速指出从几乎一无所有到三位数的增长并非难事。
5. Just because more Americans are using smart cards for, say, online banking doesn’t mean that U.S. corporations are champing at the bit to use them for physical or network security.
因为，越来越多的美国人使用智能卡开通网上银行并不意味着美国的公司会出于现实和网络安全的考虑而急于这样做。
Unit 9
Text A
1.Basically, selling the product would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included
advertising and personal selling.
产品的销售基本上是通过促销完成，促销包括广告销售和直销。
2.It subscribes to the nation tht production can be economically justified only by consumption.
大家都接受的观念是由消费量决定生产量最经济。
3.However, many markets are separated from the place of production, which means that often
both raw materials and finished products must be transported to the points where they are needed.
但是，很多市场不是和产品的生产地在同一地区，这就意味着无论是原材料还是成品都必须被运输到需要的地方。
4.Along all points of the distribution channel various amounts of storage are required.
在销售分配的不同阶段对库存量有各种各样的要求。
5.Inventories of this stored merchandise often need to be financed.
需要详细核算这些库存商品的存货目录。
Unit 10
Text A
1.Management has been called “the art of getting things done through people”. This definition
calls attention to the fact that managers achieve organizational goals by arranging for others to perform whatever tasks may be necessary—not by performing the tasks themselves.
所谓管理，就是让别人做事的艺术。这个定义使我们注意到一个事实，那就是经理们是安排别人做任何必须要做的事，而不是靠亲力亲为来实现公司的目标。
(过去分词结构的翻译，同位语从句的翻译。)
2.Plans give the organization its objectives and set up the best procedure for reaching them.
计划就是制定企业的目标以及实现目标的最佳步骤。
3. The first step in planning is the selection of goals for the organization.
计划的第一步就是决定公司的目标。
4. producing a standardized product like blue jeans requires efficient assembly-line techniques,
whereas producing software requires organizing teams of professionals—systems analysts, programmers and so on.
生产牛仔裤这样的标准化产品需要的是熟练的流水线操作技巧，而软件产品的制造需要的是各种领域专业人士的通力合作，如系统分析师，程序员等。
5. In practice, the management process does not involve four separate or loosely related set of
activities but a group of interactive functions.
实际上，管理的这四个方面不是割裂开来，没有关联的，而是互相影响、互相作用。
第19卷第12期 武汉科技学院学报Vol.19 No.12 2006年12月 JOURNAL OF WUHAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Dec. 2006 英语长句翻译方法及技巧 张艳萍 (湛江师范学院大学外语部, 广东湛江 524048) 摘要：英语长句翻译是英语学习中的一个难点,本文从英汉语言对比的角度，探讨了英汉两种语言的 差异，进一步分析了两种语言长句的特点,概述了英语长句的常用的四种翻译方法，并举例分析了这些 方法在实际中的运用。 关键词：英汉长句；差异；翻译；技巧 中图分类号：H315.9 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009－5160(2006)－0200－04 我们在英语教学过程中，往往会发现学生在汉译英时出现中国式英语，英译汉时句子却“西化”。究其原因我认为这主要是因为英语和汉语来自两种完全不同的文化语言体系，语序差别甚大，尤其遇到复杂长句，除了需要较强的对比分析理解能力外，还要求我们掌握一定的翻译理论和技巧以及具备较好的语言表达能力。为此，本人结合自己的英语教学实际，拟从英汉语言对比的角度来对英语长句的翻译问题作些探讨。 1 英汉句子结构的差异 人类语言的多样性，使翻译成为人类交流的重要媒介。同时，由于不同语言体系的差异，在英汉翻译里，英语和汉语会在句法结构、内在逻辑关系存在着明显差异： （1）英语句子重形合，汉语句子重意合。汉语注重隐性连贯注重逻辑事理顺序、注重功能、意义，注重以神统形，形合手段比英语少得多，没有英语所常用的那些关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词。并且汉语介词数量少，句式结构上也无太多的限制，可以利用说话的语气、环境及语言结构内部的相互衬托等条件使语句尽量辞约义丰。所以汉语是一种必须联系交际人主体意识、语言环境、句子表达功能作动态的意念分析的重“意合”的语言，是有别于英语句子重“形合”，试看下面句子： 例1：My idea of a good P.E. class is one where youth are involved in at least 20 minutes of basic movement that gets their heart rates up. 译文：说到一节好的体育课，我的想法是青年在体育课中至少要进行20分钟使他们心跳加快的基本运动。 这是一个典型的重形合的英语句子，全句用两个关系代词将两个定语从句联系起来，在译文中，将关系一层层理清楚，整句语气从容不迫，这就符合了汉语的叙事方法。 例2：不听老人言，吃亏在眼前。 译文1：If you wish good advice, consult an old man. 原文中的假设关系是隐含的，译成英语时用连词if把假设关系给表达出来，从这一例句可以看出英语重形合而汉语重意合的句子特点。 译文2：Who never consults an old man may suffer loss. 此句用名词性从句来翻译，同样体现了英汉两种语言在“形”和“意”上的区别。 （2）汉语通常根据时间顺序逐个翻译，而英语则较注重空间顺序。 汉语句中可常见两个以上的动词，甚至几乎全句皆动词。如：孩子们手里拿着老师给他们的礼物，唱着、 收稿日期：2006-09-17 作者简介：张艳萍（1978- ），女，硕士研究生，研究方向：英语翻译.
一.句子翻译练习；英译汉 1. It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts. 严禁乱拆，以免损坏该设备的零件。 2. All livi ng things must, by reas on of physiological limitati ons, die. 由于生理上的局限，一切生物总是要死亡的。 3. The removal of min erals from water is called softe ning. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 4. Gene piracy is not n ew. 窃取基因不是新鲜事。 5. All pla nts and ani mals n eed carb on for growth. 所有的动植物均需要碳才能生长。 6. Failure to fix these symbols in mi nd keeps stude nts from masteri ng the mathematical subjects they take up. 由于未能记住这些符号，使得许多学生无法掌握他们选修的教学课程。 7. This higher cost is not entirely due to the shape of the part, or the use of a more expensive metal. 成本教高不完全是由于部件的形状，也不是由于使用的金属比较昂贵。 8. A chicken is a suitable specimen for the study of the general external features of a bird. 鸡是研究禽类外部特征的合适范例。 9. The flow of electro ns is from the n egative zi nc plate to the positive copper plate. 电子从负的锌极流向正的铜极。 10. As a ship is loaded, it sinks deeper into the water, displacing an additional amount of water equal to the weight of the added load. 船装了货吃水更深，其排开的附加水量等于所装货的重量。 11. Non-mobile robots, capable of lear ning to perform an in dustrial task and the n of being left to perform it tirelessly, are eve n now in use in in dustrial pla nts all over the world. 不能行走的机器人能学会做工，并能孜孜不倦地工作，今天在世界各地的工厂里得到了使用。 12. The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mecha ni cal power. 蒸汽机发明的结果是，机械力代替了人力。 13. Agricultural technique spreading centers have been set up everywhere in that province,
小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，
英语长难句翻译技巧及方法 英汉两种语言句子的不同特点是：英语书面语长句较多；汉语一般短句较多。英语句子结构较紧，多用主人结构，英语可有各种后置修饰语（介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语以及从句），这些成分都是造成英语长句的原因；汉语句子结构较松，多用并列结构。有翻译经验的人们对这些特点作过形象的比喻，把英语句子结构比作“葡萄”，把汉语句子结构比作“竹节”。翻译长句时，可将英语的葡萄结构拆成汉语的竹节结构，即把成串的拆成成条的。 英汉两种语言的语序差异是：英语时间顺序灵活（表示时间的从句可以在主句之前或之后）；汉语一般是从先到后。英语逻辑顺序也比较灵活（表示原因、条件的从句可以在主句之前或之后）；汉语一般是前因后果，先进条年，后谈结果。英语中的句词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）与汉语句子主谓宾的语序基本一致，因此，一般都可按汉语的表达方式处理。 顺序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序以及名词性从句与汉语句子的语序基本相似，一般可按原文顺序译：如： 本句时间状语从句在前，用顺序法译。 （1）As it was a fine day and I was in no hurry, I was taking my time, looking in shop windows, strolling in the park, and sometimes just stopping and looking around me. 由于天气晴朗，当时又无急事，我便慢悠悠看看橱窗，逛逛公园。有时干脆停下脚步，四处张望。 逆序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序与汉语句子的语序相反，一般可逆原文顺序译。如： （2）“Neither believe nor reject anything,” he wrote to his nephew, “because any other person has rejected or believed it ……”他在给侄子的信中写道：“不要因为别的人相信或拒绝了什么东西，你也就去相信它或拒绝它。……” 分译法 由于的英语可有各种后置修饰语，所以有些英语句子很长。为了符合汉语表达习惯，我们常可将长句中的一连患后置修饰语与其修饰成分分开来译，即把短语或从句拆译为短句，有时还需将后置修饰语另作适当安排并适当增加词语。如： （1）A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to pro duce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月份怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，他必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。
一．句子翻译练习；英译汉 1. It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts. 严禁乱拆,以免损坏该设备的零件。 2.All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations, die. 由于生理上的局限, 一切生物总是要死亡的。 3. The removal of minerals from water is called softening. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 4.Gene piracy is not new. 窃取基因不是新鲜事。 5.All plants and animals need carbon for growth. 所有的动植物均需要碳才能生长。 6. Failure to fix these symbols in mind keeps students from mastering the mathematical subjects they take up. 由于未能记住这些符号,使得许多学生无法掌握他们选修的教学课程。 7. This higher cost is not entirely due to the shape of the part, or the use of a more expensive metal. 成本教高不完全是由于部件的形状,也不是由于使用的金属比较昂贵。 8. A chicken is a suitable specimen for the study of the general external features of a bird. 鸡是研究禽类外部特征的合适范例。 9. The flow of electrons is from the negative zinc plate to the positive copper plate. 电子从负的锌极流向正的铜极。 10. As a ship is loaded, it sinks deeper into the water, displacing an additional amount of water equal to the weight of the added load. 船装了货吃水更深,其排开的附加水量等于所装货的重量。 11.Non-mobile robots, capable of learning to perform an industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly, are even now in use in industrial plants all over the world. 不能行走的机器人能学会做工,并能孜孜不倦地工作,今天在世界各地的工厂里得到了使用。 12.The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power. 蒸汽机发明的结果是, 机械力代替了人力。 13.Agricultural technique spreading centers have been set up everywhere in that province, helping farmers to do their work in a more scientific way. 该省已普遍成立了农技推广中心,帮助农民以更加科学的方法种田。 14.When two bodies oscillate at the same frequency, they are said to be in resonance. 当两个物体以相同的频率震动时, 我们说它们处于共振状态。 15.Temperature is changed quickly from room temperature to 125℃and is held there for at least 15 minutes. 使温度很快从室温升到125℃, 并至少保持15分钟。 16.After sealing the header is cleaned and then the leads are clipped to the desired length. 封焊后把管座清洗干净,然后把引线剪到所需长度。 17.The damage caused by acid rain can be alleviated by adding lime to lakes, rivers and streams and/or their catchments' areas. 往湖泊、河流和溪流及(或)它们的集水区中撒石灰,可以减轻酸雨所造成的损害。
2018<科技英汉互译教程>上篇期末考试范围 P.23例2 This type of spring is extensively used in electrical instruments, and deserves special consideration. 这种弹簧广泛应用于电工仪表中，因此值得专门考虑一下。 P.24 例3 If the reaction took hours, and not seconds, the fuel costs would be prohibitive. 如果这一反应要花费数小时，而不是几秒钟，燃料费就太高了。 例7 Keep the batteries in dry places, and electricity may not be made to leak away. （如果）把蓄电池放在干燥的地方，就不会漏电。 这种句式中，祈使句表示条件，and后面的句子表示结果，可译为“如果……，就……”，或者“……就”。 P.25例12 In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us. 换言之，矿物就是存在于地球上，但须经过挖握、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。 例14 The solar wind grossly distorts the earth's magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail. 太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生很大的变化，将它向外拉牵，扯出一条长尾。 译文中将分词短语译成了动词并列式分句（或后续分句），即在一个主语下使用两个或两个以上的并列动词，用逗号隔开。 P.26 例17 The substitution of some rolling friction for sliding friction results in a very considerable reduction in friction. 用滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦，会大幅度减少摩擦力。 例20 An understanding of the essential character of scientific investigation is best acquired from the study of a representative particular science. 要了解科学研究最本质的特点，最好是对特定的典型学科进行研究。 P.27 例23 The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste on which during the heat of the day the sun blazed down with relentless fury, but where during the long night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth. 月球完全是一个毫无生气的世界，是一片多山的不毛之地。在酷热的白昼，太阳向它倾泻着无情的烈焰，而浸长的严寒却远远不是我们在地球上所能体验到的。 原句中含有4个分句：由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰a world；介词on+关系代词which引导的定语从句，修饰a world的同位语a sterile mountainous waste；关系副词where 引导的定语从句，也修饰a sterile mountainous waste；so…that引导的结果状语从句。 例24 Computing machines are essentially machines for recording numbers, operating with numbers, and giving the result in numerical form. 计算机本质上是一种记录数字、运算数字并给出数字结果的机器。
科技英语文章翻译 任何作品均有特定的文体，原文的文体不同，翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文。 "It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job." "A wonderful job." "Are you going to take it ?" "I don't think so." "Why not?' "I don't want to." “听说有个很好的工作要你去干。” “挺好的工作。” “打算干吗？” “不。” “为什么不干？” “不想干。” 这是小说中的一段对说，属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点，省去主语“你”、“我”；将英语的一个句子I don't think so。干脆译成一个字“不”，显得简洁有力。 She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. 那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。上面五十一个词的片断，就运用了十个形容词，占五分之一。and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress是非常优美生动的文学语言，译文保持了一风格。
翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法
英语句子翻译技巧 以下浅谈英译汉的几点技巧。 第一，翻译时注意英文的句型，英文的句型一般来说有相应的中文译法。如It的句型的翻译： （1）It is＋名词十从句： It is a fact that…事实是…… It is a question that………是个问题 It is good news that………是好消息 it is common knowledge………是常识 (2) It is＋过去分词十从句： It is said that…据说…… I t must be pointed out that…必须指出…… It is asserted that…有人主张…… It is supposed that…据推测…… It is believed that…据信…… It must be admitted that…必须承认…… It is reported that…据报道…… It will be seen from ii that…由此可见…… It has been proved that…已证明…… It is general1y considered that…人们普遍认为…… （3）It is＋形容词十从句： It is necessary that…有必要…… It is likely that…很可能…… It is clear that…很清楚…… It is important that…重要的是…… (4) It＋不及物动词十从句： It follows that…由此可见…… It happens that…碰巧…… It turne d out that…结果是…… 第二，注意英语被动句的翻译。英文的被动句经常用汉语主动句表达，如：You are requested to give a performance 英文的被动句译成汉语的主动句：请你给我们表演一个节目。英文中被动意义也可以用汉语中含有主动意义的句子来表达。常译成“被”、“由”、“受”、
Sentence Translation Unit 1 Text A 1.However, the volume of business done on the Internet is growing rapidly, as people order books and other products to make money transactions. 但是，因特网上的交易数量急速增长，人们从网上购书和其他的产品，进行资金交易。 2.They use them to prowl the Internet, looking for ways to break into computers systems run by banks, telephone companies and even government departments. 他们用电脑上网，寻找能够进入银行电脑系统、电话公司的电脑系统、甚至是政府的电脑系统的方式。 3.The first indication of a security breach may be when a customer discovers a fraudulent money transaction on a credit card account. 当顾客发现信用卡的帐号上出现了来历不明的消费时，这可能就是安全受到了破坏的第一个标志。 4.The use of credit cards to buy things on the Internet converts the issue of Internet security into one of general security. 用信用卡在网上购物使网络安全变成了大众所普遍关注的安全的一种 5.Few people think twice about giving a credit card number over the phone and many are equally careless about what happens to the carbon copy when completing a transaction over the counter. 很多人会在电话里随意报出自己的信用卡号码，同样地，也有很多人不留意交易完成后放在银行柜台上的副本。（此句翻译要注意习语，还要正确划分句子的语法结构。） 6.These are atta ched to documents or messages being received, and lodge in computer’s hard drive. 这些病毒藏在收到的文件或邮件上，进入到电脑的硬盘。 Text B 1.Processing means handling or manipulating the material that has been presented to the machine in such ways as performing calculations, classifying information, or making comparisons. 数据处理就是以计算、分类、比较的方式来处理那些预先存放到机器中的资料。 （此句的翻译要注意的有被动形式的定语从句，还有状语的翻译。） 2. A computer is made of millions of electronic devices that can store the data or switch them through complete circuits with different functions at incredible speeds. 电脑是由数以百万的电子装置组成的，能够通过具有不同功能的闭合电路，以令人难以置信的高速存储或转换数据。（此句的翻译也是要注意定语从句和状语结构。） 3.We have all heard of computers plotting the course of rockets, preparing bank statements, predicting elections, forecasting weather, and so forth. 我们都听说电脑用于火箭路线的设计、银行文件的处理、选举预测、天气预报等。 4.This is probably due to the fact that computers perform very complex operations in a very short time — seconds or even fractions of a second. 这可能是因为电脑可以在极其短暂的——几秒甚至是不到一秒的时间里完成非常复杂的运行。（此句的翻译要点是同位语从句。）
形合和意合 1.昨天看电影我没有买到好票。 I did not buy good seat for movie last day. 2.这个车间既做来料加工，又做来样加工。 This workshop processes raw material on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s sample as well. 3.她在中国留学服务中心工作。 She works at Chinese service center for Scholarly Exchange. 4.烤烟，苹果，羊毛和甘薯是延安的四大农产品，年产量3.12亿元，占农业总产值的52.5%。 Cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in Yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan RMB, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values. 5.可以预言，钛材在飞机或各种飞行器上的应用将会与日俱增，并且在其他工业中的应用也会扩大。 It can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and in other industries. 6.If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension. 某种与其他疾病伴发的高血压，称为继发性高血压 7.Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book. 本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。 8.一种微生物能够破坏另一种微生物，这种现象最早是巴斯德发现的，他指出这可以用到医疗上去。 That a microganism is capable of destroying one of anther species was first discovered by Pasteur, who pointed out that can be used to the therapeutic use. 英汉句子中心的差异 1.他们培育出的细胞看上去像胚胎干细胞，这的确令人惊讶。 It’s truly amazing that they can produce cells that look like embryoric stem cells. 2.1968年12月阿波罗8号宇宙飞船上那些想家的宇航员们在太空拍下了整个地球的彩照，此后在1970年4月很快就出现了第一个地球日，这绝非是历史的偶然。 It’s no accident of history that the first Earth Day in April 1970 came so soon after the color photograghs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on the Apollo 8 mission to the moon December 1968. 3.你们已经取得了进步，对此我毫不怀疑。 There has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved. 4.由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快的重新实现访问，这使我感到特别高兴。 I was all the more delighted when as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 5.由于现代世界的发展和近年来在单门学科狭窄前沿上的研究进展，出现一些极其复杂的难题，单凭一两人的力量是无法对它们进行透彻研究的。 One cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent development in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. 6.这种小型热带鱼由于具有自行修复受损和患病的眼部细胞的独特能力，长期以来一直为科学家所关注。The tiny tropical fish has long interested scientists because of its unique ability to repair damaged and diseased cells in their own eyes. 7.不努力就不会成功。 One can never succeed without making great efforts.
英语长难句翻译技巧 总汇
1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同） 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。难句类型：倒装、省略 a.本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 b.在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individual will have中，an individual will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略; 这是一种照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 A、句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light 的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，