NOT FOR PUBLICATION UNTIL RELEASED BY
HOUSE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON TACTICAL AIR AND LAND FORCES
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE
PRESENTATION TO THE
HOUSE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON TACTICAL AIR AND LAND FORCES
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
SUBJECT: Fiscal Year 2014 Department of Defense Combat Aviation Programs COMBINED STATEMENT OF: Lieutenant General Burton M. Field
Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations,
Plans and Requirements
Lieutenant General Charles R. Davis
Military Deputy, Office of the Assistant
Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition
April 17, 2013
NOT FOR PUBLICATION UNTIL RELEASED BY
HOUSE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON TACTICAL AIR AND LAND FORCES
I. Introduction
Chairman Turner, Ranking Member Sanchez and distinguished members of the subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to provide you with an update on Air Force tactical aviation programs. Today our Air Force is engaged globally, supporting the Combatant Commanders requirements and executing our National Strategy.
In this environment of fiscal uncertainty our focus remains on our five core missions of Air and Space Superiority, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, Rapid Global Mobility, Global Strike, and Command and Control by which we deliver Global Reach, Global Power and Global Vigilance. It is more important than ever to balance near-term readiness with modernization efforts for the mid and long-term. Today’s discussion is focused on Air and Space Superiority and Global Strike but covers all five core missions.
Our force structure meets most Combatant Commander requirements, but the current fiscal environment will necessitate that we stand down 13 fighter and bomber squadrons in Fiscal Year 2013. Multiple investment programs will be negatively impacted resulting in unit cost increases, terminations and schedule delays. There is still considerable uncertainty in the Fiscal Year 2014 Air Force topline funding level. The Fiscal Year 2014 budget request will not reverse the damage done by the Fiscal Year 2013 Sequestration. Recovering in warfighting capability and improving readiness requires a reduction in operations tempo and additional resources.
As we work together through these difficult times, our objectives are: to remain as ready as possible today, set a course toward full-spectrum readiness, preserve a highly responsive and scalable force, and overcome force structure and modernization challenges to provide the nation with the world’s most capable combat Air Force now and in the future.
II. Current Environment and Operations Update
Today, the Air Force flies and fights in air, space, and cyberspace--globally and reliably--as a valued member of our Joint and Coalition teams. Over 28,000 Airmen are deployed across the globe, including over 22,000 in the U.S. Central Command Area of Responsibility, with another 138,000 “committed in place” to defend the homeland, command and control our nuclear forces, operate remotely piloted aircraft, and support other Combatant Commander requirements. The
Air Force is an active partner in Department of Defense planning that will shift our emphasis from today’s wars to a broader range of challenges and opportunities. The Department of Defense is currently reassessing the strategic guidance issued last year, but we anticipate continued emphasis on and planning for a rebalance to the Asia Pacific region. Our challenge is to provide Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, and Marines who deploy in support of our global commitments with an Air Force that is capable, agile, flexible, ready, and technologically advanced.
In 2012, Air Force global precision attack aircraft flew over 28,000 sorties and 41,000 hours in support of Overseas Contingency Operations. In support of these operations, our Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Airmen provided intelligence that shaped combat plans for 33 named operations, enabled the removal of 700 enemy combatants from the fight and built awareness for coalition forces in over 250 “troops-in-contact” engagements. Air Force Special Operations personnel executed over 1,600 strike missions and 7,700 specialized mobility missions. On the home front, Air Force fighter, air refueling, and early warning aircraft have flown almost 64,000 total sorties supporting Operation NOBLE EAGLE since September 11, 2001. As a testament to the capability of our Total Force, the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve have flown more than 65 percent of these Operation NOBLE EAGLE sorties with the Air National Guard currently operating 17 of 18 Aerospace Control Alert sites across the United States.
Aviation is not without risk. In Fiscal Year 2012, there were 20 Class A aviation mishaps, including ten destroyed aircraft and nine fatalities. This was an increase from the Fiscal Year 2011 numbers of 15 Class A, eight aircraft destroyed, and two fatalities respectively. Analysis of these events found trends similar to previous years, with the top two mishap factors being compliance and decision making errors.
There were 24 Class B aviation mishaps in Fiscal Year 2012, significantly down from 53 in Fiscal Year 2011. Similarly, Class C mishaps dropped to 443 from 482 the year prior. Additionally,
Fiscal Year 2012 Unmanned Aerial System mishaps decreased across the board in Class A, B and C mishaps from Fiscal Year 2011. Class A mishaps dropped from 15 to 13, Class B mishaps from eight to four and Class C from 18 to 17.
As we undergo further updates to Defense Strategy, we must carefully balance our force between the active and reserve components. To get a better understanding of our Total Force mixture, we launched the Total Force Task Force, a team led by general officers from the Active Duty, Guard and Reserve components. The Total Force Task Force is conducting a comprehensive review of Total Force requirements and will develop strategic options to ensure that the Air Force correctly balances the strengths of each component to sustain the capabilities required in the years ahead. The team is scheduled to present their findings by October 1, 2013.
Additionally, The National Commission on the Structure of the Air Force, which is required by the Fiscal Year 2013 National Defense Authorization Act, will undertake a comprehensive study of the structure of the Air Force to determine whether, and how, the structure should be modified to best fulfill current and anticipated mission requirements in a manner consistent with available resources. The panel is scheduled to complete their report not later than February 1, 2014.
The Fiscal Year 2014 budget request retains critical force structure and maintains the Air Force’s ability to rapidly respond to global mission demands. It evolved from a concerted effort to balance risk, modernization and force structure reductions with a commitment to readiness and taking care of our people.
However, sequestration forced the Air Force to implement immediate actions to mitigate a Fiscal Year 2013 topline reduction. A major impact of sequestration will be a marked decrease in readiness at the beginning of Fiscal Year 2014. Reductions in flying hours will cause unit stand downs, which will result in severe, rapid, and long-term unit combat readiness degradation. Within 60 days of a stand down, affected units will be unable to meet emergent or operations plans requirements. Depot delays will require the grounding of some of the affected aircraft. The deferments will result in idled production shops, a degradation of workforce proficiency and productivity, and corresponding future volatility and operational costs. Additionally, sequestration cuts to Air Force modernization will impact every one of our investment programs.
These program disruptions will, over time, cost more taxpayer dollars to rectify contract restructures and program inefficiencies, raise unit costs, and delay delivery of validated capabilities to warfighters in the field. The impact to modernization programs reduces our Air Force’s competitive advantage and decreases the probability of mission success in contested environments. The Fiscal Year 2014 budget request does not enable full recovery of warfighting capability, capacity and readiness; additional resources will be required.
III. Force Structure and Modernization
Fighters
Air Force fighter force structure is dependent on both fighter aircraft and rated manning. Two years ago, the Air Force determined through extensive analysis that a force structure of 1,200 primary mission aircraft and 2,000 total aircraft was required to execute the National Military Strategy with increased operational risk. Last year, due to new strategic guidance and fiscal constraints, the Air Force rebalanced our force structure across core functions. Analysis showed the Air Force could decrease fighter force structure by approximately 100 aircraft with higher risk, resulting in the current fighter requirement of 1,100 primary mission aircraft and 1,900 total aircraft.
The Air Force’s fighter fleet is over 20 years old on average—the oldest in our history. Without service life extensions and capability upgrades, it will not be possible to manage risk. The Air Force is pursuing programs that will modernize and extend the service life of our remaining fleet. The F-35 is a key component in preserving future force structure and mitigating risk. Any further delay in the F-35 program will create a serious shortfall (mid and far-term) in fighter capabilities and force structure. The Air Force is very concerned with recent budget reductions and continues to monitor how these cuts will affect risk. It is absolutely critical that 4th Generation sustainment and modernization efforts continue as programmed, the F-22 continues to modernize, and the F-35 matures and begins full rate production.
In the Fiscal Year 2013 budget, the Air Force accepted risk in our Combat Air Forces by retiring or reclassifying aircraft from seven squadrons: five A‐10 squadrons, one F‐16 squadron, and one training/support coded F‐15 Aggressor squadron. After reductions, we retained sufficient
combat‐coded fighter squadrons to maintain the capabilities and capacity required to meet the requirements of new strategic guidance at increased risk while providing a bridge to the Fifth Generation F‐35.
Manning these aircraft is a challenge we are aggressively working. Air Force mission success is dependent on fighter force structure manning. The Air Force is currently 200 fighter pilots short of the total manning requirement. Our projections indicate this deficit growing to approximately 900 by 2022, excluding any additional negative impact on flying training driven by sequestration. The shortfall evolved from force structure reductions that cut active duty fighter squadrons to a number that cannot sustain billet requirements. As a result, the Air Force is currently unable to produce and absorb the required number of fighter pilots across the total force. The Air Force is prioritizing available manpower at significant risk to institutional requirements. Projected impacts include reductions in air-operations expertise during the development of war plans and a limited ability to train and maintain combat readiness. Recent programming and policy actions raised production and absorption capacity by Fiscal Year 2028; however, even with these changes, the Air Force will only be able to sustain a fighter pilot inventory capable of meeting 82 percent of our overall requirement for fighter pilot expertise.
A-10
The A-10 provides our Joint Force Commanders responsive, lethal, precise, and persistent firepower for close air support and combat search and rescue. It has been a steady, stellar performer in all recent conflicts. Notably, the A-10’s very high operations tempo and advanced age present substantial sustainment challenges. Most notably, the wings on the aging aircraft must be replaced in order to keep the fleet flying through 2035 and beyond.
Beginning in Fiscal Year 2013, the Air Force will retire 61 of the oldest A-10s. This will leave a fleet of 283 A-10s through 2035. The Fiscal Year 2014 budget request reflects our commitment to fund A-10 modernization, sustainment, and life extension programs. Installation of the Helmet Mounted Cueing System, now underway, will provide increased situational awareness to the pilot. Operational Flight Program upgrades will provide the A-10 with new combat capabilities to employ a variety of smart weapons, improve situational awareness, and enhance target identification and designation capability. Production and installation of the new
replacement wings are moving ahead at full-rate production levels. Other critical updates include an upgrade to the A-10’s transponder, allowing for secure, military-only identify friend or foe modes, and an improved engine turbine and aircraft monitoring system used to identify and monitor structural fatigues and stresses. Emphasis on the continued health and upgrade of the A-10 will ensure the aircraft continues to excel in the close air support role for the next two decades.
F-16
Our primary multi-role aircraft, the F-16 comprises 50 percent of the current fighter fleet. The Fiscal Year 2014 budget request invests approximately $1.32 billion across the Future Years Defense Program (FYDP) for F-16 modernization, life extension, and continued sustainment to meet critical warfighter needs to 2025 and beyond. The majority of the efforts to accomplish this across the FYDP will focus on the Legacy Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) and Combat Avionics Programmed Extension Suites (CAPES) modernization program for 300 aircraft. We believe we will have to SLEP and modernize more.
Legacy SLEP will extend airframe structural service life by approximately 25 percent from the current 8,000 hours to 10,000+ hours, adding about six to eight years. The Fiscal Year 2014 budget request adds $18 million to continue design and development of structural modification kits for the Block 40-52 fleet to be responsive to the Air Force’s total fighter requirem ent. Additionally, the Falcon Structural Augmentation Roadmap (STAR) program, which replaces known life-limited structural components and maintains the original design airframe life of 8,000 actual flight hours, has been re-phased to complete in Fiscal Year 2014.
The Fiscal Year 2014 budget request adds $44 million in development, with a total of $489 million in development and procurement funding laid in across the FYDP for F-16 CAPES. This will allow for the development of capabilities for Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, a new center cockpit display unit, data link enhancements and an improved electronic warfare defensive suite. These avionics upgrades must be done to keep the F-16 Block 40-52s relevant in a contested environment until replaced by the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.
F-15 C/D
The Fiscal Year 2014 budget request invests approximately $1.9 billion across the FYDP on modernization and sustainment programs for the F-15C/D fleet. We project the F-15C/D fleet will remain viable until at least 2035, with potential for an airframe service life extension following full-scale fatigue testing. This test is underway and will conclude in 2014. The Air Force manages the fleet through scheduled field and depot inspections under an individual aircraft tracking program.
We continue to modernize our F-15C/D fleet with AESA radars, a more capable aircraft mission computer, and a new electronic warfare self-protection suite, the Eagle Passive/Active Warning Survivability System (EPAWSS). We expect these efforts to enable 175 F-15C/D aircraft to operate safely and effectively through at least 2035 as determined by the full-scale fatigue test.
F-15E
The Fiscal Year 2014 budget request invests approximately $2.5 billion across the FYDP for F-15E modernization and sustainment programs. This includes integrating the latest precision weapons to hit targets accurately and reduce collateral damage, and adding a helmet mounted cueing system for all front seat cockpits that will reduce the F-15E’s time to engage a target. Finally, we are adding a state-of-the-art AESA radar system that advances capabilities to identify and engage targets, a more capable aircraft mission computer, and a new self-protection electronic warfare system (EPAWSS). The Air Force expects the F-15E to be an integral part of the Nation’s force through at least 2035. A full-scale fatigue test, due to be complete in 2015, will provide data regarding the feasibility of a service life extension.
Fifth Generation Fighters
Vital elements of our nation’s defense and deterrent capability are fifth generation fighters like the F-22A and F-35. These advanced, state-of-the-art aircraft are absolutely essential to maintain our current global superiority that permit air, sea, and ground forces freedom of action. Each aircraft possess exclusive, complimentary and indispensable capabilities that provide synergistic effects across the spectrum of conflict. As future adversaries modernize, our legacy fourth generation aircraft will have limited capability to operate in an anti-access and area denial environment. Our Air Force must continue to invest in fifth generation weapon systems, and
begin looking even further into the future, to ensure continued dominance of American Airpower.
F-22
The F-22 Raptor is the only fielded U.S. fighter capable of operating in anti-access and area denial environments. F-22 attributes of stealth, super cruise, integrated avionics and sensors combine to deliver the Raptor's unique operational capability. F-22 modernization is required to counter advancing threats that specifically target F-22 capabilities. Accordingly, F-22 modernization is consistent with Department of Defense Strategic Guidance to "invest as required to ensure [the] ability to operate effectively in [anti-access and area denial] environments". Focused on maintaining operational superiority against the evolving threat, the Fiscal Year 2014 budget request for F-22 modernization investment includes $459.6 million in RDT&E in addition to $460.3 million in procurement in Fiscal Year 2014. Increment 3.1 is fielding now and is scheduled to be complete in Fiscal Year 2017, delivering advanced air-ground capabilities including Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ground mapping, threat geolocation, and Small Diameter Bomb (SDB) carriage. Increments 3.2A/B remain on track for fielding in 2014/2018 respectively, and will deliver advanced electronic protection and combat identification, AIM-120D and AIM-9X missiles, and significantly-improved ground threat geolocation.
The Air Force Scientific Advisory Board Aviation Oxygen Generation System Study made eight near-term and 14 long-term recommendations for corrective and mitigating actions to prevent hypoxia-like events that led to the fleet stand-down in May-Sept 2011. The Air Force completed all eight near-term actions to include replacement of the emergency oxygen system activation handle; modification of the pilot upper pressure garment and installation of an independent oxygen sensor and helmet-mounted pulse oximeter. Additionally, nine of 14 longer-term recommendations were implemented, with the remaining five expected to be complete by November 2014. Most notably, the retrofit of the Automatic Back-up Oxygen System is on track for completion by 2015. The first 16 Raptors at Elmendorf Air Force Base are expected to be complete by mid-April. The F-22 is operating safely world-wide, and flew over 38,000 hours since return to flight in September 2011. It has been over 12 months since the last unknown-cause hypoxia-like event occurred.
F-35
During Fiscal Year 2014, the Air Force will continue the balanced approach across the global precision attack portfolio by prioritizing investment in fifth-generation aircraft while sustaining legacy platforms as a bridge to the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.
The multi-role F-35A is the centerpiece of the Air Force’s future fighter precision attack capability. In addition to complementing the F-22’s world class air superiority capabilities, the F-35A is designed to penetrate air defenses and deliver a wide range of precision munitions. This modern, fifth-generation aircraft brings the added benefit of increased allied interoperability and cost-sharing across Services and eight partner nations. The Fiscal Year 2014 budget request includes $4.5 billion for continued development and procurement of 19 F-35A, conventional take-off and landing (CTOL) aircraft. The program has made significant strides overcoming software development delays and technical issues.
During Calendar Year 2012, the F-35 program team achieved a number of significant milestones, including: Milestone B approval, Low Rate Initial Production Lot 5 contract definitization, Lot 6 undefinitized contract action, an Operational Utility Evaluation, a ready for training declaration; the start of pilot training at Eglin Air Force Base, completion of over 1,100 test flights, first weapon separation test on an F-35A CTOL, and the delivery of 30 production aircraft to the Air Force and Marine Corps. These early production deliveries to our operational test and training fleet allows the Air Force to begin the necessary operational test and validation efforts of the (F-35) this year, while also building our initial cadre of instructors to train our future generations of combat-ready pilots and maintainers.
In Fiscal Year 2013, the Air Force planned to procure 19 F-35A CTOL aircraft. As a result of sequestration, the Air Force will have to reduce the procurement quantity by at least three and potentially as many as five aircraft.
The progress made so far and the steps we take today are crucial in our efforts for declaring F-35 Initial Operational Capability (IOC). After last year’s program re-baseline and Milestone B re-certification, the joint services were tasked to provide Congress our updated IOC criteria and
timeline estimates by June 1, 2013. The Air Force fully expects to have our IOC position to you by this suspense.
One last area of F-35 development to address is the Autonomic Logistics Information System, or ALIS. The Air Force understands ALIS is a necessary and integral element of the F-35 weapon system, and as such, is a top program priority. As designed, ALIS will tie F-35 mission planning, operational flight, ops and maintenance training, debrief, tech and flight manuals, prognostic health management, and supply chain management into one seamless information system. Early flight operations at Eglin Air Force Base demonstrated ALIS initial capability to support training, flight, and maintenance efforts. Although there were deficiencies identified and addressed during these early flight operations, and significant challenges remain through development, the Air Force remains cautiously optimistic continued ALIS development will deliver the required F-35 sustainment elements.
Air-to-Surface Weapons
All three mission areas (Stand-Off, Direct Attack, and Penetrator munitions) in the Air-to-Surface munitions inventory are short of inventory objectives. The most critical are stand-off and penetrator weapons. Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM) and SDB weapons along with Low Observable platforms are force multipliers in an anti-access andarea denial environment and their shortage could increase friendly force attrition and drive a much higher level of effort enabling the attack of other critical targets. The shortage of penetrator weapons will result in some inability to target adversary critical capabilities and increase risk. Direct attack munitions shortages drive the use of non-preferred munitions that decrease effectiveness and result in increased time and Air Force attrition accomplishing Combatant Commander objectives.
JASSM and JASSM-ER
JASSM and JASSM-ER (Extended Range) are currently the nation’s only stealthy, conventional, precision, launch-and-leave, stand-off missile capable of fighter and bomber aircraft employment. It is capable of penetrating next generation enemy air defenses to strike high value, hardened, fixed, or mobile targets.
Currently, JASSM is in Lot 11 production with over 1,000 missiles delivered and JASSM-ER is in Lot 2 production. The Fiscal Year 2014 procurement plans are to buy 182 missiles: 102 JASSMs and 80 JASSM-ERs. Fiscal Year 2014 also funds reliability efforts and the JASSM Weapon System Evaluation Program for flight testing of inventory assets. The Air Force is ramping-up the JASSM production to the most efficient rate (360 per year) by buying 224 missiles in Fiscal Year 2015 and 360 in Fiscal Year 2016 and beyond. While the range of JASSM is more than 200 nautical miles, JASSM-ER’s range is over twice that (over 500 nautical miles). JASSM-ER completed Initial Operational Test and Evaluation in January 2013 with 20 successful flight test shots out of 21, a success rate of over 95 percent. The Full Rate Production decision for JASSM-ER is December 2013, with a plan to transition to JASSM-ER only production in Fiscal Year 2017 and beyond at the max production rate of 360 missiles per year.
Air-to-Air Weapons
AIM-120D AMRAAM
The AIM-120 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) is the Department of Defense’s premier beyond-visual-range missile to counter existing and emerging air vehicle threats, operating at high or low altitude with electronic attack capabilities. AMRAAM is a key enabler for gaining air superiority and air dominance providing F-22, F-16, F-15, and F/A-18 aircraft the ability to achieve multiple kills per engagement. The latest evolution of AMRAAM is the AIM-120D, which brings increased range and kinematics, improved high off-boresight targeting, and an enhanced two-way data link for improved accuracy and lethality at range.
AIM-120D is an Acquisition Category 1C joint program, with the Air Force as lead service in partnership with the Navy. The AIM-120D Operational Test Readiness Review was successfully completed in May 2012 and the program is currently in dedicated operational testing. Fiscal Year 2014 plans are to complete dedicated operational testing, to include captive carry and free flight, and fielding on F/A-18 E/F and F-15 C/D aircraft. Force procurement for Fiscal Year 2014 is 199 units; along with a purchase of 54 units by the Navy. The program will continue to update the AMRAAM technical data package to ensure a viable, producible design through the expected production life of the AMRAAM program, and to maintain a robust supplier base capable of sustaining production for the life of the program.
Updates Requested by Congress
CV-22
Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) uses the CV-22 Osprey’s unique long range, speed, and vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) characteristics to provide special operations warfighters with specialized air mobility. In 2012, CV-22s completed 1,022 Operation ENDURING FREEDOM sorties, hauling over 135,000 pounds of cargo and extracting 299 detainees. In 2013, we will station aircraft at RAF Mildenhall, UK, the CV-22’s first overseas squadron.
The current CV-22 fleet stands at 32 aircraft with the final buy scheduled in Fiscal Year 2014 as part of the program’s second multi-year procurement. Current funding levels support the procurement of four Fiscal Year 2013 aircraft and the final three aircraft in Fiscal Year 2014. Declaration of full operational capability is scheduled following the delivery of the last CV-22 in Fiscal Year 2016, for a total of 49 operational AFSOC aircraft.
The Joint V-22 Program Office is increasing CV-22’s capabilities while executing an aggressive improvement program, which continues to make significant progress. Since Fiscal Year 2010, aircraft availability rates are up over 20 percent. Particular emphasis is being placed on improving CV-22 engine time-on-wing, which has already seen a 62 percent increase since Fiscal Year 2010. These trends have continued in the first half of Fiscal Year 2013. In Fiscal Year 2014, we will start development of an improved engine inlet solution to address sand ingestion problems that severely degrade engine performance and necessitate costly engine removals and repairs due to operating and training in austere desert environments.
Improvements to the CV-22 are being made in block increments and each block includes a number of modification upgrades installed as they become available. Retrofit modifications continue to bring the oldest CV-22s to the most current configuration. Sequestration reductions will delay installation of Block 20/C improvements on fielded aircraft. Future modifications and improvements to the CV-22 will make the aircraft even more reliable, productive, and cost-effective; thus ensuring the AFSOC’s long range VTOL capability is available and will provide specialized air mobility wherever and whenever required.
Combat Rescue Helicopter (CRH)
The Air Force is the only Service with a dedicated force that is organized, trained, and equipped to execute Personnel Recovery. Advanced helicopter capabilities, high-end tactically trained aircrews, and Battlefield Airmen who are trained in advanced battlefield trauma medicine allow these forces to provide lifesaving measures at the point of injury, anywhere in the world. These highly trained Airmen support Air Force, Joint, Coalition and Special Operations Forces in a wide variety of mission areas. In addition to overseas contingency deployments, these Airmen also serve as first responders during disaster relief and humanitarian assistance operations, making them some of the most highly stressed career fields in the U.S. military. Since 2001, our combat rescue forces saved over 7,000 lives, and in 2012 alone, they flew 4,500 missions saving 1,128 Coalition, Joint and partner nation lives in some of the harshest environments in the world.
The Air Force will continue to modify existing HH-60G helicopters to keep them viable until we can fully recapitalize the fleet with the CRH. This effort includes an operational loss replacement program that returns the HH-60G fleet to numbers capable of meeting our operational requirements. The operational loss replacement program is only a temporary bridge to allow us to meet operational demands until the entire fleet is recapitalized through CRH.
The CRH will conduct day and night marginal weather combat search and rescue in order to recover downed aircrew and isolated personnel in hostile environments. The program replaces the legacy fleet of aging HH-60G Pave Hawks. CRH is in source selection for 112 in-production helicopters and training systems configured by the original equipment manufacturer to meet the warfighter requirement. Our Fiscal Year 2014 budget supports contract award.
Command and Control (C2)
Command and Control, as a core function, is fundamental for all Air Force Core Functions. The C2 vision is to provide sufficiently robust, scalable, flexible, and rapidly deployable C2 capabilities, enabling commanders to fully exploit air, space, and cyberspace capabilities. Underpinning the proper employment of Airpower is the Air Operations Center (AOC) -- the senior element of the Theater Air Control System which serves as the focal point for planning, directing, and assessing air, space, and cyberspace operations to meet Joint Force Air Component Commander operational objectives and guidance.
The C2 emphasis in the Fiscal Year 2013 budget complies with the Department of Defense’s budget reduction goals while maintaining an adequate C2 capability. The Fiscal Year 2014 budget request supports the AOC, E-8C Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS), E-3 Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AWACS), and Three-Dimensional Expeditionary Long Range Radar (3DELRR) programs.
Investments in JSTARS will sustain the fleet pending decisions from the Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)/ Moving Target Indicator (MTI)/JSTARS Mission Area Analysis of Alternatives (AoA), while the E-3 AWACS will continue the Block 40/45 upgrades with the
3DELRR program pressing towards source selection for a new ground based sensor.
Air Operations Center (AOC)
The AOC provides operational-level C2 of air, space, and cyberspace operations. The AOC coordinates closely with superior and subordinate C2 nodes, as well as the headquarters of other functional and service component commands to integrate the numerous aspects of air, space, and cyberspace operations and accomplish its mission. To effectively integrate the Theater Air Control System (TACS) elements, the AOC develops and establishes theater-wide C2 guidance of regular and irregular warfare, providing overarching direction to all the TACS elements. The baseline AOC Weapons System (Increment 10.1) requires modernization to enable collaboration, improve information accuracy, and provide enhanced system security against known and projected cyber threats. The sustainment of AOC Weapon System 10.1, and the continued development and successful fielding of AOC Weapon System 10.2 is critical to maintain joint interoperability and provide operational-level C2 to assigned and apportioned forces.
E-8C JSTARS
The E-8C JSTARS is the world’s premier airborne Command, Control, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C2ISR) platform for air-to-ground Battle Management operations. It provides long-endurance, all-weather, surveillance and targeting of moving and stationary targets via GMTI and SAR technology.
The Air Force completed the Airborne SAR/MTI JSTARS Mission Area AoA in 2011, which concluded that the optimum choice for the future of Air Force MTI was to use a business jet class aircraft with an advanced radar and on-board Battle Management Command and Control (BMC2) suite. The AoA also concluded that upgrading the current E-8C fleet with an Advanced Radar and new BMC2 Suite would be the next best solution, but has significantly high lifecycle costs. In the current fiscal environment, there is a lack of funding for a JSTARS replacement surveillance aircraft. The Air Force continues to fund the operations and support of the JSTARS platform to meet warfighter requirements. Critical near term diminishing manufacturing sources (DMS) issues have been addressed through the Multifunctional Information Distribution System (MIDS) Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) and Prime Mission Equipment DMS efforts. It is currently estimated that DMS issues will not cause grounding of any JSTARS platforms until 2025+. These modernization efforts keep JSTARS viable to support the National Military Strategy.
The JSTARS weapons system has been in continuous surge operations since 2004 and this level of tasking is expected to continue as Combatant Commander requirements for ground and maritime moving target surveillance continue to escalate. Current Global Force Management Allocation Plan (GFMAP) taskings and projected E-8C GFMAP allocations for Fiscal Years 2014-2015 will require continued deployment at these rates, limiting E-8C worldwide availability in support of emerging contingency responses.
E-3 AWACS
The 31 aircraft E-3 AWACS fleet is the Department of Defense’s premier airborne surveillance and BMC2 weapon system. AWACS is a key airborne element of TACS and delivers combat effects of BMC2, Battlespace Awareness (BA) and Decision Superiority (DS). As a rapidly deployable system, the E-3 is often the first surveillance and BMC2 capability in theater.
The E-3 fleet has struggled to consistently meet Air Combat Command’s Mission Capable requirement. Additionally, the depot is seeing increased corrosion in the fuselage and wings leading to expectations for increased aging aircraft issues in the next programmed depot maintenance cycles. System mission capable rates will likely deteriorate further when considering recent reductions to operations and sustainment budgets.
AWACS, with its current modernization programs, is adequate for executing the National Military Strategy. Current modernization efforts focus on upgrading battle management mission systems through the 40/45 upgrade, as well as cockpit avionics to provide the AWACS with the computing and communications architecture to participate in a net-enabled battlespace, and avionics that are free from DMS issues to meet worldwide airspace navigation requirements.
AWACS requires these future efforts to address adversary threats and effectively participate in coalition and joint networked battlespace. Future efforts include BMC2 enhancements and wide-band communications to allow for net centric operations and data exchange with other weapon systems and elements of the enterprise as well as sensor upgrades to detect low/very low radar cross section air target sets and improve operations in an electronic attack environment. Future capability enhancements will depend on the priority and phasing relative to other Department efforts and difficult choices may be required to live within funding constraints.
Three-Dimensional Expeditionary Long Range Radar (3DELRR)
Fundamental to the Air Force’s ability to provide unparalleled, expert, and sustained BMC2 is the ground-based Control and Reporting Center (CRC) weapon system, is the replacement of its 1970s-era technology primary sensor that is becoming unsupportable. The mission of the CRC is to provide persistent tactical level BMC2 to joint and combined air, land, and sea power assets in support of the Joint/Combined Forces Air Component Commander's objectives. The
3DELRR is planned to be the principal Air Force long range, ground-based sensor to detect, identify, track, and report aerial targets in support of theater commanders, with the Full Operational Capability for 35 radars scheduled for 2025. Extensive operational analyses have resulted in well-defined requirements based on current and future threats and scenarios. After a $252 million cut to the program in the Fiscal Year 2013 budget, the Air Force identified
cost/performance trades to enable the program to move the forward.
IV. Conclusion
The Air Force is still assessing the exact impacts of sequestration on Air Force total obligation authority in Fiscal Year 2014 and beyond. Any further reductions to our Fiscal Year 2014 budget request will drive additional risks to our readiness, force structure, and ability to
modernize an aging aircraft inventory. In addition, the outcome of the strategic choices and management review may drive profound changes across the Department of Defense.
As we navigate the uncertain way ahead, to mitigate risk in critical areas like readiness, force structure and modernization, we will continue to work with Congress to develop executable force shaping options, and ask support for another BRAC round to reduce excess infrastructure as a means to meet sizable budget reduction goals.
Our sister services and allies expect your Air Force to provide critical warfighting and enabling capabilities. We remain focused on delivering Global Power, Reach, and Vigilance through our core missions of Air and Space Superiority, Global Strike, Rapid Global Mobility, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance and global Command and Control. We look forward to working closely together as we address the challenges of near-term uncertainty to provide the ability to deliver combat air power for America when and where we are needed.
军事英语口语系列：军事训练 414. Every one knows the term of military training. 每个人知道军事训练这个词。 415. Who can make it clear in one word? 谁能用一句话把军事训练说清楚呢？ 416. Generals have their missions. 将军们有他们的使命。 417. Soldiers have their duties. 士兵们有他们的职责。 418. The Navy has its tactics and training items. 海军有自己的战术和训练项目。 419. Have you taken part in the naval exercises? 你参加过海军演习吗？ 420. If not, you should have seen some films involved. 如果没有的话，你应该看过有关电影。 421. "Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor" is a well-known sea battle. 《奇袭珍珠港》是一个著名的海战战例。 422. Y ou can learn more from the book "Sea Fight". 你可以从《大海战》这部书中了解更多的东西。 423. From TV, we often see a few aircraft carriers cruising the oceans. 从电视上我们常看到几艘航母在各大洋游弋。 424. A Russian submarine sank to the seabed in an exercise.
美军推进军事训练转型的主要做法 美军认为，军事训练历来是提高部队战斗力的基本手段，是夺取和赢得战争胜利的决定性因素之一。在近期的几场局部战争中，美军所展现出的强大的战斗力，主要得益于平时高水平的训练、教育和演习。近年来，美军在加快军事转型的过程中，特别强调加快训练转型的步伐，它的很多做法很有借鉴作用。 一、更新训练观念 美军认为，人类正在从工业时代向信息时代过渡，美军军事转型的目的就是要把工业时代的军事转变为信息时代的军事。为此，首要的和最重要的任务是更新观念，即人们必须从陈旧的工业时代的军事训练观念中解放出来，树立全新的信息时代的军事训练观念。从美军的官方文件和具体做法来看，主要是强调树立以下几个观念。 一是联合作战的观念。美军强调信息时代所有的作战行动都是联合作战。大到大规模战区战争，小到较小规模的应急作战行动，都是联合作战或联合行动。即便是一个很小的战术动作，也都是联合行动。任何单一的军种都难以独立完成联合作战或联合行动任务。因此，美军强调各军种、各部队都要把联合训练放在最优先的位置，强调从基础的单兵训练开始就向士兵灌输“本能的联合思维”。陆、海、空三军的最新作战条令，不再像以往那样总是强调自己多么重要，而是更多地强调自己是联合部队的一员，是整体作战力量的一分子，要把联合训练作为军事训练的重中之重。 二是训战一体的观念。早在上世纪70-80年代的训练改革中，美军就强调以实战为标准，“战时怎么打，平时就怎么练”，要求没有参战经历的人员和部队通过训练获得“实战经验”。这一训练指导思想对促进美军的训练改革和提高部队战斗力起到了巨大的推动作用。在当前军事转型的过程中，美军进一步提出“按打仗的方式训练，按训练的方式打仗”的训练指导思想。据不完全统计，美军的内部训练死亡人数甚至高于战争死亡人数，但美军并没有因此降低训练标准和训练强度。美军认为如果以牺牲战斗力为代价换取所谓“安全”，不仅将严重影响训练效果，而且还会使官兵军事和技术素质降低，易于诱发事故。据美国防部官员称，参加伊拉克战争的士兵在战前进行的一系列训练和演习，比实战还要艰苦。 三是任务导向的观念。美军强调，军事训练的要旨是需求，着眼于任务，以任务为导向和牵引。在确定军事训练的内容时，美军强调根据国家安全战略和国家军事战略的要求，以主要作战任务为导向，制定相应的训练和演习计划，合理分配资源，将重点放在那些为完成任务而必须演练的科目上。 “9?11”事件后，美军根据反恐战争的新形势，及时调整、充实和完善训练和演习的内容，把反恐作战、信息战、情报战等列为其军事训练的优先科目，在实战中取得了较好的效果。 正是因为不断地进行观念的更新，美军的军事训练才能紧跟时代的步伐，为提高战斗力服务。 二、加快训练体制改革 近年来，美军训练体制一直在不断地改革和完善，现已基本形成在国防部和参联会统一领导下的，由联合部队司令部和各军种、各联合总部具体负责组织实施的联合训练体制。这
国内民航飞机分类概述 大型宽体飞机：座位数在200以上，飞机上有双通道通行 747 波音747，载客数在350-400人左右。（747、74E均为波音747的不同型号） 777 波音777，载客在350人左右。（或以77B作为代号） 767 波音767，载客在280人左右 M11 麦道11，载客340人左右 340 空中客车340，载客350人左右 300 空中客车300，载客280人左右（或以AB6作为代号） 310 空中客车310，载客250人左右 ILW 伊尔86，苏联飞机，载客300人左右 中型飞机：指单通道飞机，载客在100人以上，200人以下 M90 麦道82，麦道90载客150人左右 733 波音737系列载客在130-160左右 320 空中客车320，载客180人左右 TU5 苏联飞机，载客150人左右 146 英国宇航公司BAE-146飞机，载客108人 YK2 雅克42，苏联飞机，载客110人左右 小型飞机：指100座以下飞机，多用于支线飞行 YN7 运7，国产飞机，载客50人左右 AN4 安24，苏联飞机，载客50人左右 SF3 萨伯100，载客30人左右 ATR 雅泰72A，载客70人左右 美国波音公司和欧洲空客公司是世界上两家最大的飞机制造商。波音是世界最大的航空航天公司，1997年波音与麦道公司合并，其主要民机产品包括717、737、747、757、767、777和波音公务机。全球正在使用中的波音喷气客机达11000多架。欧洲空客公司成立于1970年，如今已成为美国波音飞机公司在世界民用飞机市场上的主要竞争对手。30年来，该公司共获得来自175家客户的订货4200余架。 波音公司飞机机型系列的波音公司飞机型号介绍 波音737介绍 波音737飞机是波音公司生产的双发（动机）中短程运输机，被称为世界航空史上最成功的民航客机。在获得德国汉莎航空公司10架启动订单后波音737飞机于1964年5月开始研制，1967年4月原型机试飞,12月取得适航证，1968年2月投入航线运营。 波音737飞机基本型为B737-100型。传统型B737分100/200/300/400/500型五种，1998年12月5日，第3000架传统型B737出厂。目前，传统型B737均已停止生产。 1993年11月，新一代波音737项目正式启动，新一代波音737分600/700/800/900型四种，它以出色的技术赢得了市场青睐，被称为卖的最快的民航客机。截止2001年底，已交付超过1000架。 2000年1月，波音737成为历史上第一种累计飞行超过1亿小时的飞机。
国内现有使用的直升机机型 W-8088 蜂鸟EC120 王斌像框集团 B-2116 麦道600N 广东省通用航空2005年2月10日失事 B-2118 麦道600N 广东省通用航空 B-2305 麦道600N 广东省通用航空托管正阳集团 LR0068 超美洲豹AS332L2 中信海洋直升机股份有限公司 B-7001 BO-105 东方通用航空公司 B-7002 BO-105 东方通用航空公司 B-7003 欧直EC120蜂鸟北京首都通用航空公司 B-7005 欧直EC155 中信海洋直升机股份有限公司 B-7006 欧直EC155 中信海洋直升机股份有限公司 B-7007 欧直EC135 中信海洋直升机股份有限公司租给沈阳公安编号:G-201001 B-7008 欧直EC155 中信海洋直升机股份有限公司 B-7009 欧直EC135 青岛直升机航空有限公司托管春兰集团2004年9月16日失事 B-7010 R44 ASTRO 德州万里通航 B-7011 欧直EC135 青岛直升机航空有限公司托管海尔集团 B-7012 R44 ASTRO 广东白云通航：广东公安培训 B-7013 R22 Mariner 广东白云通航：广东公安培训 B-7014 R22 Mariner 安阳航校：培训 B-7015 R22 Beta 安阳航校：培训 B-7016 R22 Beta 安阳航校：培训 B-7017 R22 Beta 安阳航校：培训 B-7018 R22 Beta 安阳航校：培训 B-7019 CESSNA 560XL奖状远大空调有限公司航空部 B-7020 恩斯特龙TH-28 武汉通通用航空公司 B-7030 恩斯特龙EH-480 武汉通用航空公司 B-7031 恩斯特龙EH-480 武汉通用航空公司不幸于2003年11月23日在武当山坠落 B-7046 R44 武汉通用航空公司 B-7050 R22 Beta II 北京首都通用航空有限公司：培训和通航作业现转卖国外 B-7051 R22 Beta II 北京首都通用航空有限公司：培训和通航作业现转卖国外 B-7052 R22 Beta II 广东白云通航：广东公安培训 B-7053 R22 Beta 南京神州通航：培训和通航作业 B-7055 R22 Beta 广东白云通航：培训 B-7061 R44 ASTRO 湖北私营企业：通航作业。 B-7062 R44 安阳航校：通航作业 B-7063 R44 上海前沿控股集团 B-7064 R44 RA VEN II 南京神州通航培训和通航作业 B-7066 R44 RA VEN II 广东私营企业：通航作业 B-7070 直11 中信海洋直升机股份有限公司托管中央电视台 B-7101 直九中信海洋直升机股份有限公司 B-7102 直九中信海洋直升机股份有限公司
美国军事职业教育探究 军事职业教育主要包括生长干部的任职教育和在职干部的继续教育。其最主要的特点是突出教育的实践性，着眼于人员实践能力的培养与锻炼。在这方面美军军事职业教育可以说走在各国的前列。研究美军军事职业教育特点对我军职业教育的构建具有重要的借鉴意义。 一、美军军事职业教育特点 和平时期，美军把教育训练作为提高官兵素质、增强部队战斗力的根本途径。美军人才培养实施基础与专业分训，基础学历教育主要由陆、海、空军的军官学校、军官候补学校和设在地方大学的后备军官训练团担负，强调培养“通才”；而各军种的专业院校主要集中于进行培养“专才”的军事职业教育。其军事职业教育训练具有以下几点特征： (一)强调军事职业教育的重要性 美军认为，教育训练是胜利的奠基石；现代化武器无论多么先进、威力多么巨大，离开熟练掌握操作技能的人员也不可能发挥效能，军事职业教育训练对部队战斗力提高具有生死攸关的意义。美军职业教育训练包括任职培训及任职后的继续教育。美军始终把军事职业教育训练摆在重要地位，高度重视加强对教育训练的领导，建立了比较严密、科学的教育训练领导机构和管理制度。美军参谋长联席会议负责审定全军教育训练大纲，陆、海、空三军均设有训练与条令司令部和部队司令部，负责本军种单个人员(院校)与部队训练原则与计划的制定。美军于1985年增设了“国防部办公厅训练与训练技术指导委员会”和“国防训练数据与分析中心”，负责掌握有关教育训练信息，及时运用新技术，探索新办法，以改进全军的教育训练工作。 (二)强调军事职业教育的针对性 美军十分重视军事职业技术教育训练的适应性。美军军官实行的“逐级培训”，具有鲜明进修教育“岗位培训”的特点，按照岗位要求进行专业教育训练，教学内容的针对性很强，最大限度地实现训用一致，确保官兵素质与职务晋升和装备发展保持同步。初级军校主要对新军官进行与第一任制密切相关的军兵种专业技术教育，对在职初级军官进行拟晋职所必须具备的业务技能教育。中级军校
军事训练方面个人总结 导语：专业理论学习中能够从基础知识学起，对需要掌握的知识能够加班加点的背记。以下为大家介绍军事训练方面个人总结文章，仅供参考! 军事训练方面个人总结篇一时间如流水，转眼间一年的工作已经结束。一年来在连队党支部和班排的正确领导下，通过自己的努力认真完成了上级交给的各项任务。回想这一年的工作取得了很大的进步但也存在一些问题，为了更好的在工作中能够奋发进取，为连队建设贡献自己的一份力量。我将从以下几个方面对全年工作进行总结。 一、政治思想：积极参加政治理论学习，思想比较稳定，能够认真学习政治教育，课后注意复习并写心得体会，把课堂上的知识消化掉。始终没有降低自己的严格要求。深入学习实践科学发展观活动和改革革开放史教育，使我明白作为基层战士，受党的培养在政治立场上必须坚定，始终严格要求自己，在思想上与党中央保持高度一致。 二、军事训练：专业理论学习中能够从基础知识学起，对需要掌握的知识能够加班加点的背记。在队列及体能训练中能够按照要求做好，能够严格要求自己。 三、作风纪律：作风纪律是一支部队战斗力强弱的直接体现。认真学习条令条例和各项规章制度，在组织的条令条
例中能够充分利用时间来学好并应用到平时的生活中。注意个人养成从点点滴滴做起，集合站队迅速，歌声口号响亮对自己的小节和不良习惯都有很好的纠正。“出门看队列，进门看内务”内务卫生也是体现一个合格军人素质的重要方面。再打扫卫生方面自己也能积极参加。内务卫生严格要求，符合连队的要求。 四、完成任务：在完成任务上，能够发扬特别能吃苦，特别能耐劳的精神，公差勤务和上级交给的各项任务能够高标准的完成。 五、安全保密：安全保密工作也是我们的重要工作，虽然不是中心工作，但它影响中心工作。在今年我时刻都把安全放到第一位，尽量做到不因为自己的疏忽影响领导精力。保密就是保安全保生命，我旅是国家的拳头部队，保密工作更不能忽视，所以在保密工作上更加严格要求自己。 六、存在问题： 1、政治理论学习的不够深，只能学习一些常见知识和表面知识。各种笔记记的不是很全。 2、军事训练不能始终保持良好的作用，专业学习不够深，队列素质不强，体能训练还有待提高。 3、作风纪律有所放松，不能一如既往的保持。在细小方面重视还程度不够。 4、完成任务方面有时候标准不是很高。
运输五型 MADE IN CHINA 中国产运输五B（D）型飞机是中华人民共和国民航总局唯一批准载客飞行的单引擎飞机，是中国农林化、航测等飞行主要机型。 运输八型 运八型飞机是中国产全气密民用货机，广泛用于普通及鲜活货物运输。 MD600N型直升机WORLD IMPORT TO CHINA ’S HELICOPTERS MD600N是一种轻型单发涡轮轴直升机，可以载客：7～8名，7-8 SEAT ，中国引进的无尾桨型直升机。 MD902型直升机WORLD HELIS IMPORT TO CHINA MD902是一种轻型双发涡轮轴直升机，可以载客8名，8 SEAT，新一代无尾桨型直升机。 C172型（天鹰） C172型飞机是世界上生产量最大、最流行、最安全初级教练机和私人飞机。 美国Cessna公司生产性能先进高空CitationⅡ型(奖状Ⅱ或呼唤Ⅱ型)飞机，Citation Jet I型飞机，国产Y-12型飞机，Y-5型飞机。飞机上装备有技术精良的作业设备，拥有RC-20、RC-10、RMK航空摄影仪，LTN-72 PICS惯性导航系统，激光惯导系统，全球卫星定位系统，可以实现空中全自动作业飞行。在航空摄影领域具有高、中、低空配套，大中小比例尺齐全的黑白、彩色、彩红外摄影能力，航空摄影领域用飞机；利用设备先进的高速摄影机拍摄空中弹射救生； 小鹰100轻型飞机，贝尔直升机公司、欧洲直升机公司、西科斯基直升机公司、罗宾逊直升机公司等公司直升机以及赛斯纳飞机等私人飞机，湾留飞机公司等公务机；水陆两用轻型飞机、动力悬挂飞机； “空中拖拉机”（Air Tractor） “空中拖拉机”是美国空中拖拉机公司研制的农业机。普拉特·惠特尼集团公司PT6A或 R-1340发动机的以下8种型别：AT-401B、AT-402B、AT-502、AT-502A、AT-502B、AT-802、AT-802A 和AT-802AF（灭火型）。座舱封闭式座舱，1名驾驶员。 PA-36“新印第安勇士”（New Brave） PA-36是美国派珀飞机公司研制的中型农业机。座舱封闭式座舱，1名驾驶员。 S2R“画眉鸟”（Thrush） “画眉鸟”农业机最初是美国罗克韦尔国际公司设计制造，座舱封闭式座舱，1名驾驶员。 “农用卡车”（Ag Truck） “农用卡车”是美国赛斯纳飞机公司1971年11月开始研制的轻型农业飞机。座舱封闭式座舱，1名驾驶员。 “农业猫”超-B（Ag-Cat Super-B） “农业猫”是美国施韦策飞机公司根据格鲁门公司转包合同生产的单座双翼农业飞机。座舱
中国通用航空史 1983 年 1 月，我国第一个企业自办的航空服务队-- 新疆生产建设兵团农业航空服务队，在石河子市成立，购 置运十一型飞机10 架，主营农业航空。 3月，民航工业航空服务公司邯郸分公司吴顺生机组，首次驾驶拉玛型直升机在青海冷湖为中美合作石油地震勘探进行空中吊挂作业，以及提供陆上石油服务飞行。 5月，民航广州管理局、民航湖南省局和农业部门，在大通湖农场，进行水稻喷施锌肥试验，对水稻增产显著，同时防治早稻僵苗病害有明显的效果，每公顷用1500 克锌肥加磷酸二氢钾2250 克。较对照增产 7．9％。 12 月，民航总局以（82 ）民航计字第286 号文，批准组建上海市海洋石油服务总公司民航直升机公 司（即民航上海直升机公司）。 1983年至1989年期间，中国工业航空服务公司与国家测绘科学研究所合作，共同研制的"18一 23厘米MSP大像幅多光谱航空摄影技术" ，具有 "一摄多用"的功能，其摄取的图像色彩鲜艳，信息丰富，影像清晰， 既可用于测绘地形图，也可用于资源调查，该项技术达到了国内首创、国际领先水平，获国家科技进步二 等奖和民航局科技进步一等奖。 1984 年 民航徐州设备修造厂研制成功运五型飞机Gp--8l 型喷液设备，具有造价低、流量准、不漏药、防腐蚀性强和兼用等特点。1986 年，获民航局科技进步一等奖，1987 年获国家科技进步三等奖。 2 月，中国工业航空服务公司派出两架米－8 直升机和l 架双水獭飞机，在沙雅、库尔勒设立飞行基 地，担负在塔克拉玛沙漠中美合作进行的陆上石油地球物理勘探陆上石油服务飞行任务。 民航河南省局和省农业厅合作，在黄泛区农场和西华等县，使用飞机对小麦病、虫进行防治技术综合研究， 4 年共飞行 1363 小时，试验推广面积 13.33 万公顷，比对照增产 10.35 ％。 民航总局从美国、法国分别引进贝尔一 2l4ST 、海豚 (SA--365N ）型直升机，分别由民航广州管理局和民航工业航空服务公司执管，用于海上石油服务作业。 1985 年 1- 2 月，由中国民航总局和航空工业部共同组团，一行10 人，以陈自业、李安屏为正、副团长，赴美国考察农业航空。 4 月，民航总局批准组建中国飞龙专业航空公司（8 5 ）民航局函字第234 号， 198 6 年 5 月颁发通用 航空经营许可证。
中国国防复习题 注：红色为修改后的答案 一．基础题 1、国防的含义、目的、手段 答：含义：国家为防备和抵制侵略，制止武装颠覆，保卫国家的主权，统一，领土完整和安全所进行的军事活动及军事有关的政治，经济，外交，科技，教育方面的活动。 目的：捍卫国家的主权；保卫国家的统一；保卫国家的领土完整；维护国家的安全。 手段：包括军事活动以及与军事有关的政治、经济、外交、科技、教育等方面的活动。 2、我国上下几千年的国防历史给我们的启示 答：①强大的国防必须要有强大的经济发展力量做后盾②国防的兴衰取决于国家政治的兴衰③巩固国防必须建设质量高、数量足的军队④武器装备的优劣是决定国防强弱的重要因素⑤只有国家统一、民族团结才能形成强大的国防⑥国防意识是国防赖以确定的精神根基 3、我国武装力量的构成 答：中国人民解放军现役部队和预备部队、人民武装警察部队和民兵组成的人民武装力量。 4、我国国防的基本目标。 答：巩固国防，防备和抵制侵略②制止分裂，实现祖国完全统一③制止武装颠覆，维护社会稳定④加强国防建设，实现国防和军队现代化⑤维护世界和平，反对侵略扩张5、我国的全民国防教育日是哪一天 答：每年的九月第三个星期六。 6、我国的陆地国土面积、海洋国土面积、大国土面积分别是多少 答：陆地面积约960万平方公里；海洋国土面积约300万平方公里；国土面积：约1260万平方公里。 7、我国的陆地边界线和海岸线分别是多少 答：陆上国界线长达22300多千米；海岸线：1.8万多千米 8、中国人民解放军的构成 答：陆军、海军、空军、第二炮兵、中国人民武装警察部队和各种兵种部队。 9、建国后三次大裁军的概况。答：1985年-100万，1997年-50万，2003年-20万 10、《孙子兵法》的作者、产生时间 答：作者：孙武；产生时间：中国春秋战国时期 11、毛泽东人民军队思想的内容 答：①党对军队的绝对领导是建军的根本原则②没有一支人民的军队，便没有人民的一切③全心全意为人民服务是人民军队的唯一宗旨④政治工作是人民军队的生命线 12、我军政治工作三大原则 答：官兵一致、军民一致、瓦解敌军的原则。 13、新时期军队建设“五句话”总要求
推进军事训练转变必须坚持走科技兴训之路 科学技术的迅猛发展正深刻改变着战斗力生成模式。我们要坚持走科技兴训之路，充分发挥科学技术对军事训练的推动作用，积极探索信息化条件下科技练兵新途径和新方法，推动军事训练又快又好发展。 科技练兵的实质，就是尊重科学、运用科学，依靠科技进步推动军事训练的发展。坚持和深化科技练兵已成为军事训练发展的必然趋势。纵观战斗力生成模式的演变，科学技术起着十分关键的主导作用。人类军事发展史表明，历史上每一次科学技术的巨大进步，都在军事领域引发新的军事变革，从而带动新型军事知识体系及能力结构的形成，提高武器装备的效能及人员的素质，提供高效的教育训练手段，促进新的体制的产生，最终形成以先进科学技术为标志的新的战斗力生成模式。 目前，我军机械化建设任务尚未完成，信息化建设处在全面发展的起始阶段，军事技术总体水平还不高，训练中运用信息化手段还不够，战斗力生成模式还没有完全转到依靠科技创新上来。因此，只有坚持科技兴训，努力增大军事训练的科技含量，不断提高科学技术对战斗力增长的贡献率，才能尽快实现我军战斗力生成模式的根本转变。 坚持走科技兴训之路，关键是要学科技、用科技。通过不断增大军事训练的科技含量，提高军事训练的质量和效益。要针对不同层次、不同专业、不同岗位的特定要求，突出高科技知识和现代军事知识的学习，科学确定新知识、新技能的训练内容。要把高科技知识作为考核的重要内容，深入持久地抓下去，使高科技学习经常化、制度化、规范化。要适应科技创新和知识更新周期加快的趋势，强化终身学习观念，不断吸收人类创造的最新知识和成果。要把学习高科技知识与研究现代战争、解决军事斗争准备问题和履行岗位职责结合起来，增强学习效果，不断提高官兵科技素质和军事素养。 坚持走科技兴训之路，要突出新装备训练。新装备训练是战斗力新的增长点。要充分认清新装备形成战斗力的艰巨性和复杂性，充分认清新装备对作战方式带来的深刻影响，加强对新装备操纵使用、战斗编组形式、作战指挥方式和战法的研练。不仅要练好掌握运用新装备的本领，还要完善新装备“编、训、管、修、供”相结合的运行机制，推进武器装备实战能力的整体跃升。要充分运用信息技术，挖掘老装备的潜力，下功夫研究如何通过训练实现新老装备有机结合，实现高、中、低技术合理搭配，最大限度地发挥现有装备的整体效能。 坚持走科技兴训之路，要努力运用好现代化训练方法和手段。加强训练基地建设，创建逼真的信息化战场环境，发挥训练基地的综合效益，使基地化训练成为提高部队信息化条件下整体作战能力的重要方式。要加快发展模拟器材，加强模拟训练对实装训练的辅助和支持作用，使实装训练与模拟训练紧密结合。要推进网络化建设，特别是要开发作战指挥信息系统训练功能，依托网络扎实有效地开展训练，以推动机械化条件下军事训练向信息化条件下军事训练转变。
中国各民用航空公司飞机机队资料 本表更新于：2019年12月 资料来源有限，错误之处请予以指正，在此表示感谢！ 讲明： 1.各航空公司总计数量由于仅统计本表内所列机型，与航空公司实际飞机总数会有出入 2.海南航空各机型数量已包括海航集团属下大新华航空、天津航空、新华航空、山西航空、扬子江快运、首都航空、祥鹏航空、西部航空的情形,未包含作为公务机的737和319的数量 3.中国货运航空机型数量已包括上海国际货运航空、长城航空公司的情形 4.中国东方航空机队数量暂未包含其全资子公司上海航空的机队，目前，上海航空保留品牌，独立运营 5.河南航空2018年8月25日起暂停运营，翡翠航空、银河航空2019年起暂停运营，飞机均处于停场状态
E19074－－1650－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－44－－－－－MA6013－－－－－－－－－－7－－－－－－－－－－6－－－－－－－合计293305396303866672629115173297730101917233641328354 国际东 方 南 方 海 南 厦 门 上 海 四 川 山 东 重 庆 深圳 奥 凯 春 秋 顺 丰 华 夏 东 海 吉 祥 成 都 中 货 邮 政 联 合 翡 翠 幸 福 河 南 河 北 长 龙 昆 明 友 和 道 通 西 藏 大连中国各民用航空公司飞机机队资料 （按公司分类） 中国航空集团 中国国际航空公司的前身---民航北京治理局飞行总队于1955年1月1日正式成立。1988年民航北京治理局分设，成立中国国际航空公司。 依照国务院批准通过的《民航体制改革方案》，2002年10月，中国国际航空公司联合中国航空总公司和中国西南航空公司，成立了中国航空集团公司，并以联合三方的航空运输资源为基础，组建新的中国国际航空公司。2004年9月30日，作为中国航空集团公司控股的航空运输主业公司，中国国际航空股份有限公司在北京正式成立，连续保留原中国国际航空公司的名称，并使用中国国际航空公司的标志，连续被指定为唯独载国旗飞行的民用航空公司。2007年12月，中国国际航空公司正式加入世界上最大的航空联盟---星空联盟。
707 目录 概况 技术数据 主要型号 波音707在中国 [返回顶部] 概况 波音707是美国波音公司研制的四发远程喷气运输机，原型机编号367-80，1954年7月15日首次试飞。不久，在此试验机的基础上为美国空军研制出KC-135空中加油机，并大量生产。经美国空军同意，1957年在KC-135的基础上发展成民用客机波音707，同年12月首次试飞，1958年开始交付使用，并有许多改型，最后一架民用型707于1982年3月交付使用，该机是707-320C型。截止1992年3月31日，707共获订货1010架，生产线已于1991年关闭，1992年5月交付最后一架军用型。军用型除KC-135外还包括美空军的E-3、E-6和E-8。 1982年开始，波音公司陆续为正在服役的630架KC-135进行延寿处理和更换新型发动机，将翼下蒙皮更新，可使飞机寿命延长27000飞行小时，再把发动机换成 CFM56-2B-1涡扇发动机。这些措施可使KC-135机队服役到2020年。更换发动机后的美国空军的KC-135称KC-135R，美国海岸警卫队的KC-135称为KC-135E，法国空军的KC-135称为KC-135FR。波音公司用波音707为美国空军改装49架空中预警机E-3A，1983年4月，还开始用波音707改装成空中通信机E-6，用于美国国家指挥中心和美国海军“三叉戟”核潜艇舰队之间的通信联络。美国用波音707改装成联合机载雷达系统研究机E-8A，并决定E-8A将不再采用新制造的机身，而只是将民用型的707换装发动机。 波音707主要民用型别：波音707-120，第一种生产型；707-220，类似于-120型；707-320，洲际远程型；707-320 B，-320的改进型；707-320 C，-320B的改进型，中国民航曾购买10架-320C型；707-420型，改进的远程型；还有货运型和客货混合型；美国总统使用的“空军一号”专机型。 [返回顶部]
通用航空所涉及的飞机 简介 Document number：WTWYT-WYWY-BTGTT-YTTYU-2018GT
通航飞机简介 运输五型： 中国产运输五B（D）型飞机是中华人民共和国民航总局唯一批准载客飞行的单引擎飞机，是中国农林化、航测等飞行主要机型。 运-5运输机参考数据： 运输八型： 运-8（代号：Y-8，英文：ShaanxiY-8）运输机，是中国航空工业陕西飞机制造公司研制的四发涡轮螺桨中程运输机，可用于空投、空降、运输、救生及海上作业等多种用途[1]。该机参照原型为苏联安东诺夫设计局设计的 运-8运输机参考数据：
运-12型： 运-12（代号：Y-12，英文：HarbinY-12）运输机，是在基础上研制的轻型双发多用途运输机. 运-12飞机参考数据：
赛斯纳（Cessna）208 该型飞机是赛斯纳飞机公司全新设计的第一种单发涡桨式多用途轻型飞机，打算用来补充或替换正在世界各地执行多种任务的几千架加拿大德·哈维兰公司生产的“海狸”和“水獭”。该机除可用作客、货运输外，换装专用设备后，还可用于空中灭火、空中摄影、农业喷洒、边境巡逻、跳伞、空投物资、医疗救护和监视飞行等任务。 CESSNA208BGrandCaravan基本数据： 翼展：米 机长：米 机高：米 客舱空间长宽高：××(米) 空机重：1979公斤 最大起飞总重：3969公斤 最大可用载重：2005公斤 最大油箱容量：2249升 最大巡航速度：341公里/小时 最大航程：1680公里 空中国王350: “空中国王”350i于2009年12月获得美国FAA和EASA型号合格证，并于12月底首付客户使用的系统。 空中国王350性能参数
美国空军学院 关键词：大学公立综合性 院校简介 美国空军学院（USAFA），是一个经认可的为美国空军军官提供大学本科教育的机构。其校园位于美国科罗拉多州斯普林斯埃尔帕索县的北部。该学院也是科罗拉多州其中一个最大的旅游景点，每年吸引超过100万游客。1954年4月1日，当时艾森豪威尔总统签署了法案，建立了美国空军学院。美国空军学院校园内拥有最先进的设施，包括实验室、观测站和一个馆藏书量超过七十万册的图书馆。军校无须缴纳学费，每月并可以获得津贴，但前提条件是学员要承诺毕业后要在军队服务数年。学院开设有：航空工程、宇航工程、基础科学、行为科学、生物学、化学、土木工程、计算机工程、计算机科学、经济学、电气工程、工程力学、英语、环境工程、外国地区研究、工程总空间科学、历史、人文、法律研究、管理学、数学科学、机械工程、气象学、军事战略研究、运筹学、物理、政治学、社会科学、空间业务、系统工程、系统工程管理、外语、哲学等专业。在美国新闻与世界报道2008年最佳大学排名中，学校在航空航天工程方面排名第二。 历史发展 1954年4月1日，艾森豪威尔总统签署了建立美国空军学院的法案。 位于科罗拉多州斯彼得森空军基地的美国空军学院是美国空军的最高学府，是一所在美国历史上和西点军校齐名的名牌军事学院。 1955年7月份，第一批学员开始上课。正式的校舍是在1958年启用的。 1959年第一批学员毕业。该学院从1976年6月份开始招收女生。 建于1954年的美国空军学院相当于一个中等城市的占地，分成教学体育场所、预校、招待所、滑翔机场、教练机场等大块，配有T-3A等各型教练机等94架。学院的军官教堂还获得了1996年美国建筑学院颁发的建筑奖，每天都有很多人参观。 创立者： 校训和校徽 美国空军学院的校训是：“正直为上，无私服务、凡事优异”，校徽如图所示
军事训练中的身心素质训练 军事训练是军队生成和提高战斗力的根本途径；军事训练是军队和平时期最基本的实践活动；军事训练是军队履行历史使命的重要保证；军事训练是治军和管理的重要方式，对军队建设具有全面推动作用。无论是在战争还是在非战争军事行动中，军事技能和军人的行李素质对于一个军人来说都是极其重要的。 一、军事训练中的技能锻炼 军事训练，其中一个重要方面就是锻炼军人的军事技能。军事技能素质在军人执行任务时是十分重要的。 （一）我军的军事技能训练 军事技能训练，是提高军队战斗力的重要途径，世界上任何一支军队都必须努力提高自己的军事技能素质，我军也不例外。当前，我军训练通常按下列方式组织实施： 岗位自学，指军人为提高自身组织指挥作战素养，在工作实践中结合自身岗位、具体课题和训练实践进行的自主学习和研究。是军人经常性在职训练的主要形式，是学习积累作战理论，不断更新知识，提高作战理论水平和实际指挥能力的有效途径，是官兵经常的自觉的训练活动。主要作业方式是理论学习。 院校培训，基本方式是理论学习、战例研究、想定作业和模拟训练等。 部队集训，指部队有组织、有计划、有目标地对所属人员进行培训的主要形式。通常是部队根据年度训练任务安排或演习、战备任务临时需要，为使作战人员掌握某种知识和技能，在一定时间、针对特定的课题而进行的集中训练。集训包括理论学习、实地勘察、观摩学习、研究讨论、经验交流和学术交流等。 换岗锻炼，为提升与扩展军事训练能力的需要，调整和改变军人的岗位和
隶属关系，让其在新的岗位上充分发挥其才能的训练方法。通过换岗锻炼开阔眼界，增长知识，提高信息化条件下作战的意识，消除单位部门之间的隔阂，培养复合型人才的有效手段，有效地促进了军人素质的提高和全面发展。目前，全军部队、机关、院校、军兵种之间的军人交流正在有条不紊的展开，各大单位也结合自身实际进行内部或局部交流。 留学与出国考察,选择一些友好国家的高级军事院校派出军事留学生不仅是培养作战人才的有效途径，也是加强军事交流与合作，增进双方军队友谊与互信的重要举措。 课题联训，指部队围绕某一具体课题进行的训练。目的是实现各个作战要素综合集成，形成作战体系，提高遂行作战任务的整体能力。 实兵演习，信息化条件下提高部队作战能力最有效的途径，是军事训练的最高形式。基本导演方法是计划导演与随机导演相结合，以计划导演为主干，以随机导演为重点。常采取指挥机构全面对抗、实兵局部对抗的形式，组织红、蓝对抗的联合作战实兵演习。 （二）军事技能训练中的基本矛盾 军事技能素质训练是军事训练最主要的内容，军事素质的提高是一个关于运动与发展的过程，其中有以下几对基本矛盾。 军事技能与作战要求的矛盾，军事技能训练的目的是适应现代战争的要求。这种要求包括对体力、反应能力、适应能力、对武器的掌握能力等。这对作战人员本身的各种素质提出了较高的要求，为了培养出这种能力，组织各种军事技能训练如体能训练、战术训练、装备操作培训是十分必要的。而随着军事技术的发展，现代战争越来越复杂化、对于作战人员的要求也与日俱增。因此，
欧洲的空中客车（Airbus）系列： 一、空客A310： 主要外形特征： 1、机身短而粗。 2、舱门为三个。 3、主起落架是两排轮子。 4、驾驶舱最边上的那个窗是一个五边形（除了A380外，空中客车的所有飞机驾驶舱最边上的这个窗口都是这个形状）。 5、机尾部分，上部轮廓线较为水平（这也是AB 6、A310与B762的重要区别之一），垂直尾翼的圆弧半径较大（较接近直线）。 二、空客A300-600，俗称AB6： 主要外形特征： 1、样子和A310差不多，但比A310长。 2、舱门为四个。
4、和A310的外形特征3、4、5相同。 三、空客A318，是A320系列机身最短的一种型号： 主要外形特征： 1、机身短而细。 2、舱门为三个。 3、主起落架为一排轮子。 4、驾驶舱最边上的窗为五边形。 5、翼尖有小翼（和310的小翼一样，320系列的都有这种形状的小翼）。 6、第一、二门之间的窗口为6+4+1形式。 四、空客A319： 主要外形特征： 1、机身短而细，但比A318稍长。 2、第一、二门之间的窗口为12+1形式。 3、与A318的外形特征2、3、 4、5相同。 也就是说，A318和A319外形基本一致，唯一的区别就是机身长度及随之而变化的窗口分布。
五、空客A330-200，简称A332： 主要外形特征： 1、机身长而粗。 2、舱门为四个。 3、主起落架为两排轮子。 4、驾驶舱最边上的窗为五边形。 5、机翼很修长，翼尖有小翼。基本上是一个梯形，330及340系列的飞机都有这种形状的小翼，这也是A330与AB6的重要区别之一。 6、机翼与机身连接处有很大一块的机翼盒，这个机翼盒在320系列及340系列均存在，这也是A330与AB6的重要区别之一。 7、机尾部分，上部轮廓线较为水平。其实空客系列的机型均有此特点，这也是与B757、B767甚至B777的重要区别之一。 8、第一、二门之间最多有12个窗口。 六、空客A330-300，简称A333： 主要外形特征： 1、第一、二门之间最多有17个窗口。 2、与A330-200的外形特征1、2、 3、 4、 5、 6、7相同。
全面认识通用航空产业链 通用航空是我国改革开放以来为数不多的没有与国民经济同步发展的产业，在目前转变经济增长方式和产业升级的大背景下广受关注。截止2013年底，全国有178家通航运营企业，超过140个通用航空产业园区，十余个新获批通航机场，还有超过170家批准筹建企业和数百家等待筹建企业，通用航空领域蕴含的商业机会吸引着大量资本涌入。资本的逐利特征本身具有一定的盲目性，加之我国通用航空商业模式尚不清晰、盈利前景暂不明朗，行业投资的机遇与风险并存。更需注意的，大量社会资本在羊群效应下集聚在处于发展初期的通用航空，未来几年如无法形成稳定的盈利模式，资本的大进大出将给行业带来严重的伤害，我国的新能源行业即是前车之鉴。本文将重新梳理和认识通用航空产业链基础，分析产业链各环节构成，并对通用航空拉动上下游产业和促进经济发展的路径机理开展研究，以期厘清产业链竞合关系，明晰各产业环节商业机会，全面认识通用航空在经济社会中的地位作用，从而有助于行业的良性、健康、持续发展。 一、通用航空产业链构成 图1：通用航空产业链结构 如图1所示，我们按照供需关系和价值流动将通用航空产业链分为基础产业、航空制造业、运行保障资源、通航运营业和应用产业五个板块。按照五大板块的性质，又可以分为通用航空核心产业和关联产业。核心产业包括通用航空器制造、通航运营和运行所需的各类保障资源三大板块，图中实线表示商品或服务的流动，虚线表示资金的流动。关联产业则包含基础产业和应用产业，基础产业为通用航空的上游产业，为通用航空器制造提供资源保障和技术基础；应用产业是通用航空的下游产业，主要是通用航空作为生产工具或消费物品服务于国民经济三次产业。 二、通用航空核心产业 图2：通用航空核心产业结构 1.通用航空器制造 通用航空应用广泛，航空器类型多。图2中根据航空器的用途不同将其分为公务包机、短途飞行、航空作业、飞行训练和娱乐运动五大类。 公务包机是指用于执行公务飞行、包机飞行任务的固定翼飞机，按照市场定位又可以分为三类，其中高端公务机是指多发涡喷公务机，这类机型性能优越、可进行远程跨洋飞行，机体宽大舒适、内装豪华，价格通常在1.5亿元人民币以上，常作为大型企业首脑、
军事理论：西方兵学 《制胜的科学》 苏沃洛夫（1729—1800），俄罗斯著名军事统帅和卓越军事理论家，俄国军事学术和军队改革的奠基人。参加过反普鲁士的“欧洲七年战争、俄土战争和欧洲反拿破仑战争，一生率部作战35次，从未有过败绩。历任步兵团团长、旅长、预备军军长、驻意大利北部俄军总司令等职，获元帅军衔。在他统帅驻乌克兰俄军期间，他研究了亚历山大、汉尼拔和凯撒等人的战例，总结了自己所经历的战争的经验，写出了一部著名的军事著作《制胜的科学》。 《制胜的科学》分为两部分。第一部分“分队对抗演习或演习前的训练”，主要供军官使用，阐述了苏沃洛夫以贯穿冲击演练来训练军队的方法。第二部分“向士气口授必须的知识”其中列举了苏沃洛夫关于战术和战斗勤务的基本原则。其主要思想观点是： 一、人是制胜的决定因素，因此应当把人置于优先位置来考虑，要注重战前对士兵进行严格的操练和实行铁的纪律，使每个士兵确信自己有力量，勇敢向前。士兵这一名称理当包含军队中的所有人，上至最高级的将军，下至最低层的火枪兵、骑兵和步兵，这些人无例外地都要经受严格的训练。要使士兵成为本领高超的战士，成为自己祖国的可靠卫士，就应该懂得如何训练，如何作战。为此，应该让部队通过演练来熟悉战争中的各种现象，这些演练又必须非常接近于实战，这样，士兵就会把真正的战争看成不过是演习而已。“训练从难，征战易。训练从易，征战难”。而军人服从命令是保持秩序井然的基础，军队的坚强指挥是建立在服从命令的基础之上的，故服从应该是绝对的，任何下属对上级的命令不仅不得争辩，就连议论也不许可。 二、战略行动的基本方法是进攻，无论是对不设防的野外，还是设防的城堡，都要坚决进行进攻。“军事学术之真谛，是从敌人最要害的部位直接进攻敌人，而不是采取间接的迂回方式接近敌人。只有的勇敢的进攻才能制胜” 三、战术的基本原则是：“观察”、“快速”、“猛攻”。观察的实质是要善于判断敌情和地形，及时制定正确的作战计划；快速是要求部队具有高度的机动性和突然性。军队为及时赶赴前沿阵地或占领有利的时机和地势，必须善于以急行军的速度赶路。从这层意思上说，脚是决定胜利的基本条件；猛攻的表现是在敌人聚集兵力和准备抵抗之前发动进攻，而猛烈攻击是战斗中的主要形式。在战争决定胜负的关头，用强有力的火力和刺刀突击，狠打猛追。 四、战争的主要目的是消灭敌人的有生力量，“打退敌人是失败，而消灭敌人才是胜利”。集中兵力兵器于决定性的方向上，分批消灭敌人，而不要把部队分散布成警戒线。
如何激发战士的军事训练积极性 激发战士的练兵积极性，使战士始终保持旺盛的练兵热情，是基层一线带兵排长应该具备的才能。然而，我们有些学员排长往往在这方面缺少“招法”。有的排长对此束手无策。一是遇到战士练兵积极性不高这种情况，就觉得没“辙”。总感到战士练兵兴趣不高，当排长的也没有办法，不采取积极的方法去引导，而是消极对待。二是强调客观。总是怨市场经济对战士影响太大，怨部队对激发战士练兵积极性所给予的“实惠”太少，怨连队对战士训练抓得不紧，怨班长配合工作不当。总之，怨天尤人，牢骚满腹。三是简单粗暴。一见战士练兵积极性不高就怒气冲天，骂骂咧咧，不讲究方式方法。 军事训练是部队的中心工作。官兵始终保持练兵的积极性，才能掌握杀敌本领、提高部队战斗力、随时准备应付突发的战争和事件。战士的练兵积极性不高，原因是多方面的。市场经济大潮的冲击对战士确
有一定影响，但不能强调客观。从商打工的兵员成人增多，对战士的管理带来一定难度，但不能为此放松思想教育。为什么同样的客观环境，战士练兵积极性有高低之分，学员排长还是要从主观上和工作上找找原因，认真研究，想方设法激发战士的热情。 一、要摸准战士的思想脉搏，对症下药 战士练兵积极性不高，通常有以下几条原因：一是怕苦怕累。军事训练是一种高强度的运动。有些战士入伍之前根本没有吃过这么大的苦，对部队高强度的体力消耗和快节奏的紧张作风不适应。二是觉得练兵无用。有这种思想的战士，主要是入伍动机不端正。当兵的目的是为了找个人出路。入伍之后，看到练的这套回去也用不上，因而把军事训练当成累赘。三是凭兴趣练兵。有的喜欢军体，有的喜欢战术。有的一段时间内练兵兴趣很高，而一段时间内练兵热情较低。对以上这些情况，排长要区别对待，对症下药。要借助与战士整天“泡”在一起的优势，采取让先进战士谈人生体会、典型引路、个别谈心、召开排务会、班