2008年 Text 1
While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. ―Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,‖ according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.
现代生活中，女性在很多领域仍然在追赶男性，但是至少在一个令人不快的方面，她们却远远超过了男性，尽管这并不是她们所乐意看到的。―和男人相比，女性在压力下尤其容易患抑郁症或焦虑症。‖纽约老兵管理医院的精神科主治医师Yehuda博士说道。
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
有关人类和动物的研究都表明性激素在某种程度上会影响对于压力的反应，导致承受压力的雌性动物和女性人类相比雄性动物和男性人类而言，在同等条件下更加容易产生引发以上病症的化学物质。在一些研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠被切除卵巢（女性生殖器官）后，其化学反应与雄鼠是相同的。
Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased ―opportunities‖ for stress. ―It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,‖ says Dr. Yehuda. ―Their capacity for tolerati ng stress may even be greater than men’s,‖ she observes, ―it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.‖
女性除了因压力产生的化学物质会增多之外，她们承受压力的―机会‖也越来越多。―这未必是因为女性不能处理好压力，而只是因为她们有更多的压力要去处理，‖Yehuda博士说。―她们忍受压力的能力也许比男人还要大，‖她观察到，―正是因为她们要应付如此之多的事情，以至于她们的疲劳更加明显和快速。‖注：it is just that…… that……表示正是出于什么原因而发生某事。
另外，add to根据朗文字典的解释：to make a feeling or quality stronger and more noticeable；朗文字典中的例句为：This show will no doubt add to his growing reputation.这次演出无疑会让他日益上升的声望更加如日中天。原文adding to...
是倒装句，正常的语序是：Her increased“opportunities”for stress are adding to
a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals.所以，本句应该翻译为：
1.女性承受压力的“机会”越多就越会增强这种化学物质的过多分泌。
2.女性承受压力的“机会”越多就会使这种过多的化学物质的分泌越严重。
3.女性承受压力的“机会”越多就越会使她们在压力下产生过多的化学物质的现象更为显著。
4.女性在压力下会产生过多的化学物质，让这种情况更严重的情况是其承受的压力“机会”的增加。
本人觉得翻译应该简洁合理忠于原文，所以取第一种翻译。
有些同学的参考书把add to翻译为“除了，此外”的原因是朗文当代英语词典中：add(ed) to that/this的意思是：used to introduce another fact that supports your opinion. 比如：Our hospitals are short of cash. Add to that the long hours doctors work, and you have a recipe for disaster.所以要加上that或this，但本文没有that 或this，所以不能翻译为“除了，此外”。
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. ―I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.‖
Yehuda博士注意到了另一个男女之间的不同点。―我认为女性平时接触到的事情都是那些惯常的、重复的琐事。男人去战场，接触到的是战斗压力。男性更多接触到的是偶然的身体暴力。女性面对的人与人之间的暴力通常发生在家庭环境中，不幸的是，这往往是父母或其他的家庭成员实施的，而且这种暴力行为发生不止一次。这些更长久关系带来的折磨能产生很大的破坏性。
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. ―I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.‖ Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. ―It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.
I lived from paycheck to paycheck.‖
Adeline Alvarez1在18岁的时候就结婚生子，但她决意要读完大学。“为了得到大学学位我付出了很大的努力，因为我的生活中有着太多的不如意，以至
于去上学、去进步、去做得更好成为了我逃避现实的方式。”后来，她离了婚，成为了一个单身母亲。“最困难的事情就是我要同时带一个十几岁的孩子、工作、付房租、养车、还要还债。我的生活就是付掉一张账单再付下一张。”
【分析】：本句的基本句型是so…that…, 意思是“如此……以至于”。第二个that其实是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式结构：to go to school, and get ahead and do better.
所以可以翻译为……以至于去上学、去进步、去做得更好成为了我逃避现实的方式。
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.
不是每个人都会经历像Alvarez所说的那些严峻而长期的各种压力，但是大多数女性都在处理着太多的责任，很少得到喘息，从而感到了压力。Alvarez 的经历证明了当压力威胁你的健康和正常生理功能之前解压是非常重要的。
21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress. 下面的哪一项符合文章的前两段？
[A] 妇女在生理上更容易受到压力的影响。
[B] 妇女仍然受到很多来自男人的压力
[C] 妇女比男人在应付压力方面更有经验
[D] 男人和女人在面对压力的时候显出了不同的倾向。
22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women
[A] Need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
[B] Have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
[C] Are more capable of avoiding stress.
[D] Are exposed to more stress.
Yehuda博士的研究说明了妇女
[A] 需要额外的化学物质来应付压力 [B] 忍受压力的能力有限
[C] 更加能够避免压力 [D] 有更多的压力
23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
[A] domestic and temporary. [B] irregular and violent. [C] durable and frequent. [D] trivial and random.
根据文章第四段，女人们面对的压力往往是
[A] 关于家庭的和暂时的 [B] 不规律的和暴力的
[C] 持久的和频繁的 [D] 琐碎的和随机的
24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.
[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
“I lived from paycheck to paycheck”（第五段第六行）这个句子说明
[A] Alvarez除了钱其它什么都不在乎。
[B] Alvarez的工资几乎不够支付她的家庭支出
[C] Alvarez从多份的工作中赚钱 [D] Alvarez一般都用支票来付账
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
下面哪一项是本文最好的标题？
[A] 压力无处释放？ [B] 压力下的反应：性别不同
[C] 压力分析：化学物质说了什么或化学物质所起的作用
[D] 性别不等：女性在压力下
2008年 Text 2
It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
原本一切都很简单。一组研究员在实验室里共同完成一个试验，把结果提交给某刊物，刊物的编辑把作者姓名及相关信息隐去，把报告交给这些研究者的
同行去审阅。根据评论意见，编辑将决定是否发表。因此，版权归属于出版社，而其他研究人员要知道他们的研究结果必须花钱订阅该刊物才行。
No longer. The Internet —and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it— is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
现在不再是这样了。提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。经济合作及发展组织(OECD)近日发布一项调查，描述了这一现象所造成的深远影响。这份报告由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的John Houghton和经合组织的Graham Vickery共同撰写，对于那些赢得可观利润的出版商来说，该报告读来心情沉重。但事情还不仅仅止于此。它还发出了一个信号，即当前科学研究中的一个重要因素即将发生改变。
注：本来restricting access to it 的意思是“限制人们获得科研结果”，实际上就是出版社“通过限制刊载的手段来牟利”；另外，making access to 的意思是“获得某物”但这里上下文指的是“人们现在可以通过互联网得到阅读科研结果的机会，而不用花钱订阅某出版社出版的杂志了”。所以这里为了译文更加通顺，所以都采取了意译。
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
在某种程度上来说，知识的价值和公众投资研究所取得的回报，取决于（研究成果是否能够得到）广泛的流通、以及取决于（公众是否能够）容易地获取（这些研究成果)。这是一项很大的产业。在美国，核心科研出版市场产值每年在70亿美元到110亿美元左右。国际科学、技术和医学出版社集团宣称全世界专业出
版本类期刊的出版商有2000多家。他们每年在16000本期刊上发表的文章超过了120万篇。
注：本段第一句话比较抽象，难点是同学们看不到wide distribution的逻辑主语the results of their research；以及ready access的逻辑主语public，ready access的逻辑宾语是the results of their research。所以这里必须通过增加逻辑主语和宾语的方法才能准确理解原句。所以译文中增加了wide distribution的逻辑主语和谓语：“研究成果是否能够得到”以及ready access的逻辑主语和宾语：“公众”、“这些研究成果”。
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
这个现象现在正在发生变化。根据经合组织的报告，约有75%的学术刊物现在已实现了在线阅读。全新的商务模式正在形成，报告的撰写者总结出其中三种。第一种是所谓的大订单模式，即机构团体订阅者通过签订网站协议付钱购买阅读一批刊物文章题目的权限。第二种为开放式出版模式，这种方式的典型特点是要求作者（或其雇主）付费发表文章。最后一种为开放式档案模式，即一些组织，比如大学或者国际实验室建立和维护的一些机构数据库。其他的模式都是对这三种的不同组合，比如延期开放式是指某一些期刊在发表文章的前六个月只允许付费阅览，此后转为免费阅读。至少对论文的发表来说，这些都将颠覆传统的同行审阅模式。
注：这里的“subscriber”其实在上下文中的逻辑意思是“花钱订阅的人”，所以可以把“subscribers to read”意译为“付费阅览”，旨在翻译之通顺。
26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses_______________.
[A] the background information of journal editing.
[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.
[D] the traditional process of journal publication.
在文章第一段中，作者讨论了_______________.
[A] 期刊编辑的背景信息 [B] 实验报告的出版程序
[C] 作者们与期刊出版商的关系 [D] 期刊出版的传统流程
27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
[A] It criticizes government-funded research.
[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.
[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.
下面的哪一项正确地描述了OECD的报告？
[A] 该报告批评了政府资助的研究。 [B] 该报告介绍了一种有效的出版方式。
[C] 该报告让以盈利为目的的刊物出版商们感到担忧。
[D] 该报告在很大程度上使得科学研究获益。
28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that_______________.
[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.
[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
根据本文，网上出版的重要意义在于_______________.
[A] 它使得人们获得科学研究成果更加方便
[B] 它给科学研究者们带来了巨大的利润 [C] 它强调科学知识的重要作用
[D] 它使得对科学研究领域进行公共投资更加方便
29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to_______________.
[A] cover the cost of its publication.
[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.
[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.
[D] complete the peer-review before submission.
在开放式出版模型下，论文作者们被要求_______________.
[A] 支付出版的成本 [B] 订购出版该文章的期刊
[C] 允许其他在线期刊免费使用其论文 [D] 在提交之前完成文章的同事评审
30.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.
下面的哪一项能最好地概括这篇文章的内容?
[A] 网络给出版商带来了威胁
[B] 一种新的出版方式正在出现
2008年 Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
在20世纪60年代早期，Wilt Chamberlain是美国国家篮球协会中仅有的身高超过7英尺的三个人之一。可是如果他参加了上个赛季的话，他就变成了42分之一了。这些年来，参加各种主要职业赛事的球员的身高发生了很大的改变，经理人十分乐意调整队员的运动服来适应队员们更壮，更高的身材。
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people — especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations — apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. ―In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,‖ says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.
但是，体育界的这种趋势可能蒙蔽了一个没有被承认的现实：美国人基本上停止生长了。虽然现在人们比140年前高了2英寸，但是显然，在二十世纪60年代早期，已经到达了他们的身高的极限——特别是那些出生在已移民美
国很多代的那些家庭的人。他们已经不可能再长得更高了。―在这个基因和环境的条件下，现在整体的人们已经长到我们能够达到的范围了，‖Wright州大学的人类学家William Cameron Chumlea说道。而对于NBA球员来说，他们身高增长的原因主要在于现在从全球招募球员已经成为了一种普遍的做法。
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients —notably, protein —to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height —5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women —hasn’t really changed since 1960.
身高的增长一般在20岁以后就停止了，长高需要热量和营养物质——主要是蛋白质——以供应身体组织的扩展。在20世纪初的时候，营养不良和儿童疾病影响了人们身体的长高。但是随着饮食和健康状况的改进，儿童和青少年每20年平均长高了约1.5英寸，这是众所周知的身高长期趋势。但是，疾病控制和预防中心认为自从20世纪60年代以来，人们的平均身高——男性5英尺9英寸，女性5英尺4英寸——并没有发生很大的变化。
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. ―There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,‖ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
从遗传的角度来说，防止身材过高也有一些优势。在产妇分娩的过程中，个子大的孩子通过产道的困难更大。此外，尽管人类直立行走已达百万年之久，我们的脚和背总是很费劲地保持两脚站立的姿势、难以经受过大的身材带来的反复巨大压力。―每种生物的基因结构中都有一些限制，这是真实存在的‖西北大学的人类学家William Leonard说。
Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Clair e C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a
piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, ―you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.‖
基因的最大值可以改变，但是不要期望它们会很快地改变。位于Natick的军队研究中心高级人类学家Claire C. Gordon保证说90%的制服和工作服适合新招募的成员，不需改动。她指出，与篮球队服的情况不同，军装的尺寸已经有很多年没有变化了。如果你为了设计一款新的设备而需要预测人类在不久的将来的身高变化，Gordon认为基本上―你可以采用目前的数据，而且还可以感觉非常自信。‖
31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to_______________.
[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.
[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..
[C] compare different generations of NBA players.
[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.
Wilt Chamberlain的例子用来_______________.
[A] 说明NBA球员的身高变化 [B] 说明NBA球员在美国很受欢迎
[C] 比较不同年代的NBA球员 [D] 评估著名NBA球员的成就
32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
[A] Genetic modification. [B] Natural environment.
[C] Living standards. [D] Daily exercise.
根据文章，下面哪一项是身体长高的关键因素？
[A] 基因改变 [B] 自然环境
[C] 生活水平 [D] 日常锻炼
33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
作者会同意下面哪一项说法的观点？
[A] 非美国人的加入使得该国人口的平均身高变高
[B] 人类身高受到直立姿势的影响 [C] 美国人的平均身高在世界上是最高的
[D] 个子大的婴儿往往成人后也比其他人更高
34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future_______________.
[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.
[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.
[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.
我们可以从最后一段中得知，在不久的将来_______________.
[A] 服装业将重新制定制服尺寸 [B] 军队制服的设计不会有很大变化
[C] 基因测试会被用于遴选运动员 [D] 现有的人类身高数据将可以适用
35. The text intends to tell us that_______________.
[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.
[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.
本文想要告诉我们的是_______________.
[A] 人类身高的改变遵循一个循环的模型 [B] 人类身高变得更有可预测性[C] 美国人达到了基因上的生长极限 [D] 美国人的基因模型已经改变
2008年 Text 4
In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
1784年，在当选美国总统的5年前，52岁的乔治?华盛顿几乎掉光了牙齿。因此他雇了一个牙医为他移植了9颗牙------ 这些牙齿都来自于他的奴隶口中。
That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.
这跟很多人在历史书上读到过的那个砍樱桃树的华盛顿有点大相径庭。但是最近开始，历史学家开始越来越关注奴隶制在美国开国一代人的生活中所扮演的
角色。他们的兴趣部分是由1998年得到的DNA证据所激发的，这些证据几乎可以证明托马斯?杰弗逊和他的奴隶Sally Hemings至少生过一个孩子。学者们从头至尾地研究历史还是近三十年的事情。一些历史学家的著作揭示了早期开国者们的道德妥协，以及国家在早期发展中所表现的脆弱特性。更重要的是，他们认为很多开国元勋们知道奴隶制是错误的——但是他们大部分人却对此无动于衷。
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
这些历史学家们认为，最主要的原因就是那些开国元勋们都受到了他们所处时代的文化所限。虽然华盛顿和杰弗逊在私底下表达他们对于奴隶制的厌恶，但他们也知道奴隶制是他们创建的这个国家的政治经济基础的一部分。
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was ―like having a large bank account,‖ says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the ―peculiar institut ion,‖ including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
一方面，南方的各个州无法承担废除奴隶制带来的损失。拥有奴隶―就像拥有一张数额巨大的银行存折‖，《一个不完美的上帝：乔治?华盛顿、他的奴隶和美国的建立》一书作者Wiencek说道。如果没有对于这种―特殊制度‖的保护，南方各州是不会签署宪法的，这种保护包括了如下条款，即在国会代表人数中一个奴隶可以算作五分之三个公民。
And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
政治家的政治生命也取决于奴隶制。正是由于这个五分之三公式扩大了选举团中南方州的选票，从而帮助杰弗逊在1800年的总统选举中险胜。上任就职后，杰弗逊于1803年通过购买路易斯安娜扩大了奴隶制；这片新的土地后来被分为13个州，其中包括了三个实行奴隶制的州。
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children –though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men
were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.
但是，杰弗逊解放了Hemings的孩子——尽管他没有解放Hemings自己和其他的约150名奴隶。华盛顿在美国独立战争时期目睹了黑人士兵的勇敢之后，开始相信每个人生来都是平等的，后来在其遗言中，不顾其家人亲属的强烈反对，给予奴隶自由。而仅仅在10年前，这样的做法还必须要得到弗吉尼亚州的立法批准。
36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to__________.
[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.
[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.
[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life. （D）
乔治?华盛顿的牙科手术用来__________.
[A] 说明过去原始的医术 [B] 说明在他的时候奴隶制的残酷
[C] 强调奴隶在美国历史中所扮演的角色 [D] 揭示他不为人知的一面
37. We may infer from the second paragraph that__________.
[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.
[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.
[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.
[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history. 我们可以从第二段中推断出__________.
[A] DNA技术已经广泛运用到了历史研究中
[B] 美国早期面临着非常微妙脆弱的状况
[C] 历史学家们故意编造了杰弗逊的故事
[D] 政治上的妥协在美国历史上的例子比比皆是
38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?
[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.
[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige. （C）
我们可以了解托马斯?杰弗逊的什么情况？
[A] 他的政治观点改变了他对奴隶制的态度。
[B] 他最为父亲的身份使得他解放了所有的儿童奴隶。
[C] 他对于奴隶制的态度是复杂的。
[D] 他与一个奴隶的绯闻玷污了他的名声。
39. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution. （A）
下面哪一项符合这篇文章？
[A] 一些建国元勋从奴隶制中获得了政治上的利益 [B] 过去奴隶没有选举权
[C] 奴隶主通常由很多的银行存款 [D] 奴隶制被认为是一种特殊的制度
40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his__________.
[A] moral considerations. [B] military experience.
[C] financial conditions. [D] political stand. （B）
华盛顿解放其奴隶的决定源自他的__________.
[A] 道德考虑 [B] 军事经历
[C] 财政状况 [D] 政治立场
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学 Passage 18(Doctor-assisted Suicide：Is It Ever an Option?) Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient，the doctor，and nature in these situations. Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain，those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies，for example，nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces. What role should the doctor have? Doctors，when taking the Hippocratic oath，swear to preserve life at all costs，and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick，and in the cases when healing is not possible，then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime，and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also，by virtue of their humanness，capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say，for instance，that a cancer patient was terminal，and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs. The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another’s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws，but to break divine 1aws as well. These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance，patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain clouds judgment，and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment，so they shouldn’t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible，and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life，they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide. I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service.If someone is dying of
英语阅读理解专项习题及答案解析及解析 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 Every day I see advertisements in the newspapers and on the buses claiming that it is easy and quick to learn English. There is even a reference to William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens to encourage learners even more. When I see advertisements like this, I don't know whether to laugh or cry. But many people must believe these ridiculous claims, or else the advertisements would not appear. Of course it is clear that students who go to England to learn English have a great advantage over others, but too many cannot afford to do so. Some go to the opposite extreme and think they can teach themselves at home with dictionaries. But it is wrong to assume that each word in English has a precise equivalent in another language, let alone produces good pronunciation and intonation. Most teaching is still based on behaviorist psychology. Behaviorists are fond of making students repeat phrases and making sentences. If we were parrots or chimpanzees, these methods might be successful. A large number of theorists seem to think it is a pity we aren't, because it would make it easier to use their methods. In my personal opinion, no one can ever learn to speak English or any other language unless he is interested in it. Human beings, unlike parrots and chimpanzees, do not like making noises unless they understand what the noises mean and can relate them to their own lives. It is worth remembering that language is a means of communication. What they listen to and read cannot be a formula. It must be real. There is another relevant point worth mentioning here. We need other people to talk to and listen to when we communicate. They can work with us and practice the unfamiliar forms with us in real situations, talking to each other about real life language. （1）Many people believe advertisements in the newspapers and on the buses probably because . A. they are encouraged by William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens B. they are eager to learn and then believe them C. the ways advertised can help them to save time and efforts D. the ways advertised prove effective and helpful （2）What may behaviorists argue towards English learning? A. Human beings make more interesting noises than parrots and chimpanzees. B. Human beings should relate their speech to their own lives. C. Language is a formula with lots of repetitions and practices. D. Language is a means of communication. （3）What opinion does the author hold? A. A quick method that suits all the students does exist. B. English can be mastered within a very short period of time. C. Each word in English has a precise equivalent in another language. D. No one can learn English well without being interested in it.
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案(三) Passage 11 Dream is a story that a personwatchesor even takes part in during sleep. Dream events are imaginary, but they are related to real experiences and needs in the dreamer's life. They seem real while they are taking place. Some dreams are pleasant, others are annoying, and still others are frightening. Everyone dreams, but some persons never recall dreaming. Others remember only a little about a dream they had just before awakening and nothing about earlier dreams. No one recalls all his dreams. Dreams involve little logical thought. In most dreams, the dreamer cannot control what happens to him. The story may be confusing, and things happen that would not happen in real life. People see in most dreams, but they may also hear, smell, touch, and taste in their dreams. Most dreams occur in color. but persons who have been blind since birth do not see at all in dreams. Dreams are a product of the sleeper's mind. They
CONTENTS 2008 Text 1 While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital. 在现代生活中女性就算是在某些领域可以追赶上男性，但至少在一个方面是领先的，尽管是她们不太想要的。纽约的退伍军管理医院精神科首席医生Yehuda博士说道，和男性相比，女性面对压力时，更容易受到影响，导致抑郁和紧张。 sphere [sfi?] n. 球,球面,球体,天体,地球仪,范围vt. 包围,使成球体,放入球内 【例】Many countries have difficulties in the economic sphere. 许多国家在经济方面遇到了困难。 category['k?tig?ri] n. 种类,类项; 【例】These Categories recognize different levels of competition. 这些类别可被用来分辨出比赛里不同的等级。 susceptible[s?'sept?bl] a. 易受影响的,易感动的,容许…的 【例】This agreement is not susceptible to alteration. 这一协议不容更改。 psychiatrist[sai'kai?trist] n. 精神病医师,精神病学家 【例】The psychiatrist gave testimony that …精神病医生有证言说…… ①Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. ②In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. 对于动物和人类的研究都显示出性激素会在某种程度去影响面对压力的反应，导致在同样的条件下，女性产生更多的致病化学物质。在几项研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它们的化学反应变得和那些雄性的一样了。 trigger['trig?] n. 触发器,板机,制滑机vt. 触发,发射,引起vi. 松开板柄 【例】The odour of food may be a trigger for man's appetite. 食物的香味能引起人的食欲。 1. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. 【译文】对于动物和人类的研究都显示出性激素会在某种程度去影响面对压力的反应，导致在同样的条件下，女性产生更多的致病化学物质。 【解析】这句话的主语是Studies，of both animals and humans是定语，修饰主语。have shown是谓语，that后是宾语从句，sex hormones是宾语从句中的主语，affect是宾语从句中的谓语，the stress response 是宾语从句中的宾语，causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.是宾语从句中的状语从句。 2. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. 【译文】在几项研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它们的化学反应变得和那些雄性的一样了。
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇之经济类
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇之经济类 unit1 unit1 Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Ministers on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007. Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the country reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, "help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience". Resilienc e has not historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by
（英语）英语阅读理解专项习题及答案解析 一、阅读理解 1．根据短文内容选择正确答案。 D If you could see a movie of your life before you lived it, would you want to live it? Probably not. The excitement of living is that you don’t know what’s coming. Sure, it’s hard to see uncertainty in such positive（积极的）light when you’re out of work, or when you feel like you’re failing. But uncertainty is really another word for chance. When Allison graduated from Harvard, she had chan ces all over the place but had no idea what she wanted to do. She took a job in consulting（咨询）, but she knew she wouldn’t stay there. She took the GRE and scored so high that she was able to increase her income（收入）by teaching students. Still, she didn’t think she wanted to go to graduate school. Allison knew she w asn’t doing what she wanted, but she didn’t know what she wanted. She worried. All her friends were going to graduate school or starting their own businesses. She was lost and felt that she would never find anything out. After six years, Allison, by having a general（全面的）plan in mind, got married, moved to the Midwest, and used her consulting experience to get a great job. Allison realized that she spent her years finding her way: time well spent, and time we must all take if we’re being honest with ours elves. The only way to lead an interesting life is to face uncertainty and make a choice. Otherwise your life is not your own—it is a path someone else has chosen. Moments of uncertainty are when you create your life, when you become who you are. Uncertainty usually begins with a job hunt, but it doesn’t end there. Every new role we take on means another round of uncertainty. Instead of fearing it, you should find some ways to deal with uncertainty. （1）From the first two paragraphs, we can learn that . A. being out of work is a sad thing B. uncertainty is what makes life interesting C. life in a film is more exciting than real life. D. chance never appears when we need it （2）What troubles Allison after graduation? A. She couldn’t find a well-paid job. B. She had no money to start a business. C. She was not sure what to do. D. She didn’t score high enough for graduate school. （3）How did Allison feel about her six years’ working experience? A. Uncertain. B. Amazed . C. Sorry. D. Satisfied. （4）What may be discussed in the following paragraph?
备考研究生的同学都知道，考研英语阅读理解在试卷中所占的分值比重是最大的，是需要花时间和精力重点突破的一个专项。其从题型分类的角度，涉及到细节题，主旨大意题，推断题，词(句)义判断题，例证题，态度题。每种题型都有相应的解题方法，比如细节题，需要通过题干中的关键词回到文章中定位，重点理解定位信息句，通过比对选项把错误选项排除掉。主旨大意题需要把握文章的首尾段以及高频出现的词，还需要重点关注一些表示观点的词，比如 ，argue, deem, consider, assume等后面的信息，综合把握文章的核心。例证题需要找到例子所在的出处，在例子周围寻找观点性的内容。 在了解了每一种题型的解题方法后，各位考生就需要有针对性地进行练习强化。鉴于此，老师将考研英语历年真题阅读理解按题型分类汇总如下： (一)细节题： 具体信息： 2003年 41题，45题，47题，49题，51题，55题 2004年 42题，54题，56题，58题，59题 2005年 27题，29题，33题，35题，36题，39题 2006年 22题，28题，29题， 2007年 26题，31题，32题，37题，39题 2008年 22题，29题，32题，33题 2009年 26题，27题，29题，32题，33题，35题，38题; 2010年 21题，26题，35题，37题，39题 2011年 26题，27题，31题，32题，33题，39题， (二)主旨题： 2002年 45题; 2004年 55题; 2007年 25题; 2008年 25题;26题;30题;35题 2009年 30题; 2010年 25题;30题 2011年 30题;35题 (三)推理题 1. 段落推理 2003年 53题; 2004年 48题; 2005年25题; 2006年39题; 2. 细节推理 2003年50题;56题 2004年57题; 2006年32题; 2007年27题; 2008年34题;38题 3. 全文推理 2009年 40题 (四)词(句)义题： 2003年 43题;54题 2004年 43题;50题，52题;53题 2005年 28题;37题 2006年 33题;21题 2007年 22题 2008年 24题; 2009年 23题; 2010年 28题;31题 (五)推理题： 2003年 44题;50题;53题 2004年 47题;57题; 2005年 25题
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding —the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation. Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. "All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs. 59. In paragrah 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ________. [A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society [B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are [C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society [D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children 60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________. [A] they are expected to be leaders of the society [B] they might become a burden of the society [C] they should fully develop their potentials [D] disabled children deserve special consideration 61. This passage mainly deals with ________. [A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities [B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society [C] the special educational programs for exceptional children [D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children 62. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________. [A] is now enjoying legal support [B] disagrees with the tradition of the country [C] was clearly stated by the country's founders [D] will exert great influence over court decisions 重点词汇： denote （v.表示）即de+note，de-向下，note 记录，“记录下来”→表示。Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best and by the best means.“明智”指的是以最好的方法追求最好的结果。 难句解析： ①Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. ▲第一个短句结构很简单，第二句中For these children to develop to their full adult potential是一个表示目的的状语，也可以看成是一个从主句their education must be adapted to those differences后面提前了的介词结构。 △第一个短句中exceptional一词我们从文章后面的叙述中可以知道它不是我们一般理解的“杰出的，出类拔萃的”，而应指“反常的，有缺陷的”，其实此处的exceptional是一种“身有残疾”的委婉表达法；significant应理解为“重要的，关键的”，而第二句的develop to their full adult potential的develop是一个不及物动词，意为“发展，养成”，而potential是一个名词，意为“潜能”；be adapted to的意思是“被调整，适应”。 ②While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. ▲此句由一个while引导的让步状语从句the leading actor on the stage captures our attention和一个主句构成。 △要理解本句，重点是看到它是一个类比，把残疾儿童比喻为舞台上的主要角色，而他们的家庭和社会环境被比喻为配角和戏剧的布景。在考研的阅读理解中，当我们碰到作者使用各种比喻和类比时，最重要的一点就是要弄清其用比喻来说明的对象。 ③And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding — the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
TEXT 2 He emerged, all of a sudden, in 1957: the most explosive new poetic talent of the English post-war era. Poetry specialised, at that moment, in the wry chronicling of the everyday. The poetry of Yorkshire-born Ted Hughes, first published in a book called “The Hawk in the Rain” when he was 27, was unlike anything written by his immediate predecessors. Driven by an almost Jacobean rhetoric, it had a visionary fervour. Its most eye-catching characteristic was Hughes's ability to get beneath the skins of animals: foxes, otters, pigs. These animals were the real thing all right, but they were also armorial devices—symbols of the countryside and lifeblood of the earth in which they were rooted. It gave his work a raw, primal stink. It was not only England that thought so either. Hughes's book was also published in America, where it won the Galbraith prize, a major literary award. But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide. Hughes was vilified for long after that, especially by feminists in America. In 1998, the year he died, Hughes broke his own self-imposed public silence about their relationship in a book of loose-weave poe ms called “Birthday Letters”.In this new and exhilarating collection of real letters, Hughes returns to the issue of his first wife's death, which he calls his “big and unmanageable event”. He felt his talent muffled by the perpetual eavesdropping upon his every move. Not until he decided to publish his own account of their relationship did the burden begin to lighten. The analysis is raw, pained and ruthlessly self-aware. For all the moral torment, the writing itself has the same rush and vigour that possessed Hughes's early poetry.