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2012工程硕士考试-阅读理解复习题

2012工程硕士考试-阅读理解复习题
2012工程硕士考试-阅读理解复习题

Passage One

Today, world leaders are discussing climate change and what--if anything --can be done to combat global warming. Extreme weather conditions have brought home the fact our climate is changing -- and changing fast. It may be easy to be fatalistic about it, but the truth is that although we humans have caused the problem, we also have the solution."Think global and act local," said Friends of the Earth founder David Bower. In many small but important ways we can make a difference. Here are my top tips for how to begin:

Count your food miles. What you eat and where you buy it affects global emissions. Pollution from transport is the fastest growing source of carbon dioxide emissions, so it is madness to fly out-of-season vegetables across the world to supermarkets. We should lobby supermarkets for a system of classifying food according to the distance travelled: 0 for local food, I for British, 2 for Europe, and 3 for intercontinental.

Turn off anything that winks at you. A video recorder on standby uses almost as much electricity as one playing a tape. Turning down the thermostat by one degree, not leaving TV and music centers on standby, turning off lights, putting lids on cooking pots, and only half-filling kettles can cut energy consumption by 30%, saving you money as well as saving the planet.

Just stop using petrol. Yes you can, and the car industry may (eventually) help you. Hydrogen-powered cars are loved by car designers and could become a reality in about 10 years. Meanwhile, consider converting to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). You won't be alone: a new pump for this is opening every day. Meanwhile, you can cut down on conventional petrol use just by changing driving habits--no rapid acceleration, lower speeds, keeping tires at the right pressure.

Well, you can always walk. Or cycle. The majority of car journeys are less than five miles and, honestly, once you've stepped out, you'll find it's really not that bad. The only energy used is your own and that's healthy. You only have to look at the collective strength of the people's fuel lobby to know this makes sense.

These changes will save you money which you should invest in an ethical saving account. They are profitable and they put the pressure on business to clean up its act.

51.In the first paragraph, the author tries to emphasize______.

A. his concern over climate change

B. his optimism in finding a way out

C. the necessity of global actions

D. the difficulty in reaching an agreement

52.Which conclusion can be drawn from paragraph 2?

A. Centralized distribution of food is highly efficient and cost-effective.

B. Organic food from abroad is better than food produced locally.

C. Supermarkets do a great job of offering a wide selection of goods.

D. It's better for us consumers to shop in local farmers' markets'

53.In Paragraph 3 the author tries to convey the message that ______.

A. small changes in small habits can make big differences

B. it is not easy for us to reduce energy consumption at home

C. the present way of using energy leaves much to be desired

D. we individuals may not help much in fighting global warming

54.At present, to replace petrol-driven cars, people may choose cars driven by ______.

A. electricity

B. LPG

C.hydrogen

D.biofuel

55.For most of the car journeys, walking or cycling ______.

A.is a waste of time

B.is undesirable

C.is a feasible option

D.is what people prefer

56.The passage is focused on ______.

A.the impact of climate change on people's lives

B.the importance of individuals improving the environment

C.the benefits of cutting consumption

D.the small ways that can help fight global warming

Passage Two

When you think of monkeys, you probably think of the Tropics. Few species of monkeys venture into temperate lands. Nevertheless, there are one or two notable exceptions.

In the high Atlas Mountains of North Africa, where snowfall is common during the winter, small groups of Barbary apes roam through forests of cedar and oak. One isolated group of these monkeys can be found 200 miles to the north, living on the Rock of Gibraltar, at the southern most tip of Europe.

How do naturalists explain this mystery? Some believe that the monkeys colonized other areas of Europe in the distant past and that those of Gibraltar are the only surviving group. Others think that Arabic or British colonizers brought them to the Rock. Legend has it that the monkeys crossed the narrow straits dividing Europe from Africa by means of a long-lost underground tunnel. Whatever their origin, they are now the only free range monkeys found in Europe.

The Barbary apes are not actually apes. They are tailless monkeys. The Barbary apes inhabit the pine woods that cover the upper part of the Rock. Although they number only a hundred or so, they have become "the peninsula's most famous residents," according to the International Primate Protection League.

Since seven million tourists visit Gibraltar every year, the mischievous monkeys have an ample food supply. Although the feed on wild plants, they have become skilled at begging and occasionally stealing food from visitors. Local authorities also provide the monkeys with fruit and vegetables.

Apart from feeding, the monkeys spend 20 percent of their day grooming each other. Both male and female monkeys care for and play with the young ones. they live in close knit groups, where stress sometimes leads to confrontation. While the older monkeys use threats and screams to chase away the younger ones, they also have an unusual tooth-chattering behavior that seems to calm them down.

Their arrival on Gibraltar may remain a mystery;still, these sociable monkeys add a special charm to the limestone headland that guards the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea. Gibraltar

would not be the same without them.

63.The monkeys on the Rock of Gibraltar are special because ______.

A.they live in tropic areas

B.they came from North Africa

C.they live in forests

D.they inhabit temperate lands

64.Which of the following is NOT the possible origin of the Gibraltar monkeys?

A. They may have been brought to Gibraltar by colonizers.

B. They may be the surviving group of European monkeys.

C. They may have swum across the narrow straits from Africa.

D. They may have come from Africa through the long-lost tunnel.

65.The population of "the peninsula's most famous residents" ______.

A.is about five scores

B.outnumbers the local people

C.is threatened by too many visitors

D.is growing rapidly

66.We can learn from the 5th paragraph that Gibraltar monkeys ______.

A.often threaten local tourists

B.mainly feed on food from visitors

C.are very naughty

D.are raised by the local authorities

67.The word "grooming" in the 6th paragraph is closest in meaning to "______".

A.isolating

B.biting

C.fighting

D.cleaning

68.According to the passage, ______.

A.Gibraltar would be better without the monkeys

B.the monkeys have added beauty to the Rock of Gibraltar

C.the older Gibraltar monkeys are very fierce to the younger ones

D.Gibraltar monkeys and those in the high Atlas Mountains are of different species

Passage Three

Which would you give up: TV, Cell, or Web? From November 6 to December 3, a1-question online poll was placed on high-traffic websites in 15 countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Netherlands, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Spain, United Kingdom, United States). A total of 150 respondents in each country participated in the poll. In this global survey, 11of 15 countries say they'd turn off the TV before they'd silence their cell phone or log off the Internet. Women, especially, will give up their favorite shows, voting to do so by a greater percentage than men in all but four countries. "I work 50-plus hours a week, and

more importantly, the programs I watch on TV are free on the web." Paula Kress of Georgia explains why she'd give up on TV.

Younger respondents are more likely to take a pass on television, but older folks don't necessarily stay away from the online experience. In Singapore, not a single person over 45 voted to stop surfing. "I'm not much for sitting in front of the screens, but I need the Internet to keep in touch with friends and family." Hanna Larna explains why she'd keep the web and ditch TV.

In the United States, people voted to give up TV, yet Americans sit in front of the flat screen for an average of four hours, 37 minutes a day. But if the decision had been made by respondents over 45, the cell phone would have gotten the boot instead.

In Canada people voted to give up the cell. The cost effect analysis shows that people there pay some of the highest rates for their cell phone plans, which may be why they have the lowest number of cell users among the western countries polled. "I don't want to be reachable at every moment." is another logical explanation.

Why was Brazil the only country to pick the Internet (and by such a huge margin)? Brazil has some of the lowest rates of Internet use worldwide, with just 35 users per 100 people. (The U.S. And U.K. Both have 72.) Brazil's cost to hook up is also high, about $26 a month, compared with $7.4 in Germany.

69.What is the most important reason for P[aula Kress to give up TV?

A. She doesn't have time to watch TV.

B. She doesn't like sitting in front of screens.

C. She finds online programs more interesting.

D. She can watch TV programs on the web.

70.Survey results in Singapore show that ______.

A.women watch TV programs for a longer period of time than men

B.older people enjoy the Internet just like younger ones

C.younger people use cell phones more than older people

D.men depend as much on cell phones as women do

71.Which of the following phrases is closest in meaning to "get the boot" (Para.3)?

A.be dismissed

B.catch on

C.be favored

D.become dominant

72.It is implied that among the Americans polled, there were more ______.

A.men

B.women

C.younger people

D.older people

73.How many countries picked the cell phone in the survey?

A. 2.

B. 4.

C. 3.

D.5.

74.In the last paragraph, the author mainly ______.

A.describes the findings in the Brazil and the western world

B.discusses the gap between Brazil and the western world

C. Analyzes the development of the Internet in Brazil

D.presents the reasons behind the Brazilian decision

Passage Four

Some years age, thumping, jumping noises routinely issued from the apartment upstairs as if baby elephants were competing in the 50-yard dash. I went up one day to politely inquire. "No, nobody's making noise here" the husband and wife both insisted. It must be coming from elsewhere in the building." two children about five years old, each holding soccer balls, stood right beside their parents. "Could the thumping be your kids running around, perhaps playing soccer?", I asked. "Oh no, we never let the kids play in the house."

For months, the pattern continued: the thumping and jumping above, our delicate check-in, the denial. It got so that every time I saw the couple, I glared without a word of greeting. When they moved out of the building, the thumping stopped.

I suppose I could have forgiven my neighbors and spared them the glare. After all, forgiveness is in, a trend advocated by best-selling books, foundations and research institutes. The notion has gone well beyond spiritual leaders advising that forgiveness is good for the soul and that hard feelings will turn us bitter and hostile. Now the medical communality cites studies showing that forgiveness can prevent heart attacks, lower blood pressure and even ease depression.

I may be outnumbered, but I still believe in the healing power of the grudge (不满). I've deployed grudges with an equal-opportunity sense of fairness--against teachers and classmates, bosses and colleagues, family and friends. I've chosen to stop speaking to certain people permanently and occasionally even spoken ill of them--but more with disbelief than a sense of revenge. I'm neither proud nor ashamed. But I've discovered that nothing feels quite as satisfying as a grudge well nursed.

I'm not against forgiveness itself, I have forgiven people for rudeness as well as for deep misunderstandings and have done so without holding on to hard feelings. What I deplore is the propaganda about forgiveness. No longer an option, forgiveness is an official order. Forgiving so democratically cheapens the very act.

A long standing grudge suggests that we hold certain standards, that we respect ourselves enough to reject bad behavior. Failure to forgive can be just as righteous, just as honorable as forgiveness itself.

75.The author would probably describe the neighbors as ______.

A.careless

B.ignorant

C.dishonest

D.immodest

76.Paragraph 3 is focused on _______.

A.how forgiveness is good for us spiritually and physically

B.how forgiveness has become a fashionable concept

C.what has changed people's understanding of forgiveness

D.what is the true meaning and virtue of forgiveness

77.By "I may be outnumbered" (Para. 4), the author means that most people in her situation

would probably ______.

A.tell people how bad the neighbors are

B.refuse to speak to the neighbors

C.ask the neighbors for an explanation

D.try to practice forgiveness to the neighbors

78.the author seems ______what she always does with grudges.

A.satisfied with

B.proud of

C.ashamed of

D.disappointed with

79.It can be learned that the author ______.

A.has great difficulty forgiving people

B.opposes "forgiveness without principle"

C.wants to learn how to forgive people

D.regrets failing to practice forgiveness

80.The best title for the passage is ______.

A. To Forgive is God

B. The Right Not to Forgive

C. Forgiveness in, Grudge our

D. The Power of Forgiveness

Passage Five

Once upon a time, staying a healthy weight was easy. To lose weight you simply had to practise the reverse of home economics--spend more than you earned. Unfortunately for many, but perhaps not surprisingly, it turns out that people are rather more complicated than bank accounts.

To stay a healthy weight, you need a hormone called leptin to work properly, it sends “I'm full”messages from the fat cells up to the brain, where they go, among other places, to the same pleasure centers that respond to drugs like cocaine. Obese people produce plenty of leptin, but the brain doesn't seem to respond to it properly. Last year, researchers at the Oregon Research Institute scanned the brains of overweight people and found their reward circuits were underactive. They were eating more to try to get the enjoyment they were missing.

There's a lot of evidence for the fact that most, if not all, of us have a set point around which our weight can vary by about seven to nine kilos, but anything beyond that is a real struggle. Making change is hard, particularly if your body is working against you. So why not ditch the traditional approaches and try some new methods, based on the latest research, that work with your body rather than against it.

Several years ago researchers at the National Institute on Aging in Baltimore reported that when they gave rats very little food one day and allowed them to eat plenty the next, they showed virtually all the benefits of a permanent calorie restriction diet. The same goes for humans, according to Dr James Johnson.

How does it work? Besides forcing the body t burn fat, it may also trigger hormonal changes. Most people say that the diet takes a bit of getting used to, but is not as grinding as trying to cut back on an everyday basis.

Older dieters may remember something called brown fat. Unlike the undesirable white stuff, this was a dieter's dream. Instead of storing excess energy as fat, brown-fat tissue burned it off to keep you warm -- at least in mice. Brown fat fell out of favor because researchers couldn't find

much in humans but now, thanks to the new England Journal of Medicine, it's back in fashion. The idea is to expose people to cold temperatures. They then make more brown fat and their weight drops.

51. The last sentence in the first paragraph means that people's understanding of losing weight

_______.

A.seems rather unreasonable

https://www.doczj.com/doc/a611670847.html,ed to be limited

C.can be partly justified

D. is unnecessarily complicated

52.According to the findings of the Oregon Research Institute, _______.

A.people are more likely to be overweight if they produce less leptin

B.overweight people enjoy eating more than the others do

C.people will become overweight if they eat more than they need.

D.overweight people get less pleasure from eating the same amount

53.The method used by the National Institute on Aging can be summarized as “_______”.

A.diet every other day

B.diet on a daily basis

C. no diet at all

D. diet permanently

54.The word “grinding”Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to _______.

A.effective

B.realistic

C.miserable

D.unreliable

55.It can be learned that brown fat ______.

A. converts excess energy into fat

B.accumulates easily in human bodies

C.burns extra energy to produce heat

D.works better in warm temperatures

56.The author's purpose in writing is to _______.

A.clarify the common myth about weight loss

B.point out the misconceptions of losing weight

C.recommend new methods of losing weight

https://www.doczj.com/doc/a611670847.html,pare the various ways of cutting calories

Passage Six

A study bu Dr David Lewis from The University of Sussex, who coined the term "road rage", found that motorists face a hidden mental health impact from the stresses of driving, while bus travel can produce long-term health benefits.

For the experiment, the heart rate and EDR (Electro-Dermal Response) of 30 commuters was measured when taking similar journeys by car and bus. The findings reveal a vast difference in EDR, a form of biophysical measurement that indicates mental stress. The EDR results suggested that taking the car produced significantly more stress than taking the bus, which was 33% less stressful.

"EDR can bi a hidden stress - it's not as visible as intensely nervous driving or audible as

road rage. This type of stress can have long-term physiological and emotional implications," said Dr Lewis, who finds three key factors that increase the stresses of driving a car.

Driving in heavy traffic - especially against a deadline - requires a high level of attention. This requires the brain to work especially hard processing a myriad of incoming information and making, often split-second, decisions.

Congestion and delays can raise blood pressure and physical tension which may manifest itself as 'road rage', having serious long-term health consequences and causing drivers sometimes to take reckless and foolish decisions. Driving in congested traffic now outweighs any previous benefits car-driving once gave.

A sense of frustration of 'wasting one's life' behind the wheel of the car, unable to do anything more productive than casual conversations or listening to the radio. On a bus it is possible to fill the time more profitably by doing some work or reading.

He also notes that highly trained, professional bus drivers are skilled in negotiating the challenges of the road, and the relief of trusting someone else to be in charge of the journey is a key part of what makes taking the bus less stressful.

He encourages people to get out of their cars and on to the bus for trips where it makes sense - such as shopping in town or heading to a restaurant - so that you don't need to battle traffic or find parking. Switching simple journeys can help achieve the goal of taking a billion car journeys off the road. All it will take is everyone shifting around a trip a month.

69.The finding of the study mentioned in this passage is that _______.

A.cars cause more traffic accidents than buses

B.high blood pressure is harmful to human health

C.driving a car is more stressful than taking a bus

D.car driving is accompanied by many distractions

70.The term "road rage" probably refers to _______.

A.the panic caused by traffic congestions

B.the sudden heart attack that drivers suffer from

C.traffic accidents arising from bad-tempered drivers

D,the explosive outbursts of anger shown by motorists

71.All of the following are considered a source of stress during car driving EXCEPT _______.

A. traffic jams

B. a sense of waste of time

C. Unfamiliar roads

D. Heavy traffic

72.One of the advantages of a bus ride is that _______.

A.you can do something productive on the road

B.there is no fear of taking the wrong road

C.you can get to your destination quickly

D.no passenger suffers from high blood pressure

73.This passage is intended to _______.

A. highlight the causes of stress in a city

B. urge the public to stop using cars altogether

C. tell people how to ward off stress while driving a car

D. advise people to take a bus instead of a car when possible

74.Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage?

A. Car driving: a demanding but exciting job

B. Bus travel:one third less stressful than the ear

C. Road rage: a frequent occurrence on the way

D. Traffic jams: a source of disease and conflicts

Passage Seven

The term "g" (general intelligence) represents a measure of overall cognitive ability across a variety of tests. It's not the same as IQ but it does tend to correlate. Everyone agrees that "g" tends to run in families. But is this down to genetics or to environmental influences?

However, no single gene has ye been conclusively linked to intelligence. Rather it appears to be a case of complex interactions on many levels between many different genes.

Identical twins hae exactly the same genes, while non-identical twins share about half their genes. Another feature of twins that makes them an ideal choice for studies is that they tend to be raised in pretty much the same environment. If a particular feature is the same in identical twins, but not in non-identical twins, then chances are it's mainly genes that are controlling that feature.

So what do the twin studies show? Well, first degree relatives tend to have "g" correlation of about 0.4 - 0.5. (perfect correlation is 1; correlation of 0 means that the 2 things in question are totally unrelated). Identical twins have a correlation of 0.85, while for non-identical twins it's about 0.6 which suggests that genes play a very important role, but are not the only factor, since if they were, the correlation between identical twins would be 1.

Identical twins reared apart are almost as similar in "g" scores as those reared together. Adopted children and their adoptive parents have a "g" correlation of zero, while adopted children and their biological parents tend to have the same correlations as any parent-child pair. So although genes don't seem to be the only thing affecting intelligence, their effects seem to be constant and apparently not overridden by environment.

Does heritability of intelligence alter over a lifetime? Remarkably, it appears so. "g" heritability climbs gradually from 20% in babies to 40% in children, peaking at 60% in adults. Why this should be is still a matter of speculation. It's been suggested that as our cognitive abilities become more complex, new genes may come into play that were not needed when brain functions were less sophisticated. Or individuals may be drawn towards environments that fit with their genetic makeup, as time goes by and genetic effects that started out small in childhood build up together during adulthood.

75.all of the following statements about "g" are true EXCEPT ______.

A."g" correlates with IQ

B."g" is to some extent inherited

C."g" can be attributed to a single gene

D."g" is a measure of cognitive ability

76.Identical twins are chosen as the subjects of the study because ______.

A. they have the same heritability of intelligence

B. they have some genes linked to general intelligence

C. they are alike in everything except for intelligence

D. they have the same genes and live in the same environment

77.The studies on twins' general intelligence show that ______.

A. identical twins are more intelligent

B. genes play an important role in "g"

C. the correlation between identical twins is1

D. nothing but genes can determine "g"

78.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that ______.

A. parenting has less effect on one's "g" than genes

B. "g" changes with the living environment

C. an adopted child can become as clever as the step-parents

D. environment plays a more important role in "g" than genes

79.It can be concluded from the passage that ______.

A. it is easy to identify what determines our intelligence

B. identical twins have exactly the same IQ

C. IQ depends more on environment than on genes

D. genes are a more important determinant of "g" than environment

80.It seems that heritability of intelligence ______.

A. remains unchanged all our life

B. declines as we grow up

C. increases with our age

D. has been clearly explained

Passage Eight

At the beginning of a country's rise out of backwardness and poverty, more wealth does make a difference. However, citing surveys from China and South Kores, the economist Richard Easterlin points out: "In these countries, per capita income has doubled in 20 years but overall happiness does not seem to have followed the same path." Economists are surprised, because GNP has long been thought the best indicator of human welfare. More GNP generally means more money for most people, and more money improves the quality of life, and that means happiness.

But, perhaps, the survey suggests that more money can make you happy only if those around you do not share in your good fortune. General prosperity may fail to enhance individual contentment. Perhaps it is a matter of being aware of your advantage, not that you need to get the highest salaries or be the object of envy. Maybe, individual goals vary too much to be generalized. Maybe one has nothing at all to do with the other. Freud was well aware that economic success did not make people happy. Most psychoanalysts and therapists today would agree. He thought only the realization of a deep childhood desire could provide such satisfaction.

Another problem is that people are poor reporters of their own states of mind. They will usually tell you what they themselves want to believe. To know if someone is really happy or not, you have to catch him or her in the act of happiness. Being happy or acting happy are more reliable indicators than thinking too much about it.

Professional therapists also know that what makes people happy defies explanation, but what prevents them from being happy doesn't. Poor self-esteem undermines all feelings of success. Hunger and cold make it harder to relax and enjoy one's experience. Insecurity and failure to engage one's work leave one dissatisfied. Anxiety penetrates all our perceptions and feelings, and brings us down.

Economists can probably hope to measure how well our basic needs for security and health are met in society, and if those are reasonably OK, people tend to find the happiness they seek. Most of us want to enjoy life, spend time with our children, play at sports, sing ,dance and travel. If we can do those things without dread, the amount of money we have is irrelevant.

57.It seems to Richard Easterlin that higher GNP ______.

A.will certainly make people happier

B.depends on the overall level of happiness

C.does not necessarily add to people's happiness

D.is a good indicator of human happiness

58.According to the second paragraph, individual happiness arises from ______.

A.setting a high goal

B.the respect from your neighbors

https://www.doczj.com/doc/a611670847.html,mon prosperity

D.your superiority over others

59.Freud's doctrine is mentioned to show that ______.

A.goals vary from person to person

B.a happy childhood means life-long happiness

C.psychoanalysts and therapists think alike

D.wealth does not always make one happy

60.It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

A. our feelings of happiness tend to the same

B. there are few people who are really happy

C. people sometimes don't know exactly how they feel

D. thinking about happiness can make you feel happy

61.Professional therapists believe that ______.

A.it is easy to explain what makes people happy

B.it is easy to tell what leaves people unhappy

C.it is difficult to tell who is happy

D.it is hard to distinguish happiness from unhappiness

62.The author's conclusion is that ______.

A.happiness is sometimes independent of wealth

B.money can add to individual happiness

C.it is possible to determine if money means happiness

D.happiness has nothing to do with wealth of any sort

Keys to Passage One to Four

51.B 52. D 53. A 54. B 55. C 56. D 63. D 64. C 65. A 66. C 67. D 68. B 69. D 70. B 71. A 72. C 73. C 74. D 75. C 76. A 77. D 78. A 79. B 80. B

Keys to Passage Five to Seven

51. B 52. D 53. A 54. C 55. C 56. C 69. C 70. D

71. C 72. A 73. D 74. B 75. C 76. D 77 B 78. A 79. D 80. C

Keys to Passage Eight

57. C 58. D 59. D 60. C 61. B 62. A

外科三基考试题含答案.doc

2014年外科三基考试题含答案5 姓名:科室:分数: A型题: 1、经高压蒸汽灭菌的物品,最长保存时间一般为:答案: E A、1周 B、2周 C、2个月 D、4周 E、5周 2、面部、肛门、外生殖器皮肤及口腔粘膜消毒宜采用:答案: C A、龙胆紫 B、3% 碘酊 C、70% 酒精 D、90%酒精 E、10%甲醛溶液 3、用0.1% 新洁尔灭或0.1% 洗必泰溶液浸泡一般金属器械时需:答案: C A、10分钟 B、20分钟 C、30分钟 D、40分钟 E、1小时 4、下列哪项不是手术的五项基本技术:答案: C A、选择最适宜的手术切口 B、要有满意的显露和分离 C、要有良好的麻醉 D、正确的缝合或吻合 E、必要的引流与正规的拆线 5、下列哪项不是手术中常用的止血方法:答案: D A、压迫止血 B、钳夹止血 C、结扎止血 D、热敷止血 E、填塞止血

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