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1
International Organization for Standardization
International Accreditation Forum
Date: 21 September 2004
ISO 9001 Auditing Practices Group
The ISO 9001 Auditing Practices Group is an informal group of quality management system (QMS) experts, auditors and practitioners drawn from the ISO Technical Committee 176 Quality Management and Quality Assurance (ISO/TC 176) and the International
Accreditation Forum (IAF).
It has developed a number of guidance papers and presentations (see "QMS auditing topics" below) that contain ideas, examples and explanations about the auditing of QMSs. These reflect the process-based approach that is essential for auditing the requirements of ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements .
The guidance is primarily aimed at QMS auditors, consultants and quality practitioners, but is not definitive. The papers and presentations reflect a number of different views in QMS auditing. As such, their content may not always be consistent. It is not intended that the
guidance will be used as specified requirements, an industry benchmark, or as criteria that all QMS auditors, consultants or practitioners have to follow.
QMS auditing topics
? The need for a 2-stage approach to auditing 2阶段审核的必要性
? Measuring QMS effectiveness and improvements 测量QMS 的有效性及其改进
? Identification of processes 过程的识别
? Understanding the process approach 过程方法的理解
? Determination of the “where appropriate” processes 确定”适当的”过程
? Auditing the “where appropriate” requirements 审核”适当的”要求
? Demonstrating conformity to the standard 证明符合标准
? Linking an audit of a particular task, activity or process to the overall system
? Auditing continual improvement 审核持续改进
? Auditing a QMS which has minimum documentation 审核QMS 文件化的最低要求 ? How to audit top management processes 如何审核最高管理层
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?The role and value of the audit checklist 审核检查表的角色和价值
?Scope of ISO 9001:2000, Scope of Quality Management System and Defining Scope of Certification ISO9001：2000的范围，质量管理体系的范围和定义认证范围
?How to Add Value during the audit process审核过程如何增值
?Auditing competence and the effectiveness of actions taken审核能力要求和采取措施的有效性
?Auditing Statutory and Regulatory requirements审核法规和指令要求
?Auditing the Quality Policy and Quality Objectives审核质量方针和质量目标
?Auditing ISO 9001, Clause 7.6 Control of monitoring and measuring devices审核ISO9001,
7.6条款监视和测量装置的要求
?Making effective use of ISO 19011ISO19011的有效应用
?Auditing Customer Feedback processes审核顾客反馈过程
?Documenting a Nonconformity文件化不符合项
?Guidance for reviewing and closing nonconformities评审和关闭不符合项指南
?Auditing Internal Communications审核内部沟通
?Auditing Preventive Action审核预防措施
?Auditing Service Organizations审核服务组织
?Auditing the Effectiveness of the Internal Audit审核内部审核的有效性
?Auditing Electronic Based Management Systems审核电子管理体系
A "Zip" file of all the above documents is also available. 可获得以上文件的ZIP档。Feedback from users will be used by the ISO 9001 Auditing Practices Group to determine whether additional guidance documents should be developed, or if these current ones should be revised. Comments on the papers or presentations can be sent to the following email address: charles.corrie@https://www.doczj.com/doc/a811621180.html,.
The other papers and presentations may be downloaded from the web sites:
www.iaf.nu
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a811621180.html,/iso-tc176-sc2
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The need for a 2 stage approach to auditing
2阶段审核的必要性
Auditing ISO 9001:2000 requires auditors to obtain a good understanding of an auditee’s quality management system (QMS) and the nature of its business. This is why it is beneficial for an organization to be visited prior to its certification audit and for a1st stage audit to be conducted. 审核ISO9001：2000要求审核员很好地理解受审核方的质量管理体系和业务性质。这就是在认证审核前访问组织，建立第一阶段审核的好处。
This 1st stage audit is primarily for scoping and planning a certification audit (the stage 2 audit) and to allow the auditor to obtain an understanding of the organisation. For example, to gain knowledge of its QMS, policies, objectives, risks, processes, locations, etc. It is also may be used for the auditing body to communicate its needs and expectations to the auditee.第一阶段审核可初步确定认证审核(第二阶段审核)范围并进行策划，让审核员了解组织。如了解质量管理体系，方针，目标，风险，过程，现场等信息。也可用于审核机构与受审核方沟通需求和期望。
Activities performed at a preliminary 1st stage audit include第一阶段审核活动包括: ?Identification of the key risks of the business and related statutory, regulatory aspects and compliance
识别业务的主要风险和相关的法令法规及其符合性
?An assessment of whether the auditee's defined processes are adequate to meet its objectives and customer requirements
评价受审核方确定的过程是否充分，并满足目标和顾客要求
? Conducting a Documentation Review
进行文件审核
?This review should determine if the organisation's QMS documentation adequately covers all the requirements of ISO 9001:2000. The review would normally be carried out at the auditee's premises (unless otherwise requested and justified). As a result of this activity, a report should be provided that notes any deficient areas. As part of the
documentation review, the auditor should assess the extent and availability of supporting procedures and process descriptions. Collecting necessary information regarding the scope of the organization's management system, processes and location(s)
确定组织的质量管理体系文件是否充分覆盖了ISO9001：2000的要求。此评审通常基于受审核方的前提下进行(除非有另外的要求和证明)。结果应提供报告描述不足之处。作为文件评审的一部分，审核员应评价支持程序和过程描述的程度和可获得性。收集关于组织管理体系，过程和场所的必要信息。
?Drafting the future certification documentation, including the Scope statement 起草下一步认证文件，包括范围的确定
?Planning the certification (stage 2) audit, including the requirements for audit team selection
策划认证 (第二阶段) 审核，包括审核组选择的要求
?Obtaining evidence that internal audits and management reviews are being planned, or performed, effectively
获得内部审核和管理评审有效策划或实施的证据
?Checking that the QMS is implemented and ready for the stage 2 audit, including appropriate level of documents and supporting records.
检查实施的质量管理体系及为第二阶段审核的准备，包括必要的文件和支持记录的水平。
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If the system is lacking in any way, the auditor should note this in the audit report, so that the organisation has an opportunity to rectify deficiencies prior to its certification (2nd stage) audit.
如果体系有缺失，审核员应记录在审核报告中，以便组织在认证(第二阶段)审核前矫正缺失。
?Agreeing a date for the stage 2 audit
确定第二阶段审核日期
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Identification of processes过程的识别
1. Distinguishing between the concepts of a process and an activity
过程和活动概念的区别
If an auditee cannot distinguish between the concepts of a process and an activity, the auditor can briefly explain the differences by using the guidance (clause 2.4) and definition ((3.4.1) in ISO 9000:2000 as background information. The auditor must be able to adapt to the auditee’s situation. It is the auditor’s responsibility to understand the auditee’s systems and approach.
如果受审核方不能区别过程和活动的概念，审核员可以ISO 9000:2000的指南和定义作为背景知识简要地解释其不同之处。审核员应有能力适应受审核方的状况。理解受审核方体系和方式是审核员的职责。
During the audit, the auditor should determine whether there is a problem of difference
of terminology only, or whether there is a lack of real implementation of the process approach by the auditee. There may be a need to issue an NCR if the auditee is not fully implementing the requirements stated in ISO 9001:2000, Clause 4.1. If this is simply a terminology problem, there should be no need to issue an NCR, if all the requirements of in Clause 4.1 are satisfied.
在审核期间，审核员应确定仅是术语不同的原因，还是受审核方过程方法实施的缺失。如果受审核方不能满足ISO 9001:2000条款4.1规定的要求，则需要发出NCR。如果满足了条款4.1的要求，仅是简单的术语问题，则不需要发出NCR，
The auditee has the right to use its own terminology, provided the requirements of the standard are met. The auditor should mentally develop a cross-reference list to ensure consistency and better understanding.
倘若满足标准要求，受审核方有权利使用他自己的术语。审核员应在心里建立一个对照表以确保一致性和更好地理解。
2. A process has defined objective(s), input(s), output(s), activities, and resources
定义的过程目标、输入、输出、活动和资源
If the auditee does not understand that a process must have defined (but not necessarily measurable) objective(s), input(s), output(s), activities, and resources, the auditor should try reformulating the questions to the auditee avoiding the use of QM jargon, e.g. Can you explain to me your operations here? What are the basic jobs carried out in your department? What information do you need to start your work? Where does it come from? Who receives the result of your work? How do you know if you’ve done your job correctly? etc..
如果受审核方不了解过程需定义(不适当可测量的)目标、输入、输出、活动和资源，审核员应试着换一种形式，以便受审核方避免使用质量管理行话，如你能向我解释你的运作吗？你部门的基本工作是什么？你开始工作需要哪些信息？这些信息从何处获得？谁接受你工作的结果？你如何理解正确的工作？等。
This should help the auditor to establish whether the processes (as per ISO 9001: 2000) are already defined, have clear inputs, outputs, objectives and so on.
这些帮助审核员确定是否已定义过程，有清晰的输入，输出，目标等。
3. Processes should be analysed, monitored and/or measured, and improved
应分析，监视和/或测量,改进过程
If after applying the audit techniques outlined above, there is an absence of any records or other proof to demonstrate that the processes are analysed, and/or monitored, and/or measured, and/or improved, there would appear to be non-conformity with part of ISO 9001:2000 Clause 4.1.
如果用以上的审核技术，发现记录的不足或不足以证明过程已分析、监视、测量、改进，这会成为ISO 9001:2000 条款 4.1的不符合项。
4. The auditee/auditor considers that each clause or sub-clause of ISO 9001:2000 must be defined as a separate process
受审核方和审核员认为ISO9001:2000的每个条款须定义为一个独立的过程
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If the auditor considers this as the right approach, he should refer to relevant ISO documents, (notably the ISO/TC 176/SC 2 document N544 ISO 9000 Introduction and Support Package: Guidance on the Concept and Use of the Process Approach) which clearly indicates the contrary. If the auditee considers this as the right approach, it is recommended that the techniques outlined in section 2 (above) should be used.
如果审核员认为这是正确的方法，他应参考ISO文件(ISO/TC 176/SC 2文件 N544 ISO9000介绍和支持文件包：过程方法的使用和概念指南)，规定正好相反。如果受审核方认为这是正确的方法，建议其使用第2节的技术。
5. Is the process approach as described in the 'Introduction' to ISO 9001:2000 a requirement of the standard?
过程方法是ISO9001:2000标准前言的一项要求吗？
The description of the process approach in the 'Introduction' to ISO 9001:2000 is purely informative and not a set of additional requirements.
ISO9001:2000前言描述的过程方法完全是正常的要求，不是附加要求。
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Understanding the process approach理解过程方法
Helping an auditor to interpret the process approach
帮助审核员解释过程方法
If an auditor does not understand or misunderstands the process approach, direct him or her to recognized information sources, such as the standard ISO 9000:2000 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and Vocabulary and the ISO 9000 Introduction and Support Package: Guidance on the Concept and Use of the Process Approach for management systems (document ISO/TC176/SC2/N544, available from
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a811621180.html,/iso-tc176-sc2).
如果审核员不了解或误解过程方法，他或她应了解相关的信息资源，如标准ISO9000:2000质量管理体系-原理和术语和(ISO/TC 176/SC 2文件 N544 ISO9000介绍和支持文件包：管理体系的过程方法使用和概念指南，可从https://www.doczj.com/doc/a811621180.html,/iso-tc176-sc2网站获得)。
A certification body/registrar should ensure that all its auditors have received sufficient training regarding the new requirements in ISO 9001:2000, particularly those on the process approach. Thus, an auditor should realise that several steps are needed, including the following认证机构或注册方应确保其所有审核员都接受了足够的ISO 9001:2000新要求的培训，尤其是过程方法。因此审核员应清楚以下的几个步骤:
- determining the processes and responsibilities necessary to attain the quality objectives of the organisation确定必要的过程和职责以达成组织的质量目标;
- determining and providing the resources and information necessary确定并提供必要的资源和信息;
- establishing and applying methods to monitor and/or measure and analyse each process 确定并应用监视和测量和分析每个过程的方法;
- establishing and applying a process for continual improvement of the effectiveness of the QMS确定并应用持续改进质量管理体系的有效性的过程.
The process approach concept must be so well understood by auditors that they are not limited by the terminology in the standard; however, auditees may use their own “in-house” terminology. Auditors must be aware that the application of the process approach will be different from organisation to organisation, depending on the size and complexity of the organisation and its activities. Special consideration should be given to the situation in small and medium enterprises (SME’s), so that auditors should not expect so many processes in their QMSs.
审核员应清楚地理解过程方法的概念，不仅限于标准的术语；可是，受审核方可能用他们自己的术语。审核员应认识到不同组织的过程方法应用，基于组织及其活动的规模和复杂程度。尤其要考虑到中小型企业的情况，审核员不应期望在他们的质量管理体系有太多过程。
Helping an auditee to interpret the process approach
帮助受审核方说明过程方法
If an auditor is faced with a complete misunderstanding by an auditee, this situation should normally be identified at the 1st stage audit审核员面对完全误解的受审核方的情况通常在第一阶段审核中发现.
The auditor should refer the auditee to recognized information sources, such as those indicated in the section above. (In particular, the referenced ISO/TC 176/SC 2/N544 document sets out different steps in the process approach and provides useful guidance with examples)审核员应参考受审核方的信息资源，如以上章节显示的信息(通常参见ISO/TC
176/SC 2/N544文件设定的过程方法的步骤和提供的指南.
The auditee should also pay sufficient consideration to受审核方应充分考虑
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- the establishment of process objectives过程目标的建立,
- process planning过程策划,
- the availability of suitable records可获得适当的记录.
Auditees frequently identify too many processes; some or all of them are activities, which do not fulfil the requirements of a process, in the sense that ISO 9001:2000 uses the concept. In this situation, an auditor should (in the 1st stage audit) propose that the auditee performs a redefinition of its processes, based on e.g. the criticality of the activities. This might be particularly relevant for SME’s.
受审核方通常会识别许多的过程，其中一部分或全部是活动，不符合ISO 9001:2000中使用的过程要求。这种情况下，审核员应(在第1阶段审核中)建议受审核方基于活动的危险程度重新定义过程。通常在中小型企业可能遇到。
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Determination of the “where appropriate” processes确定适当的过程
Terminology术语
Where the terminology used by the auditee is different to that used by the auditor, the auditor should understand the concepts in ISO 9001:2000 using ISO 9000:2000 and make a mental or written cross reference between the terminology of the auditee and his/her own for the same concepts, avoiding the use of QM jargon当受审核方用的术语和审核员不同时，审核员应运用ISO 9000:2000理解ISO 9001:2000的概念，并在心里或写出书面的对照表，确定受
审核方和他自己对同一个概念所用的术语，避免使用质量管理行话.
The definition of process过程的定义
If the definition of process is not interpreted in the same way by the auditor and the auditee, the auditor should seek to understand the auditee’s point of view and not impose his own view unless it is clear (supported with enough objective evidence) that the requirements of the standard are not met. The same is true if the auditor believes that certain processes have not been correctly identified or are missing如果审核员和受审核方对过程的定义不能一致时，审核员应理解受审核方的观点，而不能强加他自己的观点，除非确定不能满足标准要求(足够
的客观证据.支持)。审核员确定过程识别不正确或遗漏时也同样处理.
Exclusions 删减
The auditor should refer to clause 1.2 of ISO 9001:2000, to the ISO/TC 176/SC 2/N524 document ISO 9000 Introduction and Support Package: Guidance on ISO 9001:2000, Clause 1.2 'Application' for further guidance, and the APG's guidance on Scopes.审核员宜参考ISO 9001:2000的1.2条款，ISO/TC 176/SC 2/N524文件ISO9000介绍和支持文件：ISO
9001:2000的1.2条款“应用”指南和APG的范围指南.
The auditor should obtain objective evidence that the auditee cannot exclude a specific requirement, before reaching a conclusion.
审核员应在做出审核结论之前获取受审核方不能删减要求的客观证据。
It is good practice for an auditor to utilize the standard ISO 9000:2000 Quality management systems - Fundamentals and vocabulary and ISO/TC 176/SC 2/N524 as support documents, to explain the arguments to the auditee.
审核员利用标准ISO 9000:2000质量管理体系-基础和术语和ISO/TC 176/SC 2/N524作为支持文件，解释和受审核方的争议是一个很好的办法。
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Auditing “where appropriate” requirements审核适当的要求The auditee should determine the application of the ISO 9001 “where appropriate" requirements, as this will affect its ability to satisfy its customers' requirements. (It may be useful to refer the auditee to ISO 9001:2000 clause 1.1 "… where an organization a) needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide product that meets customer and applicable regulatory requirements”.)
受审核方应确定ISO9001”适当的”要求的应用，因为这些会影响到满足顾客要求的能力。(请受审核方参考ISO 9001:2000条款1.1“…当组织 A需要证明其持续提供满足顾客和适用法规要求产品的能力时”)。
An auditor should ensure that the "where appropriate" requirements are really ‘appropriate’ in relation to the proposed/actual scope of the auditee's quality management system. Therefore the basis of audit should be against this criterion, which should form the benchmark when deciding what is appropriate or not.
审核员应确保”适当的”要求对于提议或实际的受审核方的质量管理体系范围确实是”适当的”。因些确定是否适当时，审核基准应基于标准。
Issues that should be considered include应考虑的问题包括:
- Does this requirement add value to this element of confidence, without the ‘where appropriate’ being addressed?
没有确定“适当”时，此条款的要求是否可增值？
- Does it increase the risk that the organisation cannot meet its customer requirements?
(This may be more than a specific set of customer requirements, as it can include the demands and expectations of end users, consumers, or the supply chain).
是否增加组织不能满足顾客要求的风险？(这可能超过一组特定顾客的要求，因为也包括最终使用者、消费者或供应链的要求和期望)。
Need for experience to make a judgement on a technical issue 技术问题判定的经验需求。
An auditing body should be able to demonstrate that its auditor has the necessary sector knowledge, competence and auditing skills. The auditor needs to be able to demonstrate knowledge of a process that is being examined and to be able to apply their skill in evaluating whether the ‘where appropriate’ requirements are appropriate or not.
审核机构应有能力证明其审核员具备必要的知识、能力和审核技能。审核员需证明过程相关的知识经过测试，有能力应有其技能评价”适当的”要求是否适当。
The auditor will need to understand how the ‘where appropriate’ requirements fit into the context of how a process is established and its expected outcomes. When the requirements are not considered to be "appropriate", the audit should provide objective evidence to demonstrate that the system is effective and that customer requirements are being consistently met.
审核员需要理解适当的要求如何适合建立的过程及其期望的输出。当这个要求认为“不适当”时，审核应提供客观证据以证明体系是有效的，并可持续满足顾客要求。
An auditing body should have the necessary processes in place to ensure that an auditor has the specific skills for the organisation that is to be audited.
审核机构应有必要的过程以确保审核员对于受审核组织具备所需的特定技能。
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Demonstrating conformity to the standard证明符合标准“Performing the audit to the standard's clauses” versus “Performing the audit to the auditee’s processes”审核标准条款和审核受审核方过程
When assessing conformity to the standard, audit checklists may not be sufficient评
价标准符合性时，审核检查表可能不充分
At the end of an audit, the auditor should be in a position to know whether all requirements of the standard are satisfied or not.
审核结束时，审核员应确定标准所有要求是否都能满足。
Trying to show compliance to a standard often brings people back to using checklists, where an auditor is able to check-off the requirements of the standard one-by-one, making sure that all the requirements have been covered. This basic approach of filling out a checklist is an easy way to ensure that all requirements of the standards have been checked. However, considering the approach of the ISO 9001:2000, performing an audit from a generic checklist might prevent an auditor from collecting evidence of effective interfacing between processes. 当审核员能逐个检查标准要求时，确保已覆盖了标准所有要求时，常使用检查表显示符合标准要求。填写检查表是确保标准所有要求都已检查的基本方法。但是，考虑到ISO9001：2000
的方法，用普通的检查表可能会妨碍审核员收集过程接口有效性的证据。
In some situations, completely moving away from the checklist (or audit question list) might not be possible, particularly if the organization needs to provide evidence of compliance to the standard to third parties (e.g. regulators, conformity assessment bodies).
有些情况下，显然组织需要向第三方(如调节方，符合性评价机构)提供符合标准的证据时，完
全使用检查表(或审核问卷)可能是不行的。
It is important to use a checklist in an appropriate way and at an appropriate time, i.e. as a tool to help keep track of the requirements of the standard to be covered.
用适当的方式、在适当的时间使用检查表是很重要的，如作为帮助跟进标准要求是否覆盖的工具。
What is adequate sampling?足够的抽样
There is no statistical or mathematical formula to establish the right number of samples to be taken during an audit. Defining the number of samples (e.g. one, five, or even more samples of records for a particular requirement) to be taken to confirm conformity to the requirements is not efficient and does not ensure conformity. It is of course a fact that by increasing the number of samples taken, an auditor will have greater confidence regarding the actual status of the implementation of the QMS. "Adequate" sampling in this context would refer to a level of sampling taken during on-site interviews and record reviews that give sufficient confidence that the auditee's QMS is implemented as described.
没有统计或数学公式来确定在审核期间抽样的正确数量。确定抽样数量来确认与标准的符合性是效率低下的，且不能确保其符合性。当然增加抽样数量，审核员对质量管理体系实施的真实状态更具信心。抽样的适量会涉及到现场面谈和记录评价的抽样水平，对受审核方质量管理体系实施性充满信心。
Multi-site sampling, or sampling of the organizational units of a company, are covered in Annex II of the IAF's Guidance on the Application of ISO/IEC Guide 62, along with the required on-site auditor days and sampling formula for multi-sites.
多现场抽样或公司的组织单位抽样，在IAF的ISO/IEC导则62应用指南文件中规定，包括了多现场审核人天要求和多现场的抽样公式。
The auditor needs to perform interviews and check records and evidence during the interview. The number of samples to be taken depends on the complexity of the process being audited, and on the quality of information received from the auditee during the interview. It is also important that the auditor maintains the schedule outlined in the audit plan.
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At the end of the day, the auditor needs to feel comfortable that the samples and the objective evidence seen are representative, in order to draw appropriate conclusions regarding the implementation of the QMS.
审核员在审核中应进行面谈，并检查记录和证据。抽样的数量取决于受审核过程的复杂程度和在面谈时从受审核方处获得的信息质量。审核日结束时，审核员应觉得抽样是适当的，客观证据具有代表性，以便对质量管理体系实施状态作出结论。
Recording audit information记录审核信息
ISO 19011 and the IAF Guidance on the Application of ISO/IEC Guide 62 explain what an audit report should contain. However, it is important that the audit reports to the auditee only contain important information for the auditee, e.g. information on possible improvements, positive observations, and non-conformities to the standard. Merely reiterating and explaining the requirements of the standard is unlikely to be what the auditee is looking for.
ISO19011和IAF文件ISO/IEC导则62的应用说明了审核报告应包含的内容。但是，重要的是给受审核方的审核报告仅包括一些重要信息，如可改进的信息，正面的观察和不符合项。仅重复和解释标准的要求不是受审核方所需要的。
There may also be a requirement for the auditor to demonstrate the sequence in which the audit was performed, sometimes called the audit trail. Using audit notes is a very efficient way for an auditor to record the audit. The main disadvantage of using audit notes is that they tend to be a very personal way of recording information during an audit, and the levels of recording detail and styles will vary greatly from one auditor to another.
这也是对审核员的要求，证明执行审核的顺序，有时叫审核路线。对于审核员记录审核，使用审核笔记是很有效的方法。使用审核笔记主要不足是趋向于非常人个化的方法记录审核信息，每个审核员的记录详细程度和类型都有很大的不同。
A checklist can ensure some uniformity in the performance of the auditors. However, auditors should never forget to spend their time auditing, not filling out checklists or taking notes.
检查表可确保审核员的一致性。但是，审核员不应忘记时间的分配，而不是填写检查表或审核笔记。
Linking an audit of a particular task, activity or process to the overall system体系特定的任务、活动或过程的审核
The auditor should not lose sight of the overall direction of the audit, and get side-tracked by superfluous details. It is important that the auditor keep a close eye on the information provided by the auditee in the quality manual or documentation where the auditee has defined the interaction of processes. Interviews should also be performed in such a way that the auditors should determine the input and output of the process being audited. Keeping in mind the auditee's process map should ensure that the auditor will be able to determine the importance of the process he is auditing at any time, and will therefore be able to keep sight of the overall direction of the audit. This will also help the auditor to understand the linkage between the processes.
审核员不能忽视审核的全面趋势，获取边缘资料。重要的是审核员应密切关注质量手册或定义过程接口的文件中受审核方提供的信息。审核员应确定受审核的过程输入和输出。关注受审核方的过程图，以确保审核员任何时候都有能力确定过程的重要性，因而能够看到审核的全面趋势。这样也有助于审核员理解过程间的联系。
During an audit, the auditor has an opportunity to check the auditee's description of the interrelation of its processes. The auditor should take some samples to see if the descriptions are a proper reflection of the actual interrelation of the processes, as this will help determine if the process description is adequate.
在审核期间，审核员有机会检查受审核方对过程相互关系的描述。审核员应抽样看描述是否反映过程的相互关系，以便确定过程描述是否充分。
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Auditing continual improvement审核持续改进
How much improvement is “enough”?多少改进才“足够”
It should be emphasised that the requirement in ISO 9001:2000 is for continual improvement of the effectiveness of the QMS.
ISO 9001:2000强调持续改进质量管理体系的有效性。
Continual improvement emanates from the objectives set by top management, which should (at least) address: the improvement of internal efficiency (for the organization to remain economically competitive), individual customer needs, and the level of performance that the market normally expects.
持续改进源于最高管理者设定的目标，(至少)说明：内部效率(组织保持经济竞争力)的改进，
单个顾客需求和市场正常期望的业绩水平。
For example, in the aeronautical sector, the “acceptable rate” of non-conforming delivered product is zero percent, so it would not be useful for the organization to set objectives for an “improvement“ in this rate. However, it would be useful for the organization to have objectives aimed in improving its internal efficiency and its competitiveness (e.g. through innovation).
例如，对于航空业，交付不合格品的接受率为零，所以组织不能用此作为目标改进。但是，组织可以改进其内部效率和竞争力作为目标(如通过创新)。
The auditor should seek to determine if the auditee has attempted to set objectives that establish the correlation between the 3 factors of: corporate objectives, customer needs, and market expectations. Thereafter, it is up to the organization to balance the need for improving internal efficiency and the need to progress with external performance (although the two are very often closely related). No one in isolation can ever be considered as being “enough” or “not enough”.
审核员应确定受审核方设定目标建立以下3方面的关系：公司目标，顾客需求和市场期望。随后组织平衡其内部效率改进需求和外部业绩(这两项通常紧密相关)发展需求。不可孤立地考虑是否足够。
One area which can be problematic for the auditor is to know what is a reasonable market benchmark. Continuing the above aeronautical example, if the organization announced that it had improved from a level of 50% non-conforming product delivered to 40%, this would demonstrate continual improvement, but would hardly be acceptable, given the industry sector's zero percent normal rate. However, if it announced that it had set an objective to improve its performance from 0,50% to 0,40%, this would be much nearer the market norm. 对于审核员有一处问题是什么是合理的市场绩效。继续上面航空的例子，如果组织告知从50%的交付不良品率改进到40%，这可证明持续改进，但是对于行业内零缺陷却是不能接受的。但是，告知其绩效从0,50%改进到0,40%，这样就比较接近行业正常水平。
The only real solution for the auditor is to verify how the organization has determined this proposed rate of improvement, how it has evaluated the associated risks, and how this relates to customer requirements and the monitoring of feedback on customer satisfaction. It would be almost impossible to issue an NCR that stated “There was not enough continual improvement”.
审核员最真实的解决方法就是验证组织如何确定其改进比率，如何评价其关联风险，如何考虑顾客要求和顾客满意反馈的监视。几乎不可能开出NCR“持续改进不够”。
What sort of information is relevant and where can we find it?相关信息和何处可发现？The auditor has to verify how the overall corporate objectives have been translated into internal requirements throughout the appropriate processes, and how these requirements are communicated and monitored. So, the auditor should look for evidence that the organization is analysing data from process monitoring, and is then taking the results forward for evaluating process efficiency and/or improving process output. One point that should be
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specifically examined, is the consistency of the way in which the improvement of any one process contributes to meeting the overall objectives, in order to ensure that this will not cause conflict in the achievement of other objectives.
审核员须验证公司目标如何通过必适当的过程转化为内部要求，以及这些要求如何沟通和监视。因此，审核员应寻找组织分析过程监视数据，并利用结果评价过程效率和/或改进过程输出的证据。有一点要特别注意，任何一个过程对满足目标的贡献的改进，以确保不会引起达成目标的抵制。
The type of information that an auditor needs to look for, is evidence of how the corporate objectives are translated into specific QMS objectives. For example: an organization could set an objective to reduce customer complains by 30%. The top management analysis shows that 50% of the complaints concern overdue deliveries. The auditor should then look for evidence that the organization is monitoring and analysing key aspects of its scheduling and planning activities, throughout its processes, and the process interfaces, to reduce delays.
审核员要寻找的信息类型是如何将组织目标转为具体的质量管理体系目标的证据。如：组织可设定目标降低顾客投诉30%。最高管理者分析50%投诉和延迟交货有关。审核员应寻找的证据有组织通过过程、过程的接口监视和分析其排程和策划活动的关键因素，以降低延迟交货率。
Improvement of the process or improvement of the QMS?过程改进或QMS改进
An auditor should remember that it would be unrealistic to expect an organization to make progress all potential improvements simultaneously. Each improvement will require the commitment of resources, which may need prioritisation by top management, especially where investments are needed. Instead, the auditor should seek to ensure that the improvement objectives are consistent overall, and are coherent with the trilogy of factors mentioned above. However, an organization that does not have a policy and objectives relating to continual improvement is clearly not complying with the standard. Similarly, the absence of any evidence of improvement on at least one of these aspects would have to be considered as indicating that an organization's quality policy is not in line with ISO 9001: 2000.
审核员应记住期望组织同时进行所有的改进机会是不切实际的。每项改进都要求承诺资源，尤其是需要投资时，最高管理者就需要优先选择。相反，审核员应寻求确保改进目标符合整体目标，和上面提到的三个方面相一致。但是，组织没有关于持续改进的方针和目标是明显不符合标准的。相同的，这些方面有一项的改进缺乏证据则显示组织的质量方针和ISO 9001: 2000不一致。
One word of warning: There is no requirement that the organization should set objectives for improvement of all its processes at any one time. As in the above example on reducing customer complaints, some processes may not be deemed by top management to contribute significantly to the reduction of delays, and it is only normal therefore, that the organization would not concentrate on these areas.
注意：没有要求组织应在任何时间所有过程都设定改进目标。如以上降低顾客投诉率的例子中，最高管理者可能不认同一些过程对降低延迟的能力，认为这是正常的，所以组织也没有集中关注到这些区域。
If the top management has set a (realistic) objective for a process, and there is no evidence of improvement, this information must be fed back into the management review so that top management can decide what type of action is appropriate - for example, re-adjusting the objective or providing other means to impact on the process.
如果最高管理者已设定了过程的(现实)目标，但是没有改进的证据，这个信息应反馈到管理评审以便最高管理者能决定适当的措施-如，再调整目标或提供其它方法影响此过程。
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Auditing a QMS which has minimum documentation审核文件化最少的QMS
There can be disagreement between an auditor and an auditee on the absence of certain documented procedures, when the auditee presents only a quality manual and the six documented procedures specifically required by ISO 9001:2000.
当受审核方呈出的仅有质量手册和ISO 9001:2000明确要求的6份程序文件时，审核员和受审核方之间对于必要的文件化程序可能存在争议。
The differences in view between the auditor and the auditee can arise from differences in the interpretation of the ISO 9001 requirements contained in Clause 4.2.1, and the related Note, which state:
观点的不同在于审核员和受审核方对于ISO9001条款4.2.1要求及相关说明的解释不同，规定是：
"4.2.1 General总则
The quality management system documentation shall include质量管理体系文件应包括:
….
d) documents needed by the organization to ensure the effective planning, operation and control of its processes.
组织确保过程有效策划、运作和控制所需的文件
NOTE 2 The extent of the quality management system documentation can differ from one organization to another due to注2 组织的质量管理体系文件化程度不同，取决于
a) the size of organization and type of activities组织的规模和活动类型,
b) the complexity of processes and their interactions, and过程及其接口的复杂程度，和
c) the competence of personnel."人员的能力
The auditor should requests information on the auditee's operating processes and subsequently ask questions, record answers and observe staff at all levels (including administrative personnel, process owners and operators), to confirm that the actual working status conforms to the descriptions given.
审核员应要求受审核方提供过程运作的信息，随后提问题，记录回答和在各阶层观察员工(包括管理人员，过程拥有者和操作员)以确认实际工作状态是否符合所给出的描述。Thereafter, the necessity for any documentation should be evaluated in the light of the observed need for consistency, and the role that any documentation could play in avoiding any significant, identified risks.
此后，结合观察到的一致性的需要评价所必需的文件，文件化可以避免重大的识别的风险。The reader is referred to the advice given in document referenced “ISO/TC 176/SC 2/N 525, ISO 9000 Introduction and Support Package: Guidance on the Documentation Requirements of ISO 9001:2000”可参见“ISO/TC 176/SC 2/N 525, ISO 9000介绍和支持文件包: ISO 9001:2000文件化要求指南”
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How to audit top management processes如何审核最高管理过程
Recognizing that the auditing of top management is a sensitive issue, this document provides guidance for this category of auditing.
审核最高管理层是一个很敏感的话题，本文件提供了此类审核的指南。
Auditors should involve top management in the audit, i.e. invite them to opening and closing meetings, allow sufficient time in the audit plan for interviewing top managers, discuss audit findings directly with them, seek evidence of their commitment, etc.. It is important to change the focus of attention from just the quality manager to the top management of the organization.
审核应包括最高管理者，如邀请他们参加首末次会议，审核计划中安排足够的时间与最高管理者面谈，与他们直接讨论审核发现，寻求他们承诺的证据等。将关注焦点从质量经理改变到组织的最高管理者是非常重要的。
The auditor should consider top management activities to be processes, and should auditing them accordingly.
审核员应视管理活动为过程，对他们进行审核。
Planning stage策划阶段
The auditor needs to identify top management processes, and审核员需识别最高管理过程
a) understand the organization and its management structure, by reviewing information
such as organization charts, annual reports, business plans, company profiles, press releases, websites,
通过评审信息如组织结构图，年度报告，业务计划，公司档案，新闻发布，网站了解组织及其管理结构
b) make provision on the audit plan for gathering relevant information regarding top
management commitment, directly from and by interviewing top management,
审核计划安排直接与最高管理者面谈收集有关最高管理者承诺的信息
c) understand the culture of the organization and its top management, in order to
determine its impact on the audit plan – and make appropriate adjustments.
了解组织及其最高管理者文件，以确定对审核计划的影响-并做适当的调整
d) take a professional approach in the auditor's own appearance, by determining the
dress code of the organization.
审核员的专业能力确定组织的专业代码
e) plan the timing of the top management interview, to ensure convenience and
punctuality.
计划与最高管理者面谈的时间表，以确保方便准时。
An auditor with limited auditing experience should not be assigned to interview top management,
不宜分配审核经验有限的审核员和最高管理者面谈。
Conducting the audit审核实施
Common methods of evaluating top management commitment are:
评审最高管理者承诺的通用方法是：
1. Interviews with top management
和最高管理者面谈
The auditor can, by utilising business terminology appropriate for the top management, ask relevant questions that
审核员能用适当的业务术语向最高管理者询问问题
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a) seek to obtain evidence of top management’s awareness of and commitment to quality
and its relevance to the organization's overall objectives and management system,
寻求最高管理者的质量意识和承诺，组织的整体目标和管理体系的证据，
b) establish evidence of conformity to the ISO 9001 requirements for management
responsibility.
建立符合ISO9001管理职责要求的证据
2. Collecting and corroborating evidence 收集并确认证据
The auditor/audit team should be constantly looking for opportunities to corroborate the answers received from top management when interviewed.
审核员/审核组宜不断寻找机会确认与最高管理者面谈时获取的信息。
This includes包括
a) the availability and relevance of policies and objectives
方针和目标的可获得和适宜性
b) the establishment of linkage between the policies and objectives
方针和目标的关联性
c) obtaining the evidence that these policies and objectives are effective and understood
throughout the organization
收集方针和目标有效性并为组织全员理解的证据
d) determining if the policies and objectives are appropriate for continual improvement of
the quality management system and for the achievement of customer satisfaction.
确定方针和目标是否适合于质量管理体系的持续改进和实现顾客满意
e) determining if top management are involved in management reviews.
确定最高管理者是否参与管理评审。
Additional interviewing and gathering of evidence may be needed to provide the necessary corroboration.
或能需要附加的面谈和收集证据以进行必要的验证。
The audit team should ensure that any additional evidence of top management commitment
is also collected.
审核组宜确保最高管理者承诺的证据已收集。
The auditor/audit team should review the collected evidence, to ensure the completeness
and accuracy of the information, and to provide confidence in the conclusions drawn.
审核员/审核组应评价所收集的证据以确保信息的完整正确性，为作出结论提供信心。
Audit reporting审核报告
Auditors should prepare their audit reports in order to make them appropriate for presentation to the top management of organizations. It may be appropriate to present an executive summary of the audit report, suitable for presentation to the top management and key interested parties of the organization. The executive summary should highlight the key findings, both positive and negative, and identify opportunities for improvement.
审核员应编制审核报告便于向组织的最高管理者传达。应适于向组织的最高管理者和关键相关方传达执行状况。执行状况应突出主要审核发现，包括正面和负面和改进机会的识别。
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The role and value of the audit checklist审核检查表的角色和价值
Introduction简介
This document provides information on the role and use of audit checklists to actively support the audit process本文介绍了用以支持审核过程的检查表角色和应用.
Whilst the document is primarily directed to external auditing organizations (including registration and certification bodies), the information can also equally be used by any organization conducting internal audits本文主要用于外部审核组织(包括注册和认证机构)，同时也可用于任何组织实施内部审核.
Need for checklists检查表的需要:
In looking at current auditing standards, ISO 19011 makes reference to “Preparing work documents” in Clause 6.4.3. The following is an extract from this clause依据目前的审核标准ISO19011条款6.4.3“准备工作文件”。以下是摘录自此条款:
“The audit team members should review information relevant to their audit assignment and prepare work documents as necessary for reference and for recording audit proceedings. Such documents may include审核组成员宜评审其审核任务的相关信息，准备必要的工作文件以参考和记录审核发现
?Checklists and audit sampling plans, and检查表和审核抽样计划，和
?Forms for recording information, such as supporting evidence, audit findings and records of meetings记录信息表格，如支持证据，审核发现和会议记录.
The use of checklists and forms should not restrict the extent of audit activities, which can change as a result of information collected during the audit检查表和表格的使用不能限制可能改变审核过程收集信息的结果审核活动的范围”
The use of audit checklists审核检查表的使用:
Whilst not always required in management system standards, audit checklists are just one tool available from the “auditors toolbox”. Many organizations will use them to ensure that the audit at a minimum will address the requirements as defined by the scope of the audit审核检查表仅是审核员所用的工具，随时可获得，管理体系标准中无明确的要求。许多组织用以确保审核范围的至少的审核要求.
An example auditing approach is shown below审核方法案例如下:
management
9001:2000
requirements.
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It is beneficial to audit from the organization's quality management system up to the requirements.
A checklist may be used to ensure that all relevant ISO 9001 requirements addressed对于按要求审核组织的质量管理体系是有益的。检查表可用于确保所有ISO9001的要求都可以覆盖。
Advantages优点:
Literature available in the marketplace notes the following with respect to the use of audit checklists以下关系到检查表使用的要点:
1. Checklists if developed for a specific audit and used correctly为特定的审核制定检查
表并正确使用:
a. Promote planning for the audit利于审核策划.
b. Ensure a consistent audit approach确保审核过程的一致性.
c. Act as a sampling plan and time manager用于抽样计划和时间管理.
d. Serve as a memory aid想备忘录作用.
e. Provide a repository for notes collected during the audit process (audit field
notes)审核过程中提供关注点收集的指引
2. Audit checklists need to be developed to provide assistance to the audit process制定
审核检查表为审核过程提供帮助.
3. Auditors need to be trained in the use of a particular checklist and be shown how to
use it to obtain maximum information by using good questioning techniques审核员需接受常用检查表使用的培训，并展示如何应用提问技巧获取最多的信息.
4. Checklists should assist an auditor to perform better during the audit process检查表
应可帮助审核员更好地实施审核过程.
5. Checklists help to ensure that an audit is conducted in a systematic and
comprehensive manner and that adequate evidence is obtained检查表帮助审核的系统性和全面性，并获得足够的证据.
6. Checklists can provide structure and continuity to an audit and can ensure that the
audit scope is being followed检查表能提供审核的结构及连续性，并能确保覆盖审核
范围.
7. Checklists can provide a means of communication and a place to record data for use
for future reference检查表可提供沟通工具和记录为以后提供参考的数据区域.
8. A completed checklist provides objective evidence that the audit was performed完成
后的检查表可提供审核实施的客观证据.
9. A checklist can provide a record that the QMS was examined检查表可提供QMS检查
的记录.
10. Checklists can be used as an information base for planning future audits检查表可用
于以后审核的信息基础.
11. Checklists can be provided to the auditee ahead of the on-site audit检查表可在现场
审核前提供给受审核方.
Disadvantages缺点
In contrast, when audit checklists are not available, or poorly prepared, the following
issues/concerns are noted相比之下，没有检查表或过于缺乏，应注意以下问题:
1. The checklist can be seen as intimidating to the auditee检查表看起来对受审核方可能
造成压力.
2. The focus of the checklist may be too narrow in scope to identify specific problem
areas过份关注检查表可能缩小识别问题区域的范围.
? ISO & IAF 2004 – All rights reserved www.iaf.nu; https://www.doczj.com/doc/a811621180.html,/iso-tc176-sc220
3. Checklists are a tool to aid the auditor, but will be restrictive if used as the auditor’s
only support mechanism检查表是审核员的帮助工具，但如果当做审核员的支持设施使用的话，可能会限制审核活动.
4. Checklists should not be a substitute for audit planning检查表不能代替审核策划.
5. An inexperienced auditor may not be able to clearly communicate what he/she is
looking for, if they depend too heavily on a checklist to guide their questions一个没有经验的审核员如果过份依赖检查表指导审核，可能不能清楚地沟通他所需查找的内容.
6. Poorly prepared checklists can slow down an audit due to duplication and repetition
因简单复制检查表，过份缺乏可能导致审核缓慢.
7. Generic checklists, which do not reflect the specific organizational management
system, may not add any value and may interfere with the audit没有反映出组织管理体系的检查表，不能增值，并对审核造成困扰.
8. Narrow focused checklists minimize unique assessment questions/approach关注检
查表可能影响审核问题/方法。
Conclusion结论
There are advantages and disadvantages in using audit checklists. It depends on many factors, including customer needs, time and cost restraints, auditor experience and sector scheme requirements. Auditors should assess the value of the checklist as an aid in audit process and consider its use as a functional tool.
这些是使用检查表的优点和缺点。取决于很多方面，包括顾客需求，时间和成本控制，审核员经验，部分要求。审核员应评价用作工具的检查表在审核过程中的价值。
序号设备 名称 型号数量技术指标及参数 售后服务 要求 备注 一双频动 态GPS （RTK） 灵锐 S86 1+1 1、主板性能：OEMV诺瓦泰, 通道：54通道接收机，包括：14通道GPS L1+L2通道SBAS,14通道GPS L2P(Y)码或L2C码,14通道GLONASS L1（选项）, 14通道GLONASS L2（选项），至少兼容GPS+GLNASS 卫星系统 2、技术指标：静态平面精度为3mm+1ppm，静态高程精度为5mm+1ppm，静态作用距离：优于100公里， 静态内存：内置64M，RTK平面精度：1cm+1ppm，RTK高程精度：2cm+1ppm，RTK作用距离：优于8公 里，RTK初始化时间：典型15秒 3、数据通讯：标准USB协议，USB2.0、串口（RS-232），蓝牙 4、数据链：0.5～2W(内置)、GPRS/CDMA （内置）/25W（外置） 5、物理参数：工作温度：－45℃至60℃，存储温度：－55℃至85℃，外壳：全金属外壳，防水：用 水冲洗无任何伤害，防尘：完全防止粉尘进入（相当于IP65工业等级） 6、电气指标：（A）主机内置双锂电池包，使用时间：10小时（电池充满电），充电时间：9小时（B） 主机功耗：小于1.8W，外接电源：10V~15V 7、移动站和基准站需一体化设计，支持蓝牙通讯，内置电台，支持GSM/GPRS通讯，一体化要求：作 业要求用内置电台，完全无线化，作业距离在5KM-8KM。 8、手薄：英国PSION手薄，分辨率480*640（VGA），Windows5.0操作系统，防尘防震防水， 可20米深层防水。全中文的触摸屏，结实、耐用。同时配备两块高容量电池，每块可工作6-8小时， 内置蓝牙专业的TFT彩色液晶屏，主频达到以上520MHZ，有三个插口，内存256MB，可达到2G 9、电源动态使用时间：12小时（电池充满电）静态使用时间：14小时（电池充满电），充电时间：10 小时 1、免费送货、 安装调试并进 行相关技术培 训。 2、设备故障须 在8小时内做 出有效回应， 36小时内有效 处理相关问 题。 3、故障维修， 需提供同型号 或者同精度仪 器备用。 4、在本地有分 公司，方便售 后服务 报价中 包含数 据后处 理和工 程之星 采集两 套软件软件 数据 后 处理 软件 1 功能须具备处理南方公司各种型号GPS数据，如NGS200、NGS100、9800、9600。可兼容各种进口品 牌GPS的数据格式，如天宝、阿斯泰克、拓普康等; 软件工具自带坐标转换及四参数计算,方便自定义椭 球投影参数和坐标系统; 能进行星历预报，可提前知道天空GPS卫星的健康状况，以便选择最佳星历情 况进行野外作业; 软件基线处理结果更为严密，平差模型更加可靠; 能根据需要方便的输出各种格式平 差成果; 可全面自动处理所有基线,也可手动单条基线处理全中文界面直观: 软件操作简便,易学易用， 平差计算和成果输出打印等功能一应俱全。 1、免费送货、 安装调试并进 行相关技术培 训。2、享受软 件的免费适时 更新和相关升 级。 工程 之星 采集 软件 1 《工程之星2.0》采集软件GPS采集软件，基于全中文Win ce操作系统，灵活缩放的图形界面；表格化 的菜单结构直接的将常用任务菜单显示在屏幕上；野外作业的丰富特征，完善的编辑；标准工业化的多 种数据格式输出；控制点测量数据检核功能；支持坐标采集，完整的RTK矢量化，GPS原始数据和其它 类型的数据。软件荟萃RTK GPS丰富的行业应用功能：数据自动存储，放样、放线具有指挥功能，同时 具备电力线放样、断面放样、野外测图成图等功能；
《SQL Server 2008数据库案例教程》练习题及模拟试卷答案 第1章 一、判断题 1. 数据库技术是是计算机数据处理与信息管理系统的核心。(√) 2. 数据是用于描述现实世界中具体事物或抽象概念,可存储的数字符号。(×) 3. 数据库是一个长期存储在计算机内的、有组织的、有共享的、统一管理的数据集合。(√) 4. 数据库管理系统是一个按数据结构来存储和管理数据的服务器管理系统。(×) 5. 关系数据库，是建立在关系模型基础上的数据库。(√) 二、单选题 1. 数据(Data)是一些可存储并具有明确意义的(A) A. 符号 B.图形 C.文字 D.数字 2. 人工阶段计算机用于数值计算，没有操作系统及管理数据的软件。这一阶段的年代是（C） A. 19世纪80年代 B. 20世纪20年代 C.20世纪50年代 D. 20世纪80年代 3. 在网页中常用的图像格式是（D） A..bmp和.jpg B..gif和.bmp C. .png和.bmp D. .gif和.jpg 4.数据库系统的重要特征是什么？（D） A. 数据的独立性和动态性 B．数据的静态性和独立性 C．数据的动态性和共享性 D．数据的独立性和共享性 三、多选题 1.与数据库技术密切相关的基本概念有（ABCD） A. 数据 B. 数据库 C. 数据库管理系统 D. 数据库系统 2.数据库可分为哪几种类型？（ABC） A. 关系型数据库 B. 网状数据库 C. 层次数据库 D.树形数据库 3. DBMS提供数据操作语言DML，为用户提供了哪些操作？（ABCD） A．数据的追加B．数据的删除C．数据的更新D．数据的查询 4.DBMS要分类组织、存储和管理各种数据，包括哪些内容？（ABC） A. 数据字典 B. 用户数据 C. 存取路径 D.服务器 5. 目前，DBMS常见品牌有哪些公司？（ABC） A.微软公司的SQL Server B．IBM公司的DB2 C．甲骨文公司的ORACLE D．索尼公司的MySQL 四、填空题 1.数据库（管理）技术经历了人工管理阶段和文件管理阶段。 2.文件系统不提供对任意部分数据的（快速）访问 3.关系数据库，是建立在关系（模型）基础上的数据库。 4.实体-联系模型（简称E-R模型）是由P.P.Chen于（1976）年首先提出的。
对翻译中异化法与归化法的正确认识 班级：外语学院、075班 学号：074050143 姓名：张学美 摘要：运用异化与归化翻译方法,不仅是为了让读者了解作品的内容,也能让读者通过阅读译作,了解另一种全新的文化,因为进行文化交流才是翻译的根本任务。从文化的角度考虑,采用异化法与归化法,不仅能使译文更加完美,更能使不懂外语的人们通过阅读译文,了解另一种文化,促进各民族人们之间的交流与理解。翻译不仅是语言符号的转换,更是跨文化的交流。有时,从语言的角度所作出的译文可能远不及从文化的角度所作出的译文完美。本文从翻译策略的角度，分别从不同时期来说明人们对异化法与归化法的认识和运用。 关键词:文学翻译；翻译策略；异化；归化；辩证统一 一直以来,无论是在我国还是在西方,直译(literal translation)与意译(liberal translation)是两种在实践中运用最多,也是被讨论研究最多的方法。1995年,美籍意大利学者劳伦斯-韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti)提出了归化(domestication)与异化(foreignization)之说,将有关直译与意译的争辩转向了对于归化与异化的思考。归化与异化之争是直译与意译之争的延伸,是两对不能等同的概念。直译和意译主要集中于语言层面,而异化和归化则突破语言的范畴,将视野扩展到语言、文化、思维、美学等更多更广阔的领域。 一、归化翻译法 Lawrwnce Venuti对归化的定义是,遵守译入语语言文化和当前的主流价值观,对原文采用保守的同化手段,使其迎合本土的典律,出版潮流和政治潮流。采用归化方法就是尽可能不去打扰读者,而让作者向读者靠拢(the translator leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him)。归化翻译法的目的在于向读者传递原作的基本精神和语义内容,不在于语言形式或个别细节的一一再现。它的优点在于其流利通顺的语言易为读者所接受,译文不会对读者造成理解上的障碍,其缺点则是译作往往仅停留在内容、情节或主要精神意旨方面,而无法进入沉淀在语言内核的文化本质深处。 有时归化翻译法的采用也是出于一种不得已,翻译活动不是在真空中进行的,它受源语文化和译语文化两种不同文化语境的制约,还要考虑到两种文化之间的
1) With the rapid improvement in.../growing awareness of..., more and more.../sth.... 1 随着…的飞速发展/越来越多的关注，越来越… (e.g. With the considerable improvement in building industry, more and more structures are being erected to set the people's minds at ease.) 例：随着建筑业的大力推进，人们对建立越来越多的房屋建筑感到宽心。 2) Recently, sth./the problem of...has been brought to popular attention/ has become the focus of public concern. 2 近来，某事/某问题引起了人们的普遍关注/成了公众关注的焦点。 (e.g. Recently, the problem of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.) 例：近来失业问题引起了人们的普遍关注，各级政府已把它列为首要议程。 3) One of the universal issues we are faced with/that cause increasing concern is that... 3 我们面临的一个普遍问题是… /一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题 是… (e.g. One of the universal issues that draw (cause) growing concern is whether it is wise of man to have invented the automobile.) 例：一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题是，发明汽车是否为人 4) In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in.. . 4 在过去的几年里，…经历了突飞猛进/迅猛增长/下降。 (e.g. In the past ten years, there has been a sharp decline in the number of species.) 例：在过去的几年里，物种数量骤然下降。 5) Nowadays, more/most important/dangerous for our society is... 5 如今对我们社会更（最）为重要的（危险的）事情是… (e.g. Nowadays, most dangerous for our society is the tendency to take advantage of each other in political circles.) 例：对我们社会最为危险的事情是政界倾向于互相利用。 6) According to the information given in the table/graph, we can find that... 6 根据图表资料，我们可以发现… 7) As can be seen from the table/graph/figure, there is a marked increase /decline/favorable (an unfavorable) change in... 7 根据图表（数字）显示，…明显增长（下降）/发生了有利（不利）变化。 8) As we can see from the table/graph/figure above, drastic/considerable/ great changes have taken place in...over the period of time from...(年份)to...( 年份) 8 据上面图表（数字）所示，从某年到某年某方面发生了剧烈的（相当大的；巨大的）变化。
一、数据库概述 数据库（DataBase，DB）：指长期保存在计算机的存储设备上，按照一定规则组织起来，可以被各种用户或应用共享的数据集合。(文件系统) 数据库管理系统（DataBase Management System，DBMS）：指一种操作和管理数据库的大型软件，用于建立、使用和维护数据库，对数据库进行统一管理和控制，以保证数据库的安全性和完整性。用户通过数据库管理系统访问数据库中的数据。 数据库软件应该为数据库管理系统，数据库是通过数据库管理系统创建和操作的。 数据库：存储、维护和管理数据的集合。 二、数据库的安装与配置 * 安装 * 参照图解 * 一路下一步 * 配置 * 参照图解 * 到选择字符集时停 登录Mysql： mysql -u root -p abc * 卸载 1.停止mysql服务net stop mysql 启动mysql服务net start mysql 2.卸载mysql 3.找到mysql 安装目录下的my.ini datadir="C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.5/Data/" * 修改密码 运行cmd * 安装成功了打开cmd --> mysql -uroot -p你的密码 * 修改mysql root用户密码 1) 停止mysql服务运行输入services.msc 停止mysql服务 或者cmd --> net stop mysql 2) 在cmd下输入mysqld--skip-grant-tables 启动服务器光标不动（不要关闭该窗口） 3) 新打开cmd 输入mysql -u root -p 不需要密码
一、表的结构及完整性约束 新建一个数据库jxsk，包括S、C、SC、T、TC五个表，结构如下：C表： S表： SC表： T表：
TC表： 二、安全性控制及视图机制 1、三类角色：depart、teacher、student depart的权限： teacher的权限：
student的权限： 2、有2个院系用户：d_jsj，d_xx，同属于depart角色。
有1个教师用户：t ，属于teacher 角色。
有一个学生用户：s，属于student角色。 3、创建计算机系教师视图t_view_jsj、计算机系学生视图s_view_jsj，并授予d_jsj 用户在这两个视图上的select、delete、update、insert权限。 计算机系教师视图t_view_jsj： create view t_view_jsj as select tno,tn,sex,age,prof,sal,comm,dept from t where dept='计算机' with check option
授予d_jsj用户在计算机系教师视图t_view_jsj 上的select、delete、update、insert 权限： grant select,update,delete,insert on t_view_jsj to d_jsj 计算机系学生视图t_view_jsj： create view s_view_jsj as select sno,sn,sex,age,dept,resume,native from s where dept='计算机' with check option 授予d_jsj用户在计算机系学生视图s_view_jsj 上的select、delete、update、insert 权限： grant select,update,delete,insert on s_view_jsj to d_jsj …… 4、创建一个视图，显示学号,姓名,院系,课程名,成绩。 create view score_view(学号,姓名,院系,课程名,成绩) as select s.sno,sn,dept,cn,score from s,sc,c where s.sno=sc.sno and https://www.doczj.com/doc/a811621180.html,o=https://www.doczj.com/doc/a811621180.html,o 三、完整性控制--触发器、规则 1、要求当删除C表中某课程信息时，同时删除SC和TC中与此课程相关的记录。create trigger c_delete_trigger on c after delete as delete from sc where cno in (select cno from deleted) delete from tc where cno in (select cno from deleted) go
北语14秋《高级英语I》导学资料一 Unit1, Unit2& Unit3 一、本阶段学习内容概述 各位同学，大家好，本课程第一阶段学习的主要内容为Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence中包括课前练习（Warm-up）、单词和词组（New words and phrases）、课文（Text）、课后练习（Exercises）及补充阅读（Supplementary readings）中的指定内容。 课前练习：大家应先了解课前练习的要求，根据已有的知识思考其中问题，或者利用网络与同学开展一些讨论，争取在阅读课文前了解文章主要论述的问题，有利于更好的了解作者的思想观点和思维过程，从而了解文章所反映的思想文化，这样既能提高阅读理解能力又能获取知识和信息。 单词和词组:名词、动词和形容词是词汇练习和记忆中的重要部分。Unit 1、2、3中所列出的新单词绝大部分都是这三类，因此，大家一定要掌握好新单词。要开发利用多种方法记单词，如联想法、音节法、构词法等。单词和词组基本上给出了英语直接释义，可以培养大家英语思维的习惯。如果在阅读释义后还有疑问，一定要查阅英语词典，寻找一些相关的解释来加深对单词的理解和记忆。许多词的释义中给出了若干同义词或近义词，能帮助大家迅速扩大词汇量，同时，课后练习的词汇（Vocabulary Study）部分又给出了一些相关的练习，大家可以在学习完单词和词组后，乘热打铁，立即做词汇练习的第一小题（选择填空）和第二小题（找出意义相近的替代词）这样可以及时巩固所学单词，大概了解这些词的用法，为正确阅读课文打下基础，也能使得练习题做起来不是那么难。 （特别说明：高级英语阶段的学习，提高词汇量和词汇运用能力是一个很大，并且很重要，同时又是比较难的问题，这是我们必须面对的问题，所以，请大家务必花时间多熟悉单词。所谓的磨刀不误砍材功，先熟悉单词和短语，才能流畅的阅读文章。更关键的是，单词和短语在考试中所占比例不少！） 课文：每单元有一篇课文（Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence）。在掌握单词和词组之后，阅读课后注释，学习课文的背景资料、作者介绍和相关内容，如人物、事件、地点等的解释，这能帮助大家准确快速的理解文章的内容。在课件资源的帮助下，认真学习课文，包括课文中常用词语和句型的用法。文章比较长，大家一定要有耐心和毅力，坚持就是胜利。在学习完整篇文章后，及时完成课文理解（Comprehension Check）的练习。其中第一小题是根据课文内容选择最佳答案，第二小题是将部分文中的句子用英语注释。只要认真学习了课件资料，相信能很快准确地完成。同时也考察大家对课文理解的程度，督促大家很好的阅读课文。 课后练习：共有四个大题。 1.课文理解（Comprehension Check）：有两个题型。在借助课件学习完课文之后，大家可以先自己做这一部分的练习，然后再看课件，对正答案的同时，再重温课文的大意。 2.词汇（Vocabulary Study）：有两个题型。在学完课文和单词后，大家可以自己先做这一部分的词汇练习，不会做得可以看课件，并牢固掌握，对于补充的单词也要掌握。这样有利于快速扩充词汇量。 3.翻译（Translation）：有的单元是汉译英，有的单元是英译汉。都是一段与课文内容相近的短文。先认真思考，仔细看文章，如果有一定的难度，可以参考课件的解说，然后再组织语言完成翻译练习。
投标须知 1 项目法人与招标单位 项目法人：湖北**雷山水泥有限公司 招标单位：湖北**雷山水泥有限公司 2 招标方式 本次招标方式为：由各被邀请投标单位根据本招标文件的要求编制标书，由各个投标单位将投标标书编制完毕后，于标书受理截止日前将标书邮寄或送达邀请书要求的地址后，由招标委员会集中开标和评标，并确定中标候选单位。 3 投标文件的编写 3.1 各投标单位收到招标文件后，请按本招标文件中所要求的投标文 件格式编写，以利评标委员会评标。 3.2 投标文件的计量单位请采用法定的计量单位。 3.3 投标文件的报价：请按总价（含运费）和单项价格进行报价。 4 投标文件数量及密封 4.1 数量：肆本，其中正本壹份、副本叁份、电子版投标文件壹份。 4.2 密封要求：所有投标的商务文件请密封完好，招标委员会将只在 开标时间内集中拆封。 4.3 投标时提供资料：企业介绍、产品样本、产品说明等资料，应不 少于2份，可不密封提交。 5 开标、评标、定标 5.1 开标：开标工作由招评标委员会内部进行，不邀请投标单位参加。 5.2 评标：
①评标工作由招标委员组织技术、经济等方面的专家组成，并进 行评标工作；评标的依据为招标文件要求和投标单位的投标文 件。 ②评标的主要内容为： a、设备的质量、技术性能及可靠性； b、投标价格； c、交货期能否满足工程的需要； d、付款方式:预付款20%，进度款30%，提货款20%，调试款20%， 质保金10%。（或另行协商） e、质量保证期期限； f、合理化建议和优惠条件； g、产品业绩； h、标书要求的其他内容； i、有无履约保证金等。 5.3 定标：评标委员会根据各投标单位的标书情况经综合评议后，推 荐候选中标单位，并将邀请候选单位面谈，必要时对候选单位进行考察，以确定最后中标单位。 6 定标时限 从自开标之日起十五天内，其后未接到通知的投标单位均为未中标，招标单位不再解释未中标原因。 7 合同签订 接到中标通知的单位应于规定的日期内与项目法人签订合同，否则项目法人将另选其他候选单位。
“异化”与“归化”之间的关系并评述 1、什么是归化与异化 归化”与“异化”是翻译中常面临的两种选择。钱锺书相应地称这两种情形叫“汉化”与“欧化”。A．归化 所谓“归化”（domestication 或target-language-orientedness），是指在翻译过程中尽可能用本民族的方式去表现外来的作品；归化翻译法旨在尽量减少译文中的异国情调，为目的语读者提供一种自然流畅的译文。Venuti 认为，归化法源于这一著名翻译论说，“尽量不干扰读者，请作者向读者靠近” 归化翻译法通常包含以下几个步骤：（1）谨慎地选择适合于归化翻译的文本；（2）有意识地采取一种自然流畅的目的语文体；（3）把译文调整成目的语篇体裁；（4）插入解释性资料；（5）删去原文中的实观材料；（6）调协译文和原文中的观念与特征。 B．“异化”（foreignization或source-language-orientedness）则相反，认为既然是翻译，就得译出外国的味儿。异化是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。例如，将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵，使译文具有异国情调，有利于各国文化的交流。但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说，存在一定的理解困难。随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密，原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍，即异化的程度会逐步降低。 Rome was not built in a day. 归化:冰冻三尺,非一日之寒. 异化:罗马不是一天建成的. 冰冻三尺,非一日之寒 异化:Rome was not built in a day. 归化:the thick ice is not formed in a day. 2、归化异化与直译意译 归化和异化，一个要求“接近读者”，一个要求“接近作者”，具有较强的界定性；相比之下，直译和意译则比较偏重“形式”上的自由与不自由。有的文中把归化等同于意译，异化等同于直译，这样做其实不够科学。归化和异化其实是在忠实地传达原作“说了什么”的基础之上，对是否尽可能展示原作是“怎么说”，是否最大限度地再现原作在语言文化上的特有风味上采取的不同态度。两对术语相比，归化和异化更多地是有关文化的问题，即是否要保持原作洋味的问题。 3、不同层面上的归化与异化 1、句式 翻译中“归化”表现在把原文的句式（syntactical structure）按照中文的习惯句式译出。
高级英语写作1-10课翻译
The Delicate Art of the Forest 库珀的创造天分并不怎么样；但是他似乎热衷于此并沾沾自喜。确实，他做了一些令人感到愉快的事情。在小小的道具箱内，他为笔下的森林猎人和土人准备了七八种诡计或圈套，这些人以此诱骗对方。利用这些幼稚的技巧达到了预期的效果，没有什么更让他高兴得了。其中一个就是他最喜欢的，就是让一个穿着鹿皮靴的人踩着穿着鹿皮靴敌人的脚印，借以隐藏了自己行踪。这么做使库珀磨烂不知多少桶鹿皮靴。他常用的另一个道具是断树枝。他认为断树枝效果最好，因此不遗余力地使用。在他的小说中，如果哪章中没有人踩到断树枝惊着两百码外的印第安人和白人，那么这一节则非常平静/那就谢天谢地了。每次库珀笔下的人物陷入危险，每分钟绝对安静的价格是4美元/一分静一分金，这个人肯定会踩到断树枝。尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩，但这都不足以使库珀称心。他会让这个人找一根干树枝；如果找不到，就去借一根。事实上，《皮袜子故事系列丛书》应该叫做《断树枝故事集》。 很遗憾，我没有足够的篇幅，写上几十个例子，看看奈迪·班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经/煞有介事地告诉我们，一条被风刮向海岸遇险的船，被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风，把船冲了回来。看看这森林术，这行船术，或者叫别的什么术，很高明吧？库珀在炮兵部队里待过几年，他应该注意到炮弹落到地上时，要么爆炸，要么弹起来，跳起百英尺，再弹再跳，直到跳不动了滚几下。现在某个地方他让几个女性—他总是这么称呼女的—在一个迷雾重重的夜晚，迷失在平原附近一片树林边上—目的是让班波有机会向读者展示他在森林中的本事。这些迷路的人正在寻找一个城堡。他们听到一声炮响，接着一发炮弹就滚进树林，停在他们脚下。对女性，这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波就完全不同了。我想，如果班波要是不马上冲出来，跟着弹痕，穿过浓雾，跨过平原，找到要塞，我就再也不知道什么是“和平”了。是不是非常聪明？如果库伯不是对自然规律一无所知，他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说，他的精明的印地安专家之一，名叫芝稼哥（我想，该读作芝加哥）的，跟踪一个人，在穿过树林的时候，脚印就找不到了。很明显，脚印是再也没法找到了。无论你还是我，都猜不出，怎么会
淮海工学院计算机工程学院实验报告书 课程名：数据库原理及应用 题目：实验七数据库应用系统实例 班级：D计算机081 学号： 姓名：
一、实验目的 开发学生学籍管理系统小型数据库应用系统数据库连接、数据操程作序编写，熟练使用Microsoft Visual Studio 2005开发平台。 二、实验内容和要求 1．后台为SQL server2000, 2．前台为面向对象编程语言（可选择） 3．完成数据库连接 4．完成对前面实验所建立的studb109学籍数据库中的数据通过应用系统界面进行更新和查询等操作。 三、实验步骤和实验结果 1．连接SQL Server的数据库访问编程实例。编写一个应用程序来连接数据库名为studb109的SQL Sever数据库，并根据连接结果输出一些信息。 （1）.运行Microsoft V isual Studio 2005 （2）.新建网站
（3）.设计网站 using System; using System.Collections; using System.Configuration; using System.Data; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.Security; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts; using System.Xml.Linq; using System.Data.SqlClient; namespace web { public partial class_Default : System.Web.UI.Page { protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e){} protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) {try {SqlConnection coon = new SqlConnection(); coon .ConnectionString =" Server =localhost; uid = sa;pwd=; database=studb109"; coon .Open (); Label1 .Text ="连接成功"; } catch { Label1 .Text ="连接失败"; }}}}
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翻译的归化与异化 作者：熊启煦 作者单位：西南民族大学,四川,成都,610041 刊名： 西南民族大学学报（人文社科版） 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY FOR NATIONALITIES（HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE） 年，卷(期)：2005,26(8) 被引用次数：14次 参考文献(3条) 1.鲁迅且介亭杂文二集·题未定草 2.刘英凯归化--翻译的歧路 3.钱钟书林纾的翻译 引证文献(15条) 1.郭锋一小议英语翻译当中的信达雅[期刊论文]-青春岁月 2011(4) 2.许丽红论汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-考试周刊 2010(7) 3.王笑东浅谈汉英语言中的差异与翻译方法[期刊论文]-中国校外教育（理论） 2010(6) 4.王宁中西语言中的文化差异与翻译[期刊论文]-中国科技纵横 2010(12) 5.鲍勤.陈利平英语隐喻类型及翻译策略[期刊论文]-云南农业大学学报(社会科学版) 2010(2) 6.罗琴.宋海林浅谈汉英语言中的文化差异及翻译策略[期刊论文]-内江师范学院学报 2010(z2) 7.白蓝跨文化视野下文学作品的英译策略[期刊论文]-湖南社会科学 2009(5) 8.王梦颖探析汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-中国校外教育（理论） 2009(8) 9.常晖英汉成语跨文化翻译策略[期刊论文]-河北理工大学学报（社会科学版） 2009(1) 10.常晖对翻译文化建构的几点思考[期刊论文]-牡丹江师范学院学报（哲学社会科学版） 2009(4) 11.常晖认知——功能视角下隐喻的汉译策略[期刊论文]-外语与外语教学 2008(11) 12.赵勇刚汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-时代文学 2008(6) 13.常晖.胡渝镛从文化角度看文学作品的翻译[期刊论文]-重庆工学院学报(社会科学版) 2008(7) 14.曾凤英从文化认知的视角谈英语隐喻的翻译[期刊论文]-各界 2007(6) 15.罗琴.宋海林浅谈汉英语言中的文化差异及翻译策略[期刊论文]-内江师范学院学报 2010(z2) 本文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/a811621180.html,/Periodical_xnmzxyxb-zxshkxb200508090.aspx
英语专业(高级翻译)简介 ·日期：2007-06-07 ·点击次数： 1446 培养目标：本专业培养具有扎实的英语语言基础，较强的语言交际能力和跨文化交际能力，掌握多方面的翻译知识和技巧，能熟练地运用英、汉语在外事、外交、经贸、文化、科技等部门从事口译、笔译的专门人才。 知识能力 要求：1．语音、语调准确，清楚自然。 2．词法、句法、章法(包括遣词造句与谋篇布局)规范、表达得体。 3．认知词汇10000~12000，且能正确而熟练地使用其中的5000~6000个单词及其最常用的搭配。 4．听、说、读、写、译技能熟练，具有较强的英语综合运用能力。毕业时达到英语专业八级水平。 听的能力：听懂真实交际场合中各种英语会话；听懂英 语国家广播电台以及电视台(如VOA, BBC, CNN)有关政治、经济、文化、教育、科技 等方面的新闻、现场报道、专题报道、综合 评述以及与此类题材相关的演讲和演讲后 的问答；听懂电视时事报道和电视短剧中的 对话。语速为每分钟150~180个单词，理解 准确率不低于60%。 说的能力：能就国内外重大问题与外宾进行流利而得体 的交流；能系统、深入、连贯地发表自己的 见解。 读的能力：能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、 英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和 文学作品；能分析上述题材文章的思想观 点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。能在
5分钟内速读1600词左右的文章，掌握文章 的主旨和大意，理解事实和细节。 写的能力：能写各类体裁的文章，做到内容充实，语言 通顺，用词恰当，表达得体。写作速度为30 分钟300~400个单词。能撰写长度为 5000~6000个单词的毕业论文，要求思路清 晰、内容充实、语言通顺。 译的能力：1)笔译：能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报 刊上的文章、文学、科技、文化、经贸方面 的原文译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的 文章、一般文学作品、科技、文化、经贸方 面的原文译成英语，速度为每小时250~300 个单词。译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。 2)口译：掌握连续或同步口译所需的技巧及基 本要求，能担任外经外贸、外事、外交、国 际文化、科技交流活动的口译和国际会议的 同声传译任务。 5．具有宽广的英语专业知识和相关学科知识。英语专业知识包括文学、语言学和对象国社会与文化的知识。相关学科的知识涉及教育学、教育心理学、语言习得理论、英语教学法、英语测试理论与实践、课程设置等领域。6．具有获取知识的能力、运用知识的能力、分析问题的能力、独立提出见解的能力和创新的能力。 7．熟悉中、英两种文字计算机基本技术并能实际应用。 主干课程：基础英语、高级英语、散文选读、英语泛读、英语口语、基础英语写作、高级英语写作、英汉/汉英口译、英汉笔译、英语视听说、英语报刊选读、英美文学，同声传译、连续传译、经贸法律翻译等。 修业年4年
附件： 技术参数报价表 序号货物 名称 品牌、型号规 格、生产厂家 数 量 ① 单位技术参数及性能配置要求 单价 ② 单项 合价 （元） ③=① ×② 备 注 1屏风 办公 台 品牌：远程 型号规格： 1380*650*1250 MM 生产厂家：广东 远程家具实业 有限公司 4位 规格：1380*650*1250MM采用E1 级环保板材，面板采用3.0CM厚 三聚氰胺环保材料，耐磨防刮， 不易受损，经防火处理，耐高温， 接触地面处带防刮垫，能有效保 护地板和支撑牢固，加厚铝合金 封边，铝合金1.8MM厚，宽38MM， 耐腐蚀光滑不磨手，稳固桌子不 变形，耐磨防刮，独立三抽屉活 动柜，600*650*730MM，带轮能轻 易推动。 7002800 2办公 会议 椅 品牌：远程 型号规格：PU 皮面 550*580*1080M M 生产厂家：广东 远程家具实业 有限公司 44张 550*580*1080MM，环保PU皮面， 透气性好，具有夏坐不闷，冬坐 不冷，耐磨性能强，橡木实木扶 手，宽6CM，耐磨牢固，耐腐蚀， 无特殊气味，不易变形，采用 3.5CM不锈钢管脚作为整体的支 架，结构稳定牢固，简约时尚， 经久耐用。 1004400 3会议 桌 品牌：远程 型号规格： 3350*2150*780 MM胡桃色 生产厂家：广东 远程家具实业 有限公司 1套 颜色：胡桃色规格： 3350*2150*780MM 1、台面：厚12cm,采用高密度板、 贴胡桃木皮, 2、基材：选用进口高密度微粒板、 纤维板，抗弯力强，不易变形； 3、实木：采用进口胡桃木，含水 率低于12%，保证变形小、不开裂； 4、油漆：采用名牌木器专用漆， 在恒温、恒湿高度防尘的面漆房 喷涂面漆。平整无颗粒、气泡、 渣点，可溶性铅≤90，可溶性镉 ≤75，可溶性铅铬≤60，可溶性 铅汞≤60，颜色均匀；采用环保 聚酯漆。 28002800
翻译作业10 Nov 15 一、请按归化法(Domestication)翻译下列习语。 Kill two birds with one stone a wolf in sheep’s clothing strike while the iron is hot. go through fire and water add fuel to the flames / pour oil on the flames spring up like mushrooms every dog has his day keep one’s head above water live a dog’s life as poor as a church mouse a lucky dog an ass in a lion’s skin a wolf in sheep’s clothing Love me, love my dog. a lion in the way lick one’s boots as timid as a hare at a stone’s throw as stupid as a goose wet like a drown rat as dumb as an oyster lead a dog’s life talk horse One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, and three boys nobody. Man proposes, God disposes. Cry up wine and sell vinegar (cry up, to praise; extol: to cry up one's profession) Once bitten, twice shy. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening． New booms sweep clean. take French leave seek a hare in a hen’s nest have an old head on young shoulder Justice has long arms You can’t teach an old dog Rome was not built in a day. He that lives with cripples learns to limp. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. The more you get, the more you want. 二、请按异化法(foreignization)翻译下列习语。 Kill two birds with one stone a wolf in sheep’s clothing
北京理工大学翻硕(MTI)考研应用文写 作复习方法及指导 有无目标是成功者与平庸者的根本差别。凯程北京理工大学翻译硕士老师给大家详细讲解所遇到的问题。特别申明，以下信息绝对准确，凯程就是王牌的北京理工大学翻译硕士考研机构！ 一、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研复习指导 1．基础英语： 基础英语选择题考的特别细致，没有专门的教材，还是重在平时积累，凯程老师在讲课过程中特别重视对于考生基础知识的积累。凯程老师会对考生的阅读理解进行系统的训练。阅读理解也是偏政治，凯程老师会重点训练同学的答题速度，培养同学们阅读答题技巧，针对作文这方面，凯程老师也会对考生进行一系列的训练，让同学们勤加练习，多做模拟作文。 2．翻译英语： 翻译硕士基础这门课是需要下功夫的，英汉词条互译的部分完全需要你的积累，主要是词汇量和分析抓取能力。凯程老师会对学生的这两个方面进行很完善的训练。 凯程老师总结了以下提升翻译技巧的方法，供考研学子参考。 词组互译：大多考的都很常见，所以多看看中英文的报纸还是有好处的。 英汉：对文章的背景有一定的了解是最好的，如果没有，就需要体现出自身的翻译素养。翻译也要注意文风，语气之类的，要符合原文的风格。 凯程老师也很重视答题技巧，在此凯程名师友情提示大家，最好在开头就能让老师看到你的亮点，不管怎样至少留下个好印象。不管风格怎么变，翻译功底扎实，成绩都不会太差。所以还是提高自己翻译水平，才能以不变应万变。 3．百科： 先说说名词解释。这道题考得知识面很全，可能涉及到天文、地理、历史、法律、政治、中外文学、中外文化、音乐、翻译专有名词等，准备起来比较棘手，但是凯程老师会给学生准备好知识库，方便学生复习。百科的准备，一要广泛，二要抓重点，尤其要重视学校的参考书目，同时凯程也会提供凯程自己的教材及讲义来帮助大家。 接下来是应用文写作。其实这个根本不用担心，常出的无非是那几个：倡议书、广告、感谢信、求职信、计划书、说明书等，到12月份再看也不晚。但要注意一点，防止眼高手低，貌似很简单，真到写的时候却写不出来，所以还是需要练习的，凯程老师会在学生复习过程中对应用文的写作进行系统的训练。另外，考试的时候也要注意格式、合理性，如果再加上点文采，无异于锦上添花。 最后说说大作文。这个让很多同学担心，害怕到考场上无素材可写，或者语言生硬，拼凑一篇，毕竟大学四年，写作文的机会很少，早没有手感了。所以，凯程老师会针对这种情况，让考生从复习开始时，就进行写作训练，同时也会为考生准备好素材。 最后，注意考场上字体工整，不要乱涂乱画，最好打上横线，因为答题纸一般是白纸。 二、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研的复习方法解读 （一）、参考书的阅读方法 （1）目录法：先通读各本参考书的目录，对于知识体系有着初步了解，了解书的内在逻辑结构，然后再去深入研读书的内容。 （2）体系法：为自己所学的知识建立起框架，否则知识内容浩繁，容易遗忘，最好能