翻译
英文原文
Realization of Neural Network Inverse System with PLC in Variable Frequency Speed-Regulating System
Abstract. The variable frequency speed-regulating system which consists of an induction motor and a general inverter, and controlled by PLC is widely used in industrial field. .However, for the multivariable, nonlinear and strongly coupled induction motor, the control performance is not good enough to meet the needs of speed-regulating. The mathematic model of the variable frequency speed-regulating system in vector control mode is presented and its reversibility has been proved. By constructing a neural network inverse system and combining it with the variable frequency speed-regulating system, a pseudo-linear system is completed, and then a linear close-loop adjustor is designed to get high performance. Using PLC, a neural network inverse system can be realized in actural system. The results of experiments have shown that the performances of variable frequency speed-regulating system can be improved greatly and the practicability of neural network inverse control was testified.
1.Introduction
In recent years, with power electronic technology, microelectronic technology and modern control theory infiltrating into AC electric driving system, inverters have been widely used in speed-regulating of AC motor. The variable frequency speed-regulating system which consists of an induction motor and a general inverter is used to take the place of DC speed-regulating system. Because of terrible environment and severe disturbance in industrial field, the choice of controller is an important problem. In reference [1][2][3], Neural network inverse control was realized by using industrial control computer and several data acquisition cards. The advantages of industrial control computer are high computation speed, great memory capacity and good compatibility with
other software etc. But industrial control computer also has some disadvantages in industrial application such as instability and fallibility and worse communication ability. PLC control system is special designed for industrial environment application, and its stability and reliability are good. PLC control system can be easily integrated into field bus control system with the high ability of communication configuration, so it is wildly used in recent years, and deeply welcomed. Since the system composed of normal inverter and induction motor is a complicated nonlinear system, traditional PID control strategy could not meet the requirement for further control. Therefore, how to enhance control performance of this system is very urgent.
The neural network inverse system [4][5] is a novel control method in recent years. The basic idea is that: for a given system, an inverse system of the original system is created by a dynamic neural network, and the combination system of inverse and object is transformed into a kind of decoupling standardized system with linear relationship. Subsequently, a linear close-loop regulator can be designed to achieve high control performance. The advantage of this method is easily to be realized in engineering. The linearization and decoupling control of normal nonlinear system can realize using this method.
Combining the neural network inverse into PLC can easily make up the insufficiency of solving the problems of nonlinear and coupling in PLC control system. This combination can promote the application of neural network inverse into practice to achieve its full economic and social benefits.
In this paper, firstly the neural network inverse system method is introduced, and mathematic model of the variable frequency
speed-regulating system in vector control mode is presented. Then a reversible analysis of the system is performed, and the methods and steps are given in constructing NN-inverse system with PLC control system.
Finally, the method is verified in experiments, and compared with traditional PI control and NN-inverse control.
2.Neural Network Inverse System Control Method
The basic idea of inverse control method [6] is that: for a given system, anα-th integral inverse system of the original system is created by feedback method, and combining the inverse system with original system, a kind of decoupling standardized system with linear relationship is obtained, which is named as a pseudo linear system as shown in Fig.1. Subsequently, a linear close-loop regulator will be designed to achieve high control performance.
Inverse system control method with the features of direct, simple and easy to understand does not like differential geometry method [7], which is discusses the problems in "geometry domain". The main problem is the acquisition of the inverse model in the applications. Since non-linear system is a complex system, and desired strict analytical inverse is very difficult to obtain, even impossible. The engineering application of inverse system control doesn’t meet the expectations. As neural network has non-linear approximate ability, especially for nonlinear complexity system, it becomes the powerful tool to solve the problem.a ?th NN inverse system integrated inverse system with non-linear ability of the neural network can avoid the troubles of inverse system method. Then it is possible to apply inverse control method to a complicated non-linear system. a ?th NN inverse system method needs less system information such as the relative order of system, and it is easy to obtain the inverse model by neural network training. Cascading the NN inverse system with the original system, a pseudo-linear system is completed. Subsequently, a linear close-loop regulator will be designed.
3. Mathematic Model of Induction Motor Variable Frequency
Speed-Regulating System and Its Reversibility
Induction motor variable frequency speed-regulating system supplied by the inverter of tracking current SPWM can be expressed by 5-th order nonlinear model in d-q two-phase rotating coordinate. The model was simplified as a 3-order nonlinear model. If the delay of inverter is neglected,
the model is expressed as follows:
(1) where denotes synchronous angle frequency, and is rotate speed.
are stator’s current, and are rotor’s flux linkage in (d,q)axis. is number of poles. is mutual inductance, and is rotor’s inductance. J is moment of inertia.is rotor’s time constant, and
is load torque.
In vector mode, then
Substituted it into formula (1), then
(2) Taking reversibility analyses of forum (2), then
The state variables are chosen as follows
Input variables are
Taking the derivative on output in formula(4), then
(5)
(6) Then the Jacobi matrix is Realization of Neural Network Inverse System with PLC
(7)
(8)
As so and system is reversible. Relative-order of system is
When the inverter is running in vector mode, the variability of flux linkage can be neglected (considering the flux linkage to be invariableness and equal to the rating). The original system was simplified as an input and an output system concluded by forum (2).
According to implicit function ontology theorem, inverse system of formula (3)
can be expressed as
(9)
When the inverse system is connected to the original system in series, the pseudo linear compound system can be built as the type of
4. Realization Steps of Neural Network Inverse System
4.1 Acquisition of the Input and Output Training Samples
Training samples are extremely important in the reconstruction of neural network inverse system. It is not only need to obtain the dynamic data of the original system, but also need to obtain the static date. Reference signal should include all the work region of original system, which can be ensure the approximate ability. Firstly the step of actuating signal is given corresponding every 10 HZ form 0HZ to 50HZ, and the responses of open loop are obtain. Secondly a random tangle signal is input, which is a random signal cascading on the step of actuating signal every 10 seconds, and the close loop responses is obtained. Based on these inputs, 1600 groups
training samples are gotten.
4.2 The Construction of Neural Network
A static neural network and a dynamic neural network composed of integral is used to construct the inverse system. The structure of static neural network is 2 neurons in input layer, 3 neurons in output layer, and 12 neurons in hidden layer. The excitation function of hidden neuron is monotonic smooth hyperbolic tangent function. The output layer is composed of neuron with linear threshold excitation function. The training datum are the corresponding speed of open-loop, close-loop, first order
derivative of these speed, and setting reference speed. After 50 times
training, the training error of neural network achieves to 0.001. The weight and threshold of the neural network are saved. The inverse model of original system is obtained.
5 .Experiments and Results
5.1 Hardware of the System
The hardware of the experiment system is shown in Fig 5. The hardware system includes upper computer installed with Supervisory & Control configuration software WinCC6.0 [8], and S7-300 PLC of SIEMENS, inverter, induction motor and photoelectric coder.
PLC controller chooses S7-315-2DP, which has a PROFIBUS-DP interface and a MPI interface. Speed acquisition module is FM350-1. WinCC is connected with S7-300 by CP5611 using MPI protocol.
The type of inverter is MMV of SIEMENS. It can communicate with SIEMENS PLC by USS protocol. ACB15 module is added on the
inverter in this system.
5.2 Software Program
5.2.1 Communication Introduction
MPI (MultiPoint Interface) is a simple and inexpensive communication strategy using in slowly and non-large data transforming field. The data transforming between WinCC and PLC is not large, so the MPI protocol is chosen.
The MMV inverter is connected to the PROFIBUS network as a slave station, which is mounted with CB15 PROFIBUS module. PPO1 or PPO3 data type can be chosen. It permits to send the control data directly to the inverter addresses, or to use the system function blocks of STEP7V5.2 SFC14/15.
OPC can efficiently provide data integral and intercommunication. Different type servers and clients can access data sources of each other. Comparing with the traditional mode of software and hardware development,
equipment manufacturers only need to develop one driver. This can short the development cycle, save manpower resources, and simplify the structure of the entire control system.
Variety data of the system is needed in the neural network training of Matlab, which can not obtain by reading from PLC or WinCC directly. So OPC technology can be used l to obtain the needed data between WinCC and Exce. Setting WinCC as OPC DA server, an OPC client is constructed in Excel by VBA. System real time data is readed and writen to Excel by WinCC, and then the data in Excel is transform to Matlab for offline training to get the inverse system of original system.
5.2.2 Control Program
Used STL to program the communication and data acquisition and control algorithm subroutine in STEP7 V5.2, velocity sample subroutine and storage subroutine are programmed in regularly interrupt A, and the interrupt cycle chooses 100ms. In order to minimum the cycle time of A to prevent the run time of A exceeding 100ms and system error, the control procedure and neural network algorithm are programmed in main procedure B. In neural network algorithm normalized the training samples is need to speed up the rate of convergence by multiplying a magnification factor in input and output data before the final training.
5.3 Experiment Results
When speed reference is square wave signal with 100 seconds cycle, where the inverter is running in vector mode. The results show that the tracking performance of neural network control is better than traditional PI control.
When speed reference keeps in constant, and the load is reduced to no load at 80 seconds, and increased to full load at 120 seconds, the response curves of speed with traditional PI control and neural network inverse control are shown in Fig. 11 and 12 respectively. It is clearly that the performance of resisting the load disturbing with neural network inverse
control is better than the traditional PI control.
(Speed response in PI control)
(Speed response in neural network inverse control)
6. Conclusion
In order to improve the control performance of PLC Variable Frequency Speed-regulating System, neural network inverse system is used. A mathematic model of variable frequency speed-regulating system was given, and its reversibility was testified. The inverse system and original system is compound to construct the pseudo linear system and linear control method is design to control. With experiment, neural network inverse system with PLC has its effectiveness and its feasibility in industry
application.
中文译文
PLC变频调速的网络反馈系统的实现
摘要。变频调速系统,包括一个异步电动机和通用逆变器、且PLC控制被广泛地应用于工业领域。然而,对多变量、非线性和强耦合的异步电机的控制性能却不足,不能很好地满足客户的调速要求。该数学模型的变频调速系统提出了矢量控制方式,其可逆转性得到证实。通过构建一种基于神经网络的逆系统,并结合变频调速系统,pseudo-linear系统被完成了,并且为了得到性能优良的系统采用
了一个线性闭环调节器。采用PLC、神经网络逆系统在实际系统可以实现。实验结果表明变频调速系统的性能得到了很大的提高，并且神经网络反馈控制的可行性得到了验证。
1. 导论
近年来,随着电力电子技术、微电子技术和现代控制理论,逐渐涉及到交流电机系统,这些技术已经广泛应用于变频器调速的AC马达。变频调速系统,包括一个异步电动机和通用逆变器，用来代替直流调速系统。由于在工业领域中的糟糕的环境和严重的干扰,选择控制器是一个十分重要的问题。在文献[1][2][3],介绍了利用工业控制计算机和数据采集卡实现了神经网络反馈控制。工业控制计算机的优势有较高的计算速度，庞大的记忆能力以及与其他软件良好的兼容性等。但是工业控制计算机在工业应用上也有一些不足，比如运行不稳定,不可靠及更恶劣的通信能力。可编程序控制器(PLC)控制系统是专为工业环境中的应用而设计的,它的稳定性和可靠性好。PLC控制系统,可以很容易地集成到现场总线控制系统并得到高性能的通信结构,所以它在近年来被广泛地使用,并且深受欢迎。该系统由普通的逆变器和异步电机组成，是一种复杂的非线性系统,传统的PID控制策略,并不能满足要求和进一步控制。因此,如何加强系统的控制性能是非常迫切的事情。
神经网络逆系统[4][5], 在未来几年里将是一种新型的控制方法。其基本的想法是:对于一个给定的系统,原系统的逆系统是由一个动态神经网络引起的,对象信号和反馈信号的组合系统被转化成一种线性关系的解耦标准系统。随后,一个线性闭环调节器设计可以达到较高的控制性能。该方法的优点是在工程上很容易实现。在线性化及其解耦控制正常的非线性系统能实现采用这种方法。
把神经网络反馈结合到可编程序控制器(PLC)上就可以很容易地弥补不足的问题，解决在PLC控制系统上的非线性耦合。这个组合可以促进神经网络反馈付
诸实践，来实现其全部的经济效益和社会效益。
在这篇文章中，首先对神经网络反馈方法进行了介绍,并且描述了采用矢量控制的变频调速系统的数学模型。然后是对反馈系统进行分析的的介绍,并给出了关于PLC控制系统中构造NN-反馈系统的方法和步骤。最后,该方法在实验中被验证,并将传统的PI控制和NN-反馈控制进行了对比。
2. 神经反馈网络控制方法
基本的反馈控制方法[6]就是:对于一个给定的系统、一种α-th由反馈方法建立的完整的反馈系统,并结合反馈系统与原系统的特点,提出了一种解耦的线性关系,以标准化体系,并命名为伪线性系统。随后,一个线性闭环调节器运行并将达到较高的控制性能。
当在“几何领域”讨论这些问题时，反馈系统控制方法并不像微分几何方法，其特点是直接，简单，易于理解。主要的问题是怎样在应用软件中获得反馈模型。由于非线性系统是一个复杂的系统,所以很难要求严格解析反馈信号,这甚至是不可能的。反馈系统控制在工程应用中不能达到期望值。作为神经网络非线性逼近能力,尤其是对于非线性的复杂系统,它会是来解决问题的强大工具。反馈系统集成了具有非线性逼近能力的反馈系统，其中具有非线性逼近能力的反馈系统能够避免使用反馈方法带来的麻烦。这样就可能，运用反馈控制方法去控制一个复杂的非线性系统。a ?th NN 反馈系统的控制方法只需要较少的系统信息，比如与系统相关的命令，并且容易获得运行网络的反馈模型。原系统的层叠式的 NN 反馈系统,会形成一个伪线性系统。然后,一个线性闭环调节校准器将工作。
3. 异步电机变频调速系统的数学模型和它的反馈性能
异步电机变频调速系统提供的跟踪电流正弦脉宽调制逆变器可以表示为非线性模型在两相循环的协调。该模型简化为一个3-order非线性模型。如果忽略逆变器的延迟,该模型表述如下:
（1）
（表示同步角频率；表示转速；
表示定子的电流；表示转子在（qd）轴线上的不稳定部分；
表示点的数量；表示互感系数；表示惯性转矩；
表示转子的时间常数；表示负载转矩。）
用矢量模式,得
代进公式(1),得
（2）
可逆转性分析(2),得
（3）
（4）
可供选择的状态变量如下
输入变量
由公式(4)得出结果,得
（5）
（6）
然后雅可比矩阵
（7）
（8）
作为所以并且系统是可逆的。
相关的系统是
当变频器运行模式的变化,在矢量磁链的可以忽略的磁链(考虑到是恒定,等于等级)。原系统简化为一个输入和输出系统订立的(2)。
根据隐函数定理，公式(3)的反馈系统可以表达为:
（9）当反馈系统连续连接到原系统时，伪线性复合系统形成类型。
4. 网络反馈系统的实现步骤
4.1 输入与输出的运行样本的采集
采样对网络反馈系统的建立是极其重要的。它不仅需要获得原系统的动态数据,还需要获得了静态的数据。参考信号应该包括原始系统所有的工作范围,并确保近似。信号的欲处理的第一阶段是从每0HZ到50HZ中得到10HZ，并得到开环响应。第二阶段是混乱信号的输入，当每10秒钟出现预处理信号时，随机信号输入,并得到闭环响应。基于这些输入,将得到1600组得到运行样本。
4.2 网络的建设
静态神经网络和动态神经网络的完美组合将能构建一个反馈系统。静态神经网络的结构是由2个输入层的神经元，3个输出层的神经元和12个隐蔽层的神经元组成。隐藏神经元的激励函数是单调平滑双曲正切函数。输出层是由线性临界激励函数的神经元组成。运行数据是这些速度的开环，闭环的相对应速度和设置的参考的速度。50次运行之后，神经网络的运行错误达到0.001。神经网络的负荷和临界值被保存下来。并得到原系统的反馈模型。
5. 实验和结果
5.1 系统硬件
硬件系统包括上层监督计算机安装，控制结构软件WinCC6.0,西门子
S7-300PLC，变频器，异步电动机和光电编码器。
选择S7-315-2DP PLC控制器,它有一个PROFIBUS-DP接口和一个MPI接口。高速采集模块是FM350-1。WinCC用MPI协议被CP5611贯穿到S7-300。
这个逆变器的类型是西门子的MMV。西门子的PLC能兼容美国的协议。在这个系统上ACB15模块被增加在逆变器上。
5.2 软件编程
5.2.1 通信介绍
MPI(多点接口)是一种简单、便宜的通讯策略，运用在运行慢，非大型数据转换的场合。在WinCC与PLC之间的数据转换不是很大,所以选择MPI协议。
MMV变频器作为从动装置连接到PROFIBUS网络,并安装到CB15 PROFIBUS模块上。PPO1或PPO3的数据类型可供选择。它允许控制信号直接发送到变频地址,或者使用STEP7V5.2 SFC14/15的系统功能模块。
OPC能有效的提供完整的数据和通信能力。不同类型的服务器和客户机可以存取彼此的数据来源。比较传统的软件模式和硬件发展,设备生产商只需要培养一个操作员。这样可以缩短开发周期,节省人力资源,并简化了整个控制系统的结构。
矩阵实验室的神经网络运行需要系统各种各样数据的时候，这些数据不能从PLC或WinCC直接读取。所以OPC技术可以用来获得在WinCC和Exce之中所需的数据。设置WinCC作为OPC DA的服务器,一个OPC客户将被很好的建立关于VBA。系统的实时数据被WinCC读取并写到Excel上,然后Excel上的数据被转换到矩阵实验室为
在离线运行时获得原系统的反馈系统。
5.2.2控制程序
通常用STEP7 V5.2的标准模板库来对通讯，数据采集和控制算法进行编程，速度采样程序和存储程序被编程为有规律的中断程序A，中断周期为100毫秒。为了阻止程序A运行时间超过100毫秒，减小程序的运行周期和系统错误，控制步骤和神经网络算法被编程为主程序B。
神经网络算法标准化对运行采样来说是必要的以便加快信号收集速度，在最终运行之前输入和输出信号乘以一个放大系数。
5.3 实验结果
当速度参照是100秒每周期的方波信号时,逆变器运行的是矢量模式。结果表明,神经网络控制的跟踪性能均优于传统的常规PI控制。
当速度参照保持恒定时,经过80秒时间，负荷降低到没有负荷,经过120秒时间,负荷增加到满负荷，所以在传统控制下的速度响应曲线和网络反馈控制下的速度响应曲线如下图所示。很明显,在稳定性能上，网络反馈控制的负载扰动优于传统的PI控制的负载扰动。
（PI控制下的速度响应）（网络反馈控制下的速度响应）
6. 结论
为了改善PLC变频调速系统的控制性能，因而神经网络反馈系统被使用。并给出了一个变频调速系统的数学模型,且其可逆转性得到了检验。反馈系统和原系统被组合并构建成伪线性系统，并设计了线性控制的方法进行控制。通过实验,PLC神经网络的反馈系统在工业应用中具有有效性和可行性的到了验证。
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/a94403753.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
Household Register Under Supervision of the Ministry of Public Security of P. R. C. ANNOUNCEMENTS 1.Household register has the legal validity that certifies the attorney ship of a citizen and the
relationship of family members, and it is the main reference for the censor and checkup of domiciliary register which is undertaking by the household registration authority. When the functionary of household registration authority censor and verify the household register, the householder and members of this family shall take the initiative in presenting the household register. 2.The householder shall take the household register in safekeeping; the household register is prohibited to be altered, transferred and leased. When the household register is lost, the household registration authority should be informed. 3.The right for registering the household register shall be performed by the household registration authority; any other unit and individual shall not make any records on the booklet. 4.The member of this family shall go to the household registration authority for transacting the declaration and registration, applying bring with the booklet, in case of the increase and decrease of the members and the alteration of registration items. 5.In case of that the whole family moves out of the residency, the household register shall be turned in and cancelled. Record of Dwelling Address Alteration
外文翻译 NUMERICAL CONTROL Numerical control(N／C)is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers，letters，and other symbols．The numbers，letters，and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular work part or job．When the job changes，the program of instructions is changed．The capability to change the program is what makes N／C suitable for low-and medium-volume production．It is much easier to write programs th an to make major alterations of the processing equipment． There are two basic types of numerically controlled machine tools：point—to—point and continuous—path(also called contouring)．Point—to—point machines use unsynchronized motors，with the result that the position of the machining head Can be assured only upon completion of a movement，or while only one motor is running．Machines of this type are principally used for straight—line cuts or for drilling or boring． The N／C system consists of the following comp onents：data input，the tape reader with the control unit，feedback devices，and the metal—cutting machine tool or other type of N／C equipment．Data input，also called “man—to—control link”，may be provided to the machine tool manually，or entirely by automatic means．Manual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputs．Examples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials，pushbuttons，switches，or thumbwheel selectors．These are located on a console near t he machine．Dials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometer．In most cases，pushbuttons，switches，and other similar types of selectors aye digital input devices．Manual input requires that the operator set the controls fo r each operation．It is a slow and tedious
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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ANNOUNCEMENTS 1.Household register has the legal validity that certifies the attorneyship of a citizen and the relationship of family members, and it is the main reference for the censor and checkup of domiciliary register which is undertaking by the household registration authority. When the functionary of household registration authority censor and verify the household register, the familia and members of this family shall take the initiative in presenting the household register. 2.The familia shall take the household register in safekeeping, the household register is prohibited to be alterred, transferred and leased. In case of that the household register is lost, the household registration authority should be informed. 3.The right for registering the household register shall be performed by the household registration authority, any other unit and individual shall not make any records on the booklet. 4.The member of this family shall go to the household registration authority for transacting the declaration and registration, applying bring with the booklet, in case of the increase and decrease of the members and the alteration of registration items. 5.In case of that the whole family moves out of the residency, the Household register shall be turned in and cancelled.
毕业设计（论文） 中英文参考资料 系别机电工程系 专业数控技术 班级数控0801 姓名 指导教师 2010年11 月
Development and maintenance of CNC technology Numerical control technology and equipment is the development of new high-tech industry and cutting-edge enabling technology, industry and the most basic equipment. The world information industry, biological industry, aviation, aerospace and other defense industry widely used numerical techniques to improve manufacturing capacity and level, to improve the adaptability of the market and competitiveness. Industrial countries and CNC numerical control technology and equipment will also be listed as countries of strategic materials, not only to develop their own numerical control technology and industry, and in "sophisticated" technology and equipment, numerical control key aspects of the policy of closures and restrictions. Therefore, efforts to develop advanced numerical control technology as the core manufacturing technology has become the world's developed countries to accelerate economic development, enhance the comprehensive national strength and an important way to statehood. Part I: the development of CNC machine tools trends in individual 1. High speed, high accuracy, high reliability High speed: To improve the speed and increase feed spindle speed. High precision: the precision from micron to sub-micron level, and even the nano-level (high reliability: the reliability of numerical control system generally higher than the reliability of numerical control equipment more than an order of magnitude, but not the higher the better reliability because the goods by the cost performance constraints. 2. Composite Composite function CNC machine tool development, its core is in a single machine to complete the turning, milling, drilling, tapping, reaming and reaming and other operating procedures, thereby increasing the efficiency and precision machine tools to improve production flexibility. 3. Intelligent Intelligent content included in all aspects of the numerical control system: the pursuit of processing efficiency and processing quality of intelligence; to improve the performance and the use of convenient connections and other aspects of intelligence; simplify programming, simplifying operational intelligence; also like the intelligent automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interface, as well as intelligent diagnostics, intelligent monitoring and other aspects, to facilitate system diagnostics and maintenance. 4. Flexible, integrated The world of CNC machine tools to the development trend of flexible automation systems are: from the point (CNC single, composite machining centers and CNC machine tools), line (FMC, FMS, FTL, FML) to the surface (Section workshop independent manufacturing island FA) , body (CIMS, distributed network integrated
FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1
韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced
加工中心数控技术 出处：数控加工中心的分类以及各自特点 出版社:化学工业出版社; 第1版 (2009年3月16日) 作者：徐衡、段晓旭 加工中心是典型的集高技术于一体的机械加工设备，它的发展代表了一个国家设计制造的水平也大大提高了劳动生产率，降低了劳动成本，改善了工人的工作环境，降低了工人的劳动强度。本文经过对不同运动方案和各部件的设计方案的定性分析比较确定该教立式加工中心的进给传动方案为：采用固定床身，电主轴通过安装座安装在床身导轨的滑座上，床身导轨采用滚动导轨，可以实现Y 方向的进给运动。由X-Y双向精密数控工作台带动工件完成X，Y两个方向的进给运动;X，Y，Z三个方向的进给运动均滚珠丝杠，并由交流伺服电机驱动。导轨、滚珠丝杠有相应的润滑、防护等装置。 加工中心（英文缩写为CNC 全称为Computerized Numerical Control）：是带有刀库和自动换刀装置的一种高度自动化的多功能数控机床。在中国香港，台湾及广东一代也有很多人叫它电脑锣。 工件在加工中心上经一次装夹后，数字控制系统能控制机床按不同工序，自动选择和更换刀具，自动改变机床主轴转速、进给量和刀具相对工件的运动轨迹及其他辅助机能，依次完成工件几个面上多工序的加工。并且有多种换刀或选刀功能，从而使生产效率大大提高。 加工中心数控机床是一种装有计算机数字控制系统的机床，数控系统能够处理加工程序，控制机床完成各种动作。与普通机床相比，数控机床能够完成平面曲线和空间曲面的加工，加工精度和生产效率都比较高，因而应用日益广泛。 数控机床的组成 一般来说，数控机床由机械部分、数字控制计算机、伺服系统、PC控制部分、液压气压传动系统、冷却润滑和排泄装置组成。数控机床是由程序控制的，零件的编程工作是数控机床加工的重要组成部分。伺服系统是数控机床的驱动部分，计算机输出的控制命令是通过伺服系统产生坐标移动的。普通的立式加工中心有三个伺服电机，分别驱动纵向工作台、横向工作台、主轴箱沿X向、Y向、Z向运动。X、Y、Z是互相垂直的坐标轴，因而当机床三坐标联动时可以加工空
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no