完形填空（6篇）
第三篇Germs on Banknotes
第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness
*第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities
*第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk
+第十三篇 Solar Power without Solar Cells
+第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage
注：
1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章
2、阅读理解
3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化
第三篇Germs on Banknotes
People in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.
Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.
Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .
Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.
Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria ---- no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most ---- about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.
What we call “paper” money usually isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countries may use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.
The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.
The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer
germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.
Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money 's been. Or what's living on it
词汇：
pesos/pi:s?vs/ n ．比索bacterium /k?k'ti?ri?m/ n ．细菌（单数）
germ/d?:m/ n．病菌bacteria /b?kti?ri?／细菌（复数）
banknote/b??kn?vt/ n．纸币centimeter/senti,mi:t?。/ n．厘米microbiologist /,maikr?v,bai l?d ist/n.微生polymer/p lim? / n. ［高分子」聚合物
物学家harbor/ha:b?/ v．怀有，藏有vendor/vend?I/n．小贩
注释：
1.have one thing in common ：有一个共同点
2. well over ：大大超过
3. Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大学的食品微生物学家，他率领一个全球研究小组对至少10个国家的纸币展开了分析。他的研究结果是：相对于比较落后贫穷的国家，富裕发达国家的纸币所携带的病菌较少。重要的是，世界各地纸币上的病菌数量都没有达到令人担心的程度。研究还发现纸币使用的年限和材质对纸币的污染程度也有影响。
4. University of Ballarat in Australia：澳大利亚巴拉瑞特大学。该校建立于1994年，位于维多利亚省的巴拉瑞特市。
5. after all：毕竟
练习:
1. A coins B money C cheques D loans
2. A different B clean C hard D foreign
3. A anniversary B year C decade D century
4. A along B with C within D outside
5. A countries B areas C regions D provinces
6. A delivered B borrowed C gathered D designed
7. A because B though C when D where
8. A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper
9. A languages B colors C substances D materials
10. A family B team C advisor D boss
11. A expenses B banks C statements D currencies
12. A nearly B mostly C likely D merely
13. A dirt B water C germs D oil
14. A compare B connect C conduct D command
15. A arms B hands C face D clothes
答案与题解:
1.B 冒号后面说的是各国使用钱币的名称:“yuan in China ，pesos in Mexico，pounds in the United Kingdom ，dollars in the United States，Aus往'alia and New Zealand” ，所以填人的词必定与这些钱币有关，而且应该是钱币的总括词。因此选 money 最为恰当。coins 是“硬币”，cheques 是“支票” ，loans是“贷款”，它们都不会是答案。
2.A 本题的句子说的是:虽然各国使用的纸币各不相同，它们有一个共同点，那就是纸币上有病菌。四个选项中 different 是答案。
3.D 选century 最合理。选 anniversary (周年)，year (年)或decade都不合逻辑。
4.C 本段第二句提供了解答本题的线索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究与以前的科学家的研究不同，他比较了各国钱币上的病菌数量，在他之前的科学家的研究范围局限于一个国家的纸币。四个选项中只有 within 表达“在(一个国家)里”的意思。
5. A 经过第四题选词的思索过程，本题的形容词很自然会在 different 之后用countries，指不同的国家。
6. C 上一句说 Vriesekoop 比较不同国家纸币携带病菌的数量。本题的句子明确指出他对比的纸币涉及十个国家。四个选项中只有 gathered (收集)与上下文的意思相匹配。
7. A 填词所在的句子与前面的主句存在因果关系。为什么要从食品店和食品摊收集纸币
呢?因为这些地方常要用现金支付。本题答案是 because。
8. C fabric 是“织物”，其制作原料不会是 plastic(塑料)或 rubber( 橡胶)。选 paper 也不对，因为本句是说明纸币的制作原料通常不是纸。制作 fabric 的原料是cotton( 棉花)，这是合
乎常理的。而且该段倒数第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。
9.D 本段说纸币的材料一般不是纸，通常是用棉花织物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以选择
materials( 材料、原料)是正确的。
10. B 本题应当选 team。与 family (家庭成员)，advisor (顾问)或 boss (老板)合作研究不是没有可能，但总有些离谱。与团队合作研究比较合理。
11. D 本段第二句提供了线索，它列出三种纸币，即 the Australian dollar ，the New Zealand
dollar 和some Mexican pesos。选 currencies 是最合理的。另外三个选项都不合适; expenses
是“支出”，banks 是“银行” ，statements 是“账单”。
12. B 本题只有选 mostly，上下文意思才连贯。
13. C 前一句说用高分子聚合物制作的钱币含菌数量较少。本题的句子接着分析说，在高分子聚合物上存活较难。谁存活较难？当然是病菌。本题答案是germs0 dirt, water 和oil 是
非生物，不存在生存的问题。
14.A 四个选项填入句子后，句子成了： “…compare/connect/conduct/command the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills”, 很明显；connect
（连接）/conduct （实
施）/command（控制）amounts of time是无法成立的。只有compare(比较）不同
纸币上病菌存活的时间才是Vriesekoop 要研究的新课题。
15. B人们通常是用手接触纸币的。所以接触纸币后要洗手。答案是hands。
第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness
Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries． 1 according to a study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and 2 ．The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel．
"For me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi,
a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 making people
think of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food．9 ,the researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness．
Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．"We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．"says Troisi．"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others．"In 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it. Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with others," Troisi says．"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness．
词汇：
mashed /m?t/ adj．被捣成糊浆的
macaroni/ macaroni/ n．通心粉
cheese / t i:z / n．奶酪
artery/ artery / n．动脉
assignment /?'sainm?nt / n．指定作业
reminder / reminder/ n．起提醒作用的东西
remedy /remedy/ n．治疗方法，药物
virtual/'v?:t u?l/ adj．虚拟的
注释：
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ad10851332.html,fort food：爽心食品
2. graduate student：研究生
3. The University of Buffalo：布法罗大学，建校于1846 年，位于水牛城（ Buffalo City) ，属于纽约州立大学，因此称为纽约州立大学水牛城分校。
4. lead author：首席作者
5. their nearest and dearest：他们最接近和最亲爱的人
6. levels of loneliness：孤独程度
7. only if: 只有（在……情况下）
8. Throughout everyone's daily lives：在每一个人的日常生活中。through 有“贯穿”的意思。
练习：
1．A but B if C though D while
2．A personality B movement C emotions D will
3．A privately B usefully C awfully D personally
4．A looked for B looked at C looked after D looked up
5．A favorite B trustful C boring D annoying
6．A with B on C by D at
7．A professors B participants C assistants D scientists
8．A group B class C section D part
9．A Previously B Formally C Initially D Finally
10．A remember B explain C rewrite D complete
11．A sad B secure C shy D angry
12．A your B our C his D their
13．A accident B harm C experience D model
14．A eating B exchanging C buying D keeping
l 5．A expressions B estimation C cooperation D connections
答案与题解：
l. A本句前半句说土豆泥、通心粉等对血管有害（ bad) ，后半句说这些食物对心脏有利
(good) 。很明显，前半句与后半句意思相反，所以要选转折连接词but加以连接。
2. C 根据常识判断，吃土豆泥不会对personality （性格） .movement （移动）或will （意志力）产生有利影响。随后的文章，多处提到吃爽心食品（ favorite food ）有助于排解孤独感。所以选emotions 是正确的。
3.D本题的答案是personally0 For me personally （就我个人而言）与下文的意思很连贯。
privately （私下地）、usefully （有用地）或awfully （可怕地）与下文的意思搭不上，所以不会是答案。
4. B 本题的答案是looked at0。“looked at non-human things” 相当于“studied （研究） nonhuman things”，与上下文的意思很匹配。looked for（寻找）、looked after
（照顾）和looked
up（查找）与下文的意思搭配不上。
5.A本句的意思是：人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联系起
来。选项中有四个形容词，应该选哪一个形容词去修饰TV shows 呢？应该选褒义的形容
词： favorite （喜爱的）或trustful ( 可信任的）。但对电视剧来说谈不上信任的问题。favorite
最合理，是本题答案。
6. C 上一句说到，人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和喜爱的电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联
系起来。于是Troisi 和Gabriel 想，通过吃爽心食品让他们想起亲近的人，是不是也能产生
同样的排解孤独感的效果呢？四个介词中只有by的词义是“通过”。其余三个介词在含义
上都不合适。
7.B 选professors（教授）、assistants（助手）或scientists（科学家）不合常理，科学家选实验对象时不会选他们。participants ( 参与者）是本题的答案。
8.A本题应该选group，指每一组的参与者。用class （班级）, section （部门）或part （部分）在意义上显然都不合适。
9. D 本段叙述试验的几个步骤。第一步要一部分受试者描写与亲人的争斗，其他受试者写
情感上中性的话题。第二步（文中用then 加以连接）将上述两组受试者中的每一组再一分
为二，一些人描写吃爽心食品的经历，另一些人描写吃新食品的经历。接下来应该是第三步
了。从四个选项中寻找，只有Finally 最合适，原来第三步就是最后一步了。
1O.D 实验的最后一步是受试者被要求书面回答10个问题。complete 是答案。要求他们
remember（记住）、delete （删除）或rewrite （重写） questions 都不合乎逻辑。
11. B 与亲近的人争吵会引发孤独感，但是，一般说来，人们的关系若是通常处于什么状态，通过写出他们吃爽心食物的经历会降低他们的孤独感呢？一定不会是sad、shy或angry ，答案应该是secure （稳定的）。
12.D 修饰essays 的所有格代词在人称与数上要与they 一致，所以their 是答案。
13. C “eating food with family and friends” 是一种experience （经历），不会是一个accident （事故）、harm （危害）或model （样式）。很明显， experience 是本题的答案。
14.A 文章中几次提到吃爽心食物有助于缓解孤独感。所以本题选eating 是很自然的。其他
三个选项， exchanging （交换）、buying （买）或keeping （保留）若填入句子中，与后面的宾语chicken soup in the lab 连用，意思上说不通。
15.D 本题的答案是connections。其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。
*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities
A new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate change
and 2 development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing
to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 ．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their residents."
Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 ． The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 8 associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 9 paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may 10 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.
Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands—off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.
词汇：
vulnerable / 'v ln?r?bl / adj ．易受伤害的
infrastructure / 'infr?,str kt? / n ．基础设施
sociologist /,s?usi'l?d ist /n．社会学家
substandard / ,s b'st?nd?d / adj．标准以下的
dioxide / dai'ksaid / ．二氧化物
floodplain /'fl dplein / n ．泛滥平原
注释：
1. likely：很可能，或许。在本句中用作副词。
2. be likely to：很可能。likely 在本句中是形容词，用作表语。
3. findings：调查结果
4. storm surges：风暴潮
5. paved cities：铺上沥青路面的城市
6. spring up：涌现
7. rhetoric . . . responses：修辞反应。这个词的意思是：（地方政府）话讲得很漂亮，但内容空洞。
8. a hands-off approach：一种不插手的政策
练习：
1．A carry along B carried away C carried out D carried back
2．A economic B industrial C rural D urban
3．A reduce B increase C study D measure
4．A crops B gases C fruits D Plant5
5．A educate B evaluate C protect D identify
6．A doubtful B possible C repeatable D major
7．A uses B chances C cures D benefits
8．A threats B interests C functions D differences
9．A locally B heavily C suddenly D mildly
l0．A provide B improve C lack D update
11．A without B with C in D on
12．A moreover B therefore C however D though
13．A other than B more than C less than D rather than
14．A train B automobile C bus D bike
15．A idle B smart C busy D secure
答案与题解：
1. C 本题的答案是carried out（执行；完成）。“A new examination of urban policies has been
carried out” 意思上配得上。carried along（携带）、carried away（运走）和carried back（运回）与下文的意思搭配不上。
2.D通篇文章讨论的是气候变化对城市的影响及其应对措施，并没有涉及economic （经济
的）、industrial （工业的）和rural （农村的）的话题。所以，这三个选项不可能是答案，urban才是答案。
3.A前面一句谈到，发展中国家的飞速成长的城市备受气候变化的折磨。本句紧接上一句
的意思，大多数城市没有做到减少二氧化碳的排放量。四个选项中，要选reduce。
4. B 减少的不仅是二氧化碳，还有greenhouse gases （温室气体）。gases 是答案。
5. C 城市应该采取有效的措施应对气候变化。采取措施的目的当然是为了保护城市居民。
可是Lankao 发现这样做的城市太少了。本题选protect 最合适。
6.D前面说到大多数城市没有做到减少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。这说明“Cities are major
sources of greenhouse gases”（城市是温室气体的主要来源），不会是doubtful sources （不能确定的来源）, possible sources（可能的来源），更不会是repeatable sources（不断重复的来源）。
7.D城市居民最易受气候变化的伤害，所以 Lankao 建议地方政府要进行政策介入以降低居
民因气候变化受到的伤害，而这会带来立即的和长期的益处。因此，uses 、chances 和cures
可以排除。benefits（益处）才是答案。
8.A 由climate change 引发的storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 给城市居民造成伤害。
interests 、functions 和differences 这三个词与storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 造成的伤害挂不上号，不会是答案。storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 对城市居民会构成威胁。因此threats 才是答案。
9. B 为什么prolonged hot weather 对城市居民造成的伤害超过对其周边地区居民造成的伤
害？因为城市道路是大量铺设沥青的道路。heavily 是答案。其他三个选项不符合上述意
思。
10.C 贫穷社区更易受到伤害，句子给出有关基础设施的各个方面。贫穷社区的基础设施一
定是不尽如人意的。所以要选lack。
1LA贫穷国家许多人住在不符合标准的房子里。下面提到reliable thinking water、roads 和
basic services 这些基础设施，从上下文判断，贫穷居民不会享有这些基础设施。所以选
without 比较合理。
12.B 本题的答案是therefore。上文说的是气候变化给城镇居民带来的种种问题。下文说的
是地方政府应该采取相应的对策以保护城镇居民。两部分的叙述是一种因果关系，所以要
选therefore。
13.D rhetoric responses （言辞反应，即用言语予以搪塞的反应）和meaningful responses （有
意义的反应）是两种截然不同的反应。地方政府的反应是前者还是后者？随后的句子，特
别是 a hands-off approach，说明地方政府作出的是rhetoric responses，而不是meaningful
responses 。所以本题要选rather than（而不是）。
14.B 句中的“…emphasize mass transit”提示，要减少的运输工具不会是大众交通工具，因此选项中的train 和bus便可排除。bike 是人力驱动，不会释放二氧化碳，也可排除。答案是automobile 。私人汽车排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的污染源之一。
15. A “. . many local governments are taking a hands-off approach” 中的 a hands-off approach 提示， Lankao 敦促地方政府改变的一定是他们无所作为（ idle) 的政策。idle 是正确的选择。
*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk
Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a new
study．
Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart
attack 4 .
In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin
is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk
from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．
Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of
the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it.” “It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said．
When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．
词汇：
statin/'st? tIn! n．降胆固醇药物
outlet/'autlit/ n．销售点
cholesterol/ k?'lest?r l / n．胆固醇
offset /,f'set/ V. 抵消，补偿
cheeseburger/ 't i:z,b?:?ɡ / n．芝士汉堡包
milkshake! 'milk eik / n．奶昔
condiment /'k ndim?nt]! n ．调味品
sachet /'s?t ei / ii ．小袋，小包
rational / 'r??n?l / adj．合理的
注释：
1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一种委婉表达建议
的用词，意为“可以”。
2. Imperial College London: 帝国理工学院。该学院于1907 年由城市和行会学校、皇家矿业学校以及皇家科学学院合并组成。学院于2007 年7月正式脱离伦敦大学成为一所独立大学。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四个学院，工程学院、医学院、自然科学院和生命科学院
3. LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的缩写形式。
4. a wealth of trial data: 大量的试验数据。a wealth of意为“大量的，许多”。
5. American Journal of Cardiology: 美国心脏病学杂志
6. French fries:炸薯条
7.It makes sense...: make sense 意为“说得通，合情合理”。
8. a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖。快餐店一般备有袋糖，供饮咖啡或热奶的顾客免费取用。
练习：
1．A change B charge C chain D chance
2．A trust B decide C suggest D calculate
3．A number B amount C volume D product
4．A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk
5．A severe B enough C weak D active
6．A buying B preparing C eating D cooking
7．A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful
8．A examination B suffering C determination D possibility
9．A degree B dimension C angle D range
10．A use B hate C reject D like
11．A transported B provided C preserved D convened
12．A cook B patient C customer D visitor
1 3．A measures B care C advantages D turns
14．A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing
1 5．A increasing B finding C lowering D taking
答案与题解：
1. B本文介绍说，吃汉堡包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用statin能降低心脏病发作的
风险，一正一负正好抵消。statin 价格便宜，文章建议快餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供
应statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意为“免费”。选择charge 是对的。
2. C 本题要选suggest ，因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。此外，本句主句的谓语动词用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建议”的意思。所以suggest 是个不二的选择。
3.B 与降低unhealthy "LDL" cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number
（数字）、volume（体积）或product （乘积）。
4.D从上下文判断，要降低（lower）的当然是risk。lower frequency（降低频率）、lower
treatment（降低治疗）或lower diagnosis （降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配。
5. B 本句表达的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的论文中说，经过计算，一粒statin 降低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险。所以本题的答案是enough。
6. C 顾客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buying
cheeseburger不会增加心脏病风险。所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下
文的意思。
7.A从上下文判断，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本题的答案。
8.D本句中的in terms of 意为“就……而言”，要与后半句“一正一负相互抵消”的
意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心脏病的可能性而言”。possibility 是答案。
9. A本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即statin降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增
加的心脏病
的风险在程度（degree）上大致相当。如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，“尺
寸
(dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范围（range）上大致相当”，就说不通了。
1O.D 填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是：顾客可以随心
所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意为“随某人所愿，
随某人所喜欢”。所以，
like 是答案。其余三个选项用在本句中都不合适。
11.B transported （运输）、preserved （保存）或converted （转换）填人句子中，意思都不顺。只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。provided 是答案。
12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人当然是customer。
13.A 为了降低开车和吸烟的风险，人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施。作者借此
说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施。根据这层意思，选择measures
是正确的。take
measure的意思是“采取措施”。其他三个选项都不合适：take care是“注意，小心”，take
advantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“轮流，依次”。
14.B 本题很明显要选wearing，因为上下文的意思是“系上安全带”。buying a seatbelt,
cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都与上下文的意思相去太远。
15. C通篇文章都在阐述statin能降低患心脏病的风险。所以，lowering（降低）
是答案。
+第十三篇Solar Power without Solar Cells
A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.
The researchers found a way to make an "optical 1 ," said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.
Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3 expected. 4 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.
"This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation," Rand said. "In solar cells, the 5 goes into
a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 6."What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of "optical rectification4," says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light's electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery.
Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7a 9 that does not 10 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isn't this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.
"In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 11 in producing charge separation as laser light is," Fisher said.
This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy. That's equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells.
"To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing," Fisher said. "All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 15 . It's already made in bulk10, and it doesn't require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better."
词汇：
optical / 'ptik?l / adj．光学的incoherent /, ink?u’hi?r?nt/ adj．非相干的
capacitive / k?'p?sitiv/ adj. 电容（量）的 semiconductor /,semik?n’d kt?／n．半导体
rectification /, rektifi'kei?n/ n．改正，修正 ceramics / si' r?miks／n．陶瓷
注释：
1.University of Michigan：密歇根大学。建校于1817 年，是美国名列前茅的公立大学，拥有优良的师资和顶尖的商学院、法学院、医学院和工学院。
2. heat load：热负荷
3. magnetic moment：磁矩
4. optical rectification：光学校正
5. doctoral student：博士生
6. positive and negative charges：正电荷与负电荷
7. shone through：shone是shine的过去式。shine through是“（光）通过”。
8. an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter：每平方厘米一千万瓦特的强度
9. incoherent light：非相干光
10.It's already made in bulk：它（指玻璃）已大量生产。in bulk 是“大量，成批”。
练习：
1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D battery
2. A modifications B effects C applications D results
3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally
4.A Under B At C On D Over
5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism
6.A plant B equipment C source D line
7.A down B up C together D apart
8. A this B that C those D it
9. A material B lens C meter D detector
10.A produce B convey C use D conduct
11.A remote B poor C effective D rare
12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle
13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting
14.A compact B modern C durable D handy
15. A others B some C all D both
答案与题解：
1.D第一段说密歇根大学发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。因此本题的正确选项应该是battery。optical battery是“光电池”。
optical microscope （光学显微镜）、optical instrument （光学仪器）或optical fiber （光纤）与第一段的意思没有联系。
2.B 选择本题的答案的依据还是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始词语是“A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light"。本篇文章中心议题是用magnetic effect of light开发新型的太阳能电池。而以前的科学家认为magnetic effect of light 太微弱，不值得去关注它。因此，本题选effects与上下文的意思很连贯。
3. C 本句的意思是：当光通过一种绝缘材料时，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要强一亿倍。previously是当然的选择。其他三个选项填入句子中，意思不合逻辑：frequently（频繁地）/privately（私下地）/formerly（正式地）expected。
4. A under these circumstances 是固定词组，意为“在这种情况下”。也可以说in these circumstances ，而at、on或over 都不与circumstances 连用。
5.A通篇文章谈的是光产生的磁效应，所以在太阳能电池中，当然是光进入某种材料起作用。答案是选项A。
6. C 密歇根大学的科学家发现太阳光产生强烈的磁效应，再转换为电，所以磁效应是产生电的源泉（source）。power plant （发电厂）、power equipment （电力设备）或power line （输电线）与上文的意思接不上。
7.D or 在本句的意思是“即”，后面的词语是解释专业术语charge separation （电荷分离）。选apart与pushing构成pushing apart。pushing apart 的意思相当于separation。所以本题的答案是D。
8. B 从上下文判断，要填人的代词是替代前面的voltage。根据英语语法，替代
单数名词的代词要用that ，替代复数名词的代词要用those。voltage 是单数，所以that 是答案。
9.A从本句句末的such as glass 判断，要填入的词一定是包括glass 的概括词。因此，只有选项material 符合这个条件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁场效应是由光通过一个不导电的材料（ material ）而产生的。
10.D 答案的根据可以在第三段中找到。原句是："What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.”选项conduct 是答案。
11.C 激光通过特定材料时能产生charge separation 。密歇根大学科学家发现，阳光通过特定材料时也像激光一样能产生charge separation。如果charge separation 是remote、 poor 或rare，密歇根大学科学家所说的利用光磁场效应开发新型的太阳能电池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。
12.C 说这种样机（ this prototype ）、技巧（ this skill ）或这一奇迹（ this miracle ）能降低太阳能的价格，似乎离题太远。只有用这一技术（ this technology ）概括上一段的意思才准确。因此本题答案是technology。
13.A 科学家预测，通过改进材料，可使太阳能转化成可用能源的效率达到10%。本题的答案是converting。而obtaining（得到）、delivering （输送）和transmitting （发射）与“能量转换”挂不上号。
14. B 通篇文章没有谈到新型太阳能电池是compact（紧凑小型的）、durable（耐用的）或handy（使用便利的），所以不会是答案。选modern是合理的，因为密歇根大学科学家研发的不用半导体的太阳能电池是先进的。
15.D 答案是both，指代的是上一句的“to focus the light and a fiber to guide it”这两点。
+第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage
The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil "liquefaction"2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows.
"We've seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments," Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet."
Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 .
But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in
situations such as this8.
"With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much more vulnerable."
The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts9.
"There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 ," Ashford said. "Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns."
Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.
Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse ---even as they tilted and sank into the ground.
词汇：
subduction /s b'd k?n/ n．俯冲sediment /'sedim?nt/ n．沉积；沉淀物liquefaction /likwi'f?k?n/ n．液化infrastructure /'Infr?,str kt?/ n．基础设施
geotecnical /d i?u'teknik?l] adj．岩土技术compaction /k?m'p?k?n/ n．压紧的
vulnerable /'v ln?r?bl/ ad]．易受伤害的
注释：
1. subduction zone：俯冲带。亦称下降带、潜没带、消亡带。板块构造说认为，当大洋板块移动并与大陆板块相遇时，由于大洋板块岩石密度较大，地位也低，便俯冲到大陆板块之下，这一俯冲部分叫做俯冲带。俯冲带两侧板块会聚边界称会聚边缘（convergent boundary)。俯冲带上面反映震源活动的地带称“贝尼奥夫地震带（Benioff seismic zone)"。
2. soil "liquefaction"：土壤液化。土壤液化现象是指由于孔隙水压力上升，有效应力减小所导致的土壤从固态到液态的变化，饱水的疏松的粉、细砂土在振动作用下突然破坏而呈现液
态的现象。
3. localized：小范围的
4. geotechnical engineering：岩土工程。
5. Oregon State University：俄勒冈州立大学，建校于1858年，位于美国俄勒冈州科瓦利斯，全校设11个学院，80多个专业，尤以农科和工程最为突出。2008年俄勒冈州立大学的核能工程专业在全美大学中排名第9名。
6. water, drain and gas pipelines：自来水管道、排水管道和煤气管道。"water, drain and gaspipelines” 即“water pipelines, drain pipelines and gas pipelines"。
7. some degree of soil liquefaction：某种程度的土壤液化
8. to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this：本句的意思是：重新审视类似这次（持续时间长的）地震中因土壤液化而可能造成的毁坏的规
模。
9. recovery efforts：重建工作
10. that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan：我们将从日本的地震中学到很多东西。该句是同位语从句，说出前半句no doubt的内容。
11. that：that引导的是定语从句，修辞前半句中的things。
12.suspect：被怀疑对象。文中指的是那些疑似危险的土壤。
练习：
1.A．internal B. different C. difficult D. widespread
2.A．volume B. length C. extent D. width
3.A．function B. repair C. build D. remove
4.A．durability B. strength C. ability D. property
5.A．ascend B. compact C. collapse D. recover
6.A．shorter B. longer C. simpler D. stranger
7.A．when B. what C. how D. which
8.A．occasionally B. frequently C. specially D. recently
9.A．development B. phenomenon C. formation D. composition
10.A．unless B. until C. after D. before
11.A．findings B. locations C. events D. sources
12.A．delivered B. deposited C. destroyed D. detached
13.A．near B. from C. inside D. over
14.A．prevent B. accelerate C. predict D. detect
15.A．styles B. sites C. costs D. standards
答案与题解：
1.D前文说到日本的俯冲带地震是massive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到达一个significant level。根据上述描述，选widespread（分布广泛的）修饰severity是正确的。其他三个选项与severity搭配后，意思接不上。
2.C 本句由but连接并列的两个分句组成。第一个分句说以前也发生过地震引发的砂土液化的现象，但涉及范围较小。第二个分句通过but语气一转，说这次地震造成的破坏是罕见的。很显然，选extent(程度)与distance（距离，范围）合用
说明破坏的程度和范围是符合上下文的意思的。
3.A 在“The shifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to…”中，"these communities need to...”是定语从句，指代utilities和infrastructure的关系代词which在定语从句中起宾语作用，被省略了。need
后面的动词不定式的逻辑主语是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure。从意思上看，这
些社区需要这些公用事业设备和基础设施起功能作用（function)。选function是对的。其他选项都不合适。
4.B 浸了水的砂土，特别是新近的沉积土、沙土等失去的不会是durability（耐用性）和ability（能力），也不会是泛泛的property（性质），而是strength（强度）。
5.C 浸了水的砂土强度降低或消失。砂土随水流动，就会引发建筑物移位（shift）或下沉(sink)。再发展下去，建筑物就会倒塌（collapse)。collapse是答案。若选择ascend（上升）、compact(压实)或recover（复原），意思与上文接不上。
6.A 地震持续的时间一般为数十秒。这次日本地震的时间长达5分钟。所以本题要填入的词应该是shorter，说明大多数地震的持续时间比它短。
7.C 从意思上看，选how是正确的。when structures、what structures或which structures意思明显不通。
8.D 第三段第二句出现“particularly recent sediment…"。recent sediment浸水后就失去了强度。这提示了本题要选recently，因为建立在新近填就的土壤上的建筑物是最易受到伤害的。
9.B 分析日本大地震得出的数据不会令科学家获得有关soil development（土壤发展）、soil
formation（土壤形成）soil composition（土壤构成）这些方面的知识。若选phenomenon，意思就是科学家的研究分析有助于他们了解到土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付
未来可能发生的同类现象。上下文意思很连贯，因此phenomenon是正确的选项。1O.D 选unless、until或after都不合逻辑。本题句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏了。所以科学家要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好地震资料。before是答案。
11.C 本句的意思是：科学家无疑会从日本大地震中学到不少东西，从而有助于减低今后发生类似的地震时的风险。四个选项中只有events合适。similar events 指的是“类似的地震事
件”。若选findings（调查结果）、locations（地点）或sources（来源），句子的意思就不对。
12.B 本句解释“young”这个词在地质学中的含义。句中的those指代sediments。"young" sediments指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的sediments。deposit是“沉积”，与句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三个选项，词义离题很远，只是词形与deposit 有点相似，起干扰作用而已，它们不是答案。
13.A 上一段说，younger soils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危对象呢？如果指soils from/inside/over river and old flood plains是不合常理的。正确的选择应该是near，靠近河流和原洪泛区的土壤才是危险地区。因此near是答案。
14.A 加固危桥的目的是为了防止坍塌。选项prevent是答案。
15.D 在3月11日的日本大地震中，震区的建筑物倾斜、下沉，但没有倒塌。建筑上的什么因素起到了防塌的作用呢？当然不会是construction styles（建筑风格）、construction sites（建
筑工地）或construction facilities（建筑设备）。日本的construction standards（建筑标准）才是防塌的关键因素。因此standards是答案。
理工类C级 第三篇 纸币上的病菌
不同国家的人们使用不同种类的纸币：中国用元，墨西哥用比索，英国用英镑，美国用美元、澳大利亚用澳元、新西兰用新西兰元。这些国家的纸币形状也可能不一致，但所有国家的纸币都具有一个共同点：纸币上有病菌。
一百多年以来，科学家们对纸币上病菌的研究从未停止过。在二十世纪初期，一些研究人员开始怀疑寄附于纸币上的病菌极有可能传播疾病。
对纸币上病菌的研究大多着眼于某一国家的纸币。Frank Vriesekoop博士和其他研究人员进行了一项新的研究，即比较不同国家纸币上的病菌总数。
Frank Vriesekoop博士是巴拉瑞特大学的食品微生物学家，他率领一个全球研究小组对至少10个国家的纸币上的病菌展开了分析。科学家们总共分析了1，280张纸币：所有纸币来自于人们购买食物的地方，如超市、街头小贩和咖啡厅，因为人们在那些地方往往会使用纸币。
总体来说，澳元中的活病菌最少，每平方厘米只有10个；中国人民币的病菌最多，大约每平方厘米100个。纸币上的病菌大多不会有危害。
我们所说的“纸币”通常不是纸做的。例如，美元是印在一种棉织物上。不同的国家可能会用不同的材料印制货币。Vriesekoop和他的研究团队所分析的货币中有的是棉制品，比如美元。其他的是由聚合物所制成的。
有三种纸币上的病菌的数量最少，它们是澳元、新西兰元和墨西哥比索，而且它们都是印在聚合物上。
其他的纸币都是印在高棉制品上。而用聚合物印制的纸币上的病菌较少。这种关系表明，病菌在聚合物的表面上更难以存活。科学家们若想搞清楚病菌是怎样在纸币上生存的以及我们是否需要重视这些病菌，需要做更多的研究。Vriesekoop目前所做的研究就是比较在不同类型的纸币上病菌存活的时间。
无论Vriesekoop的研究有何发现，毋庸置疑的是：纸币含有病菌。我们接触纸币后应立即洗手。毕竟，你永远不会知道你的纸币的来源，或者上面有什么东西。
第十篇 心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感
土豆泥，通心粉和奶酪可能对动脉血管有害，但是，据《心理科学》一项研究表明，它们对心脏有利并且能抑制不利情绪。其研究对象是爽心食品，目的是探究人们对爽心食品的感觉。
“就我而言，食品在我的家庭一直是比较关注的问题”，Jordan Troisi如是说。他是布法罗大学的研究生并且是本次研究的首席作者。该研究出自于他与Shira Gabriel合作的一个研究项目。它关注的是可能影响人类情感的物质的东西。有些人用诸如绑定喜爱的电视节目，和流行音乐歌手建立虚拟的关系或浏览亲人的照片来排遣孤独。Troisi和Gabriel想知道爽心食品是否能通过使人们想到他们最亲近和最爱的人，同样达到排遣孤独的效果。
在一个实验中，为使参与者感觉孤独，研究者让他们用六分钟的时间描写一次与最亲近的人吵架的经历。而要求另外一些人写一个情感中性的作业。然后，每一组的一些人描写食用爽心食品的经历；而其他的人描写食用新食品的经历。最后，研究者让参与者书面回答关于孤独程度的问题。
描写与亲人吵架的经历使人感到孤独。但是，一般来说，人们的关系若处于稳定状态，通过描写他们吃爽心食品的经历会排遣一些孤独感。Troisi说道：“我们已经得出这样的结论：爽心食品与我们的亲人密切相连，想一想或之后真正食用这种食品会提醒人们注意到他们的亲人。”在所有关于爽心食品的文章中，许多人都描述了与家人和朋友共同进餐的经历。
在另外一个实验中，在实验喝鸡汤令人想到和其他人的关系，但是，这只有在他们把鸡汤认为是爽心食品的时候才会发生。参与者被要求回答这个问题和许多其他问题是在这个实验很久以前，因此他们不会记得。
“在每一个人的日常生活中，都会经历紧张，而这往往与人际关系有关，爽心食品可能是排遣孤独的便利食品”。Troisi如是说。
理工类B级 第十一篇 气候变化给不备城市带来重大风险
最近，Patricia Romero Lankao对市政方针进行了全新的审查。她是一个社会学家，专门研究气候变化和城市发展。她警告说，世界上许多快速发展的城市地区，尤其在发展中国家，很可能会由于气候变化的影响而遭殃。她的著作也断定，大多数城市没有做到减排二氧化碳和其他温室气体，而众所周知，这些气体妨碍大气层。“气候变化是一个严重的区域问题，对世界上发展中的城市带来了严重的危害，但是，几乎没有城市研发有效的策略来保护当地居民”。
城市是温室气体的主要来源，城市人口很有可能受到未来环境变化的影响最大。Lankao的发现强调了城市居民受到伤害最大的一些方面，所以她建议出台干预政策，此举可以给居民带来短期的和长期的益处。
城市的位置以及城市建设的密集常常会使居民在应对自然灾害时面临更大的危险。与气候有关的潜在威胁有风暴潮和炎热天气的延长等。风暴潮可以淹没港口地区，而炎热天气的延长使得大量铺设沥青路面的城市比周边地区的温度大
职称英语考试完形填空解题技巧 1. 三一定律：如果选项当中有三个词同义、意思相近、或者是褒贬色彩一样。那么这种情况下，与这三个选项有区别的那一项99%是正确选项。 2. 如果选项当中有两个选项的词的词形结构有类似的地方，它的不同往往就会带上一些语法标志（如动词的时态、名词的单复数等）。这两个选项当中一定有一个是正确选项，在回到文章当中去比对，就很容易找出正确答案了。那么我们可以排除掉其它两个选项。 3. 如果选项中有两个词同义且有细微的区别，答案必在其中，取范围广者。 4. 如果选项中有两个选项互为反义，答案在其中，回原文找线索。 5. 两个并列动词之间的关系：①中间加to；②后面动词加ing；③加动词原形，前动词是使役动词。 6. 横线后面出现了than，则横线上多半考的就是形容词或副词的比较等级。 7. 选项中某个词在文章的前面或是后面出现过，那么此词很有可能是正确答案。 8. 剩余的实词题就需要根据原文的内容来确定:如果横线前后提到了选项当中提到了选项当中的某个词，那么横线就
极有可能是这个选项。 9. 词义辨析，直接通过四个选项词的意思 9. 介词题考的是固定搭配，其前的动词或名词、其后的名词就显得尤其的重要。要求考生一定要背一些固定搭配的短语。 10. 连接代词和连接副词题，考的就是从句的引导词(尤其是以定语从句为主)：①如果横线前是介词，则选项应选which；②如果选项中有“介词+which”这个选项，则该选项多半是正确答案；③非限定性定语从句中，先行词是人，用who，先行词是物，用which，先行词是句子，用which； ④三种用that的情况。 接下来，我们就以实际的一篇例题来让大家体会一下，到底我们所讲的这个解题技巧在完形填空的解题当中起到了多大的作用： Think as a Hacker Does At the brand-new Hacker Academy in Chicago, US, students learn about phishing schemes, firewall breaches, and advanced tricks for breaking into confidential documents and revealing passwords. But it's not nearly as illegal as it sounds. The academy doesn't teach people to be （1）, but to "think like hackers" - and hopefully to stay one step ahead of （2）.
2020年职称英语新增文章：教材理工类第六篇 第六篇 The Apgar Test The baby was bom at 3：36 p. m. At 3：37，she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test. At 3：41，she scored 8 out of 10. The doctor was glad. Another baby, bom at 8：24 p. m.，scored 3 out of 10 on his first test He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test. He took another test at 8：34 and scored 5. 1 He called for help1. These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test. This test helps doctors diagnose problems. 2 Most babies take two tests. The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth. If a baby’s score at 5 minutes is less than 6，the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth. The Apgar t est is not an intelligence test. It’s a test that shows a baby’s health right after it is bom. The Apgar test measures things such as a baby’s color, heart rate, and breathing. The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0，1，or 2. 3
职称英语考试通关策略 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 职称英语考试通关策略 考试很多时候除了考查考生的知识能力以外，还要考查考试策略，答题的顺序和时间的统筹安排，现在我就给大家介绍一些考试策略。 概述 1、词汇、阅读理解、完型填空所占分值最高（合计高达75分），放到前面来做，避免万一时间不够，可以确保先抓住大部分分数。 2、词汇、阅读理解、完型填空都是部分来自教材，放到前面来做，记忆比较深刻，答题成功率较高。 3、阅读判断放到最后，这样可以腾出时间给需要查词典即可稳拿分数的词汇题。 词汇篇 1、带上一本好用的词典，因职称英语词汇数量有限，直接查同义词词典，一般前三个义项就会有答案。 2、词组记忆相对容易而查词典找同义词相对较困难，又因试题有4-9题来自教材练习，所以必须记住教材中的词组题。教材词汇练习一共100题，其中有词组的也就20个左右，记住却对没有困难！ 3、考试时看到有教材中的词组题则直接答上，其余的查词典。 阅读理解篇 1、熟记教材文章练习题的正确答案，重点掌握去年教材上没有的新增文章。考试时先找教材上的文章，做出来。 2、其他文章，先做考试题目中有人名、地名、国家名、数字、年代等专有名词的题。 3、勾画出考试题目中的关键词（一般是名词，不必认识它也不必查词典），然后到文章中找一样的关键词定位。 4、定位关键词后，对比文章中关键词附近的词或者词组，与答案选项中词或者词组重合得最多的即为正确答案。 5、如果你无法定位关键词，则 1) 如有选项为“以上X项皆是”，即为正确答案； 2) 看四个答案选项中有无大部分相似的。如有，若意思完全相反的其中一个必是答案；若意思并非相反的则较长选项的为答案。如没有大部分相似的，则最长的选项为答案。（根据经验，这是答对概率最大的选择） 6、如果考试题目是针对文章中的某个单词的意思，那么这就相当于是一个词汇题，则同义词词典又派上用场了！ 7、如果考试题目是问文章主旨（如作者的观点、替换文章标题等）的，则需要细读文章题目、每段第一句和文章最后一句，并大致搞清意思。然后选择意思最接近的一项答案。 概括大意、完成句子篇 1、概括大意（4题）：先看考题要求概括哪4个段落的大意，然后分别细读该4个段落的第一句和最后一句，然后与各个选项对比，选项中大部分词或者词组与段落的第一句或最后一句中词或者词组重合得最多的即为正确答案。概括大意其实就是找文章各段落主题句，而段落主题句往往就是该段落的第一句和最后一句。 2、完成句子（4题）：先勾画出每个考试题目中的关键词，然后回到文章中定位（具体方法请参考阅读理解篇做题方法），最后把文章中关键词附近的词和词组与各个答案选项相对比，词和词组重合最多的即为正确答案。完成句子其实就是告诉你一句话的一部分让你找另一部分。利用定位关键词找到了这句话在文章中的位置，则确定另一部分就不难了。
职称英语考试通关做题技巧全攻略(4) xx年职称英语考试通关做题技巧全攻略 1、“概括大意”部分 它是考题第23-26题，是要求就给定要考的短文(原文)四个段落进行概括段落大意，在六个给出的选项中分别选出与其各段落大意相符的选项句子，也就是在6个选项句子中选出与要考的段落大意(中心思想、主题或核心内容)一致的正确答案，6个选项中有两个干扰项，短文中只考4个段落。如何让4上选项正确的对号入座呢?这类题的关键是首先要确定各选项句子的关键词，接着是确定能体现要考段落大意的中心句或中心词，最后是用选项关键词与中心句、中心词进行对比，一个个确定正确答案。 (1)做题步骤及技巧： 做题总思路：目标明确，直奔主题。做这类题就是要在6个选项中确定4个与要考4个段落大意相一致的正确答案，只需要考虑4个要考段落和6个选项，所以，我们要采用把段落变成句子，把句子变成单词的化整为零的方法来做。做这类题的总思路就是：首先确定各6个选项句子的关键词，接着是确定能体现要考段落大意的
中心句或中心词，最后是用选项关键词与中心句、中心词进行对比，意思相同或相近者就是了。做此类题分以下4步走： 1)第一步：一步到位，快速确定6个选项的关键词。由于是概括段落大意，选项句子的关键词一定是实义词，一般也就是句子的名词(专有名词)、数词及其短语。确定选项句子关键词的方法可参照“阅读判断题”的“做题步骤技巧的第一步”的方法，两者基本雷同，并且确定选项关键词更简单，就是实义词。这一步，只需要把实义词快速勾划出来，做个明显标志就行了，(当然，要明白关键词意思，你可千万别忘了你带的字典哟)。 2)第二步：准确找出要考段落，仔细推敲该段落，确定该段落的中心句或中心词。这是最重要的一步。确定段落中心句或中心词按以下技巧进行： A、确定段落中心句的技巧有： (A)按该段落的第一句、第二句、最后一句、最后二句、长句、段中句、整段阅读顺序进行寻找确定，如果最后都确定不了，那就要寻找中心词了。按统计，段落中心句是第一句的可能性超过50%，第二句超过20%，最后一句超过20%，需要整段阅读的不到10%，因为按写作手法，一般文章都是采用归纳法或演绎法的，所以一般段
职称英语考试完形填空拿高分的技巧2017年职称英语考试完形填空拿高分的技巧 (1)语法和词汇 (2)固定搭配 (3)上下文的逻辑推理 在最后的冲刺阶段，首要任务是将职称英语教材中的新增文章再次复习一遍，加强对文章的记忆和理解。 其次，职称英语考生需要参考历年完型考试的真题，熟悉题型特点，考生可以从历年真题中总结并学习职称英语考试中一些不断重复的语法考点，比如动词时态，冠词考察，介词等的考查。 最后，职称英语考生一定要记住，良好的学习心态、积极的应试心理也是考试制胜的关键因素。在职称英语考场上要保持镇定，从容应答，这样才能唤醒记忆，将所学所掌握的知识应用到职称英语考试中。 完型填空必做三项功课 一、主要考察内容：完形填空旨在测试考生对语言的理解程度和综合运用语言的`能力。职称英语考试中的完形填空测试是一篇难度适中，长度为150词左右的短文。短文中留出15个空白，每个空白为一题，每题有四个选项。要求考生在全面理解内容的基础上选择最佳答案，使短文意思完整、文理通顺、结构严谨、主题明确。 完形填空考题的设计一般是从以下三个方面出发的：(1)语法结构(2)词法结构(3)上下文之间的逻辑关系。
在15个选项中，要求填入实词(动词、名词和形容词等)的约占70%，其他为虚词(介词、副词等)的约占30%.要填的词几乎涉及各 个词类，动词含有不同的时态和语态。 二、复习策略分析 1.复习方向：完形填空的复习主要以本类别和本级别的完型填空的文章为主，尤其是以本类别和级别新增文章为重点进行复习，然 后再去看本类别的非新增文章，如有精力以其他类别的完型填空的 文章作为练习训练去做做。 2.一般的解题步骤： 通读全文 首先要阅读整篇文章，理解全文内容。同时对全文的语言表达方式，比如文章用的时态、语态、文章的措辞与口气等方面得出大致 印象。 逻辑判断 在阅读全篇的基础上，开始从头判断每个空所缺的词的语言形式，如词类、时态、语态;并判断该词应具有的符合文章上下文的词义。 理解选择 从给出的4个选项中，选出在语法与词义上均与原文相符合的一个。 三、高分通关必做的三项功课： 1.语法知识的积累职称英语考试完型填空题型能否顺利拿下分数，除了对重点文章的正掌握外，平时对语法知识的积累是非常重要的。很大程度上完形填空都在考查考生运用语法知识的能力，因此在强 化阶段，考生应该对职称考试中涉及的语法点进行巩固复习。 2.固定搭配与词组的记忆完型填空中大部分都是考查的动词等的固定搭配、常用的词组等，因此考生在强化阶段应该注意对平时阅 读中出现的固定搭配与词组进行搜集、积累与记忆。
阅读理解：第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Tumor C级 The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking ,said medical experts after a five-year research study . Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger, especially women. According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else .Following breast cancer ,it has the second-highest incidence rate. “An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer ,” said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center. He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1,483 were male. Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report. However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat. About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women’s bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchens. However , local women were adjacent to then cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer .come claimed they may change food preparation methods. “Unless my family and I don/t eat at home every day , I must stay in the kitchen to cook,” said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman. “I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less.” Doctors said women’s lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems. Other experts agreed with He. “Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men,” said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University’s Medical College. “It’s true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.” He’s research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used. The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said. 练习： 1.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers? D A Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women. B Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men. C Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males. D Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females. 2. Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai? B A Heart disease. B Breast cancer. C Infectious diseases. D Lung cancer. 3. What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes? A
职称英语考试备考5大方法 第一，过度讲究方法和技巧，而不愿意下真功夫。语言的使用是 一种技能，但这种技能不是专靠技巧能够获得的。太讲究方法和技巧 会被其占用很多的时间和精力，而对学习的内容本身投入较少的时间 和精力，所以反而会影响学习的效果。如有一个参加高等教育自学考 试的青年，他订了十 多种讲自学和考试的刊物，认真学习和研究，讲起方法来一套一 套的，可他每次参考的科目却大多考不及格。这是因为他只顾钻研方 法和技巧，在学习内容上花的时间和精力太少，而且养成了投机取巧、不肯下功夫的习惯。方法和技巧只能适当利用，并且要从自己的学习 实践中摸索出适合自己的方法和技巧才会真正管用。 第二，过度讲究速度和效率，不愿花时间经常重复(复习)已学过 的内容，只求懂了则罢。语言的使用既是一种技能，技能则只有靠熟 能生巧，要持续的重复才会熟练，只有熟练了才会形成一种应用自如、不假思索的技能。 第三，三天打鱼两天晒网，没有恒心，不能长期坚持学习。技能 的熟练要有一个过程，在这个过程中会遇到各种困难，但不能向困难 低头，要坚持不懈地反复学习，持之以恒。 第四，不重视听力训练。语言是有声的，我们对语言的感受首先 是语言的声音作用于我们的大脑，如果不练习听力，仅仅默默地阅读 和背单词，其结果不但听不懂别人讲外语，而且阅读水平也难以提升。 第五，只学而不“用”，完全是以“学”的态度来学外语。语言 的实践性很强，如果只学而不用，就永远也学不好。我们学语言的目 的就是为了应用，要学会在用中学习，这样才能提升兴趣，达到好的 学习效果。 值得特别注意的是，“用”不但仅有意识的用，很多时候是要无 意识的“用”。比如在吃饭、洗碗、聊天、上网、洗脸、洗脚、洗衣
第四篇 Animal?s “Sixth Sense” A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa. Wild animals, 1 , seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions that 1 they possess a “sixth sense” for 2 , experts said. Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian Ocean island?s coast clearly 3 wild beasts, with no dead animals found. “N o elephants arc dead, not 4 a dead rabbit. I think animals can 5 disaster. They have a sixth sense. They know when things are happening,” H. D. Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka?s Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. The 6 washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka?s biggest wildlife 7 and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards. “There has been a lot of 8 evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven,” said Matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior 9 at Johannesburg Zoo. “There have been no ＿10＿ studies because you can?t really test it in a lab or field setting 2 ,” he told Reuters. Other authorities concurred with this 11 . “Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain 12 , especially birds … there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters,” said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildlife. Animals 13 rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger slid as predators. The notion of an animal “sixth sense” — or 14 other mythical power is an enduring one 3 which the evidence on Sri Lanka?s ravaged coast is likely to add to. The Romans saw owls 15 omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special power or attributes. 词汇： tsunami /tsju:5nB:mi / n.海啸 concur /kEn5kE: / v.(with)同意，赞成 trigger /5tri^E / v.引发，触发 impending /im5pendiN / adj.迫近的 ravaged adj.被毁坏的 predator /5predEtE / n.食肉动物 leopard /5lepEd / n.豹 mythical /5miWikEl/ adj.神话般的 eruption /i5rQpFEn / n.喷发 owl /Eul / n.猫头鹰 migrate /mai5^reit / v.迁移 omen /5Eumen / n.预兆，征兆 volcanic /vCl5kAnik / adj.火山的 endow /in5dau / v.赋予注释: 1. adds weight to notions that ：更加相信…… 2. field setting ：field 意为“实地，野外”， setting 意为“环境”。 field setting 可译为“野外环境”。 3. enduring one ：由来已久的信念。 one 指代在句首出现的， noiton enduring 意为“持久的，永久的”。练习：
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ad10851332.html,/ .375. School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day.In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime.Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents.There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables,as well as meat,a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta.Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks,crisps and chocolate bars.Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunch time. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade.Unfortunately,the government cannot criticise parents,but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk,fruit and vegetables.Small changes in their children’s diet can_affect their future health.Children can easily develop bad eating_habits at this age,and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference1to our lives.Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet,hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time.Naturally,parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive,and they want to know if it can be harmful for their children.Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours,absorbed in some game,instead of doing their homework,then something is wrong.Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet,and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework.If the child is not holding to this arrangement,the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher.Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school.Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase,and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them.This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable,like people with contagious diseases.The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century.The last of London’s gates was removed a century ago,but by a stroke of luck,it was never destroyed. This gate is,in actual fact,not called a gate at all;its name is Temple Bar,and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster.In 1878the Council of London took the Bar down,numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970’s with the intention of returning the gate home.The aim of the Trust is the preservation of the nation’s architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down,stone by stone,removing and rebuilding it near St Paul’s Cathedral.Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced,though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound.The hardest job of all,however,will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before,many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past.One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history.They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did.This is now a fast-growing hobby,especially in countries with a fairly short history,like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past.It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully.It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character,whether hero or criminal,do not let this idea take over your research.Just treat it as an interesting possibility.A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with;a more complex one may only get in your way.The most important thing,though,is to get started.Who knows what you might find? Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh,Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair.Would her brother never arrive?For a brief moment,she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now,as she sat waiting for him,she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother. Almost without warning,Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office.Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and,left alone,Helen had slowly found
职称英语考试必过宝典：词典这样用最好 带：职称英语考试是可以带字典进考场的。要是正式出版纸质的，不可以是电子词典。 选：现在各个考试中心都比较严格，建议朗文或牛津的英汉、汉英双解词典，里面会有很多的同义词和解释，不可以带社会上专门为此考试编写的词典，例如名称上打着“职称外语”等字眼的词典，学员反映《英语实用词典》不让带。 用：词汇这是大家都知道的，建议查词不要超过20分钟，接下来补充短文还是概括大意题干与原文同义词替换，阅读篇章中的关键词。 度：职称英语考试可以带词典进考场，因此不需要记单词。依据职称英语考试的考场规则，考生应考时词典是一柄双刃剑，在以往的考试中，很多考生把词典当成“救命稻草”，但往往是多数词典派不上用场，就是因为翻词典而浪费了大量的时间无法做完试卷， 练：在最后阶段需要反复练习，提高查阅的速度的准确率，建议一天练习查60对，而且一个词汇题要反、正查，同时也要进行职称英语考试中常考词汇的记忆，这样可以在考试时提高速度，节省时间。同时，建议考生将历年真题中的词汇选项部分常考的重点词汇及职称英语考试中的核心词汇进行考前最后的集中记忆，这样可以提高在考试中做题的效率，考生可以非常方便地在注解中找到答案。 熟：只要顺手就好，广大考生在备考时应利用字典配合复习，养成查字典的习惯，以便在考试中更好地发挥。考前熟悉词典编排，为了节省时间，考生最好是带自己经常使用、习惯了其编排规律的词典。在以往的考试中，甚至有少数考生对英语词典中字母表排列顺序的规律都不了解，这等于把这一得力工具浪费了。 巧：考中查字典的五个小技巧 1、对于词汇选项题，建议查词时最好从B)和C)答案查起。据美国权威机构通过对职称英语考试的研究与分析，最终得出结论：在(A)、(B)、(C)、(D)四个选项的情况下，往往(B)和(C)正确的几率较大。因此我们建议在做词汇选项题时，遇不到生词最好从(B)和(C)答案查起。这样如果能从(B)或(C)中找到答案可大大节省时间。 2、重点查阅单词的常用解释。我们都知道一个单词有时会有好几个意思。培训搜px.wangxiao.so培训网在这里我们告诉大家职称英语考试中一般都考察该词语的前三个义项为主。剩下的很多解释一般不会考察。 3、确定答案后不要为了验证答案而查词典在确定了正确答案之后，不必为验证答案而将其他选项单词全部查一遍，以免浪费做题时间。