词汇学论文浅谈英语构
词法英文版
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On Word Formation
★Preface
Learn a language; you must learn pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary. Among the three factors, vocabulary has a very important role in your language-studying. A famous scholar Wilkins said” without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.” He emphasized that in most cases, the vocabulary is more important than grammar. Another famous lexicologist McCarthy said, when a student learn the second language, no matter how well the student learns grammar, no matter how successfully he masters the seconds of a L2， without words to express a wide range of meanings,
communication in that language cannot happen in any manful way.
From these two examples and of course include many other cases that are not mentioned here now, we can conclude that if you don’t care vocabulary at all, it is impossible to learn a language in some way. What’s more, you cannot express your real feeling no matter you are happy, sad, fortune, or you are unlucky, because you don’t know what words you can say or you can write.
Today, I will tell you what I had learned in this class. What I will teach you is “word formation”, why do I choose this topic to talk Because in my opinion, if you know the word formation very well, you can remember and use the new words easily. Absolutely, it’s very helpful for your language studying.
D on’t you think so
★Summary
English vocabulary has several of Word-formation methods. But the three greatest word formation powers are affixation, compounding, and conversion. The other six kinds of word-formation methods include blending, clipping, acronymy, back-formation, sound reduplication, and communization of proper names.
★Keywords
Morphemes, classifying, word-formation
★Context
Before talking about word formation, maybe we should know the morphological structure of English words first. So what we will discuss next is morphological structure of English words. It includes morphemes, morphs and allomorphs, classifying morphemes, identifying morphemes, morphemes and word-formation.
☆morphemes
Traditionally, words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentence, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In view
of word-formation, the morpheme is seen as ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’. Syn tactically, however, a morpheme is the minimal form of grammatical analysis.
Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.
Morphemes vary in function. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories:
① Free versus Bound Morphemes ---- morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.
② Derivational versus Inflectional Morphemes ---- morphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.
③ Content versus Grammatical Morphemes ---- On a semantic and syntactic basis, morphemes can fall into content and grammatical morphemes. Content morphemes are lexical morphemes which are used as we see above to derive new words, so also known as derivational morphemes.
☆Morphemes and Word-formation
We know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation formation, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix.
Affixes are forms that are attached to words or elements to modify meaning or function. Affixes are bound morphemes because none of them can stand as words in their own right. According to the functions of affixes, we can divide them into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. Derivational and inflectional affixes are identical with derivational and inflectional morphemes. In view of their distribution in the formation of word, affixes can fall into prefix and suffix.
Before we begin our actual discussion of word-building processes, there are some basic concepts that need clarifying:
1.Root: a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further
analyzed without total loss of identity.
2.Stem: a stem may consist of a single root morpheme or of two root
morphemes. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes.
3.Base: a base is referred to a form to which affixes of any kind can be
added. It can be a root or a stem.
☆Word Formation
The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.
⑴Affixation
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to base. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives.
According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.
Prefixation includes:
Negative Prefixes (a-, dis- ,in-, non-, un-… )
Reversative or Privative Prefixes (de-, dis-, un,… )
Pejorative Prefixes (mal-, mis-, pseudo- … )
Prefixes of Degree or Size (arch-, co-, extra-, hyper-, macro-, micro-, mini-, out-, over-,
sub-, super-, sur-, ultra-, under- … )
Prefixes of Orientation and Attitude (anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-… )
Locative Prefixes ( fore-, inter-, intra-, super-, tele-, trans-… )
Prefixes of Time and Order ( ex-, fore-, post-, pre-, re- … )
Number Prefixes ( bi-, multi-, semi-,tri-,uni- … )
Conversion Prefixes ( a-, be-, en- … )
Miscellaneous Prefixes ( auto- , neo-, pan-, proto-, vice- … )
Suffixation includes:
Noun suffixes (denominal nouns, deverbal nouns, de-adjective nouns, non and adjective suffixes)
Adjective suffixes (denominal suffixes, deverbal suffixes )
Adverb suffixes (Omit example)
Verb suffixes (Omit example)
⑵Compounding
Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Wordsworth formed in this way are called compounds. Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open.
1.Characteristics of compounds
Compounds have noticeable characteristics which may in most cases differentiate themselves from noun phrases in the following four aspects:
Phonological features, semantic features, grammatical, orthographical features.
2.Formation of compounds
Compounding can take place within any of the word class, but the productive ones are nouns and adjectives followed by verbs to a much lesser extent.
Noun compounds, adjective compounds, verb compounds.
⑶ Conversion
Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
Conversion to nouns (deverbal, de-adjectival, miscellaneous conversion )
Conversion to verbs (denominal, de-adjectival, miscellaneous conversion )
conversion to adjectives (voiceless to voiced consonant, initial to end stress)
the other six means of word-formation includes:
Blending, Clipping, Acronymy, Back-formation, Sound reduplication, Communization of proper names.
Because the words limit, the six word-formation methods is not detailed introduced here. If you are interested in them, please refer to the lexicology.
Annotation: 《英语词汇学教程》张伟友着，《词汇学学习指南》杨春慧着。
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英语词汇学教程期末总结 1、 what is lexicology? Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It deals not only with simple words, but also with complex and compound words. 2、 morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. In morphology, morpheme is a basic concept. Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. Semantics is often defined as the study of meaning. Semantics is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic. Etymology is the study of the whole history of words. First…second…third P2 3、 lexicography is closely related to the words in a given language. It involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries. 4、 Major features of words: 背
成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the
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Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
英语教学论文英语教师论文 浅谈如何在英语教学中转化学困生 学生初学英语感到新奇、有趣。但随着教学内容的增多，难度的加大，一部分学生在听、说、读、写方面出现掉队现象。久而久之，这类学生单词记不下，课文看不懂，上课不愿听，有的甚至放弃了英语学习，成为了学困生。然而，教师授课是面向全体学生，而学困生对学习无丝毫兴趣，还产生逆反、厌学心理，害怕记背单词，上课注意力不集中，不记笔记，教拼读音标却不看音标，不会拼读单词，不愿写作文。面对这些现象，那么英语教师该如何分析这些现象产生的原因？又该如何制订出相对应的策略来转化学困生呢？ 下面就以上现象谈谈我的看法。 一、学生产生逆反、厌学心理的原因及对策 学生对新事物有很浓的兴趣，可是一旦在学习上不认真，就会逐渐听不懂，就会对课程失去兴趣，对自己失去信心。学习的积极性也就逐渐消逝，就会产生一种厌倦心理，不愿意再继续学习，产生厌学情绪。 针对学生的这种逆反、厌学心理，教师应从以下几方面来引导学生培养兴趣，建立自信。 （一）了解学困生的心理，善待他们，建立师生感情，激发学困生的学习动力，多发现学生的闪光点。
（二）教师不断改进教学方法，做到常教常新。 将自学辅导法，启发式和直观教学等方法交替使用。根据不同的课文内容，不同的情景，设计丰富多彩、生动活泼的教学方法，经常给学生换口味。这样，学生就会被教师灵活有趣的教学方式吸引，把精力全部集中在课堂上。 （三）开展一系列的第二课堂活动。 在听说方面，可以开设以下教学活动：英语故事会，英语报告会，英语演讲比赛。 在读写方面，组织学生出英语墙报，黑板报英语专辑，开展英语单词、短语默写比赛以及指导学生看图作文。 在培养能力方面，组织学生自编英语报，开展生动、有趣的英语游戏，排演英语文娱节目。从而，开阔学生的视野，让学生在活泼有趣的氛围中猎取知识，使学生学习英语的兴趣更浓。兴趣的培养对转化学困生尤其重要，实践证明学生的兴趣激发到最佳状态，以愉快的情绪自觉地投入到有趣的英语学习中去，必然会取得事半功倍的效果。 二、害怕记背英文单词的原因及对策 不认识音标，没有掌握字母拼写和读音的之间的拼读规则。如：sea、tea。字母ea的组合，发［i:］的音。let、set、辅音字母之间的e，发［e］的音。这就是学生不会读，背不下英语单词的原因。
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
英语词汇学期末论文 题目：浅析英语词汇巧记法 专业：英语 班级：13级3班 学号：201313010309 姓名：黄旷静 完成时间：2015年1月14号
浅析英语词汇巧记法 摘要：词汇是英语学习的基础，没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语，而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。 关键词：词汇科学记忆规律效率 一．读音记忆法 1.拼读法 英语是拼音文字，英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的，熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则，掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系，可以根据单词的读音，降低记忆难度，正确地拼写单词。 例如ay读[ei]。带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音，ee发音为i: culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来
2.谐音法 尽管有些人认为用这种谐音记忆法记忆单词不科学，不利于正确掌握发音，但实践证明，对尚未掌握外语的构词特点和记词规律的初学者来说，采用谐音法记单词确实能有效地记住一部分难记的单词。但是，在用谐音法记单词时需要特别注意，绝不可将其作为模仿发音的依据，只能作为记忆单词时的谐音联想手段，以加强记忆，而必须按照单词的标准发音去读记，以避免这种记词法干扰正确发音。用谐音法记单词是，根据外语单词的读音到中文中寻找与其读音相似的谐音，寻找到谐音与单词的联系。用这种方法甚至可能达到终身不忘，这也正是谐音记忆法的绝妙之处。 例如：mouth嘴[联想：说话“冒失”的就是嘴] think想[联想：想时要“深刻”] 二．联想法 1.拆分联想 科学研究表明：联想是记忆的基础。世界著名的生理学家巴甫洛夫指出："记忆要依靠联想，而联想则是新旧知识建立联系的产物。”联想法是联想记忆的进一步运用和发展。它是指学习者展开积极丰富的想象力，使所要记忆的知识生动、形象化，通过联想在新旧知识(如英语熟词词义与生词词义)之间建立起一种联系，从而达到以旧带新、快速记忆的目的。
关于英语教学的论文汇总四篇 下面是 范文一 岁月寥寥，转眼又到了岁末，期末考试也已临近。面对考试，大多数学生都会手忙脚乱，对于应考更是毫无头绪。尤其是处于中小学过渡期的七年级学生，第一次参加中学的全县统考，虽有信心，但还是有些慌乱，因为要复习的科目多，内容杂，要求高，复习的时间又有限，有的甚至不知从何入手。复习，是我们巩固知识的重要环节，是减慢知识阶段遗忘的有效手段，是学生自信走进考场的重要保证。所以，要做好英语复习，仅靠”汗水＋时间”是不够的，复习必须讲究效率。为提高复习的针对性和有效性，我觉得要指导学生做到以下几点： 第一，明确复习目标，避免平均用力。复习目标要明确，重点突出，统筹兼顾，疏而不漏，分段集中，环环相扣。要指导学生对复习内容进行分类，哪些内容已经掌握，点到为止，哪些内容还一知半解，还需多下功夫，对不会的要认真从头学，对已会的和要会的要做到心中有数。 第二，夯实基础知识，熟练基本技能。基础知识是培养基本技能的载体，而掌握基本技能又是学习基础知识的目的和归宿。因此，在复习过程中，可以指导学生复习教材抓词句，单项复习抓语法，阅读写作不放松。要善于在听、说、读、写等技能的训练中巩固所学的语言知识。如：复习单词和重点句子时，不妨把听力、口语练习结合
起来；复习句式时，要尽可能回顾教材中单词出现的语境，并仿造句子。还要要求学生掌握一定的听、说、读、写的技巧，并找相关的材料，做到有针对性的练习。 第三，变换复习方式，保持复习热情。在复习过程中，可以让学生用利于自己的方式复习，有些同学要么读写，要么做题。以外，还可以建议学生尝试其它的复习方式，如画单元知识树，可以相互讨论和抢答，同桌之间相互问答，小组内展开比赛、睡前小结和反思等。这样学生不仅不会产生复习疲劳，厌倦复习课，还会在一定程度上增强学生的复习兴趣，最终达到事半功倍的效果。 第四，重温作业考卷，做实查漏补缺。阅读作业和考卷，进行全方位的总结和反思，好的方面继续发扬，不当之处要及时制定补救措施，尤其要仔细阅读错题集，对易错题要特别关注，再次敲响知识警钟，避免类似的错误重犯，这样才会在不断改善的过程中稳步前进。 第五，间插综合训练，以考代练。练习是复习过程的重要内容，只有通过练习才能进一步巩固深化所学知识，否则，复习的质量就会受影响。要根据复习时间和复习内容，间插做几套模拟试题，了解考试的命题思路，熟悉各种题型的特点，帮助学生找出自己知识、技能的缺漏，以便及时进行查漏补缺，同时可以强化阅读和写作。 第六，做好心理调节，轻松备考。对于自感压力太大的同学要耐心地给他的心理“减负”，使其能在平静宽松的氛围中进行有序的复习，较好地完成学习任务；对于没有任何心理压力，还没进入复习状态的同学给予一定的压力，使其在压力之下也能较好地投入到紧张
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
英语是当今国际性最强的语言。对学习英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对英语知识的掌握会是一个很大的促进。英语是当今国际性最强的语言。在全世界用得最广的10种语言中，英语居首，虽然说汉语的人数占世界首位，但说英语的人在世界上分布最广。对学英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对学习英语不仅是一个很大的促进，而且随着英语在我国经济、商业各部门的地位Et趋重要，对英语词汇的发展有个大概的了解，会为较快地扩大词汇量，掌握更多的英语知识铺平道路。一种民族语言及其词汇的发展与民族的历史密切相关。要了解英语词汇的发展史，不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，及至英国的历史是密不可分的。不列颠群岛的最早居民是克尔特人。公元前55年，罗马人在凯撒大帝的率领下入侵不列颠群岛，克尔特人被赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。这一时期，在英国历史上称为罗马占领时期。直到公元410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。随后，来自德国北部平原的三个13耳曼部落盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居，英语就是盎格鲁——撒克逊人的语言。语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语时期；中古英语时期；现代英语时期。一、古英语时期：又称盎格鲁——撒克逊时期。13耳曼部落在不列颠定居以后，各自占领了一地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰大部地区和苏格兰的低地；撤克逊人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区；朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区。由于全国长期没有统一，所以，古英语时期存在着多种方言，其中撒克逊语曾一度占主导地位，在英语形成过程中起了重要作用。古英语的词汇有着浓厚的13耳曼语族的特点，这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法，复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著地位。据统计，在英语史诗《贝奥伍夫》的3000行诗句中，竞有1069个复合词，像fifteen，Sunday，Monday等都在其中。古英语时期有两个重要历史事件给英语词汇带来较大影响。第一件事是基督教传人英国。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来英国传教，罗马文化随着基督教传人英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词汇进入英语，像表示家庭用具的词如kettle，cup；表示植物名称的词有pear，beet；以及street，wall，wine等。此外，还有大批与宗教有关的拉丁词汇进入英语，像creed，pope，priest，gospel等。第二件事是北欧人人侵英国。从公元790年开始，大量斯堪的纳维亚人在英国定居，丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的纳维亚人和英国人交往频繁，很多斯堪的纳维亚词汇进入英语。这表现在：1、英语中的一些常用代词(they，them，their，both，same等)都来自斯堪的纳维亚语。2、与普通百姓的13常生活有关的很多词汇来自斯堪的纳维亚语。如：名词有anger，egg，fellow，gate，husband等；形容词有happy，ill，weak，wrong等；动词有call，get，give，lift，raise等。这些斯堪的纳维亚词汇至今仍在英语中广泛使用。二、中古英语时期：公元1066年，诺曼人在威廉率领下，横渡英吉利海峡，在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎格鲁撒克逊军队。英王哈罗德战死，英国被征服，这在历史上称为诺曼征服。诺曼征服对英语的发展有巨大的影响。早在诺曼征服以前，法语词汇就开始进入英语。英法两国隔海相望，历史上两国交往频繁，在古代和中世纪，两国的王室、贵族通婚时有发生。以诺曼征服为起点的中古英语时期，约有10000多法语词汇进入英语，其中75％流传至今并仍在使用。诺曼征服以后，英国结束了分裂状态，置于中央集权的封建制度统治之下。诺曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年间，诺曼法语成为英国的官方语言，普通人仍然说英语，但英语的文字记载几乎中断。直到1204年以后，英语才逐渐恢复主导地位。15世纪，伦敦标准方言兴起。这一时期，英语词汇的变化相当显著，由于诺曼法语度是英国统治阶级的语言，大批法语词汇涌入英语，这在政治、宗教、法律、军事、社交、服饰、饮食——凡是与统治阶级有关的一切领域都有反映。法语词成为这些领域所用词语的主体。据说，一个受过相当教育的英国人，即使没
882篇英语教学论文题目参考 英语初学者可能遇到的学习障碍的分析及对策 在教学中发挥学生的主体作用 英语教学中的交际性原则 新课程理念下初中英语课堂教学中合作学习的运用 高中英语教学中学生主体能动性的发挥 初中英语课文阅读教学策略探讨 连动式、兼语式的汉英比较 新教材新特点引发新思考新探索 英语非谓语动词的表层结构与深层意义 高中英语问题式教学初探 三段式在中学英语阅读教学中的运用 英语教学“课堂导入”的原则和方法 参与、合作、探究的英语教学模式 浅谈中学英语兴趣教学 构建基于信息技术的多维互动的思想品德课教学体系 初中英语教学中自主与合作学习方式的结合应用 词汇法教学在英语教学实践中的应用 高中学生英语会话能力薄弱的原因及解决办法 在外语教学中培养为交际而运用英语的能力 英语教学要体现人文关怀 练习在英语课堂教学中的运用 浅谈英语教学中对学生主体意识的开掘 中学初级阶段英语教学浅谈 英语探究性课堂教学法例谈 浅谈提高英语听力教学的方法 英语教师应把握学生作为学习主体的相关因素 初中英语口试的紧迫性和可行性研究 浅谈中小学生英语学习与心理素质的关系 浅谈高中英语如何运用启发式教学激发学生积极思维 浅谈如何培养中学生英语的兴趣 构建适合学生的教学模式发展学生综合运用语言的能力中学生英语听力障碍及克服方法初探 英语教学中课堂气氛与教学效果浅谈 关于英语后阶段复习冲刺的学习策略与建议 英语课堂创设教学活动情境的途径 注意英语学习策略培训提高学生自主学习能力 如何在英语教学中培养学生良好的语感 注重方法培养能力提高质量——谈高中英语的复习 试谈思政课中案例与活动教学的有效整合 中学英语教学与“学困生”心理素质教育 语境设置与中学英语教学 外语教学中如何使用语言实验室
1、选择题（2 ×15=30） 2、填空题（2×5=10 ） 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分) 选择题： 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.doczj.com/doc/a914077235.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西
英语词汇学的论文怎么写？ 英语词汇学习 在英语词汇学习过程中，学习者要遵循第二语言习得的规律，掌握并灵活运用多种词汇学习策略。可分为词汇表策略、语境策略、精加工策略、语义场策略。 一．词汇表策略（Word list strategy ） 词汇表策略一般为：一列是按字母顺序排列的英语单词，另一列是这些单词的汉语意思（等值词、同义词或近义词）。有些学者认为，通过词汇表策略能够迅速且有效地学会大量的词汇。然而，Gaims 和 Redman 却指出，通过词汇表记忆词汇会阻碍对所记词汇进行充分地处理和系统地组织，因此就失去了有效的长时记忆的基础。语言大师桂诗春教授也认为，词汇表策略既费时又费力，徒劳无功，因为这种做法不仅把外语的词语和母语的词语等同起来，而且把它从语言和语境中孤立出来。 二．语境策略（ Context strategy ） 语境策略就是学习者通过上下文语言环境所提供的信息对出现在语境中的生词进行猜测，从而习得这个单词。语境策略是目前比较流行的词汇学习策略之一，它不仅仅可以扩大词汇量，而且可以让学生了解有关目的语的文化知识。但是，Channell ( Carter &McCarthy ,1988:89 ) 认为，音节认知和重音认知对学习者理解词汇起着非常重要的作用。为了更好地理解词汇，学习新单词的方法应使学习者准确地内化和吸收新单词：即学会单个音标的发音、了解音节数、掌握重音位置。从这一方面来看，运用语境策略学习词汇不能算是一个很好的方法。 三．精加工策略（ Elaborative strategy ）
精加工策略是指通过对学习材料进行深入细致的分析、加工，理解其内在的深层意义并促进记忆的一种策略。皮连生（1998）在《学与教的心理学》一书中也曾提到：“精细加工策略”（同“精加工策略”）指对学习材料作精细的加工活动，即通过在要记忆的材料上增加相关的信息来达到对新的材料记忆的学习方法。如对材料补充细节、举出例子、作出推论或使之与其它观念形成联想等，旨在为知识的检索提取提供新的途径，为知识的构建提供额外的信息。精加工策略的关键是将学习者头脑中已有的经验与要学习的词汇联系起来，充分利用已有的经验对要学习的词进行深水平的加工，使其合理化、富有意义，进而达到理解、记忆的目的。学习者已经掌握的熟悉的母语知识或外语知识、头脑中生动鲜明的形象以及其他多种相关的知识经验等都可以作为已有的经验加以利用。 最常用的精加工策略是联想。联想又可以分为：词缀联想、对比联想、关系联想、接近联想、相似联想等。心理学认为，联想反映了客观事物之间的联系。它在促进人的记忆、想象、思维等心理活动中占有重要的地位。在运用联想学习词汇时，通过串联归类，纵横联系，辨析分解，在脑际建立相互依存的知识结构，从而战胜遗忘，增强记忆。例如：词缀联想。在学习词缀 -tion时，学习者可以联想-tion构成的词汇：corporation , administration , competition , congratulation , description 等。通过词缀联想，学习者可以学一个会一串，迅速地扩大词汇量。Krashen 在“输入假设”( input hypothesis ) 中也提到：只有接受可理解性输入（ comprehensible input ），语言习得才会产生。精加工策略，可以建立形象与词汇之间的联系，使抽象的材料具体化，使学习者要记忆的目标词转化为可理解性输入，这一信息加工过程遵循了 Krashen 的“输入假设”，是一种行之有效的英语词汇学习策略。 四．语义场策略（ Semantic field strategy ） 语义场理论是德国学者 J.Tries （引自伍谦光，1995：94）最先提出来的。这个理论的核心就是探讨词所表达的类概念与词表达的种概念之间的关系。根据这