Agricultural Sciences in China Vol.2No.10 11371143 October2003 E ffects and Mechanisms of Oil Cakes on the G rowth of Cucumber
(Cucumis sativus L.)Under Continuous Cropping System
RUAN Wei2bin1,L IU Mo2han1,PAN Jie2,Wang Jing1,L U Wen2long2,
MA Cheng2cang1,WAN G Jing2guo3,SHEN Yue4and GAO Yu2bao1 (1College of L if e Sciences,N ankai U niversity,Tianjin300071,P.R.China;2Tianjin Academy of A gricultural Sciences, Tianjin300192,P.R.China;3Depart ment of Plant N ut rition,China A gricultural U niversity,Beijing100094,
P.R.China;4A gro2Environmental Protection Institute of Minist ry of A griculture,Tianjin300191,P.R.China)
Abstract:Fxperiments on the effect of soil amendment with rape(Brassica chinensis L.)seed cake,cot2 ton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)seed or sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)seed cake on the grow th of cucumber seedlings under a continuous cropping system w ere conducted in a greenhouse environment.The results indicat2 ed that t w o applications of sesame seed cake(0.1and0.5%,w/w)increased the grow th of cucumber,but the rape oil cake show ed a neg ative effect at a rate of1.5%(w/w).The ses am e seed cake w as sep arated into four fractions (Ⅰ,Ⅱ,ⅢandⅣ)according to the polarity,and all four fractions h ad a positive effect on the grow th of cucumbers u n2 der a continuous cropping system.F raction numberⅢw as isolated into25proportions by silicon colum n,and only ole2 ic acid,p almitic acid and octadecanoic acid w ere identified in proportion10by G C2MS in w hich93.3%w as oleic acid and p almitic acid.The oleic acid h ad a significant and positive effect on cucumber grow th u nder s alt stress at the level 30mmol and show ed slight resistance to several p athogenic fu ngi.
K ey w ords:Cucumber,Oleic acid,Continuous cropping,Salt stress,Fertilization,Oil cake
During2002,5.2×108t of vegetables from1.7×107ha were produced in China.However,only0. 86%of those vegetables was exported because of their poor quality.At present,the area of greenhouse2 grown vegetables has exceeded1.2×https://www.doczj.com/doc/a912815693.html,rge2 scale cultivation,specialization,and industrialization of vegetable production in a limited area have led to the pneumonia that many kinds of vegetables were continuously cropped in the same field.This is one of the most important reasons for the reduction of the vegetablesπquality and quantity.Under this condi2 tion,both biotic factors(such as root knot nematode, Meloi dogyne arenaria,Fusari um oxysporum,and other deleterious organisms)and abiotic factors(such as s oil salinity)interact synergistically to damage vegetable growth and reduce yield.These diseases,which are referred to as“s oil2sickness”,limit the profitability and sustainabili2 ty of vegetable production in China[1,2].
Actually,the general method used to control this problem is the frequent application of pesticides and other chemical substances,which endanger the health of residents and the environment.For example,sev2 eral kinds of vegetables,such as leeks,had a high pesticide content because of polluted groundwater and pesticides,which had concentrated in organisms liv2 ing in the river estuarine zone[3].Now,some pesti2 cides have been gradually prohibited because of the possibility that they cause cancer and malformation. Therefore,it is very important to develop alternative measures or compounds that are environmentally friendly in order to control soil problems effectively. Naturally occurring compounds that are found in plants are especially desirable.
In China,a large quantity of rape plant is grown,which results in a large amount of oil cake. For example,6×106tons of rape cake are produced every year.Because of the high content of noxious chemical substances,several kinds of oil cake are
RUAN Wei2bin(19712),Associate Professor,Ph D,E2mail:caurwb@https://www.doczj.com/doc/a912815693.html,
not suitable for forage and therefore are discarded as waste.However,those noxious kinds of oil cake would be very useful if we regarded them as a fertiliz2 er and soil2improvement additive.
The application of oil cake in traditional agricul2 ture has a long history in Japan.After using oil cakes in combination with chemical fertilizers,both yield and quality of flue2cured tobacco were improved,es2 pecially the tobaccoπs fragrance and high fatty acid content[4].Soaking eggplant and tomato with an ex2 traction of castor oil cake inhibited the damage of root knot nematode and promoted the eggplantπs and tomatoπs growth[5].In recent years,a lot of oil cake has been used in the production of greenhouse vegeta2 bles,meliorating soil texture and other characters while increasing the quality of the plants.However, the effects of the oil cake on the plants differed largely from each other as a result of different compounds in them.Our objective was to study the effect of several kinds of oil cake on cucumber growth under a contin2 uous cropping system,and isolate any efficient chemi2 cal substances.At the same time research was2 ducted concerning the effect of these substances on certain fungi and its resistance to salinity.
1 Materials and Methods
1.1 The effect of oil cake on cucumber growth
Studies were conducted in soils from the Xiao2 bianzhuang,Nanhe Town,Xiqing District,Tianjin, China,in which cucumbers were planted in seven successive production cycles.In this area,the sick soil where cucumber seedlings had wilted and almost died,was sampled.The main property of the soil was available N132.8mg kg1,available K147.5mg kg1,Olsen2P536.8mg kg1,p H7.95,and the to2 tal salt content was0.223%.Soils were fertilized with N30mg kg1,P2O520mg kg1,K2O30mg kg1,and three kinds of oil cake,including B rassica chi nensis L.,Gossypi um hi rsut um L.,and Sesa2 m um i ndicum L.Oil cakes were incorporated into the soils at a rate of(w/w)0.5and0.1%for Sesa2 m um i ndicum L.,1.5and0.5%for the others.Ten cucumber seeds(Jinchun4,the same as below)were sowed on Sept.18,2001,and after germination the seedlings were thinned to3plants per pot,and finally harvested on Dec.17,2001.At harvest time,plant height,dry weight,leaf area,total root length (TRL),and other indexes were measured.
1.2 The effect of crude extracts from Se samum in2
dicum L.oil cake on cucumber growth
Sesam um i ndicum L.oil cake was extracted by 95%ethanol for8h under reflux.After evaporating the ethanol,the residue was partitioned and then di2 vided into four fractions:I(water),Ⅱ(methanol),Ⅲ(CCL4),Ⅳ(hexane).The mass of each fraction was mixed with the soil according to its proportion in the oil cake.The final ratios of fractions I,Ⅱ,ⅢandⅣ(soil,w/w)were0.07,0.07,0.2and0. 38%,respectively.Five seeds were sown on Dec.7, 2001,and after germination the seedlings were thinned to1plant per pot,and then harvested on Dec.23,2001.At harvest time,some growth pa2 rameters were measured.All of the pots were placed in a greenhouse.The growth conditions were as fol2 lows:light was provided by high pressure sodium (HPS)lamps with photosynthetic photon flux(PPF) density approximately200μmol m2s1for a photope2 riod of12h on cloudy days and4h during18:00 22:00on sunny days.The greenhouse was set at room temperature.
1.3 Chemical isolation and identification
FractionⅢwas subjected to column chromato2 graphy on silica gel60and eluted successively with CHCl32MeOH(9∶0.5),and then23proportions were obtained.The mass of proportion10was92% of fractionⅢ.The chemical composition of fraction Ⅲand proportion10was determined with gas chro2 matography2mass spectrometry(GC2MS)(HP G 1800A GCD system).The flow rate was 1.0ml min1.The carrier gas was He.The temperature was programmed to4℃every minute,from50℃to300℃. The column press was53kPa at50℃.
1.4 Re sistance determination on fungi
The bioassay of resistance on Bot rytis ci nerea was determined by cucumber cotyledon method,and prochloraz as check.For bioassay of resistance on
8311RUAN Wei2bin et al
Fusari um oxysporum f.sp.cucumeri um ,Col 2letot richum lagenari um ,
Scleroti nia sclerotiorum
and Cladospori um cucumeri num ,the method of mycelium growth rate during a 722hour period was used with deionized water as a check because of its ze 2ro resistance.All bioassays were conducted in the Na 2
tional Pesticides Engineer Research Center (Tianjin ).1.5 The re sistance of plants treated with oleic acid
on salt stre ss
The experiment consisted of the following treat 2ments:C K ,NaCl (30mmol L 1
),NaCl (30mmol L 1)+oleic acid (100μl L 1),NaCl (30mmol L 1)+oleic acid (300μl L 1),NaCl (30mmol L 1)+ole 2ic acid (500μl L 1
).Each treatment had 7repli 2cates.During the experiment ,the oleic acids were added to the solutions directly.On Oct.15,2002,seeds were germinated in vermiculite.At 7DAP (days after planting ),the seedlings πroots were rinsed cleanly and then transferred to 12L plastic pots con 2taining 1L of half 2strength C K nutrient solution.The half 2strength C K nutrient solution was replaced by a complete solution at 9DAP ,and then renewed every three days.The pots were placed in a green 2house with the following conditions :Light was pro 2vided by high pressure sodium lamps with photosyn 2thetic photon flux density at approximately 200μmol m
2
s 1
for a photo 2period of 14h at room temperature.During the experiment ,air was continuously pumped into the solution to supply oxygen.The water culture nutrient solution consisted of (mmol )0.75K 2SO 4,0.65MgSO 4?7H 2O ,2.0Ca (NO 3)2?4H 2O ,0.25KH 2PO 4,0.1ED TA 2Fe ,0.02H 3BO 3,0.001Mn 2
SO 4?H 2O ,0.0001CuSO 4?5H 2O ,0.001ZnSO 4?7H 2O ,0.1KCl and 0.000005(N H 4)6Mo 7O 24?4H 2O.On Nov.13the plants were harvested ,and some growth characteristics were measured ,including the SOD activity [6].The SOD activity unit corre 2sponded to 50%inhibition of formazan production.Peroxidase activity was determined using guaiacol as the hydrogen donor as previously reported [7].Peroxi 2dase activity was expressed as the increase absorbance at 470nm min 1g
1
FW.
1.6 Statistical analysis
All of the data were processed by SAS 6.12.Means were compared using L SD at the P <0.05probability level.
2 Re sults
2.1 Bioa ssay of oil cake
Different kinds of oil cake showed different ef 2fects on the growth of cucumber seedlings (Table 1).When the rape cake fertilizer was used to fertilize the soil at the level of 1.5%,it inhibited the growth of cucumber seedlings considerably.Seedling death was observed and the root dry weight and TRL were quite https://www.doczj.com/doc/a912815693.html,pared with C K ,at a level of 0.5%the rape cake still showed some negative effect on the plant.However ,when 0.5%cotton cake was used ,signifi 2cant stimulation resulted.The dry weight ,leaf area and total root length were all superior to that of C K.After increasing the amount of cotton seed cake to a level of 1.5%,the results of the cucumber growth were no better than when the level was at 0.5%.
T able 1 The effect of soil amendments on the grow th of cucumber under a continuous cropping system 1
)
Treatment Plant height
(cm )Shoot DW
(g pot 1)Root DW
(g pot 1)Leaf area
(cm 2)TRL
(cm pot 1)Leaf number
(number per pot )CK 13.2±1.5a 0.56±0.14c 0.06±0.02c 9.0±2.5d 1499±444bc 17.3±1.51b Rape 1.5% 5.8±2.5b 0.16±0.12d 0.01±0.01d 1.8±2.1e 311±210d 9.8±4.02c Rape 0.5%11.7±1.2a 0.63±0.16c 0.07±0.02c 12.9±1.5c 1234±326c 17.2±1.17b Cotton 1.5%13.2±3.3a 0.66±0.21c 0.07±0.03c 12.7±2.6c 1331±643c 17.0±2.28b Cotton 0.5%16.1±1.0a 0.89±0.09b 0.10±0.01b 15.9±1.1b 1732±209bc 18.3±1.03b Sesame 0.5%22.7±2.1a 1.50±0.16a 0.17±0.02a 24.1±3.6a 3220±641a 20.8±0.75a Sesame 0.1%
17.0±1.7a
0.85±0.11b
0.10±0.02b
14.3±2.4bc
1985±531b
18.8±0.75ab
1)
Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5%level by LSD test.The same as below
9
311E ffects and Mechanisms of Oil Cakes on the Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Under Continuous
After treating with sesame cake at a level of 0.5%,the growth of cucumber seedlings improved dramati https://www.doczj.com/doc/a912815693.html,pared with the C K ,the plants πheight ,shoot dry weight ,root dry weight ,leaf area ,and TRL was 172,268,283,268,and 215%,res pec 2tively.Even when the content of sesame cake was de 2creased to 0.1%,it still positively affected the growth of the cucumber.
2.2 Bioa ssay of different fractions of se same cake
The effects on the growth of cucumber seedlings under conditions of different fractions of sesame cake mixed with sick s oil are showed in T able https://www.doczj.com/doc/a912815693.html,pared with C K ,all treatments significantly improved the growth of cucumber plants.Both root and shoot dry weight in the treatment of fraction Ⅲand fraction Ⅳwas as much as three times that of C K.Moreover ,the TRL ,leaf number ,and leaf area also increased significantly.
T able 2 E ffect of different fractions of oil cake (Sesam um indicum L.)on the grow th of cucumber seedlings under continuous
cropping system
Treatment Plant height
(cm )TRL
(cm pot 1)Leaf area
(cm 2)Shoot DW
(g pot 1)Root DW
(g pot 1)Leaf number
(number per pot )CK 5.79±1.80c 804.5±453.7c 14.7±7.9d 0.219±0.128d 0.057±0.032c 3.29±0.76b Fraction I 7.21±1.56c 1932.5±399.6b 25.6±7.8c 0.395±0.106c 0.100±0.027b 3.86±0.38a Fraction Ⅱ9.67±1.35b 2202.4±427.8b 32.8±9.6bc 0.504±0.101bc 0.124±0.021b 4.14±0.38a Fraction Ⅲ10.60±1.33b 3109.8±880.4a 36.1±8.5ab 0.610±0.167ab 0.160±0.031a 4.14±0.38a Fraction Ⅳ
12.39±1.03a
3004.6±414.6a
44.1±5.9a
0.712±0.100a
0.171±0.021a
4.00±0.00a
2.3 The isolation and identification of the active
substance s in fraction Ⅲ
There was a sharp promotion of the growth of cucumber when the sick soil was mixed with fraction
Ⅲand fraction Ⅳ,but the application weight for fraction Ⅲwas almost half of fraction Ⅳ.Thus ,fraction Ⅲwas chosen for further analysis.Fraction Ⅲwas separated by column chromatography with sil 2ica gel G60and 23proportions were collected ,in
which mass of tenth proportion is the biggest.Frac 2tion Ⅲand the tenth proportion were analyzed by GC 2MS.The result indicated that the tenth propor 2tion consisted of three pure compounds :palmitic acid 41.517%,oleic acid 51.808%,and stearic acid 6.
675%,respectively (Fig.).The contents of Fraction
Ⅲwere palmitic acid 49.026%,oleic acid 42.058%,and stearic acid 4.704%,adding up to a total proportion of 95.788%.
Fig. G C 2MS spectrum of the 10proportion of the fraction Ⅲ
0411RUAN Wei 2bin et al
2.4 The resistance of oleic acid to plant pathogenic
fungi
At high concentration,each sample shows slightly direct resistance to Bot rytis ci nerea,while showed no direct dead effect on the other pathogenic fungi(Table3).
T able3 The effects of the fractionsⅢ,Ⅳ,oleic acid and palmitic acid on several plant pathogenic fungi1)(%)
Compound
(mg L1or ml L1)Concentration
Fusari um
oxysporum f.sp.
cucumeri um
Colletot richum
lagenari um
Bot rytis
ci nerea
Scleroti nia
sclerotiorum
Cladospori um
cucumeri num
Crude extracts500022.200 FractionⅢ50015.2
5000000 FractionⅣ500 6.5
5000000 Oleic acid500047.100 5000000 Palmitic acid50033.3
5000000 1)“”:Not determined
2.5 Antagonistic effect of oleic acid under salt
stre ss condition
The analytical result of the soil showed that the experimental soil was salty soil.Under solution culti2 vation,the oleic acid was added directly to the culture so as to monitor the antagonistic effect of oleic acid on salt stress(Table4).It indicated that the root and
shoot dry weight were promoted with the increasing level of applied oleic acid in the https://www.doczj.com/doc/a912815693.html,pared with C K,the oleic acid affected the POD activity in2 significantly and reduced the SOD activity gradually with the level of oleic acid increasing.The difference was especially significant at the levels of300and500μl L1.
T able4 The effects of oleic acid on grow th and POD and SOD activity of cucumber under salt stress at30mmol L1
Treatment Shoot DW
(g pot1)
Root DW
(g pot1)
POD
OD470min1g1FW
SOD
U h1g1FW
CK 2.456±0.204a0.596±0.077a27.9±13.6b764.0±167.2c NaCl 1.730±0.243c0.294±0.032c85.8±20.1a1375.9±472.8a NaCl+100μl L1oleic 1.750±0.123c0.328±0.014c102.6±24.9a1338.4±235.0a NaCl+300μl L1oleic 1.810±0.159b0.371±0.065b104.6±33.3a1075.6±267.7b NaCl+500μl L1oleic 1.959±0.228b0.374±0.041b111.1±67.1a986.6±235.5bc
3 Discussion
The amendment of sick soil with 1.5%rape cake clearly inhibited plant growth,suggesting a tox2 ic effect from rape cake at a level of1.5%.Negative effects on the growth of tomato were reported when rape cake was added to soil at a high level[8].The growth of cucumber was greatly improved when treated with sesame cake,demonstrating that the crude extraction of oil cake contains some kinds of ac2 tive substances,which could meliorate the growth of cucumber under a continuous cropping system.Adding sesame cake and urea distinctly increased plant height,leaf area index,and the content of sug2 ar[9].
The bioassays of the four fractions obtained from the sesame cake by partition indicated that all of the fractions significantly improved the growth of cucum2 ber seedlings,which demonstrates again that the sesame cake added to the sick soil had a positive effect on the growth of cucumber.The main components of fractionⅢwere fatty acids,which outstandingly im2 proved plant growth at a relatively small quantity and therefore is important in the further practice under
1411
E ffects and Mechanisms of Oil Cakes on the Growth of Cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)Under Continuous
the field conditions.
Our previous study also indicated that oleic acid does not directly stimulate the growth of cucumber seedlings under solution culturing.In fact,at a level of10μl L1,the oleic acid shows almost no negative effect on the growth of cucumber while the other three levels of100,500and1000μl L1show certain inhibi2 tion of the growth,respectively[10].
It was reported that plant pathogens are impor2 tant factors,which account for the yield reduction of cucumber planted in the sick soil.In the present study,we tested the fungicidal activity of several samples.The results showed that all samples had poor or no resistance to the fungi.However,we can2 not exclude the possibility of inducing the systemic resistance in plants.
The soil used in the experiment was a saline soil. The result of preliminary experiment showed that the cucumber leaves were in chlorosis and their biomass was reduced seriously even at the level of30mmol L1 NaCl.This induced the fact that the cucumber is sen2 sitive to salt stress.Increasing the oleic acid supply resulted in an increase in the root and shoot dry weight,especially at the levels of300and500μl L1. This suggested that the oleic acid was very antagonis2 tic to salt stress.Our results were consistent with the study by G ong et al.[11]and Zhao and Shu[12].Ex2 ogenous stearic acid and linoleic acid decreased Na+ absorption and transportation to the shoots,increased K+absorption and transportation,decreased the leak2 age of electrolytes,and enhanced the activities of tonoplast H+2A TPase and H+2PPase.This showed that the two fatty acids miti2gated salt stress to some extent[11].Zhao and Shu[12]demonstrated that one of the mitigative mechanisms of exogenous fatty acids on salt injury was to improve membrane phospholipid and PA contents,leading to an enhancement in mem2 brane integrity and a change in charge status of PM vesicles.This caused the activity of membrane2associ2 ated enzyme H+2A TPase to be increased and synthe2 sis of Na+/H+antiport protein was activated[12]. When treated with oleic acid,the plant SOD activity decreased significantly.We hypothesized that it re2sulted from the enhancement of membrane integrity after the oleic addition;thus we need further analy2sis of the oxygen content radical to confirm this supposi2 tion.
Root2knot nematodes(R KN,Meloi dogyne spp.)are destructive to plants with a wide distribu2 tion all over the world.They have wide host ranges and are the cause of most economic damage.Plants can be easily infected by other pathogens after the in2 vasion of R KN.Under the continuous cropping sys2 tem,the damage of R KN is more serious than under the normal rotation system,and is the main cause of yield reduction.However,we were not able observe the damage of R KN in this research.Some seed cake such as sesame cake,rape cake,and cotton cake sup2 pressed significantly the density of root2knot nema2 todes[9,13].Moreover,the essential oils of some plants reduced greatly the galling index of R KN[14].
Because the total amount of N,P,and K in sesame is about9.8%,it will increase the content of organic carbon as the carbon source for soil microor2 ganisms and meliorate the soil ecosystem when it is added to soil.
Our understanding about the mechanism of sesame cake promoting the growth of cucumber and amending soil sickness is still very limited.Whether sesame cake leads to the plantsπsystemic resistance or affects the kind and quantity of soil microorganisms needs further study.Whether pure compounds added to sick soil enhance plant growth or not is not clear ei2 ther.In addition,oleic is hydrophobic and only exists in the solutionπs surface.We are not sure if it affects the results of related experiments.
Acknowledgments
This work was jointly supported by the Ministry of Science and T echnology,China(N K BRSF Project G2000018601and2001AA247031)and the Tianjin Nat2 ural Science Foundation(013614611).We thank Mr. Chen Jianyu for the work of G C2MS.
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E ffects and Mechanisms of Oil Cakes on the Growth of Cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)Under Continuous
高考英语翻译技巧与能力训练 高考英语中的翻译（中译英）题要求考生能应用所学过的语法和词汇来准确地表达思想，是一种要求相当高的考查形式。要求考生把中文的句子译成通顺的、语法结构正确的、符合英语表达习惯的英语句子，并能准确地传达中文句子中的每一个信息。该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力，它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力，还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例，而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。 高考评分标准: 1．每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分；2．语法错误（包括时态错误）每处扣一分；3．译文没用所给的单词扣一分。 如何才能提高中译英水准，在高考中获得理想的分数呢？考生除了必须具备比较扎实的语言基础外，关键还在于学会总结规律，找准中译英的切入点。 一、分析句子结构、寻找合适的句型 中文必须仔细读，一定要看的就是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组，也就是我们常说的key words。尤其是最后两句翻译句子，它们大都在句子结构上提高了难度。读什么？读出句子结构：对于简单句，辨别出主谓宾，分清定语、同位语和状语；对于并列句，记住两个语法意义上独立的分句，须由连词连接起来；对于复合句，须区分定语从句，名词性从句以及状语从句。一般来说，中译英的句型可分为三大类：1.简单句；2.并列句；3.复合句；同时我们也要注意非谓语动词及其他一些特殊结构。回顾近几年的高考试题时，也不难发现试题中考了一些特殊句式。如：It句型(近几年考得较为频繁)、倒装句、with结构。 例1: 昨天我的电脑坏了。(wrong) 解析：本题考查：1)简单句There be结构；2)wrong的用法；3)中英文表达的差异。 译句：There was something wrong with my computer yesterday. 例2: 遇到困难的时候，我们需要的不是彼此埋怨，而是互相帮助。(not…but) 解析：本题考查：1)复合句：when引导的状语从句；what引导的主语从句；2)not…but结构；3)“彼此埋怨”的英文翻译。 译句：When(we are)in difficulty/When we meet with difficulties/When we have difficulties ,what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other. 例3：我们能做什么来阻止这种疾病蔓延呢？（prevent） 分析：如果有学生没有读全中文原句的话，就很有可能看成是以前所做的“我们要做些什么来阻止这种疾病的蔓延”，而译为We should do something to prevent the spread of this disease.因为这个原因而造成扣分，就太不应该了。 译句：What can we do to prevent the spread of this disease? 例4：他很有可能通过自己的努力得到驾驶执照。（likely） 译句：He is likely to get the driving license with his own efforts. 分析：有些学生一看到有可能，就会想到自己比较熟悉的possible，想当然地翻译成It is possible that…的结构。其实，学生对likely这个key word的使用也是会的，完全能够使用be likely to do或It’s likely th at…的结构。 例5：上海近几年经历了许多变化，如今已成为世界闻名的经济中心。（go through） 分析：乍一看，学生很容易轻易下笔，Shanghai has gone through…,it has become…，这已成为很多学生的一个习惯，句子和句子中随便用逗号隔开，英语不像中文，必须要考虑到句子的结构，逗号也不能随意使用。而此句中，就要想到用并列句中的连接词and来连接两个成分。
英语翻译重点词汇词组 fellow countrymen 同胞 militarist军阀 Chinese Communist Party 党组织 the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河Industrial Revolution 工业革命dawn to dark从早到晚 especially English 具有英国特征的cottage industry 农村手工业 Indian summer 最后的余辉 stock-raising 畜牧业 Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原 the gold rush 淘金热 basic occupation 基础产业Department of Agriculture 农业部门the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲 coastal erosion 水土流失Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候surveyor general 测量总监sovereign nation 主权国家aggregate output 总产量 coastal area 沿海地区 telephone connections 电话用户economic well-being 生活水平 two way trade 双向贸易 lucrative export market 出口市场
foreign exchange 外汇 sum total 总数 per capita 人均 GNP 国民生产总值 joint ventures 合资企业 net income 净收入 world investment system世界投资体系 the stock of foreign investment 外资存量 英语翻译重点词汇（２） major economy 经济大国 the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资 popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋 vegetable oil 植物油 mineral oil煤油 internal combustion engine内燃机 warfare on land and sea 陆战和海战 minute sea creatures and plants 微小的海洋动植物 crude oil 原油 sedimentary rocks 沉积岩 pitch lake 沥青湖 superhighway 高速公路 living organism 生物体 applied entomology 应用昆虫学 environmental Law环保法 wildlife 野生生物
第一单元 孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家学派（Confucianism）的创始人，被尊称为古代的"圣人"（sage）。他的言论和生平活动记录在《论语》（The Analects）一书中。《论语》是中国古代文化的经典著作，对后来历代的思想家、文学家、政治家产生了很大影响。不研究《论语》，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。孔子的很多思想，尤其是其教育思想，对中国社会产生了深远的影响。在21世纪的今天，孔子的学说不仅受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重视。 Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient "sage". His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analects has had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years' traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius' thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. 第二单元 每年农历（Chinese lunar calendar）八月十五是我国的传统节日——中秋节（the Mid-Autumn Festival）。这时是一年秋季的中期，所以被称为中秋。中秋节的一项重要活动是赏月。夜晚，人们赏明月、吃月饼，共庆中秋佳节。中秋节也是家庭团圆的时刻，远在他乡的游子，会借此寄托自己对故乡和亲人的思念之情。中秋节的习俗很多，都寄托着人们对美好生活的热爱和向往。自2008年起，中秋节成为中国的法定节假日。 According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival — the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn. One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon. On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating
论文：浅析英语翻译能力提升的障碍和策略摘要：翻译能力是英语综合能力的重要组成部分，也是英语专业学生必需具备的基本能力。要全面提升英语翻译能力，需要了解英汉两种文化的差异性，具备深厚的语言功底，掌握熟练的翻译技巧。 关键字：英语翻译能力；提升；障碍；策略 中西文化差异是影响英语翻译能力提升的重要因素，除了文化因素外，英语翻译能力的提升还受到其他因素的影响，本文将进一步的展开叙述影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍及其相应的策略。 一、影响英语翻译能力提升的障碍 1．中西文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译误会 英语翻译就是汉语和英语相互转换的过程，这个过程不仅仅是一种语言现象，也体现了跨文化现象。具体来说，中西方的文化差异体现在文化传统、生活习惯、价值观念和思维方式等方面，而这些层面的差异性往往会造成人们对同一事物有着不同的理解和解释，因此不同文化的差异性容易造成英语翻译的误会。比如，生活中最常见的信封的写法，在中国，习惯的书写顺序是国名，省、市、县、街道，最后才是收信人姓名。而在西方国家信封的书写顺序恰好相反。因此在学习英语知识的同时，需要更加注意对英语文化知识的了解和掌握。
2．语言基础知识掌握不扎实，影响了翻译的准确性 英语翻译就是英汉两种语言之间的相互转换，在转换的过程中主要涉及两个方面，首先翻译者要正确地领悟原文的意思，其次要通过译文将原文确切的表达出来，达到“信达雅”的标准。因此翻译者需要牢固地掌握英汉两种语言。但是由于多方面的因素，翻译者的语言基础知识掌握不扎实，很多翻译者的词汇量太少，经常背了忘，而又不重视巩固复习，或者死记硬背不会灵活运用，此外，语法掌握也不扎实，对一些基本的句型模棱两可，不能正确理解更不会运用。 二、提升英语翻译能力的具体策略 1．通过词汇、语法和阅读，了解中西文化之间的差异性 在英语的学习中，提高英语翻译能力，不仅要加强英语语言知识的学习，还要注重对英语文化知识的了解。具体来说，可以通过词汇、语法以及阅读等的学习获取英语文化知识。 首先，通过词汇的学习了解中西文化知识。词汇是英语语言的基本元素，掌握词汇的过程中，仅仅注重词汇正确的拼写和准确的发音是远远不够的，更主要的是学会如何恰当的运用词汇和组织词汇。因此，在背诵英语词汇意思的基础之上还需要进一步了解词汇产生的文化背景知识，尤其是了解习语、谚语和成语这一类词语的文化内涵、感情色彩以及
2.3小说类（Practice26～Practice36） Practice26 It is a very long time since I attended a Mass.In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing,with a crowd of real worshippers--those who come include the paralyzed,the crippled,the blind,the deformed,the dying,a terrible parade,a parade Mass proceeded.It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time,as all did,since I had voluntarily come:but for all the disapproving glances,I the stiff--necked Jew,would not kneel.I remember the first break with my own religion as though it were yesterday.I can still feel my cheek stinging from the slap of the mashiakh,the study hall supervisor,as I trudge in the snow on t he town square in the purple evening,having been ordered out of the hall for impudent heresy.Perhaps in a larger city,the mashiakh would have had the sense to smile at my effrontery,and pass it off.Then the whole course of my life might have been different. 【参考译文】 我已经很久没有做过弥散。在这个众人朝拜的圣城，我看到了真正的弥散。看到一批一批虔诚的善男信女，其中有瘫痪的，有跛足的，有失明的，有畸形的，有奄奄一息的，他们组成一支令人目不忍赌的行列。如果有谁果真相信就连麻雀坠地这样的小事上帝也注意到了，那么这些人一定是他有意残酷作弄的对象，或是他千虑一失的牺牲品。教堂里寒气逼人，但弥撒开始后，教堂里的气氛与我心中的凄凉相比，却温暖如春。既然我来这里是完全出于自愿。仅仅为了礼貌起见，我本应该在需要下跪的时候和他们一起下跪。但是，我这个倔强
2019英语六级翻译重点词汇 一、经济类 总需求aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market 城镇化urbanization 房地产real estate 首付down-payment 业主home owner 个人购房贷款individual housing loan 经济全球化economic globalization 经济特区special economic zones (SEZ) 经济增长economic growth 泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy 货币投放量the size of money supply 流动性过剩excess liquidity 经济过热overheated economy
1.Sandy is wearing a long, black, silk dress.桑迪穿了条黑色的长丝裙。 43. I came to London when I was 18. 我18岁的时候来到伦敦。 44. It takes 45 minutes to get to the city centre from the hotel. 宾馆到市中心需要花45分钟时间。 One of the biggest sporting events in the world is the Olympic Games. 奥运会是世界上规模最大的体育比赛之一 41. While she was waiting, her phone rang.她正在等待的时候，电话铃响了 42. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 43. We have enough money to improve the website.我们有足够的钱改进网站。 44. 1 had the windows cleaned yesterday.昨天我请人把窗户给擦了。 45. He came across an old violin at his friend's house.他在朋友家偶然发现了一把旧提琴。 41．She borrowed the book and gave it back on Monday． 她借了那本书，后来星期一把书还了。 45．He used tO play basketball every Sunday．他以前每个周日都打篮球。 41．Football is played by more than 20 million people in more than l40 countries· 超过140个国家的2000多万人都踢足球。 42．I’ve got the same sense of humour as my mum·我和我妈妈一样，有幽默感 43．He got on well with his classmates． 他和同学关系处得很好 44．He used tO work very hard when he was youn9． 他年轻的时候工作非常努力。 45．My family is putting me up at the moment，but I am thinking of buying my own flat．我现在跟家人住在一起，但是我正考虑买一套公寓自己住 41．He got on well with his sister． 他和他的姐／妹相处得很好 44．That box is too heavy for her to carry home．那个盒子太重了，她抬回家。 41. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影 非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 43. I need to be at the airport by 6.00 o’clock.我得在六点前到达机场。 44. I must have left the camera in a shop.我一定是把相机丢在那家商 店里了。 31. We have enough money to improve the website. 我们有足够的钱改进网站。 45. The accounts, which are in a bit of a mess, have to be ready for next month. 帐目现在有点乱，必须要在下个月清理好。 32. Do you take after your mother or father?你像你的母亲或父亲吗？ 35. I’ve been learning English for three years. 我已经学英语3年了33. I have to move out of my room on Friday because Franco has got another tenant. 我周五得从房子里搬出来，因为佛朗哥又招了一位房客。 35.would be great to see you to catch up on all our news. 到时见了面咱们把这些日子发生的事聊一聊，会多开心啊。 :33. They enjoyed themselves at the party. 他们在聚会上玩的很愉快 34.She doesn’t like swimming and neither does her sist er. 她不喜欢游泳，她妹妹也不喜欢 32. He used to play basketball every Sunday( 每个星期天他常常去打篮球 31. He studies in a university west of Beijing. 他在北京西部的一个大学学习 :32. He came across an old painting at his friend’s house. 他在他朋友家看到了一幅旧画 33. She would buy a large house if she won the lottery. 如果她中了彩票，她就买一幢大房子 :35. Both of the boys are good at singing. 这两个男孩都擅长唱歌 34. The flat was in a bit of mess. 公寓里一片狼籍 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 44. Your neighbour says your flat was burgled this afternoon. .休的邻居说你的房子今天下午被盗了。 45. I haven't got a car, and nowhere to live. My family is putting me up at the mom 我没有车，也没有地方住。现在跟家人住一起。 44. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long. 虽然这部电影非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 1.I can’t find the key.I must have left it in the car. 我找不到钥匙了，我肯定将它丢在车上了。 2.Polly is worried about her lack of experience. 波利担心自己缺乏经验。 3.she needs to return the book by next Friday 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 42. Polly(波莉) is worried about her lack of experience. 波莉担心自己缺乏经验。 43. She needs to return the hook by next Friday. 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 41. He got on well with his sister.
1.苹果公司(Apple Inc)不仅在中国有生产线，其产品在中国市场的销量也一片大好。对中 国消费者来说，苹果是最受推崇的品牌之一。2012年调查人员发现，苹果生产的电子产品在北京的一所精英中学的渗透度比在美国城市的一所精英中学还要广。目前，中国有 2.7亿人已经能买得起苹果手机，随着收入的提高，每年还会增加5700万人。简而言之， 苹果的产品目前在中国的销售速度非常快而且甚至可能更快。一些业内专家预测，几年之内中国将超过美国成为苹果最大的市场。（199） Apple Inc. not only has production lines in China, its sales there are also booming. For Chinese consumers, Apple is one of their most admired brands. A survey in 2012 by researchers found that the penetration of electronic products from the company at an elite high school in Beijing was greater than that at one in an American city. At present, 270 million people in China can already afford Apple’s products, and as income increases, each year there will be another 57 million able to. In short, Apple’s products are selling fast and likely to sell even faster in China. Some industry experts predict that China will overtake America to become Apple’s larg est market within a few years. 生产线a production line 最受推崇的品牌the most admired brand 渗透度penetration 电子产品an electronic product 精英中学an elite high school 可能be likely to 预测predict 超过overtake 2.自上世纪70年代末以来，中国许多最优秀人才赴海外留学，但学成归国的只有少数。中 国人才流失(brain drain)现象严重。面对全球化的世界，中国有越来越多的工作需要具备国际教育背景的人才。因此国家开展了一系列的引进海外人才的项目，成功的吸引了越来越多的留学生回国进入国企、教育机构和商业园区工作。如今，每年都有超过15万的海外留学生回国。他们将中国经济与世界相连，从商业、政治以及流行文化上着手，帮助中国走向世界。（191） Many of China's best and brightest talents have left to study abroad since the late 1970s, however, only a minority have returned. The country experienced a serious brain drain. Faced with a globalized world, more and more jobs in China need skilled people with international education background. China, therefore, launches a series of projects aimed at the introduction of overseas talents, which has successfully attracted more and more students abroad back home to work in state companies, educational institutions and business districts. Now, more than 150 thousand overseas students come back every year. They link China’s economy to the world, helping to connect China to commerce, politics and popular culture abroad. 海外人才overseas talents 全球化世界globalized world 开展launch 一系列 a series of 国企state companies 教育机构educational institutions 商业园区business districts 相连link …to
浅议英语翻译能力的培养 高等学校很注重培养英语专业学生的翻译能力。要具备一定的翻译能力，学生必须具有深厚的语言功底?p广博的文化知识?p熟练的翻译技巧?p正确的翻译观念和严谨的翻译态度。因此，要培养和提高英语专业学生的翻译能力，教师应该从以下几个方面入手。 一?p掌握好汉语和英语的基础知识 翻译是一个语言转换的过程。从根本上讲，这个过程要解决两个问题：一是如何深刻地理解原文；二是如何用译文确切地表达原文的意思。因此，译者要较好地掌握英语和汉语两种语言，具备较强的语言理解能力和表达能力，这是做好翻译的前提条件。 从语言学角度讲，英语和汉语之间最大的区别莫过于形合和意合的区别。英语是重形合的语言，即英语中词语或句子间的连接主要依靠连接词来完成。汉语是重意合的语言，即汉语中词语或句子间的连接主要依靠语义或句子之间的逻辑关系来完成。例如“他今天没来，母亲住院了”（Hedidnotcometodaybecausehis mother was hospitalized），在这个例子中，汉语原文在表达因果关系时，没有使用任何表示因果关系的词汇，但是读者一看就能理解。然而，在翻译成英语的时候，必须加上连接词because，否则就会出现语法错误。二?p积累广博的文化知识 翻译材料涉及面极广，学生要具备渊博的知识。具体来说，文学性的翻译需要学生具备广博的文化知识，科技翻译需要学生具备相关的专业知识。另外，学生还要掌握大量的习语和俚语，这样在翻译时才不会被句子的字面意义所迷惑。如“I decidedto sit at his feet”这句话的字面意思是“我决定坐在他的脚上”，但实际上，“sit at his feet”是一个习语，表示“拜他为师”。 三?p培养严谨的翻译态度 英语和汉语的句子结构复杂，词汇意义也复杂多变，在翻译中出现错误是难以避免的，但是教师应该让学生尽量避免错误，避免粗枝大叶，望文生义。此外，学生在翻译时还应多关注细节，如单词的拼写?p标点符号?p小词等。例如，“中国政府”应该翻译成Chinese government还是the Chinese government这
美国学校提供的学位有很多种，依所学领域的不同，而有不同的学位。以下列出的是美国高等教育中较常见的学位: Ph.D.（Doctor of Philosophy）: 博士学位。而有些领域的博士课程会有不同的学位名称，如D.A.(Doctor of Arts)、Ed.D.(Doctor of Education) M.B.A.（Master of Business Administration）: 商学管理硕士。 M.A.（Master of Arts）硕士；B.A.（Bachelor of Arts）学士: 两者皆属于人文、艺术或社会科学的领域，如文学、教育、艺术、音乐。 M.S.（Master of Science）硕士；B.S.（Bachelor of Science）学士: 两者皆属于理工、科学的领域，如数学、物理、信息等。 Associate Degree（副学士学位）: 读完两年制小区大学或职业技术学校所得到的学位。 Dual Degree（双学位）: 是由两个不同学院分别授与，因此得到的是两个学位。 Joint Degree：为两个不同学院联合给予一个学位，如法律经济硕士。 major 主修 minor 辅修 大家要搜索自己的专业, 请按 ctrl + F 打开搜索窗口, 然后输入关键字查询 学士 Bachelor of Arts B.A. 文学士 Bachelor of Arts in Education B.A.Ed., B.A.E. 教育学文学士 Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science B.A.CS 计算机文学士 Bachelor of Arts in Music B.A.Mus,B.Mus 音乐艺术学士 Bachelor of Arts in Social Work B.A.S.W 社会工作学文学士 Bachelor of Engineering B.Eng., B.E 工学士 Bachelor of Engineering in Social Science B.Eng.Soc 社会工程学士 Bachelor of Engineering in Management B.Eng.Mgt 管理工程学士 Bachelor of Environmental Science/Studies B.E.Sc., B.E.S 环境科学学士 Bachelor of Science B.S 理学士 Bachelor of Science in Business B.S.B., B.S.Bus 商学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Business Administration B.S.B.A 工商管理学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Education B.S.Ed., B.S.E 教育学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Engineering B.S.Eng., B.S.E 工程学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Forestry B.S.cF 森林理学士 Bachelor of Science in Medicine B.S.Med 医学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology B.S.M.T., B.S.Med.Tech 医技学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Nursing B.S.N., B.S.Nurs 护理学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Nutrition B.SN 营养学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Social Work B.S.S.W 社会工作学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Technology B.S.T 科技学理学士 Bachelor of Computer Science B.CS 计算机理学士 Bachelor of Computer Special Science B.CSS 计算机特殊理学士 Bachelor of Architecture B. Arch. 建筑学士 Bachelor of Administration B.Admin. 管理学士
fellow countrymen 同胞 militarist军阀 Chinese Communist Party 党组织 the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河 Industrial Revolution 工业革命 dawn to dark从早到晚 especially English 具有英国特征的 cottage industry 农村手工业 Indian summer 最后的余辉 stock-raising 畜牧业 Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原 the gold rush 淘金热 basic occupation 基础产业 Department of Agriculture 农业部门 the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲 coastal erosion 水土流失 Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候 surveyor general 测量总监 sovereign nation 主权国家 aggregate output 总产量 coastal area 沿海地区 telephone connections 电话用户 economic well-being 生活水平 two way trade 双向贸易 lucrative export market 出口市场 foreign exchange 外汇 sum total 总数 per capita 人均 GNP 国民生产总值 joint ventures 合资企业 net income 净收入 world investment system世界投资体系 the stock of foreign investment 外资存量 major economy 经济大国 the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资 popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋 vegetable oil 植物油 mineral oil煤油 internal combustion engine内燃机
一、第一集—Heart of the Dragon 二、第二集—Shangri-La 三、第三集—Tibet It's home to more than 50 distinct ethnic groups and a wide range of traditional lifestyles, often in close partnership with nature. We know that China faces immense social and environmental problems. But there is great beauty here, too. China is home to the world's highest mountains, vast deserts ranging from searing hot to mind-numbing cold. Steaming forests harbouring rare creatures. Grassy plains beneath vast horizons. And rich tropical seas. Now for the first time ever, we can explore the whole of this great country, meet some of the surprising and exotic creatures that live here and consider the relationship of the people and wildlife of China to the remarkable landscape in which they live. 这里是五十多个民族的故乡，有着各式各样贴近自然的传统生活方式。我们都知道中国面对着着众多社会、环境问题。但这里也存在着令人惊叹的美丽。中国有着世界最高山峰，无垠的沙漠，从令人窒息的炙热到麻木大脑的寒冷，那蒸笼般的森林中隐匿各种珍稀生物，天际下广阔无垠的草原以及富饶的热带海洋。现在，我们第一次有机会深入探索这片伟大的土地，接触栖息于此的珍奇生物，思考中国这片神奇土地上人与野生世界的关系。 This vertical gorge in Guizhou Province is a focal point for the region's wildlife. This is one of the world's rarest primates, Francois'
考研英语：怎样提高翻译能力？ 在英语翻译备考中，许多人总想一步登天，跨考教育英语教研室的孟老师在此着重强调，须知任何能力(包括英语翻译在内)的提升必定要经过反复练习的过程。当然，练习是有方法可循的，比如系统学习翻译的方法、原理、固定句式和译法、多学习比较优秀的译文等等。 要做好翻译其实并不是机械地在大量的词库句库中搜求配对，片面追求字面的精准，而是对信息的传达。这就要求译者不仅对源语言有准确的理解，并且对于目标语言也要有优秀的表达能力。很多时候你能明白一整段的意思，却觉得不能自如组织成书面汉语，是因为其实你的汉语表达能力也不够。 提高汉语表达能力，建议可以从经典作品的译本和各大电影字幕组的翻译作品中学习。前者的翻译作品比较严谨传神;后者则生动俏皮，富有时代气息。在学习这些资料时，并不是说某句英文只有资料里的一种翻译方法，以后碰到这句话就直接照搬照抄译文，资料只是辅助，要学习的是其中的思路和方法。 另外，不要太拘泥于所谓的翻译理论。语法和理论都是随着时代的更迭不断更新的，比如当下不断涌现出的各种新词汇，必须与时俱进。 翻译最重要的一点，就是对文章的理解，要彻底读懂文章想表达的思想，甚至尝试去体会原作者的想法，才能翻译出更贴切、更符合原文的译文。 所以，总结起来，你需要经历三个阶段： 首先，语法学好，能正确理解句子; 第二，接受系统的翻译训练，学会翻译方法; 第三，就在提高汉语能力形成地道的表达 你可以一边学习方法和原理、多加练习，一边做语言功底上的积累，才谓标本兼治的“有效”;至于“快速”，其实是你有多勤奋的问题——假设可以使你熟能生巧、从量变达到质变的那个量是一定的。 现在的你达到那个阶段了呢??? 综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧，技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路，预祝所有