英文文献:
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Intelligent home network With the network technology and communication technology continues to evolve and requirements of people living continuously improve and achieve family intelligent remote control has become an inevitable trend. Ministry of Construction and Housing Industrialization Promotion Center proposed residential area to achieve the six intelligence requirements, including safety precautions implemented automated monitoring and management: on residential fires, toxic gas leak to implement automatic alarm; anti-theft alarm system should be installed such as infrared or microwave various types of alarm detector; system should be integrated with the computer security management system network; computer system burglar alarm system can be centrally managed and controlled. However, as wireless technology immature, operating expenses of higher malpractice, intelligent home controller and the external network of wireless communications technology as leading to a low degree of market acceptance of the important factors, the characteristics of GPRS system can be a good solution to the problem. GPRS network communication businesscommunicationscompany launched a data communication services, the GPRS network coverage area, unlimited transmission distance, communication cost is relatively low transfer rate faster. This article related to intelligent systems and GPRS technology family background, analysis of its basic characteristics and their basic functions to be achieved, and on this basis was proposed based on GPRS wireless home the overall intelligent control system solutions. At last, the core GPRS chip system software and hardware realization.
Overall system architecture The popularity of network applications and the production of a variety of information appliances are made within the family visit on the Internet, no longer limited to a single PC, each family will be faced with how to transfer Internet data within the family and how the various appliances problems connecting, based on this, intelligent home networks come into being. Intelligent home network is the basic unit of information society. The future of the family, all kinds of appliances will form a home LAN and Internet access through the smart home controller. Intelligent home network market potential is considerable, several large manufacturers Intel, IBM, Microsoft and Sony are already involved in them.
Intelligent home network that is in a home in a communications network, the various appliances connected together, to achieve all the intelligent home network appliances for remote access and control, and any request for information exchange, such as music, television or data. Intelligent home network architecture, including within the family network system, intelligent home controller and the intelligent home network and external Internet networks of data communications. Among them, the smart home smart home network controller is an integral part of the core to play the management, control and communications role with the external network. It is the management platform and home through the family life of the combination of the various subsystems of a system is to connect the family intelligence network inside and outside the physical interfaces, complete with external communication networks within the family, the data exchange between functions, but also for
families equipment management and control.
Smart home controller on the one hand the need for cabling to provide communication interface within the family, to collect information on household equipment, and processing, automatic control and regulation; other smart home controller as a home gateway, to provide for external network interfaces, connectivity within the family network and external Internet networks, so users can access the home network, internal network, to achieve monitoring and control. In addition, smart home controller should also be equipped with automatic alarm and other functions, that is, when found, such as alarm signal: it was a malicious intrusion, high temperature, etc., the controller can be dealt with immediately send alarm signals to the user.
Shown in Figure , intelligent home control for the core of the system. ARM embedded system design can be used to automatically run, processing of data, management and control through the RS485 bus, the control terminal. And the controller through the GPRS module to achieve the family system and the external network communications, so users can SMS and the Internet, etc. to achieve the family system, remote control, while the controller through the keyboard and display for the user interface, easy users to achieve local control. Control terminal for the SCM control system composed of a number of small control various home appliances, and by controlling the bus, the control system composed of these small networks, connected to the smart home controller, by the smart home controller.
Specific smart home controller features include:Household equipment data collection: Collection of household equipment, including indoor temperature, lighting appliances, security doors and other equipment of the state data, processed by the controller feedback to the user.
Local control: the user through the controller keyboard and display, for home monitoring equipment.
Remote Control: Remote users can send text messages or via the Internet on
the family system to control and query.
Automatic alarm: when the controller detects high temperature, such as illegal intrusion or alarm signal, triggering indoor alarm in time and send alert messages by means of promptly notify the user.
Temperature check: the user can check the room temperature by the controller.Security door password settings: local or remote user can modify the password securitydoor,enter the correct password at the door before they can open the door.
Infrared Appliance Control: receiving user commands via infrared transmitter control TV, air conditioning and other infrared controlled appliances.
Other lamps and so on-off control: receiving user commands control the amount of lighting and other switching equipment.
Smart home controller through GPRS module, to achieve the family system and the external network communication as a central part of the smart home system to solve the bottleneck before the key technology. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is short, the existing GSM system is to add a new GGSN (Gateway Support Node) and SGSN (Service Support Node) node developed a new packet data bearer services. GPRS with the existing GSM system the most fundamental difference is, GPRS is a packet switching system, particularly suitable for intermittent, sudden or frequent, small amounts of data transfer, but also to the occasional large data transfers. The main advantage of GPRS network transmission are: always online, according to traffic accounting, quick log on, high-speed transmission, within a restricted range (transmission distance, terrain, weather, etc.), data transmission reliability.
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1. Introduction
The booming Internet has broadened the traditional conceptof smart consumer appliances. Originally, smart consumerappliances are just stand-alone devices that have the controlprogram running by themselves. Due to hardwarelimitations, these appliances can only implement some simple control algorithms that can at most achieve localoptimal control effects. Nowadays more and moreconsumer appliances have the capabilities to beinterconnected by many kinds of communication mediasuch as phone lines, utility lines, and wireless technology, and even can be connected to the Internet. This trend ofdevelopment brings promising prospects to future home appliances that will not only let users maintain, monitor,and control appliances more easily and conveniently, butalso will make the long-time expected remote-controlledhome appliances feasible. A remote-controllable home appliance can be considered as a slave device to the remotecontroller that resides in far end and has powerfulmainframe running advanced control algorithms. The appliance runs its own control program while at the sametime can receive control commands, configurationparameters or even updated control algorithms from theremote controller to achieve optimal control effect in theglobal level. In order to meet this challenge, a newarchitecture for smart consumer appliances systems needs to be proposed.
On the other hand, Hardware implementation ofcontrol systems will be one of important issues in thedevelopment of smart consumer electronics. For
simpleapplications, such as smart toys, microwaves, and washing machines, simple control algorithms can be used and implemented on a single chip that may cost very little. However, for more complex problems, such as smart heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (WAC) for individual houses or office buildings, advanced control methods must be utilized and implemented with sophisticated hardware that would cost significantly more than the conventional controllers. For example, an intelligent PLC (programmable logic controller) for energy efficient and waving temperature control may cost several times more than a household air conditioning unit. This might be justified for some industrial applications but obviously not acceptable for average individual customers. Therefore, to make smart consumer electronics marketable for this type of applications, innovative approach for implementation must be established to reduce the cost to a level acceptable to average customers.
In the following sections, the architecture of intelligent control systems for consumer appliances via Internet is briefly presented, and then a network-based nemo-fuzzy implementation is described.
2. Architecture of Networked Appliances
Figure shows two versions of architecture for networked appliances. Both architectures can be seen composed of two different types of functional devices: home-based appliances, and remote controllers. The remote controllers in both architectures play the same role as: a) running advanced control algorithms and issue control commands; b) monitoring the running status of appliances.
The difference between these two architectures is on the home side. In architecture (I), home appliances must first connect to Home Control System, which functions in part as a common gateway to the Internet for all appliances. This architecture is suitable for current implementation because networked appliance is still in its early stage of development; they are still lack of standard software and hardware interfaces to the Internet. Besides, the data exchange between home appliances and remote controller at current stage are limited, therefore the utility lines and phone lines are enough for transmitting simple control signals. Architecture (II) is the choice for future development while all home appliances have direct access to the Internet. In this case, large amounts of real-time data from home appliances can be fed back to remote controller as the control input through Internet, and control output,which could vary from simple control parameters or set values to updated algorithms, can also be downloaded to the corresponding appliances.
The architectures proposed here have their origins in Distributed Control Systems (DCS), which is widely used in industrial automation and proved to be mature and reliable. From topology point of view, the networked appliances systems and DCS are similar, and those functional devices in networked appliances systems can also find their counterpart in DCS. But a significant difference lies in the fact that DCS uses proprietary communication protocols in a local area network for data exchange, thus it is not an open architecture that makes devices from different vendors very difficult, if it’s not impossible to be interconnected, while networked appliances systems rely on the Internet that uses TCP/IP, the de facto protocol for network communication, so any applance that is TCP/IP compatible can be easily interconnected and communicate with other appliances that are already on the net.
3. Conclusion
This paper presents architecture of the intelligent control systems for consumer appliances by applying the idea of Distributed Control Systems (DCS) to the home environment, and a network-based neuro-fuzzy implementation of this architecture. The basic idea of this implementation is to use simple and reliable in-system programmable devices for on-line field control execution with fuzzy logic, and communication networks and computers for off-line learning and optimization through neural networks. An ongoing research project in consumer electronics is to implement this architecture to the network- based intelligent control of smart heating and air-conditioning systems, which could lead to significant saving in energy and reduction in pollution.
中文翻译:
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随着网络技术和通信技术的智能家庭网络的不断发展和生活水平不断提高，实现家庭智能远程控制已成为必然趋势人的要求。建设和住房部提出的产业化促进中心的住宅面积，达到六个智能需求，包括安全防范措施实施自动化监测和管理：对住宅火灾，有毒气体泄漏实现自动报警;防盗报警系统应安装红外等或微波各类报警探测器，系统应与计算机安全管理系统网络，计算机系统防盗报警系统可以集中管理和控制。然而，随着无线技术的不成熟，经营更高的弊端，智能家居控制器和无线通信技术为龙头，以一个市场的接受度不高的重要因素外网费
用，GPRS系统的特点，可以很好地解决问题。GPRS网络通信业务的通信公司推出了数据通信业务，GPRS网络覆盖区域，传输距离不受限制，通信费用相对较低的传输速率更快。与智能系统和GPRS技术的家庭背景，其基本特征和基本功能分析这篇文章，以实现，并在此基础上，提出了基于GPRS的无线家庭智能控制系统的整体解决方案。最后，核心GPRS芯片系统软件和硬件实现。
整体系统架构的网络应用的普及和一个内被互联网上的信息家电家庭访问使各种生产，不再局限于一台电脑，每个家庭将面临着如何在家庭中传输的数据和互联网如何使用各种电器连接问题，在此基础上，智能家居网络应运而生。智能家庭网络是信息社会的基本单位。家庭的未来，各种电器将形成一个家庭局域网，通过智能家居控制器和互联网接入。智能家居网络的市场潜力很大，几个英特尔，IBM，微软和索尼大型厂商已经参与其中。
智能家庭网络，在通信网络中的家是，各种电器连接在一起，实现所有的远程访问和控制，以及任何信息交流，如音乐，电视，数据，要求智能家居网络家电。智能家居网络架构，包括在家庭网络系统，智能家居控制器以及智能家居网络和外部Internet的数据通信网络。其中，智能家居网络控制器的核心是发挥管理，控制和与外部网络的传播作用的组成部分。它是管理平台，通过一个系统的各个子系统组合的家庭生活家是连接内外的物理接口，在家庭与外部通信网络，功能之间的数据交换完整的家庭智能网络，同时也为家庭设备管理和控制。
一方面智能家居控制器的布线在家庭内提供通信接口，收集有关信息的需求家用设备，加工，自动化控制和调节，其他如家庭网关智能家居控制器，来为外部网络接口，在家庭内部网络和外部Internet网络连接，这样用户就可以访问家庭网络，内部网络，实现监视和控制。此外，智能家居控制器还应当具备自动报警等功能，即当发现报警信号如：这是一个恶意入侵，高温等，控制器能立即处理发出报警信号给用户。
如图所示，为智能家居系统的核心控制。ARM嵌入式系统设计，可用于自动运行，数据的管理和控制处理通过RS485总线，控制终端。而通过GPRS控制器模块，实现家庭系统与外部网络通信，因此用户可通过短信和互联网等，实现了家庭系统，远程控制，同时通过键盘和用户界面的显示控制器，易于用户实现
本地控制。控制终端为单片机控制的一个小控制各种家电数量，组成系统和控制总线，控制系统，这些小网络组成，连接到智能家居控制器的智能家居控制器。
智能家居控制器的具体功能包括：家用设备的数据采集：包括室内温度，照明电器，防盗门和国家由控制器反馈给用户处理数据，其他设备家用设备的集合。本地控制：通过控制键盘和显示用户的家中，监控设备。远程控制：远程用户可以发送文字信息或通过对家庭制度，以控制和查询互联网。
自动报警：当控制器检测到非法入侵，如高温或报警信号，触发报警，在室内的时间发送方式及时通知用户的警报消息。
温度检查：用户可以通过控制器检查室温。防盗门密码设置：本地或远程用户可以修改密码防盗门，进入门上的正确的密码才可以开门。
红外家电控制：接收通过红外线发射器控制电视，空调等家电的红外控制用户的命令。
其他灯等开关控制：接收用户命令控制灯光和其他交换设备的数量。
智能家居控制器通过GPRS模块，实现了家庭制度，并作为一个智能家居系统的核心部分外部网络通信之前解决的关键技术瓶颈。GPRS（通用分组无线业务）是短暂的，现有的GSM系统是增加一个新的GGSN（网关支持节点）和SGSN （服务支持节点）节点开发出一种新的分组数据承载业务。与现有的GSM系统最根本的区别是GPRS，GPRS是一种分组交换系统，尤其是间歇性，突然或频繁的，少量的数据传输合适的，但偶尔也到大型数据传输。GPRS网络传输的主要优点是：永远在线，按流量计费，开，高速传输，在一个限定范围（传输距离，地形，天气等），数据传输的可靠性快速日志。
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1.简介
蓬勃发展的互联网拓宽了智能家电产品的传统概念。本来，智能家电产品只是单机设备有自己的控制程序运行。由于硬件限制，这些设备只能实现一些简单的控制算法，最多只能达到局部最优的控制效果。现在，越来越多的消费者对家电有能力的通讯联网等多种媒体的电话线，公用线路，无线技术，甚至可以连接到互联网。这种发展趋势带来了广阔的前景未来家电，不但让用户维护，监视和控制设备更容易，更方便，而且也将使长期预期遥控家电可行的。一个远程控制家电可以被看作是一个从设备的遥控器驻留在远端主机上运行，并具有强大的先进的控制算法。该设备运行，而在同一时间可以接收来自遥控器来实现在全球范围内的最优的控制效果的控制命令，配置参数更新控制算法，甚至自己的控制方案。为了迎接这一挑战，智能家电产品系统的新架构需要提出。
另一方面，硬件控制系统的实施将是在智能消费电子产品发展的重要问题之一。对于简单的应用，如智能玩具，微波炉，洗衣机，简单的控制算法，可用于单个芯片上的成本，可能很少实施。然而，对于更复杂的问题，如智能供暖，通风和空调设备个人住房或办公楼，先进的控制方法（太长），必须利用先进的硬件，成本将大大低于传统的控制器且更加实用。例如，智能PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）的能源效率，用于温度控制的费用可能高于一户人家空调机组的数倍。这可能是适合一些工业应用，但显然不是个人客户可以接受的水平。因此，要作出正确的消费电子产品适销策略和适合的应用程序，实施创新的办法，必须降低成本到客户可以接受的水平。
在下面的章节中，为消费者家电智能控制系统通过互联网体系结构进行了简要介绍，然后基于网络的尼摩-模糊实现描述。
2．家电网络化的结构体系
如图显示了两个针对网络家电的架构版本。这两种结构可以看出两种不同类型的功能器件组成：家居用品，和遥控器。在这两种架构的远程控制器起到同样的作用：一）上运行先进的控制算法和发出控制命令;二）监测设备的运行状态。
这两种架构之间的差异是在主机。在架构（I ），家用电器必须首先连接到家居控制系统，其功能作为通用网关到所有家电互联网的一部分。这种体系结构是当前实现联网设备是合适的，因为还处于早期发展阶段，他们仍然是标准的软件和硬件接口缺乏互联网。此外，在目前阶段家电之间的数据交换和远程控制是有限的，因此，公用线路和电话线传输简单的控制信号不够。架构（II ）是未来家电发展的趋势，可以直接上网。在这种情况下，实时数据大量从家电可以反馈到遥控器的控制输入，通过互联网，控制输出，这可能各不相同，从简单的控制参数或设定值更新的算法，也可以下载到相应的设备。
这里提出的架构在分布式控制系统（DCS ），它被广泛应用于工业自动化，并证明是成熟可靠的来源。从拓扑学的角度来看，网络设备和DCS 系统是相似的，并在系统网络设备的功能器件也可在DCS 中找到自己的对应。但也有相当的差别在于一个事实，即DCS 系统中使用的数据交换局域网专用通信协议，因此它不是一个开放的架构，从而使从非常困难的不同厂商的设备，如果它不是不可能相互连接，而网络家电系统依靠在互联网上，使用TCP / IP ，事实上的网络通信协议，所以任何智能家电都是TCP / IP 兼容的，可以方便地相互联系和沟通，与那些已经在网络上的其他设备。
3．结论
本文介绍应用的理念为消费电器的智能控制系统结构分散控制系统（DCS ），由于家庭环境，以及基于网络的神经模糊这个架构的实施。这次实施的基本思想
是使用简单，可靠的网络，通过神经系统的上线场与模糊逻辑控制的执行可编程器件，通讯网络和离线学习和优化计算机。消费电子正在进行的研究项目是实施这一架构基于网络的智能控制的智能供暖和空调系统，这可能大大的节约能源和减少污染。
计算机网络新技术外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 计算机网络新技术 摘要 21世纪是一个信息时代的经济，计算机网络技术是这个时期的代表技术，以非常快的、具创造性得不断地发展，并将深入到人民群众的工作，生活和学习中。因此，控制这种技术看起来似乎具有很重要的意义。现在，我主要是采用新技术的几种网络技术在现实生活的应用。 关键字 因特网数字证书数字银包网格存储 3G
1.前言 互联网满36岁，仍然是一个进展中的工作。36年后在加州大学洛杉矶分校的计算机科学家使用15英尺的灰色电缆连接两台笨重的电脑，测试了一种在网络上新的数据交换的方式，这将最终成为互联网依然是一个在取得进展的工作。 大学的研究人员正在试验如何提高网络容量和速度。编程人员正在设法为网页注入更多的智能。并正在进行重新设计网络以减少垃圾邮件（垃圾邮件）和安全麻烦的工作。 与此同时威胁织机：批评人士警告说，商业，法律和政治压力可能会阻碍一些使互联网发展到今天的创新的类型。 斯蒂芬克罗克和温顿瑟夫属于1969年9月2日研究生加入的加州大学洛杉矶分校斯莱昂兰罗克教授工程实验室的团体，作为位无意义的测试数据两台计算机之间默默流动。到第二年的1月，其他三个“节点”加入到了这个网络。 然后是电子邮箱，几年之后，在七十年代后期一个所谓的核心通信协议即TCP / IP 协议，在80年代域名系统和在1990年万维网-现在的第二个最流行的应用背后电子邮件出现了。互联网的扩大，超出其最初的军事和教育领域延伸到了企业和全球的家庭中。 今天，克罗克仍然为互联网工作，为协作设计更好的工具。作为互联网管理机构的安全委员会主席，他正试图保卫系统的核心处理免受来自外部的威胁。 他认识到，他帮助建立的互联网工作远未完成，而这些改变是在商店，以满足多媒体日益增长的需求。网络供应商现唯一的“最佳努力”是在提供的数据包上。克罗克说，需要有更好的保障，以防止跳过和过滤现在常见的视频。 瑟夫，现在在MCI公司说，他希望他建立了有内置安全的互联网。微软，雅虎和美国在线公司，和其他的一些，目前正在努力改进网络，使邮件发送者可以验证的方式发送以降低使用虚假地址发送垃圾邮件。 瑟夫说，现在正在制定许多功能，是不可能立即解决计算速度慢和互联网管道窄，或
译文资料： 机器人 首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。另一方面它也是生产力发展的需求的必然结果，也是人类自身发展的必然结果，那么随着人类的发展，人们在不断探讨自然过程中，在认识和改造自然过程中，需要能够解放人的一种奴隶。那么这种奴隶就是代替人们去能够从事复杂和繁重的体力劳动，实现人们对不可达世界的认识和改造，这也是人们在科技发展过程中的一个客观需要。 机器人有三个发展阶段，那么也就是说，我们习惯于把机器人分成三类，一种是第一代机器人，那么也叫示教再现型机器人，它是通过一个计算机，来控制一个多自由度的一个机械，通过示教存储程序和信息，工作时把信息读取出来，然后发出指令，这样的话机器人可以重复的根据人当时示教的结果，再现出这种动作，比方说汽车的点焊机器人，它只要把这个点焊的过程示教完以后，它总是重复这样一种工作，它对于外界的环境没有感知，这个力操作力的大小，这个工件存在不存在，焊的好与坏，它并不知道，那么实际上这种从第一代机器人，也就存在它这种缺陷，因此，在20世纪70年代后期，人们开始研究第二代机器人，叫带感觉的机器人，这种带感觉的机器人是类似人在某种功能的感觉，比如说力觉、触觉、滑觉、视觉、听觉和人进行相类比，有了各种各样的感觉，比方说在机器人抓一个物体的时候，它实际上力的大小能感觉出来，它能够通过视觉，能够去感受和识别它的形状、大小、颜色。抓一个鸡蛋，它能通过一个触觉，知道它的力的大小和滑动的情况。第三代机器人，也是我们机器人学中一个理想的所追求的最高级的阶段，叫智能机器人，那么只要告诉它做什么，不用告诉它怎么去做，它就能完成运动，感知思维和人机通讯的这种功能和机能，那么这个目前的发展还是相对的只是在局部有这种智能的概念和含义，但真正完整意义的这种智能机器人实际上并没有存在，而只是随着我们不断的科学技术的发展，智能的概念越来越丰富，它内涵越来越宽。 下面我简单介绍一下我国机器人发展的基本概况。由于我们国家存在很多其
附录1 RURAL FINANCE: MAINSTREAMING INFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS By Hans Dieter Seibel Abstract Informal financial institutions (IFIs), among them the ubiquitous rotating savings and credit associations, are of ancient origin. Owned and self-managed by local people, poor and non-poor, they are self-help organizations which mobilize their own resources, cover their costs and finance their growth from their profits. With the expansion of the money economy, they have spread into new areas and grown in numbers, size and diversity; but ultimately, most have remained restricted in size, outreach and duration. Are they best left alone, or should they be helped to upgrade their operations and be integrated into the wider financial market? Under conducive policy conditions, some have spontaneously taken the opportunity of evolving into semiformal or formal microfinance institutions (MFIs). This has usually yielded great benefits in terms of financial deepening, sustainability and outreach. Donors may build on these indigenous foundations and provide support for various options of institutional development, among them: incentives-driven mainstreaming through networking; encouraging the establishment of new IFIs in areas devoid of financial services; linking IFIs/MFIs to banks; strengthening Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as promoters of good practices; and, in a nonrepressive policy environment, promoting appropriate legal forms, prudential regulation and delegated supervision. Key words: Microfinance, microcredit, microsavings。 1. informal finance, self-help groups In March 1967, on one of my first field trips in Liberia, I had the opportunity to observe a group of a dozen Mano peasants cutting trees in a field belonging to one of them. Before they started their work, they placed hoe-shaped masks in a small circle, chanted words and turned into animals. One turned into a lion, another one into a bush hog, and so on, and they continued to imitate those animals throughout the whole day, as they worked hard on their land. I realized I was onto something serious, and at the end of the day, when they had put the masks into a bag and changed back into humans,
Increasing an individual’s quality of life via their intelligent home The hypothesis of this project is: can an individual?s quality of life be increased by integrating “intelligent technology” into their home environment. This hypothesis is very broad, and hence the researchers will investigate it with regard to various, potentially over-lapping, sub-sections of the population. In particular, the project will focus on sub-sections with health-care needs, because it is believed that these sub-sections will receive the greatest benefit from this enhanced approach to housing. Two research questions flow from this hypothesis: what are the health-care issues that could be improved via “intelligent housing”, and what are the technological issues needing to be so lved to allow “intelligent housing” to be constructed? While a small number of initiatives exist, outside Canada, which claim to investigate this area, none has the global vision of this area. Work tends to be in small areas with only a limited idea of how the individual pieces contribute towards a greater goal. This project has a very strong sense of what it is trying to attempt, and believes that without this global direction the other initiatives will fail to address the large important issues described within various parts of this proposal, and that with the correct global direction the sum of the parts will produce much greater rewards than the individual components. This new field has many parallels with the field of business process engineering, where many products fail due to only considering a sub-set of the issues, typically the technology subset. Successful projects and implementations only started flow when people started to realize that a holistic approach was essential. This holistic requirement also applies to the field of “smart housing”; if we genuinely want it to have benefit to the community rather than just technological interest. Having said this, much of the work outlined below is extremely important and contains a great deal of novelty within their individual topics. Health-Care and Supportive housing： To date, there has been little coordinated research on how “smart house” technologies can assist frail seniors in remaining at home, and/or reduce the costs experienced by their informal caregivers. Thus, the purpose of the proposed research is to determine the usefulness of a variety of residential technologies in helping
网络安全外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 翻译： 计算机网络安全与防范 1.1引言 计算机技术的飞速发展提供了一定的技术保障，这意味着计算机应用已经渗透到社会的各个领域。在同一时间，巨大的进步和网络技术的普及，社会带来了巨大的经济利润。然而，在破坏和攻击计算机信息系统的方法已经改变了很多的网络环境下，网络安全问题逐渐成为计算机安全的主流。
1.2网络安全 1.2.1计算机网络安全的概念和特点 计算机网络的安全性被认为是一个综合性的课题，由不同的人，包括计算机科学、网络技术、通讯技术、信息安全技术、应用数学、信息理论组成。作为一个系统性的概念，网络的安全性由物理安全、软件安全、信息安全和流通安全组成。从本质上讲，网络安全是指互联网信息安全。一般来说，安全性、集成性、可用性、可控性是关系到网络信息的相关理论和技术，属于计算机网络安全的研究领域。相反，狭隘“网络信息安全”是指网络安全，这是指保护信息秘密和集成，使用窃听、伪装、欺骗和篡夺系统的安全性漏洞等手段，避免非法活动的相关信息的安全性。总之，我们可以保护用户利益和验证用户的隐私。 计算机网络安全有保密性、完整性、真实性、可靠性、可用性、非抵赖性和可控性的特点。 隐私是指网络信息不会被泄露给非授权用户、实体或程序，但是授权的用户除外，例如，电子邮件仅仅是由收件人打开，其他任何人都不允许私自这样做。隐私通过网络信息传输时，需要得到安全保证。积极的解决方案可能会加密管理信息。虽然可以拦截，但它只是没有任何重要意义的乱码。 完整性是指网络信息可以保持不被修改、破坏，并在存储和传输过程中丢失。诚信保证网络的真实性，这意味着如果信息是由第三方或未经授权的人检查，内容仍然是真实的和没有被改变的。因此保持完整性是信息安全的基本要求。 可靠性信息的真实性主要是确认信息所有者和发件人的身份。 可靠性表明该系统能够在规定的时间和条件下完成相关的功能。这是所有的网络信息系统的建立和运作的基本目标。 可用性表明网络信息可被授权实体访问，并根据自己的需求使用。 不可抵赖性要求所有参加者不能否认或推翻成品的操作和在信息传输过程中的承诺。
人工智能的形成及其发展现状分析 冯海东 （长江大学管理学院荆州434023） 摘要：人工智能的历史并不久远，故将从人工智能的出现、形成、发展现 状及前景几个方面对其进行分析，总结其发展过程中所出现的问题，以及发展现状中的不足之处，分析其今后的发展方向。 关键词：人工智能，发展过程，现状分析，前景。 一．引言 人工智能最早是在1936年被英国的科学家图灵提出，并不为多数人所认知。 当时，他编写了一个下象棋的程序，这就是最早期的人工智能的应用。也有著名的“图灵测试”，这也是最初判断是否是人工智能的方案,因此，图灵被尊称为“人工智能之父”。人工智能从产生到发展经历了一个起伏跌宕的过程，直到目前为止，人工智能的应用技术也不是很成熟，而且存在相当的缺陷。 通过搜集的资料，将详细的介绍人工智能这个领域的具体情况，剖析其面临的挑战和未来的前景。 二．人工智能的发展历程 1. 1956年前的孕育期 (1) 从公元前伟大的哲学家亚里斯多德(Aristotle)到16世纪英国哲学家培根(F. Bacon)，他们提出的形式逻辑的三段论、归纳法以及“知识就是力量”的警句，都对人类思维过程的研究产生了重要影响。 （2）17世纪德国数学家莱布尼兹(G..Leibniz)提出了万能符号和推理计算思想，为数理逻辑的产生和发展奠定了基础，播下了现代机器思维设计思想的种子。而19世纪的英国逻辑学家布尔（G. Boole）创立的布尔代数，实现了用符号语言描述人类思维活动的基本推理法则。 （3） 20世纪30年代迅速发展的数学逻辑和关于计算的新思想，使人们在计算机出现之前，就建立了计算与智能关系的概念。被誉为人工智能之父的英国天才的数学家图灵（A. Tur-ing）在1936年提出了一种理想计算机的数学模型，即图灵机之后,1946年就由美国数学家莫克利（J. Mauchly）和埃柯特（J. Echert）研制出了世界上第一台数字计算机，它为人工智能的研究奠定了不可缺少的物质基础。1950年图灵又发表了“计算机与智能”的论文，提出了著名的“图灵测试”，形象地指出什么是人工智能以及机器具有智能的标准，对人工智能的发展产生了极其深远的影响。 （4） 1934年美国神经生理学家麦克洛奇(W. McCulloch) 和匹兹(W. Pitts )建立了第一个神经网络模型，为以后的人工神经网络研究奠定了基础。 2. 1956年至1969年的诞生发育期 (1)1956年夏季，麻省理工学院（MIT)的麦卡锡（J．McCarthy）、明斯基（M. Minshy）、塞尔夫里奇（O. Selfridge)与索罗门夫(R. Solomonff)、 IBM的洛
附录A With the new network technology and application of the continuous rapid development of the computer network should. Use of becoming increasingly widespread, the role played by the increasingly important computer networks and human. More inseparable from the lives of the community's reliance on them will keep growing. In order for computers to communicate, they must speak the same language or protocol. In the early days of networking, networks were disorganized in many ways. Companies developed proprietary network technologies that had great difficulties in exchanging information with other or existing technologies; so network interconnections were very hard to build. To solve this problem, the International Organization for Standardization（ISO）created a network model that helps vendors to create networks compatible with each other. Finding the best software is not easy. A better understanding of what you need and asking the right questions makes it easier. The software should be capable of handling challenges specific to your company. If you operate multiple distribution centers, it may be beneficial to create routes with product originating from more than one depot. Few software providers though, are capable of optimizing routes using multiple depots. The provider should be able to support installation of its product. Make sure to clearly understand what training and software maintenance is offered. Obviously, selecting the right routing/scheduling software is critically important. Unfortunately, some companies are using software that may not be best suited to their operation. Logistics actives with responsibility for approving the software ought to be comfortable they've made the right decision. It is important to realize that not all routing/scheduling software is alike！ There questions to ask are：Which operating system is used？How easy is the software to use？Here is a good way to tell. Ask if its graphical user interface（GUI）is flexible. Find out about installation speed - how long does it take？Is the software able to route third party customers with your core business？When was the software originally released and when was it last upgraded？ In 1984, ISO released the Open Systems Interconnection（OSI）reference model,
通信工程学院 毕业设计外文翻译 毕业设计题目基于ANDRIO的智能家居 系统的设计与实现 外文题目UBIQUITOUS SMART HOME SYSTEM USING ANDROID APPLICATION 专业：通信工程 学号： 学生姓名： 指导教师姓名： 指导教师职称：副教授 日期：2015 年 1 月10 日
International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) V ol.6, No.1, January 2014 基于Android应用的无处不在的智能家居系统 Shiu Kumar Department of Information Electronics Engineering, Mokpo National University, 534-729, Mokpo, South Korea 摘要 本文提出了一种灵活独立的，低成本的智能家居系统，它是基于Android应用与微web服务器通信，不仅仅提供交换功能。Arduino以太网的使用是为了避免使用个人电脑从而保证整个系统成本最低，语音激活时用来实现切换功能的。光开关，电源插头，温度传感器，湿度传感器，电流传感器，入侵检测传感器，烟雾/气体传感器和警报器等这些设备集成在系统中，表明了所提出的智能家居系统的有效性和可行性。经过检测，智能家居应用程序可以成功地进行智能家居操作，例如开关功能，自动环境监测，和入侵监测，在监测到有不法入侵后，系统会自动发送一个邮件，并响警笛。 关键字： Android智能手机，智能家居，物联网（loTs），远程控制 1.引言 随着移动设备受欢迎程度的不断增长和人们日常生活中对无处不在的先进的移动应用的功能需求不断增加，利用Web服务是提供远程访问服务的最开放和可互操作的方式，并且使应用程序能够彼此通信。一个有吸引力的市场产品自动化和网络化是忙碌的家庭和有生理缺陷的个人的代表。 loTs可以被描述为连接智能手机，网络电视，传感器等到互联网，实现人们之间沟通的新形势。过去几年中loTs的发展，创造了一个新层面的世界。这使得人们可以在任何时间，任何地点，联通任何期望的东西。物联网技术可用于为智能家居创建新的概念和广阔的空间，以提供智能，舒适的发展空间和完善生活质量。 智能家居是一个非常有前途的领域，其中有各种好处，如增加提供舒适性，更高安全性，更合理地使用能源和其他资源。这项研究的应用领域非常重要，未来它为帮助和支持有特殊需求老的人和残疾人士提供了强有力的手段。设计一个智能家居系统时需要考虑许多因素，该系统应该是经济实惠的，是可伸缩的，使得新的设备可以容易地集成到系统中，此外，它应该是用户友好的。 随着智能手机用户的急剧增加，智能手机已经逐渐变成了具备所有功能的便携式设备，为人们提供了日常使用。本文介绍了一种低成本的控制和监视家居环境控制的无线智能家居系统。利用Android设备，可以通过一个嵌入式微Web服务器与实际的IP连接，访问和控制电器和远程的其它设备，这可以利用任何支持Android的设备。Arduino Ethernet 用于微Web服务器从
附录1 外文文献译文 宽带接入技术 宽带接入技术是在电信和视频网络行业的催生影响下产生出来的，其应用主要体现在物理层。相反，数据网络行业的关注点主要集中在网络层和运输层上（例如IP电话）。形成这种应用方法上的区别的理由是，一旦传输的内容被数字化，就能作为数据进行处理。换句话说，从网络的观点来看，网络只是以数字的形式来传输数据。在应用层上，这些数据位不论实际代表话音、数据，还是代表视频流都没有区别。因此，数据网络行业在让数据流适应跨网传输这方面并没有做什么。另外一方面，电信和视频网络行业必须解决利用现有接入基础设施将内容以分组数据传输的方法进行传输。这成为在开发下述几类宽带接入技术中的重要催化剂。 铜回路接入技术，又称为数字用户线（DSL）技术。DSL技术又统称XDSL。XDSL是由电信行业开发的，利用了世界范围内的几百万英里长的现有铜回路通信设施。 光纤/同轴电缆的电缆接入技术。电缆接入是由视频网络行业中的有线电视部分开发的，利用了已经连接全世界几百万个（大多数是常驻的）用户的视频信道电缆基础设施。 在线卫星接入技术。卫星接入是由视频网络行业中的无线部门开发的，通过使用卫星基础设施，经视频信道接到有线电视中心终端局并传送到世界范围内的几百用户（大多数是常驻的）。 非对称数字用户线（ADSL） 20世纪80年代，ADSL作为电信行业为应对电缆行业支持视频点播需求而提供的一种解决方案，首先被开发了出来。然而直到20世纪90年代中期才认识到，它也可以作为能访问像因特网这样的高速业务的技术。ADSL提供非对称传输，典型的下传速率可达到9Mb/s (从中心局到设备），上传速率为16Kb/s到640Kb/s （从设备到中心局）。像所有的铜线传输系统一样，速率越高，传输范围越短。 混合光纤同轴网技术（HFC） 混合光纤同轴网技术是基于现有的有线电视（有线TV或CATV）技术的。
人工智能 【摘要】：人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，但也是一门边沿学科。它属于自然科学和社会科学的交叉。涉及的学科主要有哲学、认知科学、数学、神经生理学、心理学、计算机科学、信息论、控制论、不定性论、仿生学等。人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)，英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人类智能相似的方式做出反应的智能机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和专家系统等1。 【关键词】：人工智能；应用领域；发展方向；人工检索。 1．人工智能描述 人工智能(Artificial Intelligence) ，英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学2。人工智能是计 算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智 能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人 类智能相似的方式作出反应的智能 机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语 言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和 专家系统等。“人工智能”一词最初 是在1956 年Dartmouth学会上提出 的。从那以后,研究者们发展了众多 理论和原理,人工智能的概念也随之扩展。人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，从事这项工作的人必须懂得计算机知识，心理学和哲学。人工智能是包括十分广泛的科学，它由不同的领域组成，如机器学习，计算机视觉等等，总的说来，人工智能研究的一个主要目标是使机器能够胜任一些通常需要人类智能才能完成的复杂工作。但不同的时代、不同的人对这种“复杂工作”的理解是不同的。例如繁重的科学和工程计算本来是要人脑来承担的，现在计算机不但能完成这种计算, 而且能够比人脑做得更快、更准确，因之当代人已不再把这种计算看作是“需要人类智能才能完成的复 1.蔡自兴，徐光祐.人工智能及其应用.北京：清华大学出版社，2010 2元慧·议当人工智能的应用领域与发展状态〖Ｊ〗．2008
附录 一、英文原文： The NetWorks Birth of the Net The Internet has had a relatively brief, but explosive history so far. It grew out of an experiment begun in the 1960's by the U.S. Department of Defense. The DoD wanted to create a computer network that would continue to function in the event of a disaster, such as a nuclear war. If part of the network were damaged or destroyed, the rest of the system still had to work. That network was ARPANET, which linked U.S. scientific and academic researchers. It was the forerunner of today's Internet. In 1985, the National Science Foundation (NSF) created NSFNET, a series of networks for research and education communication. Based on ARPANET protocols, the NSFNET created a national backbone service, provided free to any U.S. research and educational institution. At the same time, regional networks were created to link individual institutions with the national backbone service. NSFNET grew rapidly as people discovered its potential, and as new software applications were created to make access easier. Corporations such as Sprint and MCI began to build their own networks, which they linked to NSFNET. As commercial firms and other regional network providers have taken over the operation of the major Internet arteries, NSF has withdrawn from the backbone business. NSF also coordinated a service called InterNIC, which registered all addresses on the Internet so that data could be routed to the right system. This service has now been taken over by Network Solutions, Inc., in cooperation with NSF. How the Web Works The World Wide Web, the graphical portion of the Internet, is the most popular part of the Internet by far. Once you spend time on the Web,you will begin to feel like there is no limit to what you can discover. The Web allows rich and diverse communication by displaying text, graphics, animation, photos, sound and video. So just what is this miraculous creation? The Web physically consists of your personal computer, web browser software, a connection to an Internet service provider, computers called servers that host digital data and routers and switches to direct the flow of information. The Web is known as a client-server system. Your computer is the client; the remote computers that store electronic files are the servers. Here's how it works: Let's say you want to pay a visit to the the Louvre museum website. First you enter the address or URL of the website in your web browser (more about this shortly). Then your browser requests the web page from the web server that hosts the Louvre's site. The Louvre's server sends the data over the Internet to your computer. Your web
农村金融小额信贷中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) RURAL FINANCE: MAINSTREAMING INFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS By Hans Dieter Seibel Abstract Informal financial institutions (IFIs), among them the ubiquitous rotating savings and credit associations, are of ancient origin. Owned and self-managed by local people, poor and non-poor, they are self-help organizations which mobilize their own resources, cover their costs and finance their growth from their profits. With the expansion of the money economy, they have spread into new areas and grown in numbers, size and diversity; but ultimately, most have remained restricted in size, outreach and duration. Are they best left alone, or should they be helped to upgrade
智能家居医疗保健中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Foreign Literature Increasing an individual’s quality of life via their intelligent home The hypothesis of this project is: can an individual’s quality of life be increased by integrating “intelligent technology”into their home environment. This hypothesis is very broad, and hence the researchers will investigate it with regard to various, potentially over-lapping, sub-sections of the population. In particular, the project will focus on sub-sections with health-care needs, because it is believed that these sub-sections will receive the greatest benefit from this enhanced approach to housing. Two research questions flow from this hypothesis: what are the health-care issues that could be improved via “intelligent housing”, and what are the technological issues needing to be solved to allow “intelligent housing”to be constructed?