07级四级快读材料(学生版)

Reading Comprehension （Skimming and Scanning）（15 minutes）

PASSAGE 1

Universities Branch Out

As never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.

In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering course of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative（合作的）research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity.

Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America's best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.

Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in the summer internships（实习）abroad to prepare them for global careers. Y ale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible.

Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Y ale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai's Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xu's Y ale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-class scientist and his U.S. team.

As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure（基础设施）and applications software of the 1990s. The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon V alley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.

For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research- university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth,

which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.

American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago, in the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K.. Objections from American university and the business leaders led to improvements in the process and reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students.

Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation's well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the States and—like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished（珍视）values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students. (1009)

1.From the first paragraph we know that present-day universities have become __________.

A) more and more research-oriented B) in-service training organizations

C) more popularized than ever before D) a powerful force for global integration

2. Over the past three decades, the enrollment of overseas students has increased __________.

A) by2.5 million B) by 800,000

C) at an annual rate of 3.9 percent D) at an annual rate of 8 percent

3. In the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born?

A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 38%

4. How do Y ale and Harvard prepare their undergraduates for global careers?

A) They organize a series of seminars on world economy.

B) They offer them various courses in international politics.

C) They arrange for them to participate in the Erasmus program.

D) They give them chances for international study or internship.

5. An example illustrating the general trend of universities' globalization is __________.

A) Yale's collaboration with Fudan University on genetic research

B) Y ale's helping Chinese universities to launch research projects

C) Y ale's student exchange program with European institutions

D) Y ale's establishing branch campuses throughout the world

6. What do we learn about Silicon V alley from the passage?

A) It houses many companies spun off from MIT and Harvard.

B) It is known to be the birthplace of Microsoft Company.

C) It was intentionally created by Stanford University.

D) It is where the Internet infrastructure was built up.

7. What is said about the U.S. federal funding for research?

A) It has increased by 3 percent. B) It has been unsteady for years.

C) It has been more than sufficient. D) It doubled between 1998 and 2003.

8. The dramatic decline in the enrollment of foreign students in the U.S after September 11 was caused by

____________________________.

9. Many Americans fear that American competitiveness may be threatened by foreign students who will

____________________________.

10. The policy of welcoming foreign students can benefit the U.S. in that the very best of them will stay and

____________________________.

PASSAGE 2

Keep Our Seas Clean

By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world‘s population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global economy US$12.8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year.

Pollution and the sea – like oil and water

One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea, and in addition to the gross visible short-term impacts, severe long-term problems can also result. In the case of the Exxon V aldez which ran onto a shore in Alaska in 1989, biological impacts from the oil spill can still be identified 15 years after the event. The Prestige which sank off the Spanish coast late in 2002, resulted in huge economic losses as it polluted more than 100 beaches in France and Spain and effectively destroyed the local fishing industry.

Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources (including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from waste tips, urban and industrial run-off, accidents spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges.)

Land-based sources are estimated to account for around 44 percent of the pollutants entering the sea and atmospheric inputs account for an estimated 33 percent. By contrast, transport on the sea accounts for 12 percent. Dawn of the dead: Creeping Dead Zones

The impacts of pollution vary. Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous ―blooms‖ of algae (藻类) in coastal waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water. This has led, in some areas, to ―creeping dead zones‖(CDZ), where oxygen dissolved in the water falls to levels unable to sustain marine life.

Gone fission(裂变)

Radioactive (放射性的) pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations, but by far the single biggest sources of man-made radioactive elements in the sea are the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in the UK. Waste released from them has resulted in the widespread pollution of living marine resources over a wide area; radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.

Heavy metal

Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some seafoods unfit for human consumption. The contribution of human activities can be very significant: the amount of mercury introduced to the environment by industrial activities is around four times the amount released through natural processes such as weathering and erosion (腐蚀).

The input of man-made chemicals to the oceans potentially involves an overwhelming number of different substances. 63,000 different chemicals are thought to be in use worldwide with 3000 accounting for 90 percent of the total production amount. Each year, anywhere up to 1000 new synthetic chemicals may be brought onto the market. Of all these chemicals some 4500 fall into the most serious category. These are known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They‘re resistant to breakdown and have the potential to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms (all marine life), causing hormone disruption which can, in turn, cause reproductive problems, induce cancer, suppress the immune system and interfere with normal mental development in children.

POPs can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and deposited in cold regions. As a result, Inuit populations who live in the Arctic a long distance from the sources of these pollutants are among the most severely influenced people on the planet, since they rely on fat-rich marine food sources such as fish and seals. POPs are also thought to be responsible for some polar bear populations failing to reproduce normally.

Are you eating fish and POPs tonight?

Scarily, seafoods consumed by people living in warm and mild regions are also affected by POPs. Oily fish tend to accumulate POPs in their bodies and these can be passed to human consumers. When oily fish are rendered down into fish meal and fish oils and subsequently used to feed other animals, then this too can act as a pathway to humans. Farmed fish and shellfish, dairy cattle, poultry and pigs are all fed fish meal in certain countries, and so meat and dairy products as well as farmed and wild fish can act as further sources of these chemicals to humans.

Pollution superhighway – North and Baltic Seas

The North and Baltic Seas also contain some of the world‘s busiest shipping lanes. 200,000 ships cross the North Sea every year. Many goods transported by ships are hazardous (half the goods carried at sea can be described as dangerous) and loss of dangerous cargoes can result in damage to the marine environment. Chemical tank washings, discharge of oily wastes and wash waters are all significant sources of marine pollution.

In addition there is always the risk of a major oil spill, a risk made worse by the fact that some of the tankers that routinely travel through still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects and crews who are poorly educated. In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker went down off the coast of Spain with 70,000 tons of oil on board which polluted 2890 km of coastline. A few days earlier it had been crossing the Baltic.

Solutions

Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by international legislation.

Countries which signed the London Convention have agreed to stop the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention regulates marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region while countries which signed the Stockholm Convention have committed themselves to the phase out of a number of persistent organic pollutants. Within the European Community, the Water Framework Directive may be expected to bring further reductions in polluting inputs, although it will be over a very long time frame. The additional benefit of the new EU REACH (Registration Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) initiative, which aims to regulate the production and use of dangerous chemicals at source, remains to be seen. (1123)

1.What is mentioned as the most visible and familiar marine pollution?

A) Toxic discharge. B) Oil pollution.

C) Ocean mining. D) Ship wrecks.

2.About one-third of the pollutants entering the sea come from ________.

A) land-based sources B) atmospheric inputs

C) transport on sea D) marine agriculture

3.Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of the lack of _________.

A) water B) organic nutrients

C) oxygen D) air

4.The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by ___________.

A) oil tank leakage B) sewage discharges

C) radioactive elements D) nuclear power stations

5.How many synthetic chemicals can be classified as POPs?

A) 63,000. B) 4500. C) 3000. D) 1000.

6.Hormone disruption in marine life is the result of __________.

A) tissues of living organisms B) breakdown of heavy metal

C) reproductive problems D) accumulation of POPs

7.What do we learn about the Inuit people?

A)They live in a tropical region. B) Their life is closely related to polar bears.

C)They are free from the influence of POPs. D)They depend on fat-rich marine life for food.

8.In warm and mild regions, farmed fish and shellfish are also affected by POPs because they

______________________________.

9.As long as 2890 km of coastline was polluted by the oil spill of ____________________.

10.The regulation of marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region is based on

________________________.

PASSAGE 3

Are Y ou Safe From On-line Cheats?

A Real Case

Andrew Arkinstall, a 34-year-old father of three, needed a laptop for his home-based business. Like millions of other Canadians, who spent $4.4 billion shopping on-line last year, he felt comfortable buying in the digital marketplace.

Surfing computers-for-sale listings on Y ahoo! last April, he found exactly what he was looking for – an IBM ThinkPad advertised at an irresistible price on the professional-looking web pages at https://www.doczj.com/doc/af10211629.html,. After confirming shipping details and the company‘s seven-day money-back guarantee via e-mail, he express-posted a $2,100 certified check, as requested, to the company‘s V ancouver address.

Three days later, after the check was cashed, Arkinstall e-mailed the company to ask why the computer hadn‘t arrived. The seller replied that a mix-up with the check at the bank had held things up and promised to deliver it soon. When Arkinstall demanded a contact phone number, Computer Cheap‘s web site suddenly vanished and Arkinstall‘s e-mails went unanswered.

He called the Better Business Bureau of Mainland B.C. ―Mr. Arkinstall wasn‘t the first person to call us about being cheated by this company,‖ director V alerie MacLean says.

When he reported the cheating to Detective V ello Kleeband of the V ancouver Police Computer Investigative Support Unit, he discovered the seller was a young man under investigation for a string of on-line cheats, with victims as far away as California.

The Halifax Regional Police Technological Support Section says that too many people are leaving themselves vulnerable to being cheated when they log on to the Net.

With up to 80 percent of households expected to be on-line by 2005, experts predict Internet fraud (欺骗) will only get worse.

What’s Safe On-line?

―On-line merchants, who have good reputation, have contact phone numbers and a proper business address,‖Kleeband says. ―If the only method of communication between buyer and seller is by e-mail, shop elsewhere.‖At Kleeband‘s office in downtown V ancouver, I watch as he inputs the mailing address posted on a suspect web site that lists no contact phone number. It shows up as a Post Office box. ―This is typical of a cheat,‖ he tells me. ―This guy uses a mailbox to pick up checks from victims who will never see their goods.‖Kleeband advises against sending cash, checks or money orders to anyone you don‘t know. ―Use your credit card. If fraud is involved, the card company can withhold payment.‖ PhoneBusters‘ Laforge advises that, before sending money to an on-line seller, consumers check with the Better Business Bureau in the area where the company is listed to see if there have been complaints.

Before sending credit-card numbers to an on-line merchant, check the security notice on your screen when transmitting information. If the lock‘s open, your personal data may be unsecured and easily obtainable by cyberthieves, who can electronically steal credit or personal information.

Cheats also target popular sites like eBay and Y ahoo! ―The most common form of on-line fraud involves goods not delivered or the value of what is sent being only a fraction of what was paid,‖ says Sergeant Barry Elliott, call-centre coordinator at PhoneBusters. Internet Fraud Watch reports sales cheats are now the most frequently reported type of Internet fraud.

Old Scams(诡计) Go High-T ech

―Earn $4,000 a month at home,‖ boasts the e-mail in my mailbox. Others promise a cure for heart disease, get-rich-quick investments or free travel. All these scams require consumers to send money. Scammers use commercially available software to ―harvest‖ thousands of e-mail addresses from information on web-site records or from people signing up for on-line contests. Their sole purpose is to generate e-mail lists that are often sold to other scammers and immoral marketers. ―V ictims of these scams are most often those who can least afford it,‖says Laforge.

When her mother became ill, Linda Russell, 58, found it hard to make ends meet. The teacher from Tennessee was a good typist and searched Internet sites offering assistance in finding work-at-home employment. She found Friends From Home, an Ontario company. For a $40 fee, they promised her clerk work. She sent the check, which was cashed. When she heard nothing further, she e-mailed the company half a dozen times without response.

―Work-at-home schemes are among the most common frauds we see,‖ says an official of the Better Business Bureau. ―Be suspicious of offers of $4 for stuffing an envelope. They just don‘t make sense.‖Pyramid schemes, chain letters and false diplomas are other classic scams that have moved from telephones and fax machines to the Internet.

Travel scams are an old way of cheating now showing up on the Net. The assistant director of consumer affairs with the American Society of Travel Agents says: ―A void paying a company for travel that won‘t be ticketed or take place for 12 to 18 months. When it comes time to get your tickets, the dates you want are often not available, restrictions may make it more expensive or the company has disappeared.‖

Another costly fraud is the telephone scam. An e-mail congratulates you on winning a prize, or offers urgent information about a family member and asks you to call a phone number for details. As they call the number and are put on hold, the victims are unaware that their call charges are up to $25 a minute. Often, charges of hundreds of dollars appear on next month‘s phone bill.

Beware too of on-line games of chance. ―Type ?lotteries‘ into a search engine if you want to see how many such scams are out on the Internet,‖says Gordon Board, corporate security investigator at the B.C. Lottery Corporation. ―People buy tickets on their credit cards at these false sites, but there is no prize money.‖Never call a 900 number – it‘s not a free call – to collect a prize. And never send bank information for the deposit of ―winnings‖ into your account.

Rule No.1 for avoiding scams on-line: If it sounds too good to be true, it usually is.

Investment Scams

Shawn Fitzsimmons, an accountant with PhoneBusters who specializes in investment fraud, says on-line scams have cost some victims their life savings.

He walks me through a number of shining web pages advocating the virtues of tax havens and the tremendous profits to be made from offshore investments in places like the Caribbean, Panama, Latin America and the South Pacific.

Rachel Smith, 37, decided to invest $1,000 with an on-line investment site called Stock Generation in the spring of 1999. As the year passed, the mother of a 12-year-old watched in delight as her investment grew to $18,000. When she decided to cash in last April, her account suddenly showed zero. She called a contact number in the Caribbean three times, only to be put on hold. She was devastated to be told by authorities that her money was likely lost to scam artists.

Identity Theft

David Mattatall of Langley, B.C., began receiving books about serial killers, billed to his credit card, in April this year. Bills arrived for many other commodities, all ordered on-line. Merchants had been given Mattatall‘s address and personal details, and he discovered they‘d been contacted through a free Microsoft Hotmail account opened in his name.

It got worse. The person who stole his identity began signing on as Mattatall‘s wife, ordering more goods. Mattatall found his address changed on Revenue Canada, Elections Canada and other government sites, all done on-line.

Mattatall is convinced that on-line profits have made many web site operators do everything without considering the result. ―It‘s frighteningly easy for someone to steal your identity on-line.‖

Internet Fraud Watch‘s Phillip Mc Kee advises consumers not to fill in merchant‘s questionnaires that require extensive personal details. ―If there is no privacy policy on the web site, stating that the on-line merchant will not misuse your personal information, assume that what you tell them is being shared.‖(1310)

1. What did https://www.doczj.com/doc/af10211629.html, guarantee to Andrew Arkinstall?

A)A three-day express delivery guarantee. B) A seven-day money-back guarantee.

C) A three-year quality guarantee. D) An on-line service guarantee.

2.The young man who cheated Andrew Arkinstall had been involved in a series of __________.

A) on-line cheats B) cell-phone cheats

C) credit-card cheats D) video-game cheats

3.According to Kleeband, an on-line merchant with good reputation should have __________.

A) a web page and an e-mail address B) a contact phone number and a web page

C)an e-mail address and a business address D) a contact phone number and a business address.

4.Kleeband suggests one should pay for goods bought on-line _______________.

A) in cash B) by check C) by credit card D) by money orders

5.According to Barry Elliott, on-line fraud is most likely to involve ________________.

A)sales cheats that mainly take place in Canada B)goods delivered to the customer within seven days

C) the value of what is sent is only a fraction of what was paid

D)advanced IT products which can be easily paid by credit card

6.Scammers may be able to get your __________ from your registration for on-line contests.

A) credit card information B) e-mail address

C) contact phone number D) income details

7.What was Linda Russell‘s occupation?

A) She is a housewife. B) She is unemployed.

C) She is a teacher. D) She is a typist.

8.The Caribbean was advocated in some web pages as one of the best places for ____________.

9.Mattatall found that his address on government sites, such as Revenue Canada and Elections Canada had been

______________.

10.The personal information you tell the on-line merchant will be misused unless there is a

____________________ on the web site.

PASSAGE 4

Six Secrets of High-Energy People

There's an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Millions of us get up each morning already weary over the day ho lds. ―I just can‘t get started.‖ People say. But it‘s not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure, we could all use extra sleep and a better diet. But in truth, people are healthier today than at any time in history. I can almost guarantee that if you long for more energy, the problem is not with your body.

What you‘re seeking is not physical energy. It‘s emotional energy. Y et, sad to say, life sometimes seems designed to exhaust our supply. We work too hard. We have family obligations. We encounter emergencies and personal crises. No wonder so many of us suffer from emotional fatigue, a kind of utter exhaustion of the spirit.

And yet we all know people who are filled with joy, despite the unpleasant circumstances of their lives. Even as a child I observed people who were poor or disabled or ill, but who nonetheless faced life with optimism and vigor. Consider Laura Hillenbrand, who despite an extremely weak body, wrote the best-seller Seabiscuit. Hillenbrand barely had enough physical energy to drag herself out of bed to write. But she was fueled by having a story she wanted to share. It was emotional energy that helped her succeed.

Unlike physical energy, which is finite and diminishes with age, emotional energy is unlimited and has nothing to do with gen es or upbringing. So how do you get it? Y ou can‘t simply tell yourself to be positive. Y ou must take action. Here are six practical strategies that work.

1.Do something new.

V ery little that‘s new occurs in our lives. The impact of this sameness on our emo tional energy is gradual, but huge: It's like a tire with a slow leak. Y ou don't notice it at first, but eventually you'll get a flat. It's up to you to plug the leak –even though there are always a dozen reasons to stay stuck in your dull routines of life. That's where Maura, 36, a waitress, found herself a year ago.

Fortunately, Maura had a lifeline – a group of women friends who meet regularly to discuss their lives. Their lively discussions spurred Maura to make small but nevertheless life-altering changes. She joined a gym in the next town. She changed her look with a short haircut and new black T-shirts. Eventually, Maura gathered the courage to quit her job and start her own business.

Here's a challenge: If it's something you wouldn't ordinarily do, do it. Try a dish you've never eaten. Listen to music you'd ordinarily tune out. Y ou'll discover these small things add to your emotional energy.

2.Reclaim life's meaning.

So many of my patients tell me that their lives used to have meaning, but that somew here along the line things went stale.

The first step in solving this meaning shortage is to figure out what you really care about, and then do something about it. A case in point is Ivy, 57, a pioneer in investment banking. "I mistakenly believed that all the money I made would mean something," she says. "But I feel lost, like a 22-year-old wondering what to do with her life." Ivy's solution? She started a program that shows Wall Streeters how to donate time and money to poor children. In the process, Ivy filled her life with meaning.

3.Put yourself in the fun zone.

Most of us grown-ups are seriously fun-deprived. High-energy people have the same day-to-day work as the rest of us, but they manage to find something enjoyable in every situation. A real estate broker I know keeps herself amused on the job by mentally redecorating the houses she shows to clients. "I love imagining what even the most run-down house could look like with a little tender loving care," she says. "It's a challenge – and the least desirable properties are usually the most fun."

We all define fun differently, of course, but I can guarantee this: If you put just a bit of it into your day, you energy will increase quickly.

4.Bid farewell to guilt and regret.

Everyone's past is filled with regrets that still cause pain. But from an emotional energy point of view, they are dead weights that keep us from moving forward. While they can't merely be willed away, I do recommend you remind yourself that whatever happened is in the past, and nothing can change that. Holding on to the memory only allows the damage to continue into the present.

5.Make up your mind.

Say you‘ve been thinking about cutting your hair short. Will it look stylish – or too extreme? Y ou endlessly think it over. Having the decision hanging over your head is a huge energy drain. Every time you can‘t decide, you burden yourself with alternatives. Quit thinking that you have to make the right decision; instead, make a choice and don‘t look back.

6.Give to get.

Emotional energy has a kind of magical quality; the more you give, the more you get back. This is the difference between emotional and physical energy. With the latter, you have to get it to be able to give it. With the former, however, you get it by giving it.

Start by asking everyone you meet, ―How are you?‖ as if you really want to know, then listen to the reply. Be the one who hears. Most of us also need to smile more often. If you don‘t smile at the person you love first thing in the morning, you‘re sucking energy out of your relationship. Finally, help another person—and make the help real, concrete. Give a massage (按摩) to someone you love, or cook her dinner. Then, expand the circle to work. Try asking yourself what you‘d do if your goal were to be helpful rather than efficient.

After all, if it‘s true that what goes around comes around, why not make sure that what‘s circulating around you is the good stuff? (1016)

1.The energy crisis in America discussed here mainly refers to _____________.

A) a shortage of fossil fuels B) a shortage of energy resources

C) lack of physical energy D) lack of emotional energy

2.Which of the following makes a person suffer from emotional fatigue?

A) A job he has longed for. B) His family members.

C) Emergencies and personal crises. D) Utter exhaustion of the spirit.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/af10211629.html,ura Hillenbrand is an example cited to show _____________.

A)how emotional energy can contribute to one‘s success in life

B)disabled people are likely to face life with optimism and vigor

C)how the best-seller Seabiscuit was written by a disabled person

D)the unpleasant circumstances in life will deprive people of joy

4.The author believes emotional energy is ______________.

A)finite and diminishes with age B) unlimited and irrelevant to genes

C) inherited and genetically determined C) related to positive attitudes and actions

5.From Maura we learn that ______________ can help increase people‘s emotional energy.

A) a lot of friends of the same sex B) stable routines of life

C)changes people make in their lives D) plenty of physical exercises

6.Ivy filled her life with meaning by _____________.

A)becoming a pioneer in investment banking B) making more money than ever before

C)wondering what to do with her life D) launching a program to help poor children

7.What is the real-estate broker‘s way of keeping herself amused on the job?

A)Rebuilding the most run-down house with a little tender loving care.

B)Redecorating the houses she shows to clients in her mind.

C)Having the same day-to-day work as the rest of us.

D)Purchasing the least desirable properties at reasonable price.

8. People holding on to sad memories of the past will find it difficult to_____________.

9. When it comes to decision-making, one should make a quick choice without_______________.

10. Emotional energy is in a way different from physical energy in that the more you give, _________________.

PASSAGE 5

Why DIY?

The reasons why people engage in DIY have always been numerous and complex. For some, DIY has provided a rare opportunity for creativity and self expression. For others it has been an unwelcome necessity, driven purely by economic considerations. Then there has been a group which feels that a building can never be a home unless it has been altered and modified to reflect a change of occupancy. A final group has traditionally adopted the measure that if you want a job done well, you must do it yourself.

The same four basic species of DIY ers exist today, although these various motives may now share some substantially similar characteristics. The perfectionist in search of the job done well is often also driven by a desire for creativity. There are also two new categories of motive – the pursuit of DIY as a leisure activity and DIY as a form of occupational therapy. These, again, share some characteristics with other reasons.

DIY as necessity

There is a significant number of young homemakers (38% of our interviewees) for whom there is no option but DIY. Their new home, whether bought on a mortgage (抵押) which consumes a major part of their income, or rented at similarly challenging rates, will often require essential redecoration and even structural repair.

Some of these people are reluctant first-time DIY ers. They would much prefer to hire professionals, but can‘t afford to do so. The majority, however, welcome the opportunity that need has forced upon them to get involved for the first time in the real business of creating a home – with all of its unfamiliar physical labor and the learning from the beginning of new techniques. In time, many will move to one of the other categories of DIY er, continuing to exercise their new found talents and enthusiasm when no longer forced by financial restrictions to do so.

DIY as territorial marking

Even those who have bought a brand new ―starter home‖, the type which becomes increasingly popular around the edges of our towns and cities, will feel compelled to add personal touches of a less dramatic kind to disguise its otherwise boring and expressionless nature. Putting a ―personal mark on the place‖ was one of the most frequently reported motives for DIY, with 72% of sample seeing this as being a very important aspect.

DIY as self-expression

Many young people today are frustrated artists – their potential creative talents just waiting for the chance to reveal themselves. There are also those seeking opportunities for a sense of achievement and personal fulfillment. DIY provided just such opportunities for the overwhelming majority of our interviewees (84%). They spoke at length of their sense of pride after completing their very first DIY task, and about how this experience gave them the drive to tackle more ambitious projects.

This sense of creative achievement comes both from the choices made by the first-time DIY ers –the selection of colors, textures and components to apply to the ―canvas‖ of the home – and from the application of specific skills and techniques. The manufacturers of DIY materials clearly understand this and now provide a wide range of ―arty‖ products to fuel creative urges. At the same time, they make the materials themselves much easier to use –the DIY equivalent of painting by numbers. Special paint effects, which once required the specialist knowledge and training of the true professional, can now be achieved straight out of the can with a simple brush. Hence a new generation of home decorators takes pride in new-found talents.

DIY as perfection-seeking

A large proportion of first-time DIY ers (63%) distrust builders and decorators. They feel that most are ―cowboys‖ and that even the more reputable ones are very unlikely to have the same loving attention to details and care as much as the DIY er does. Some had previously suffered from the so-called repairs of small builders, while others were proud of the fact that no tradesman of this kind had ever set foot in their home.

Within this group there were those who were content for builders to perform basic or structural work, and to undertake tasks such as plastering which are beyond the competence of most DIY ers, particularly the younger beginner in our sample. The finishing work, however, was something these people kept for themselves – the final ―perfecting‖ of what otherwise would be just an ordinary result.

This drive for perfection was also evident among the ―strippers‖ in this group. The idea of putting wallpaper over existing paper, or even paint on the top of preceding coats, was to be cursed. Everything needed to be taken back to the bare plaster or the naked wood before any new decoration could be applied. Some interviewees recognized that this search for perfection could sometimes go too far: ―It‘s puzzling me really. There‘s always

something I‘m working on. I‘m never happy with anything.‖

The problem perfectionists face is that progress can be very slow. One young female partner of such a perfectionist said, ―My boyfriend spent so long decorating the bedroom that I had to hire in someone to do the living room.‖The living room was finished first. When perfectionists are obliged, by nagging（恼人的）circumstances, to speed things up, other problems can result: ―The only time I rushed a job was when we had friends coming for the weekend. I was so unhappy with it that I painted it again after they had gone.‖

DIY as leisure activity

For a significant minority of first-timers (28%), DIY is seen as a new and entertaining pastime. It is not really work, but something similar to entertainment, shared by both partners and even the children in the case of young families. ―It‘s just great fun,‖ one of our samples said enthusiastically.

The idea that DIYing is similar to a trip to the lions of Longleat may seem strange. But for these interviewees home-making was sufficiently different from, and infinitely preferable to, the dull routines of weekday work to constitute a weekend break. The results of such activity were rewarding, but probably less so than engaging in the activity itself.

DIY as therapy

―It has healing powers, doesn‘t it? I‘m always in my own little world when I‘m doing DIY– it‘s great.‖ So said a young man of 27 in our sample. ―For me it‘s occupational therapy,‖ said another interviewee. For them and others it was their way of getting rid of stress after a long day at work – a way of relaxing. Others hinted at a similar process, where DIY was almost an end it itself, rather than just a means to achieving a better home. In this sense they were similar to those who saw DIY as a form of leisure, but it was the psychological effects, which were emphasized by 18% of our sample.

While people in this group might sound upset, lacking the basic social skills to get a life outside of the home, they were quite the opposite. DIY provided a transitional stage between work and play – something that allowed them to relax and rid themselves of tensions, becoming more capable of social communication in the process. (1190)

1.Besides the traditional motives of DIY, the new categories of motive include the pursuit of DIY as

_________________.

A) economic necessity B) chances of creativity

C) a leisure activity D) self-expression

2.The reluctant first-time DIY ers would rather be able to ____________.

A)hire professionals to do the homemaking B) decorate their new home more beautifully

C)find less expensive decoration materials D) learn the techniques of decoration at school

3.A brand new ―starter home‖ become more and more popular ______________.

A)with young married couples B) near the urban areas of big cities

C)as advertisers keep promoting it D) around the border of towns and cities

4.Nowadays, special paint effects can be achieved by ___________.

A)anyone with a painting machine B) specially-trained professionals

C)any DIY ers with simple tools D) few people with artistic tastes

5.A large proportion of first-time DIY ers use the term ―cowboy‖ to refer to __________.

A) DIY material manufacturers B) builders and decorators

C) ambitious and creative DIY ers. D) professional interior designers

6.It has been found that most young DIY beginners are not competent enough for ___________.

A) plastering B) plumbing C) gardening D) roof tiling

7.The drive for perfection was also evident among the ―strippers‖ in that _____________.

A)they put wallpaper over existing paper B) they painted on the top of preceding coats

C)everything was taken back to bare plaster or the naked wood before new decoration

D)they were always working on something and were happy with what they had done.

8.The problem that perfectionists are most likely to face is ____________.

9.A significant minority of first-timers (about twenty-eight percent of the interviewees) take DIY as

______________.

10.People who take DIY as therapy also regard it as ___________________.

PASSAGE 6

The Debate Over Genetically Modified Foods

For thousands of years farmers have used a process of selection and cross breeding to continually improve the quality of crops. Traditional breeding methods are slow, requiring intensive labor: while trying to get a desirable trait in a bred species, undesirable traits will appear and farmers must continue the process over and over again until all the undesirables are bred out. In contrast, organisms acquire one specific gene or a few genes together through genetic modification (GM), without other traits included and within a single generation. However, this technology too is inherently unpredictable and some scientists believe it can produce potentially dangerous results unless better testing methods are developed.

Traditional breeding is based on sexual reproduction between like organisms. The transferred genes are similar to genes in the cell they join. They are conveyed in complete groups and in a fixed sequence that harmonizes with the sequence of genes in the partner cell. In contrast, bioengineers isolate a gene from one type of organism and collect it randomly into the DNA of a dissimilar species, disrupting its natural sequence. One of the main differences between conventional and genetically modified crops is that the former involves crosses either within species or between very closely related species. However, GM crops can have genes from closely related species or even from bacteria and viruses.

Benefits: one side of the debate

Economical?

GM supporters tell farmers that they stand to reap enormous profits from growing GM crops. It takes a shorter time to produce the desired product. It is precise and there are no unwanted genes. To produce the GM crops, modern biotechnology is used which requires highly skilled people and sophisticated and expensive equipment. Large companies need considerable investments in laboratories, equipment and human resources, hence the reason why GM crops are more expensive for farmers than traditional crops.

Herbicide-resistant crops

So what other advantages do GM crops hold for farmers? GM crops can be produced to be herbicide (除草剂) resistant. This means that farmers could spray these crops with herbicide and kill the weeds, without affecting the crop. In effect, the amount of herbicide used in one season would be reduced, with a subsequent reduction in costs for farmers and consumers. Biotechnology companies are even experimenting with crops that can be genetically modified to be drought and salt-tolerant, or less reliant on fertilizer, opening up new areas to be farmed and leading to increased productivity. However, the claims of less herbicide usage with GM crops have till now not been independently supported by facts.

Better quality foods

Even animals can be genetically modified to be leaner, grow faster, and need less food. They could be modified to have special characteristics, such as greater milk production in cows. These modifications again lead to improved productivity for farmers and finally lower costs for the consumers. Modified crops could perhaps prevent outbreaks such as foot and mouth disease, which has badly influenced many farmers and local economies. No such products have been released to date; however, some are under consideration for release. For example, GM salmon, capable of growing almost 30 times faster than natural salmon, may soon be approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in the U.S. for release into open waters without a single study on the impact on human health or the environment.

Risks: the other side of the debate

Environmental damage

The problem with GM crops is that there is little known about what effect they will have in, say, 20 years time. The genetic structure of any living organism is complex and GM crop tests focus on short-term effects. Not all the effects of introducing a foreign gene into the complex genetic structure of an organism are tested. Will the

pests that a crop was created to resist eventually become resistant to this crop? Then there is always the possibility that we may not be able to destroy GM crops once they spread into the environment.

Risk to food web

A further complication is that the pesticide produced in the crop may unintentionally harm creatures. GM crops may also pose a health risk to native animals that eat them. The animals may be poisoned by the built-in pesticides. Tests in the U.S. showed that 44% of caterpillars (毛虫) of the monarch butterfly died when fed large amounts of pollen（花粉）from GM corn.

Disease

Another concern is disease. Since some crops are modified using the DNA from viruses and bacteria, will we see new diseases emerge? What about the GM crops that have antibiotic-resistant marker genes? Marker genes are used by scientists to determine whether their genetic modification of a plant was successful. Will these antibiotic-resistant genes be transferred to microorganisms that cause disease? We already have a problem with ineffective antibiotics. How can we develop new drugs to fight these new bugs?

Until further studies can show that GM foods and crops do not pose serious threats to human health or the world's ecosystems, the debate over their release will continue. Living organisms are complex and tampering with (影响) their genes may have unintended effects. It is in our common interest to support concerned scientists and organizations, such as Friends of the Earth who demand required labeling of these food products and independent testing for safety and environmental impacts. (897)

1. What is the main difference between conventional breeding and genetic breeding?

A) The former is practically unpredictable while the latter is theoretically predictable.

B) The former is based on sexual reproduction while the latter on gene modification.

C) The former is applied by farmers while the latter by scientists.

D) The former has a long history while the latter a short one.

2. Which of the following is the possible benefit of GM crops?

A) They can produce salt. B) They can fertilize the field.

C) They can be herbicide-resistant. D) They can be more delicious.

3. What will probably happen to the genetically modified animals?

A) They may grow slower. B) They may improve the production.

C) They may digest more food. D) They may spread disease quickly.

4. What can we learn about GM salmon according to the passage?

A) Its impact on human health has been studied. B) It will eat more.

C) It will be released into open waters. D) It is more nutritious.

5. What is the problem with GM crops tests?

A) They do not focus on far-reaching effects.

B) They only examine the effects that GM crops will have in 20 years time.

C) There is no single study on the impact of GM crops on the environment

D) Not all the effects of the genetic structure of any living organism are tested.

6. This article has mentioned ________ risks about GM foods.

A) six B) five C) four D) three

7. The author's attitude towards GM foods is ____________.

A) objective B) biased C) affirmative D) negative

8. The native animals that eat GM crops might be poisoned by________________.

9. Scientists relied on _____________ to test the results of genetic modification of a plant.

10. Friends of the Earth claim that all GM foods should be tested for__________________.

PASSAGE 7

Police

The police department stands for law and order in the community. A policeman is trained to handle many kinds of emergencies. He is responsible for the general safety and welfare of everyone. He is often the first to arrive at an accident. He comforts and gives first aid to the victims and summons help. He may direct traffic near a school or return a lost child to his family. His most important job is to prevent crime and arrest criminals. Police headquarters is the nerve center of a police department. Reports pour in. Messages and orders are sent out. In any large city giant switchboards in police headquarters are kept busy day and night.

History of Police Organization

Little is known of the origins of police. Ancient armies had military police to control conquered nations. Imperial Rome, in the first century A. D., apparently had some civil police. After the fall of the empire some powerful noblemen kept private troops. However, no evidence of an organized civil police force appears until many centuries later.

A law passed in England in 1285 provided that every city and town in the kingdom had two constables for each 100 people, and watchmen on nighttime duty. This was called the Watch and Ward system. The constables, who served without pay, kept a roster (值勤人员表)of watchmen and enforced other aspects of the system. The watchmen were to arrest suspicious persons and warn sleeping citizens at night of fire and other dangers. In 1829 Sir Robert Peel, realizing the need for a better-organized police system, formed the London Metropolitan Police, with headquarters at Scotland Y ard. The new recruits wore top hats and tailcoats. Peel used as his model the early system of constables, but the new force was much larger, better trained, and more highly disciplined. The rioting in London was soon controlled, but before long it spread to other areas. As a result, in 1835 all towns and cities in England were empowered to form their own police departments. From Sir Robert Peel‘s name come the familiar nicknames ―bobby‖ and ―peeler‖ for the English policeman.

The American colonies followed the early English system. In 1844 New Y ork became the first city in the US to establish a day-and-night police force similar to Peel‘s. Before long other cities followed New Y ork‘s example. American policemen soon became known as ―cops‖ or ―coppers.‖ It‘s believed that the name was taken from the initial letters of the words ―constable on patrol.‖

Police Systems

The police systems of different countries fall roughly into three types. In some countries the central government exercises almost complete control over all levels of the police department. In other countries the government exercises a limited control only, and in still others the government has very little control.

The clearest examples of strongly controlled police systems are the secret police organizations. These groups generally carry out their duties apart from the regular civil police. The Russian police system is one of the most tightly controlled in the world. The Gestapo o f Nazi Germany and the Oura of Mussolini‘s Italy are both examples of the government-controlled secret police systems.

Examples of highly controlled police systems exist in many countries of Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Although they do not always operate in secret, the police departments of these countries are directly responsible to the government.

The police systems of England and Wales serve as examples of organizations that are partly government-controlled. The London Metropolitan Police is under the authority of the Home Office. Local police departments outside London are governed by a separate police authority. The Home Office, however, has the right to inspect the local departments and make suggestions and recommendations.

The police system of Canada is an example of an organization that is run largely without central-government control. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is empowered to enforce all national laws. The police departments of the provinces are not under direct control of the national government. Any province may, however, request the

services of the Mounties to keep order at any time.

A Modern Police Force

Today‘s policemen in large cities throughout the world rely on modern inventions to help them in their work. In most places motor scooters (摩托车) and police patrol cars have done away with the need to patrol a beat on foot or on horseback. Policemen use telephones, conveniently located throughout their districts, to make immediate contact with headquarters. Radio, television, and computers help to speed the work of the modern force. Even boats and helicopters are part of the equipment of metropolitan police departments. New technical inventions are widely used to fight crime and speed the solution of criminal cases. Electronic computers reduce from hours to minutes the time spent in searching for fingerprints. Witnesses‘ descriptions of a criminal are coded and fed into a computer. The machine then sorts through the picture file of known criminals and selects the name and photograph of the most likely suspect. Lie detectors, where such evidence is acceptable, are used to uncover the truth.

A criminal-identification tool in use in some places is the image reflector, or ―image-maker.‖ This machine projects a picture of a face onto a screen. A detective manipulates the machine to adjust the parts of the face to match those of the suspect as described by the witnesses. The final picture is then photographed and sent to police in other areas. Sometimes skilled sketch artists employed by police departments transform oral descriptions into drawings of a suspect. (931)

1. The most important job of a policeman is ____________.

A) to direct traffic B) to give first aid to victims

C) to prevent crime and arrest criminals D) to arrive at an accident as quickly as possible

2. When did the police force originate?

A) In the first century A.D. . B) After the fall of the Roman Empire.

C) Many centuries after the 13th century. D) People know little about it.

3. Which of the following is not true about watchmen according to the passage?

A) They enforced all aspects of the system.

B) They had responsibility for arresting suspicious persons.

C) They were to warn sleeping citizens of various dangers at night.

D) They were on duty at night.

4. The English policeman has nicknames which come from ____________.

A) constables B) watchmen

C) Sir Robert Peel‘s name D) London Metropolitan Police

5. It‘s believed that the term ―cop‖ comes from ____________.

A) the top hats the police wear B) the tailcoats the police wear

C) the name ―Peel‖D) the initial letters of the words ―constable on patrol‖

6. According to the passage, all of the following are examples of strongly controlled police systems except ____________.

A) the Russian police system B) the Japanese police system

C) the Gestapo of Nazi Germany D) the Oura of Mussolini‘s Italy

7. Now in most large cities policemen do not rely on ____________ to help them in their work.

A) police patrol cars B) horses C) telephones D) helicopters

8. There are roughly three types of police systems: strongly controlled police systems,

________________________________, and the systems over which the government has very little control.

9. Electronic computers reduce the time the police spend in searching for fingerprints from __________________.

10. Police departments sometimes employ ______________________ to draw the picture of a suspect according

to the oral descriptions of the witness.

Seven Ways to Save the World

Forget the old idea that conserving energy is a form of self-denial— riding bicycles, dimming the lights, and taking fewer showers. These days conservation is all about efficiency: getting the same —or better—results from just a fraction of the energy. When a slump in business travel forced Ulrich Romer to cut costs at his family-owned hotel in Germany, he replaced hundreds of the hotel‘s wasteful light bulbs, getting the same light for 80 percent less power. He bought a new water boiler with a digitally controlled pump, and wrapped insulation around the pipes. Spending about €100,000 on these and other improvements, he slashed his €90,000 fuel and power bill by €60,000. As a bonus, the hotel‘s lower energy needs have reduced its annual carbon emissions by more than 200 metric tons. ―For us, saving energy has been very, very profitable,‖ he says. ―And most importantly, we‘re not giving up a single comfort for our guests.‖

Efficiency is also a great way to lower carbon emissions and help slow global warming. But the best argument for efficiency is its cost—or, more precisely, its profitability. That‘s because quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply, not to mention the drain of rising energy prices.

No wonder efficiency has moved to the top of the political agenda. On Jan. 10, the European Union unveiled （公布）a plan to cut energy use across the continent by 20 percent by 2020. Last March, China imposed a 20 percent increase in energy efficiency by 2020. Even George W. Bush, the Texas oilman, is expected to talk about energy conservation in his State of the Union speech this week.

The good news is that the world is full of proven, cheap ways to save energy. Here are the seven that could have the biggest impact:

Insulate

Space heating and cooling eats up 36 percent of all the world‘s energy. There‘s virtually no limit to how much of that can be saved, as prototype ―zero-energy homes‖ in Switzerland and Germany have shown. There‘s been a surge in new ways of keeping heat in and cold out (or vice versa). The most advanced insulation follows the law of increasing returns: if you add enough, you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment, lowering costs even before you start saving on utility bills. Studies have shown that green workplaces (ones that don‘t constantly need to have the he at or air-conditioner running) have higher worker productivity and lower sick rates.

Change Bulbs

Lighting eats up 20 percent of the world‘s electricity, or the equivalent of roughly 600,000 tons of coal a day. Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbs — a 19th-century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat.

Compact fluorescent lamps, or CFLs, not only use 75 to 80 percent less electricity than incandescent bulbs to generate the same amount of light, but they also last 10 times longer. Phasing old bulbs out by 2030 would save the output of 650 power plants and avoid the release of 700 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year. Comfort Zone

Water boilers, space heaters and air conditioners have been notoriously inefficient. The heat pump has altered that equation. It removes heat from the air outside or the ground below and uses it to supply heat to a building or its water supply. In the summer the system can be reversed to cool buildings as well.

Most new residential buildings in Sweden are already heated with ground-source heat pumps. Such systems consume almost no conventional fuel at all. Several countries have used subsidies to jump-start the market, including Japan, where almost 1 million heat pumps have been installed in the past two years to heat water for showers and hot tubs.

Remake Factories

From steel mills to paper factories, industry eats up about a third of the world‘s energy. The opportunities to save are vast. In Ludwigshafen, German chemicals giant BASF runs an interconnected complex of more than 200 chemical factories, where heat produced by one chemical process is used to power the next. At the Ludwigshafen site alone, such recycling of heat and energy saves the company €200 million a year and almost half its CO2 emissions. Now BASF is doing the same for new plants in China. “Optimizing（优化）energy efficiency is a decisive competitive advantage,”says BASF CEO Jürgen Hambrecht.

Green Driving

A quarter of the world‘s energy—including two thirds of the annual production of oil—is used for transportation. Some savings come free of charge: you can boost fuel efficiency by 6 percent simply by keeping your car‘s tires p roperly inflated (充气). Gasoline-electric hybrid(混合型的) models like the Toyota Prius improve mileage by a further 20 percent over conventional models.

More than half of all residential power goes into running household appliances, producing a fifth of the world‘s carbon emissions. And that‘s true even though manufacturers have already hiked（提高）the efficiency of refrigerators and other white goods by as much as 70 percent since the 1980s. According to an International Energy Agency study, if consumers chose those models that would save them the most money over the life of the appliance, they‘d cut global residential power consumption (and their utility bills) by 43 percent.

Flexible Payment

Who says you have to pay for all your conservation investments? “Energy service contractors”will pay for retrofitting (翻新改造) in return for a share of the client‘s annual utility-bill savings. In Beijing, Shenwu Thermal Energy Technology Co. specializes in retrofitting China’s steel furnaces. Shenwu puts up the initial investment to install a heat exchanger that preheats the air going into the furnace, slashing（降低）the client‘s fuel costs. Shenwu pockets a cut of those savings, so both Shenwu and the client profit.

If saving energy is so easy and profitable, why isn‘t everyone doing it? It has to do with psychology and a la ck of information. Most of us tend to look at today‘s price tag more than tomorrow‘s potential savings. That holds double for the landlord or developer, who won‘t actually see a penny of the savings his investment in better insulation or a better heating s ystem might generate. In many people‘s minds, conservation is still associated with self-denial. Many environmentalists still push that view.

Smart governments can help push the market in the right direction. The EU‘s 1994 law on labeling was such a success that it extended the same idea to entire buildings last year. To boost the market value of efficiency, all new buildings are required to have an ―energy pass‖ detailing power and heating consumption. Countries like Japan and Germany have successively tightened building codes, requiring an increase in insulation levels but leaving it up to builders to decide how to meet them.

The most powerful incentives, of course, will come from the market itself. Over the past year, sky-high fuel prices have focused minds on efficiency like never before. Ever-increasing pressure to cut costs has finally forced more companies to do some math on their energy use.

Will it be enough? With global demand and emissions rising so fast, we may not have any choice but to try. Eff icient technology is here now, proven and cheap. Compared with all other options, it‘s the biggest, easiest and most profitable bang for the buck. (1252)

1. What is said to be the best way to conserve energy nowadays?

A) Raising efficiency. B) Cutting unnecessary costs.

C) Finding alternative resources. D) Sacrificing some personal comforts.

2. What does the European Union plan to do?

A) Diversify energy supply. B) Cut energy consumption.

C) Reduce carbon emissions. D) Raise production efficiency.

3. If you add enough insulation to your house, you may be able to________.

. A) improve your work environment B) cut your utility bills by half

C) get rid of air-conditioners D) enjoy much better health

4. How much of the power consumed by incandescent bulbs is converted into light?

A) A small portion. B) Some 40 percent.

C) Almost half. D) 75 to 80 percent.

5. Some countries have tried to jump-start the market of heat pumps by________.

A) upgrading the equipment B) encouraging investments

C) implementing high-tech D) providing subsidies

6. German chemicals giant BASF saves €200 million a year by________.

. A) recycling heat and energy B) setting up factories in China

C) using the newest technology D) reducing the CO2 emissions of its plants

7. Global residential power consumption can be cut by 43 percent if________.

A) we increase the insulation of walls and water pipes

B) we choose simpler models of electrical appliances

C) we cut down on the use of refrigerators and other white goods

D) we choose the most efficient models of refrigerators and other white goods

8. Energy service contractors profit by taking a part of clients‘ ___________________.

9. Many environmentalists maintain the view that conservation has much to do with __________.

10. The strongest incentives for energy conservation will derive from_______________.

PASSAGE 9

What will the world be like in fifty years?

This week some top scientists, including Nobel Prize winners, gave their vision of how the world will look in 2056, from gas-powered cars to extra ordinary health advances. John Ingham reports on what the world‘s finest minds believe our futures will be.

For those of us lucky enough to live that long, 2056 will be a world of almost perpetual youth, where obesity （肥胖）is a remote memory and robots become our companions.

We will be rubbing shoulders with aliens and colonizing outer space. Better still, our descendants might at last live in a world at peace with itself.

The prediction is that we will have found a source of inexhaustible, safe, green energy, and that science will have killed off religion. If they are right we will have removed two of the main causes of war – our dependence on oil and religious prejudice.

Will we really, as today‘s scientists claim, be a ble to live for ever or at least cheat the ageing process so that the average person lives to 150?

Of course, all these predictions come with a scientific health warning. Harvard professor Steven Pinker says: ―This is an invitation to look foolish, as with the predictions of domed cities and nuclear-powered vacuum cleaners that were made 50 year ago.‖

Living longer

Anthony Atala, director of the Wake Forest Institute in North Carolina, believes failing organs will be repaired by injecting cells into the body. They will naturally go straight to the injury and help heal it. A system of injections without needles could also slow the ageing process by using the same process to ―tune‖ cells.

Bruce Lahn, professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago, anticipates the ability to produce “unlimited supplies‖ of transplantable human organs without the need for human donors. These organs would be grown in animals such as pigs. When a patient needed a new organ, such as a kidney, the surgeon would contact a co mmercial organ producer, give him the patient‘s immune-logical profile and would then be sent a kidney with the correct tissue type.

These organs would be entirely composed of human cells, grown by introducing them into animal hosts, and allowing them to develop into an organ in place of the animal‘s own. But Prof. Lahn believes that farmed brains would be ―off limits‖. He says:“V ery few people would want to have their brains replaced by someone else‘s and we probably don‘t want to put a human brain in an animal body.”

Richard Miller, a professor at the University of Michigan, thinks scientist could develop ―authentic anti-ageing drugs‖ by working out how cells in larger animals such as whales and human s resist many forms of injuries. He says:“It‘s is now r outine, in laboratory mammals, to extend lifespan by about 40%. Turning on the same protective systems in people should, by 2056, create the first class of 100-year-olds who are as vigorous and productive as today‘s people in their 60s.”

Aliens

Colin Pillinger, professor of planetary sciences at the Open University, says: ―I fancy that at least we will be able to show that life did start to evolve on Mars as well as Earth.‖ Within 50 years he hopes scientists will prove that alien life came here in Martian meteorites (陨石).

Chris McKay, a planetary scientist at NASA‘s Ames Research Center, believes that in 50 years we may find evidence of alien life in ancient permanent frost of Mars or on other planets.

He adds:‖There is even a chance we will find alien life forms here on Earth. It might be as different as English is to Chinese.

Princeton professor Freeman Dyson thinks it ―likely‖ that life f rom outer space will be discovered before 2056 because the tools for finding it, such as optical and radio detection and data processing, are improving.

He s ays: ―As soon as the first evidence is found, we will know what to look for and additional discoveries are likely to follow quickly. Such discoveries are likely to have revolutionary consequences for biology, astronomy and philosophy. They may also change the way we look at ourselves and our place in the universe.‖

Colonies in space

Richard Gott, professor of astrophysics at Princeton, hopes man will set up a self-sufficient colony on Mars, which would be a ―life insu rance policy against whatever catastrophes, natural or otherwise, might occur on Earth.

―The real space race is whether we will colonize off Earth on to other worlds before money for the space programme runs out.‖

Spinal（脊髓的）injuries

Ellen Heber-Katz, a professor at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, foresees cures for injuries causing paralysis（瘫痪）such as the one that afflicted Superman star Christopher Reeve.

She says:‖ I believe that the day is not far off when we will be able to prescribe drugs that cause severed (断裂的) spinal cords to heal, hearts to regenerate and lost limbs to regrow.

―People will come to expect that injured or diseased organs are meant to be repaired from within, in much the same way that we fix an appliance or automobile: by replac ing the damaged part with a manufacturer-certified new part.‖She predicts that within 5 to 10 years fingers and toes will be regrown and limbs will start to be regrown a few years later. Repairs to the nervous system will start with optic nerves and, in time, the spinal cord. ―Within 50years whole body replacement will be routine,‖ Prof. Heber-Katz adds.

Obesity

Sydney Brenner, senior distinguished fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Center in California, won the 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine and says that if there is a global disaster some humans will survive –and evolution will favour small people with bodies large enough to support the required amount of brain power. ―Obesity,‖he says, ―will have been solved.‖

Robots

Rodney Brooks, professor of robotics at MIT, says the problems of developing artificial intelligence for robots will be at least partly overcome. As a result, ―the possibilities for robots working with people will open up immensely‖

Energy

Bill Joy, green technology expert in California, says: ―The most significant breakthrough would be to have an inexhaustible source of safe, green energy that is substantially cheaper than any existing energy source.‖Ideally, such a source would be safe in that it could not be made into weapons and would not make hazardous or toxic waste or carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas blamed for global warming.

Society

Geoffrey Miller, evolutionary psychologist at the University of New Mexico, says: ―The US will follow the UK in realizing that religion is not a prerequisite (前提) for ordinary human decency.‖

―Thus, science will kill religion – not by reason challenging faith but by offering a more practical, universal and rewarding moral framework for human interaction.‖

He al so predicts that ―absurdly wasteful‖ displays of wealth will become unfashionable while the importance of close-knit communities and families will become clearer.

These three changes, he says, will help make us all ―brighter, wiser, happier and kinder‖. (1193)

1.What is John Ingham‘s report about?

A) A solution to the global energy crisis. B) Extraordinary advances in technology.

C) The latest developments of medical science. D) Scientists‘ vision of the world in half a century.

2. According to Harvard professor Steven Pinker, predictions about the future __________.

A) may invite trouble B) may not come true

C) will fool the public D) do more harm than good

3. Professor Bruce Lahn of the University of Chicago predicts that __________.

A) humans won‘t have to donate organs for transplantation

B) more people will donate their organs for transplantation

C) animal organs could be transplanted into human bodies

D) organ transplantation won‘t be as scary as it is t oday

4. According to professor Richard Miller of the University of Michigan, people will __________.

A) live for as long as they wish B) be relieved from all sufferings

C) live to 100 and more with vitality D) be able to live longer than whales

5.Priceton professor Freeman Dyson thinks that __________.

A) scientists will find alien life similar to ours B) humans will be able to settle on Mars

C) alien life will likely be discovered D) life will start to evolve on Mars

6.According to Princeton professor Richard Gott, by setting up a self-sufficient colony on Mars,

humans __________.

A) might survive all catastrophes on earth B) might acquire ample natural resources

C) will be able to travel to Mars freely D) will move there to live a better life

7.Ellen Heber-Katz, professor at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, predicts that __________.

A) human organs can be manufactured like appliances B) people will be as strong and dynamic as supermen

C) human nerves can be replaced by optic fibers D) lost fingers and limbs will be able to regrow

8. Rodney Brooks says that it will be possible for robots to work with humans as a result or the development of ___________________.

9. The most significant breakthrough predicted by Bill Joy will b e an inexhaustible green energy source that can‘t be used to make ______________________.

10 According to Geoffrey Miller, science will offer a more practical, universal and rewarding moral framework in

place of ______________________.

PASSAGE 10

Supersize Surprise

Ask anyone why there is an obesity（肥胖）epidemic and they will tell you that it‘s all down to eating too much and burning too few calories. That explanation appeals to common sense and has dominated efforts to get to the root of the obesity epidemic and reverse it. Y et obesity researchers are increasingly dissatisfied with it. Many now believe that something else must have changed in our environment to precipitate (促成) such dramatic rises in obesity over the past 40 years or so. Nobody is saying that the ―big two‖– reduced physical activity and increased availability of food – are not important contributors to the epidemic, but they cannot explain it all.

Earlier this year a review paper by 20 obesity experts set out the 7 most plausible alternative explanations for the epidemic. Here they are.

1.Not enough sleep

It is widely believed that sleep is for the brain, not the body. Could a shortage of shut-eye also be helping to make us fat?

Several large-scale studies suggest there may be a link. People who sleep less than 7 hours a night tend to have a higher body mass index than people who sleep more, according to data gathered by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Similarly, the US Nurses‘ Health Study, which tracked 68,000 women for 16 years, found that those who slept an average of 5 hours a night gained more weight during the study period than women who slept 6 hours, who in turn gained more than whose who slept 7.

It‘s well known that obesity impairs sleep, so perhaps people get fat first and sleep less afterwards. But the nurses‘ study suggests that it can work in the other direction too: sleep loss may precipitate weight gain.

Although getting figures is difficult, it appears that we really are sleeping less. In 1960 people in the US slept an average of 8.5 hours per night. A 2002 poll by the National Sleep Foundation suggests that the average has fallen to under 7 hours, and the decline is mirrored by the increase in obesity.

2.Climate control

We humans, like all warm-blooded animals, can keep our core body temperatures pretty much constant regardless of what‘s going on in the world around us. We do this by altering our metabolic (新陈代新的) rate, shivering or sweating. Keeping warm and staying cool take energy unless we are in the ―thermo-neutral zone‖, which is increasingly where we choose to live and work.

There is no denying that ambient temperatures (环境温度) have changed in the past few decades. Between 1970 and 2000, the average British home warmed from a chilly 13℃to 18℃. In the US, the changes have been at the other end of the thermometer as the proportion of homes with air conditionings rose from 23% to 47% between 1978 and 1997. In the southern states – where obesity rates tend to be highest – the number of houses with air conditioning has shot up to 71% from 37% in 1978.

Could air conditioning in summer and heating in winter really make a difference to our weight? Sadly，there is some evidence that it does – at least with regard to heating. Studies show that in comfortable temperatures we use less energy.

3. Less smoking

Bad news: smokers really do tend to be thinner than the rest of us, and quitting really does pack on the pounds, though no one is sure why. It probably has something to do with the fact that nicotine is an appetite suppressant（抑制剂）and appears to up your metabolic rate.

Katherine Flegal and colleagues at the US National Center for Health Statistics in Hyattsville, Maryland, have calculated that people kicking the habit have been responsible for a small but significant portion of the US epidemic of fatness.From data collected around 1991 by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, they worked out that people who had quit in the previous decade were much more likely to be overweight than smokers and people who had never smoked. Among men, for example, nearly half of quitters were overweight compared with 37% of non-smokers and only 28%of smokers.

4. Genetic effects

Y ours chances of becoming fat may be set, at least in part, before you were even born. Children of obese mothers are much more likely to become obese themselves later in life. Offspring of mice fed a high-fat diet during pregnancy are much more likely to become fat than the offspring of identical mice fed a normal diet. Intriguingly, the effect persists for two or three generations. Grandchildren of mice fed a high-fat diet grow up fat even if their own mother is fed normally – so your fate may have been sealed even before you were conceived.

5. A little older…

Some groups of people just happen to be fatter than others. Surveys carried out by the US National Center for Health Statistics found that adults aged 40 to 79 were around three times as likely to be obese as younger people. Non-white females also tend to fall at the fatter end of the spectrum: Mexican-American women are 30% more likely than white women to be obese, and black women have twice the risk.

In the US, these groups account for an increasing percentage of the population. Between 1970 and 2000 the US population aged 35 to 44 grew by 43%. The proportion of Hispanic-Americans also grew, from under 5% to 12.5% of the population, while the proportion of black Americans increased from 11% to 12.3%. These changes may account in part for the increased prevalence of obesity.

6.Mature mums

Mothers around the world are getting older. In the UK, the mean age for having a first child is 27.3, compared with 23.7 in 1970. Mean age at first birth in the US has also increased, rising from 21.4 in 1970 to 24.9 in 2000.

This would be neither here nor there if it weren‘t for the observation that having an older mother seems to be an independent risk factor for obesity. Results from the US national Heart, Lung and Blood Institute‘s study found that the odds of a child being obese increase 14% for every five extra years of their mother‘s age, though why this should be so is not entirely clear.

Michael Symonds at the university of Nottingham, UK, found that first-born children have more fat than younger ones. As family size decreases, firstborns account for a greater share of the population. In 1964, British women gave birth to an average of 2.95 children; by 2005 that figure had fallen to 1.79. In the US in 1976, 9.6% of women in their 40s had had only one child; in 2004 it was 17.4%. This combination of older mothers and more single children could be contributing to the obesity epidemic.

7. Like marrying like

Just as people pair off according to looks, so they do for size. Lean people are more likely to marry lean and fat more likely to marry fat. On its own, like marrying like cannot account for any increase in obesity. But combined with others –particularly the fact that obesity is partly genetic, and that heavier people have more children – it amplifies the increase from other causes.（1223）

1.What is the passage mainly about?

A) Effects of obesity on people‘s health. B) The link between lifestyle and obesity.

C) New explanations for the obesity epidemic. D) Possible ways to combat the obesity epidemic.

2.In the US Nurses‘ Health Study, women who slept an average of 7 hours a night _________.

A) gained the least weight B) were inclined to eat less

C) found their vigor enhanced D) were less susceptible to illness

3. The popular belief about obesity is that __________.

A) it makes us sleepy B) it causes sleep loss

C) it increases our appetite D) it results from lack of sleep

4. How does indoor heating affect our life?

A) It makes us stay indoors more. B) It accelerates our metabolic rate.

C) It makes us feel more energetic. D) It contributes to our weight gain.

5. What does the author say about the effect of nicotine on smokers?

A) It threatens their health. B) It heightens their spirits.

C) It suppresses their appetite. D) It slows down their metabolism.

6. Who are most likely to be overweight according to Katherine Flegal‘s study?

A) Heavy smokers. B) Passive smokers.

C) Those who never smoke. D) Those who quit smoking.

7. According to the US National Center for Health Statistics, the increased obesity in the US is a result of _________.

A) the growing number of smokers among young people B) the rising proportion of minorities in its population

C) the increasing consumption of high-calorie foods D) the improving living standards of the poor people

8.According to the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the reason why older mothers‘ children tend to be obese remains ______________________.

9.According to Michael Symonds, one factor contributing to the obesity epidem ic is decrease of ______________________.

10. When two heavy people get married, chances of their children getting fat increase, because obesity is

______________________.

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5分――基本切题，表示思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重错误。8分――基本切题，有些地方表示思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分――切题，表示思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分――切题，表示思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 另有各档次标准样卷，阅卷人员参照样卷对考生的作文进行评分，首 先看考生的作文和哪个档次的样卷接近，然后上下浮动1分。字数不足应酌情扣分：110――119词：扣1分；100――109词：扣2分；90――99词：扣3分；80――89词：扣4分；70――79词：扣5分；60――69词：扣6分；50――59词：扣7分；50字以下，扣9分。 只写一段者：0-4分，只写两段者：0-9分（指规定三段的作文）。 白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表示思想的，判为0分。 孙子云：“知己知彼，百战不殆”。想在写作考试中获得成功，就必须首 先了解四级考试的要求和评分规则。下面以一篇题目为“do lucky numbers really bring good luck?”的作文为例来讲述几个最基本的道理。 【篇二：大学英语四级作文】 大学英语四级作文 1．why it is difficult ron college students to find jobs?(大学生求职为何难?)

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