英语论文写作课复习资料(仅供参考)

1. A summary is the gist of main theme of a piece of writing expressed is as few words as possible. It should be clearly, brief, and complete, with all the essential points included, so that the general effect of the original is achieved.2. uses of summary-writing:⑴ summary writing enables people to get more out of their reading.⑵ summary-writing is also a very good exercise.⑶ summary-writing has great practical value.3.criteria of a good composition:一篇好作文的标准：① something interesting and or important ②something new ③And this “something”is expressed clearly, accurately, and appropriately.4. Types of outline: sentence outline and topic outline.Sentence outline: thesis: controlling ideaI. IntroductionII. Main IdeaA.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea1.supporting detail2.supporting detaila.Fact 1b.Fact 2III. Main ideaA.Sub-idea1.supporting ideal2.supporting detailB.Sub-ideaC.Sub-ideaVI. ConclusionTopic outline:Topic: neighbors are dearer than distant relativesThesis: I am sorry to see my neighbors move away and regret having lost lili`s outline.Outline:I. my neighbors getting ready to moveII. My neighbors being a family of threeA. aunt Wang, head of the family1. A good cook2. A good dressmaker3. A peasant womanB. uncle Fan1. A typical peasant2. -------------------C. Their daughter lili1. A friend of mine2. A good athleteIII. My loss of lili`s friendshipA. the causeB. the consequenceVI. My regret and the lesson I have learned6. Rules for writing outlines: to sum up, we should avoid single subdivis ions; avoid mixing sentences and phrases in an outline; make sure that subheads of the same rank ( for example, A, B, and C) are of equal importance, are related to the headings I, II, and III, and are arranged in logical order; and always write the thesis in one complete sentence.7：Three main parts of a composition: The Beginning, The Middle, The End.8: five aspects in a narrative: Purpose, Selection of detail, Context, Organization, Point of few. 9: Exposition：说明文包括：Illustrate, Comparison and contrast10: Comparison and contrast 的类型subject-by-subject pattern, point-by-point pattern.11: what is different Chinese notices and English notices? 1: In an English notice, the day of the week is writing before the date, but in a Chinese notice, the day of the week is generally put after the date. However, if the activity is to take place within the week, the day of the week often comes before the date in a Chinese notice: (周五（10月21日）下午。

英语论文写作课复习资料(仅供参考)Lecture 1 General introduction1. The basic concept of academic research paper writingThe concept: “Research ”---something new, something of significance, something that can promote scholarship, science and technology, productivity and human growth, for thebetterment of the well-being of mankind.2. Characteristics of academic paperA. Scientific--- based on scientific theories and objective data, and the problem is approachedwith a scientific attitude and methodology．The conclusion is backed up by reliableevidence, the analysis or exposition is logically sound.B. Scholarly --- more or less theoretical and concerned with academic matters．The subjectunder discussion or investigation and the conclusion to be drawn are academicallysignificant.C. Original --- a new perspective or method, develops new arguments or conclusions，or evenmakes a breakthrough in a certain field．The graduation paper is a special form of academic paper characterized by being scholarly，scientific and original to the greatest extent possible．3. The style of academic writingA. Formal because it is written in standard language and in formal style devoid ofcontractions，ellipses，slangy words，vulgarisms，etc.B. Substantial because it deals with academically important and serious issues and is ofsubstance and length．C. Well-documented because it rigidly follows the rules of citation and documentation with allborrowed ideas or facts fully acknowledged in the notes and bibliography．4. The requirements of an academic paper.1) A scientific attitude，a rigorous study style, a creative mind, and a great courage toexplore unknown academic areas, discovering or solving problems in the academic orscientific fields.2)Basic knowledge of academic research--- its nature, value, and significance，essentialfeatures, techniques and methods，etc．To learn more about the academic circle and thesociety by searching through all sorts of reference materials originating in academic andsocial studies.3) To know about scholarship, such as how to find subjects to investigate, how to collectand evaluate source materials, how to develop their own ideas.5. Components parts of an academic paper1) English title and Chinese title of your paper2) Abstract both in English and in Chinese and key words3) Key words in English and Chinese4) Contents5) Introduction6) Materials and methods used in the research (theories, tools, approaches, etc.)7) Facts and figures in the analysis, pros and cons in the argumentation or points ofview in the exposition;8) Research results or findings;9) Conclusion.6. The steps of paper writing1) Choosing a topic: a tentative topic, a preliminary thesis statement2) Making a thesis proposal:3) Data collection and evaluation: a working bibliography4) Thesis formulation (presentation or statement)5) Organization of ideas；6) Writing and revising of the paper；7) Finalizing of the paper．Research paper writing are more often with starts and stops，setbacks and reverses，even dead ends, especially in the preparatory stages. It is only after constant efforts，repeated modifications and alternations that you come to a satisfactory end and get everything finalized．7. Start working on your thesis:1) Be clear about your aims and intention: what to investigate or research into, what to writeabout.2). Choose a good topic: a tentative topic, narrowing your focus only on one of the issues, toan appropriate topic, considering your capability, limit of time, limit of references you can find.You may begin by inquiring into what is known to people on a certain subject；then by making comparisons or contrasts and passing judgment，you perceive loopholes, inaccuracies，errors or fallacies；by analyzing the correct and the incorrect，you draw conclusions of your own and develop some new ideas or views on the topic under discussion．3) Reading: d oing extensive and intensive reading, evaluating source materials and takingnotes of important and relevant information or points of view in your reading. Sorting out useful materials you have collected and developing your ideas.4) Writing an outline: p lan the paper with great care and draw a good outline, organizingyour thoughts for the writing of the paper with unity，coherence clarity and accuracy.5) Follow the writing conventions and paper format strictly: a ttach carefully and correctlymade notes and bibliography to the end of the paper, documenting properly the sources you have made use of．6) Guard against plagiarism: making of notes and bibliography.Lecture 2 How to choose a topicTo choose a topic is the first step of preparation for your research and research paper writing.You must decide on what to research into and what to write about，namely，to discover the subject for your research and choose the topic for your research paper．1. The two broad types:Research areas may be divided into two broad types：theoretical and practical．The theoretical type is theory-oriented.The practical is application-oriented．Theory and practice always walk hand in hand，and in fact they are usually combined in papers，which may be more theoretical or practical．2. Academic areas for the English majors of our universityThere are five areas for research and confine your topics to English-related areas and subjects as listed below：1) The Area of Language studies (linguistics)，including English morphology，syntax，semantics, etymology，rhetoric，stylistics，pragmatics，all branches of English linguistics and their comparisons with the Chinese counterparts；Pure language study of English on its structure and elements such as peculiarities，phonetics，grammar，vocabulary，discourse，comparisons of English dialects，Briticism，Americanism，Australianism, etc．2) Applied linguistics: English for Specific Purposes (ESP).Studies of ESP: TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language); TEFL(Teaching English as a Foreign Language)，and any special know-how or expertise concerning English in use．Nowadays，language teaching and learning is becoming an independent discipline with its own theory and practice, including:a. To study psychological mechanisms of language teaching and learning;b. To study the methods of teachers’ teaching and students’ learning of the English language;c. To compare the acquisition of the mother tongue with that of a foreign language，discuss theimprovement and application of modem teaching approaches and facilities，or even make comments on and evaluate text-books in use，etc．If you want to be more theoretical，you can try any branch of linguistics and its application to language teaching and learning and the second language acquisition．3）Area of literary studies，including :British，American，Australian，Canadian．South-African literature，comparisons between them，and their comparisons with Chinese literature；To apply literary theories and critical methodology to the study of writers and works，literary trends and schools，literary periods，literary criticism, etc．4）The area of translation and practice，including theories and mechanics，written translation and oral interpretation；In the area of translation，you can research into:a. The origin and growth of translation practice and theory;b. Different theoretical schools and their doctrines on translation;c. Standards and criteria for the quality of translation;d. Methods and techniques for doing translation of various kinds;e. Teaching of translation as a basic language skill，etc．5) The area of cross-culture studies:Comparisons of religions，philosophies，educations(?)，habits and customs of different countries and races，as well as means of intercultural communication．3.To choose topics1) First step to discover a subject in one area:a. You may use your personal experiences，for example，attending a lecture or a course；reading anewspaper，a journal，a book or a novel；watching a movie，a TV program and so on．b.You may also talk with others，your fellow students，your friends，and your teachers in particular，to get enlightenment．c. The most important thing for you to do is to get help from source materials，such as a table of contents，a book’s index，an encyclopedia article，headlines in periodical indexes，etc．After you have discovered the subject that suits you，you should further find a specific topic under the chosen subject.2) Three standards．a. Interesting to you.An interesting topic will give you great impetus for the successful fulfillment of your research．b. Significant or worthwhile.Your topic should have obvious or potential theoretical or practical value．c. Workable or manageable.An appropriate topic should be neither too broad，or too narrow．3) Difficulties in choosing a good topic:a. Not fully aware of what is really significant or valuableb. Difficult to subdivide the general subject he has discovered into topics of manageable sizeand complexity．c.The problems of a broad topic:The topic is too general, one on which it is hard to focus your study or to finish a paper of the required length within the stipulated time.The references available may be too many for you to finish reading within the allotted time．Too broad a topic should be narrowed down to a workable size．d. The problems of a narrow topic:a. The topic is too specific，hard to enlarge upon or develop your arguments about．b. It is usually trivial or insignificant．c.You can hardly find enough source materials or references to help in your research．Such atopic should be broadened accordingly．Therefore, choosing a good topic for research and research paper writing could be much more difficult than expected．The difficulty usually is not that the researcher is ignorant of what holds interest for him, but hard to have clear ideas.4) Judgments of the significance or value:Your awareness of the significance or value of the topic to be chosen largely depends on:a. What aspects of your topic have or have not been explored；b. What are the findings，old and new；c. What are controversies therein;d. What are the loopholes, inaccuracies, errors, fallacies.5）The appropriateness of the topic:a. The length of the paper as required, for example, your graduation paper required about4,000 words；b. The amount of time you can afford；c. The availability of information you need for the research；Taking these factors into account，you decide whether your topic is too broad，or too narrow.3.To adjust your topic1) Narrow down an abroad topic:If your initial topic is too broad，you can narrow it down by m oving step by step from a broad to a narrow and still a narrow topic until you get the suitable one：2) Broaden a narrow topicIf your topic happens to be too narrow，you can also seek help from the periodical indexes and your adviser，or broaden it step by step by reversing the narrowing process as illustrated above．In short, when choosing a topic, you have to consider the significance of your research, your audience or readers, your writing situation, the availability of source materials, and other relevant conditions, which all contribute to the success of your research and research paper writing.Remember to consult your tutor or supervisor for advice.Lecture 3 Preliminary Bibliography1．Making a thesis proposal1) Preliminary bibliography：1) find the references available.2) reading source materials；3) previous achievements of the subject your choose；2) To discuss with your tutor1）The topic→The titles of academic articles (a tentative title)2）The anticipated result (hypothesis)3) Write a proposal:a. What is the subject you have discovered?b. Why do you take interest in this subject?c. What methods do you intend to adopt?d. How are the source materials you have read or mean to read related to the subject?e. What is the relationship between the previous achievements of others and your anticipatedresults?f. What practical and／or theoretical value do you think your research might have?g. What are the limitations of your methods and materials，and the difficulties you maypossibly encounter?h. How do you plan to overcome these difficulties?The proposal gives the plan and the procedures you mean to follow, the background of the research, and discusses the anticipated results of your research in relation to the previous achievements of others and their potential value in theory and practice，as well as possible limitations of your research and difficulties you might meet with．2. Choosing methods and approaches.(注: 一定根据研究内容和题目确定研究方法。

《大学英语B》写作复习资料Instructions:要求你在30分钟内, 根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。

（里面有部分文章内容重复, 目的是为了告诉你一篇文章可以套用在多种场合。

相同的文章, 记忆时只记忆一篇即可。

）学习类1) Why I study English?（我为什么学习英语?）/ 或者:Why do students like learning English? (为什么学生喜欢学习英语？)Why do I study English? / (Why do students like learning English?) Firstly, English is very useful.English is the most widely used language in the world.If we make a visit to foreign countries or do business with foreigners, we need to communicate with them in English.Secondly, with China becoming stronger and stronger, we have more chances to go abroad.We can know the English-speaking countries much better if we know English.Both China and English-speaking countries have realized the importance of the culture exchange.Above all, English is useful and important, we must master English.2) How to learn English well?（如何学好英语？）English is always my favorite subject and I am good at English.I would like to share four good studying habits with you.First, remember 20 new words a day, and never give up.Second, go over grammar points I have learnt in English class regularly.Third, read an English article in China Daily every day.Fourth, write an English composition every week and ask teacher to revise that for me to improve the writing level.If you do things above, I am sure your English will also be improved.（译文：英语是远程教育中我最喜欢的课, 我英语学的很好。

Academic writing for PhD students1. introduction⑴考试格式：先给一个文本，写出move1、move2、move3的句号，然后再写一下各个句子的作用，如move1-a等，见P61例如：XXXXXXXXMove 1: {a}:1、2、3；{b}: 4、5Move 2:{a}:6、7Move 3: {a}:8、9Function: move 1-a :by showing that the general research area is important.move 1-b: ………………………………⑵复习资料：Writing introduction section:Move 1 establishing a research territory 确立研究范围A: by showing that the general research area is important, central, interesting, problematic, or relevant in some way. (optional 可选，即可有可无)B: by introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area. (obligatory, 必选)：文献综述。

Move 2: establishing a niche：说明该研究的必要性A: by indicating a gap in the previous research, raising a question about it, or extending previous knowledge in some way. (obligatory, 必选)Move 3: occupy the nicheA: by outlining purposes or stating the nature of the present research.（必选）:has two main variants:●Purposive(P): the author or authors indicate their main purpose or purposes. ●Descriptive(D): the author or authors describe the main feature of theirresearch.●Other elements: ①secondary aims of features; ②the contribution andvalue of your research; ③principle finding（原则，主义等发现）; ④an outline of the structure of your paper.B: by announcing principal finding（可选）C: by indicating the structure of the RP（可选）2、改错题（见书P14、15、16、17等处）⑴effective sentence structure: P14-16Unity：一致、同一，例如先后语句的主语、时态等的统一Coherence：条理性、连贯性Conciseness：简明扼要，即不要过于啰嗦Emphasis：强调，重点Variety：变化, variety is the foundation of sentence style. Apart from variety in sentence length, other variations are variety in sentence beginning, in grammatical structure (simple, complex, compound-complex ), in rhetorical（修辞学）structure (loose松散的，periodic周期性, balanced 平衡的), in the elements (words, phrases, clauses从句), and in sentence rhythms（节奏，韵律）.⑵correct use of numbers（数字的正确使用）: P17-19①普通规则如果数据放在句首，一定要用单词，不能用数字：注意如果数字不能用少于四个单词表示，则不应放在句首（最重要的规则，必须遵守）在写作中，非特殊数据应根据以下两个规则写为单词：●数据小于100时，则写为单词●数据如果能用一或二个单词表示，则写为单词当数据出现在时间单位前，则应根据上面的规则来确定使用数字或单词：注意在技术写作中，不同过程的时间应用精确的数字来表示。

毕业论文整体上包括：Title page (标题页）/ an English cover pageAcknowledgementAbstract (摘要)150－200words, 第三人称，一般现在时Outline （提纲）The Body （正文)Works Cited (参考书目) / Bibliography Title: 1:Choose a topic: i. Your interest ii. Subject area iii. Subject importance iv. Availability of Resources2. Narrow Down Your Topic3: Ways to find out resource materials : encyclopedia; periodicals; InternetAbstract:This paper mainly focuses on ...First of all, the paper analyses....Secondly, it explores....Moreover, it concentrates on... By the contrast between ...and... ,The paper reveals....I. Abstract Contenta. a clear statement of the problemb. the purpose of the paperc. the methods applied in researchd. where and how you obtain your informatione. how you use the data to make your pointsf. an outline of your system of analysisg. statement of your result or findingh. enlightment of your researchOutline ：1)Before you write an outline, make a list of the main questions you plan to answer and the important facts you have discovered as you have gone through your sources.2)Then, give a serious thought on how you plan to organize your paper. There are some basic ways to go about it.Cause and effect ；Order of importance ；Categorical order3)PatternBody:I. Beginnings (Introduction)The function of an introduction of a research paper is to:(目的）⑴ Create reader ’s interest by introducing in more details some general background information on the topic under investigation;⑵ Focus on an issue, a problem, or a question relevant to the study;⑶ Review previous research;⑷ Discuss deficiencies in previous research on the topic;⑸ Propose a different/new way of investigating the same topic or some aspect of it.Elements that make readers satisfactory:(1) A clear statement of purpose.(2) A little background information.(3) A few questions.(4) A positive view of the end point and the topic of the paper.II. Review of Literature The purpose of literature review To show what has been previously studied in the field. To summarize other people ’s writings. To define or review definitions or concepts.III. Discussion and analysisIn this part we bring everything together by discussing the significance of our findings and its relationship to previous research in the area and also the hypotheses we set out with.analysis ---provides the evidenceDiscussion---gives the explanation, description, elaboration, comparison, contrast要素Topic Specification (TS) Background Information (BI) Purpose Statement (PS) Methodology and Data (MD)Results/Findings (RF) Implications/Conclusions (IC) The elements of literature review 1.Description of the source 2. Analysis of the work. 3. Crediting the source.。

高三英语一轮复习资料：议论文写作（写作）（共5则范文）第一篇：高三英语一轮复习资料：议论文写作(写作)（共）1.正反观点式议论文模板导入：第1段：Recently we've had a discussion about whether we should...（导入话题）Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧）正文：第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方观点）Here are the reasons.First...Second...Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段：However, the others are strongly against it.（反方观点）Their reasons are as follows.In the first place...What's more...In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论：第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.（个人观点）2.“A或者B”类议论文模板：导入：第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways.Others, however, argue that B is much better.Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文：第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A.The main reason is that...Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因) 第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent...(列出1~2个B的优势)结论：第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B.From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that...(得出结论)3.观点论述类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision.（亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对）The reasons for this may be listed as follows.（过渡句，承上启下）正文：第2段：First of all...Secondly...Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论：第3段：In conclusion, I believe that...（照应第1段，构成“总-分-总”结构）4.“How to”类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文：第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective.First of all...Another way to solve the problem is...Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论：第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take.But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)第二篇：英语议论文写作模版议论文作文模板1.正反观点式议论文模板导入：第1段：Recently we've had a discussion about whether we should...(导入话题)Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)正文：第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)The reasons are listed as follows.First...Second...Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段：However, the others are strongly against it.(反方观点) Here are the reasons.In the first place...What's more...In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论：第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)オ2.“A或者B”类议论文模板：导入：第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways.Others, however, argue that B is much better.Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文：第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A.The main reason is that...Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因) 第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent...(列出1~2个B的优势)结论：第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B.From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that...(得出结论)オ3.观点论述类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision.(亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)The reasons for this may be listed as follows.(过渡句，承上启下)正文：第2段：First of all...Secondly...Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论：第3段：In conclusion, I believe that...(照应第1段，构成“总-分-总”结构)4.“How to”类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文：第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective.First of all...Another way to solve the problem is...Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论：第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take.But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)实用文体写作模板高考英语作文经典范文名人名言No one can degrade us except ourselves;that if we are worthy, no influence can defeat us.(B.T.Washington, American educator)除了我们自己以外，没有人能贬低我们。

英文作文重点知识归纳英文：When it comes to writing an English essay, there are several key points to keep in mind. First and foremost, it is important to have a clear and concise thesis statement. This statement should be the main focus of the essay and should be supported by evidence throughout the rest of the paper.Another important aspect of writing an English essay is to have a well-organized structure. This means having an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each paragraph should have a clear topic sentence that relates back to the thesis statement.In addition to having a strong thesis statement and well-organized structure, it is important to use proper grammar and punctuation throughout the essay. This includes using proper verb tense, avoiding run-on sentences, andusing commas and other punctuation marks correctly.Finally, it is important to have a clear and concise writing style. This means avoiding overly complex vocabulary and sentence structures, and instead focusing on clear and concise language that effectively communicates your ideas.中文：写英语论文时，需要注意几个关键点。

Task l Rewrite the following by putting the short sentences into compound复合句or complex复杂sentences, or sentences with participial分词, prepositional介词, or other phrases:l.Xu, who comes from a working-class family, enrolled in college last fall.R:Xu comes from a working-class family. He enrolled in college last fall.R:Xu who enrolled in college last fall comes from a working-class family .2.The dean issued a bulletin, which said/saying the library would remain open on weekends.R:The dean issued a bulletin. It said the library would remain open on weekends.R:The dean issued a bulletin saying the library would remain open on weekends.3.On board the plane there were over two hundred passengers, about one third of whom were foreigners.R:There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane. About one third of them were foreigners.R:There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane, about one third of whom were foreigners.4.Young and inexperienced, the new workers are eager to learn from the veteran workers.R:The new workers are young and inexperienced. They are eager to learn from the veteran workers.R:The new workers who are eager to learn from the veteran workers are young and inexperienced.5.On hearing that his father was ill, he was anxious to go home to see him. So he went to the station early in the morning to buy a ticket.R:He heard that his father was ill. He was anxious to go home to see him. He went to the station early in the morningto buy a ticket.R:He heard that his father was ill. He was anxious to go home to see him so he went to the station early in the morning to buy a ticket.Task 2 The following sentences are not unified or coherent. Try to improve them下列句子不统一(完整)或连贯试改进它们:l.Bernard Shaw was one of the best-known English playwrights of the 20th century.R:Bernard Shaw was one of the best-known playwrights.R:Bernard Shaw was one of the best-known playwrights of Britain in the 19-20tv' centuries.2.On the train I read the novel, which did not interest me at all.R:l read the novel on the train, which did not interest me at all.R:On the train I read the novel which did not interest me at all.3.On entering the room, no one was seen.R:On entering the room, no one was seen.R:On entering the room,l saw no one.4.Fred is an energetic and capable man you can rely on.R:Fred is energetic, capable, and a man you can rely on.R:Fred is energetic, capable and reliable.5.The children promised to be careful and return home early.R:The children promised to be careful and that they would return home early.R:The children promised they would be careful and return home early.Task 3 Revise the following sentences. Try to make them concise.复习句子尽量使它们简洁。

英语写作复习议论文（一）学习内容：学习议论文写作方法（二）学习目标: 学会中考英语议论文书面表达基本写作方法。

（三）学习重难点：学会议论文写作常用句式。

（四）学习步骤Step 1 Lead-in（导入）亲爱的同学们，在上一次的写作练习中，我们已经了解了议论文的写作技巧，我们今天继续加强议论文的练习，让我们一起来练习吧。

Step 2 Presentation （呈现）Before writing：draw an outline掌握议论文的一般结构：开头、正文、结尾。

①开头(beginning):由于英语作文受时间、字数的限制，因此，在开头部分作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题并阐明自己的观点。

②正文(Main part): 正文是文章的主体，学会如何提建议③结论(ending): 结论段可以用一两句来结束文章，同时要注意与引言段的呼应，但不能照搬前面的原话。

While writing: use an indirect way to solve the difficultiesuse simple sentencesimproveuse linking wordsAfter writing check通过适当的练习和游戏掌握议论文写作的基本方法利用这些方法使文章更加完整，准确。

Step 3 Practice （练习）作为学生需要与时俱进，了解实事，对热门话题有话说。

就“what can we do to cut down the air pollution?”这一话题写一篇议论文，并请三名同学到黑板上写出开头、主体、结尾三部分常用表达方式Step 4 Check（互评）教师根据黑板上的合成作文进行点评，适当提示，寻找差距，这既能使学生学到优秀习作的写法，并能提高自己对现行中考短文改错题目的解题能力，在该项目获取高分。

根据中考的书面表达评分标准，小组成员之间互相评分，当堂讲评，肯定优点和亮点，找出问题。

Step 5 Homework目前，考试作弊现象严重，请结合此现象谈谈产生的原因，以及个人的看法和建议。