中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
外文原文：
PASSAGE A Power Train
The power train serves two functions：it transmits power from the engine to the drive wheels, and it varies the amount of torque. The power train includes：1.engine：that produces power；2.transmission：either manual or automatic；
3.clutch：used only on manual transmission, or torque converter.：used only on automatic transmission;
4.drive shaft：that transmits the power from transmission to differential；
5.that carries the power to the two wheel axles.See Fig.5-1.
Manual transmission
The function of a manual transmission,shown in Fig.5-2, is to transfer engine power to the drive shaft and rear wheels. Gears inside the transmission change the car’s drive-wheel speed and torque in relation to engine speed and torque.This keeps the engine’s output matched as close as possible to varying road speeds and loads.
A manual transaxle，shown in the Fig.5-3.,is a single unit composed of a manual transmission, differential, and drive axles. Most front-wheel-drive（FWD）cars are equipped with a transaxle. Such transaxle are also found on some front-engined or rear-wheel-drive （RWD）,four-wheel-drive（4WD）cars and on rear-engined
and rear-wheel-drive cars.
A manual transmission requires use of a clutch to apply and remove engine torque to the transmission input shaft.The clutch allows this to happpen gradually so that the car can be started from a complete stop.
Manual transmission usually have four or five speeds, and often have “overdrive”, which means that the output shaft can turn faster than the input Shaft for fuel economy on the highway. When you use it, it will reduce the engine speed by one-third,while maintaining the same road speed.
Clutch
Driving a car with a manual transmission, you depress the clutch, select a gear, and release the clutch while applying power to get the car to move. The clutch allows engine power to be applied gradually when a vehicle is starting out, and interrupts power to avoid gear crunching when shifting. Engaging the clutch allows power to transfer from the engine to transmission
and drive wheel. Disengaging the clutch stops the power transfer and allows the engine to continue turning without force to the drive wheels.
The clutch basic components are：the flywheel, clutch disk, pressure plate,
release bearing and linkage. See Fig.5-4.
The flywheel is bolted to the crankshaft of the engine. Its main function is to transfer engine torque from the engine to the transmission.
The clutch disk is basically a steel plate, covered with a frictional material that goes between the flywheel and the pressure plate.
A pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel. It includes a sheet metal cover, heavy release springs, a metal pressure ring that provides a friction surface for the clutch disk.
The release bearing is the heart of clutch operation. When the clutch pedal is depressed, the throw-out bearing moves toward the flywheel, pushing in the pressure plate’s release fingers and moving the pressure plate fingers or levers against pressure plate spring force.
The linkage transmits and multiplies the driver’s leg force to the fork of the clutch pressure plate. A mechanical clutch linkage usually consists of the clutch pedal, a series of linkage rods and arms, or a cable. A hydraulic clutch linkage typically includes a clutch master cylinder and reservoir, a hydraulic line and a slave cylinder.
Automatic transmission
Both an automatic transmission and a manual transmission accomplish exactly the same thing, but they do it in totally different ways. The key difference between a manual and an automatic transmissions is that the manual transmission locks and unlocks and different sets of gears to the output shaft to achieve the various gear ratios, while in an automatic transmission, the same set of gears produces all of different gear ratios. The planetary gear-set is the device that makes this possible in an automatic.
Automatic transmissions are used in many rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive vehicles. Automatic transaxles are used in most front-wheel-drive vehicles. The major components of a transaxle are the same as those in a transmission, except the transaxle assembly includes the final drive and differential gears, in addition to the transmission.
An automatic transmission receives engine power through a torque converter, which is driven by the engine’s crankshaft. Hydraulic pressure in the converter allows power to flow from the torque converter to the transmission’s input shaft. The input shaft drives a planetary gear set that provides the different forward gears, a neutral position, and one reverse gear. Power flow through the gears is controlled by multiple-disk clutches, one-way clutches, and friction bands.
Passage B Power Train
Torque Converter
The key to the modern automatic transmission is the torque converter. It takes the place of a clutch in a manual transmission to send the power from the engine to the transmission input shaft. The torque converter offers the
advantage of multiplying the turning power provided by the engine.
It has three parts that help multiply the power：an impeller（or pump）connected to the engine’s crankshaft, a turbine to turn the turbine shaft which is connected to the gears, and a stator（or guide wheel）between the two. See Fig. 5-6.
The torque converter is filled with transmission fluid that is moved by impeller blades. When the impeller spins above a certain speed, the turbine spins, driven by the impeller.
Planetary Gearing
Planetary gears provide for the different gear ratios needed to move a vehicle in the desired direction at the correct speed. A planetary gear set consists of a sun gear, planet gears, and a internal ring. See Fig. 5-7.
In the center of the planetary gear set is the sun gear.Planet gears surround the sun gear, just like the earth and other planets in our solar system. These gears are mounted and supported by the planet carrier and each gear spins on its own separate shaft. The planet gears are in constant mesh with the sun and ring gears. The ring gear is the outer gear of the gear set. Its has internal teeth and surrounds the rest of the gear set. Its gear teeth are in constant mesh with the planet gears. The number of planet gears
used in a planetary gear set varies according to the loads the transmission is designed to face. For heavy loads, the number of planet gears is increased
to spread the work load over more gear teeth.
The planetary gear set can provide a gear reduction or overdrive, direct drive or reverse, or a neutral position. Because the gears in constant mesh, gear changes are made without engaging or disengaging gears, as is required in a manual transmission. Rather, clutches and bands are used to either hold or release different members of the gear set to get the proper direction of
rotation and/or gear ratio.
Different
On FWD cars, the differential unit is normally part of the transaxle assembly. On RWD cars, it is part of the rear axle assembly. Located inside the differential case are the differential pinion shafts and gears and the differential side gears. See Fig.5-8
The differential assembly revolves with the ring gear. Axle side gears are splined to the rear axle or front axle drive shafts.
When an automobile is moving straight ahead, both wheels are free to rotate. Engine power is applied to the pinion gear, which rotates the ring gear. Beveled pinion gears are carried around by the ring gear and rotate as one unit. Each axle receives the same power, so each wheel turns at the same speed. See Fig. 5-9.
When the car turns a sharp corner, only one wheel rotates freely. Torque still comes in on the pinion gear and rotates the ring gear, carrying the beveled
pinions around with it. However, one axle is held stationary and the beveled pinions are forced to rotate on their own axis and “walk around”
their gear. The other side is forced to rotate because it is subjected to the turning force of the ring gear, which is transmitted through the pinions. See Fig. 5-10.
Drive shaft
A drive shaft and universal joints（U-joints）connect the transmission to the rear drive axle on most rear-wheel-drive vehicles. Many four-wheel-drive vehicles also use drive shafts and universal joints, with one drive shaft between the transfer case and rear drive axle and a second drive shaft between the transfer case and the front drive axle. The drive shaft is sometimes called a propeller shaft.
The drive shaft and U-joints provide a means of transferring engine torque
to drive axles. The universal joints allow the drive shaft to move up and down, to allow for suspension travel. Some drive shaft also have a slip joints that allows the drive shaft to make minor length changes as the vehicle suspension height changes.
Gears and gear drive
Gears are the most durable and rugged of all mechanical drives. They can transmit high power at efficiencies up to 98% and with long service lives. For this reason, gears rather than belts or chains are found in automotive transmissions and most heavy-duty machine drives. On the other hand, gears are more expensive than other drives, especially if they are machined and not made from power metal or plastic.
Gear cost increases sharply with demands for high precision and accuracy. So it is important to establish tolerance requirements appropriate for the application.
Gears that transmit heavy loads or than operate at high speeds are not particularly expensive, but gears that must do both are costly.
Silent gears also are expensive. Instrument and computer gears tend to be costly because speed or displacement ratios must be exact. At the other extreme, gears operating at low speed in exposed locations are normally termed no critical and are made to minimum quality standards.
For tooth forms, size, and quality, industrial practice is to follow standards set up by the American Gear Manufactures Association (AGMA).
Tooth form
Standards published by AGMA establish gear proportions and tooth profiles.
Tooth geometry is determined primarily by pitch, depth, and pressure angle. Pitch：Standards pitches are usually whole numbers when measured as diametral pitch P.
Coarse-pitch gearing has teeth larger than 20 diametral pitch –usually 0.5 to 19.99. Fine-pitch gearing usually has teeth of diametral pitch 20 to 200.
Depth: Standardized in terms of pitch. Standard full-depth have working depth of 2/p. If the teeth have equal addenda(as in standard interchangeable gears) the addendum is 1/p. Stub teeth have a working depth usually 20% less than full-depth teeth. Full-depth teeth have a larger contract ratio than stub teeth. Gears with small numbers of teeth may have undercut so than they do not interfere with one another during engagement. Undercutting reduce active profile and weakens the tooth. Mating gears with long and short addendum have larger load-carrying capacity than standard gears. The addendum of the smaller gear (pinion) is increased while that of larger gear is decreased, leaving the whole depth the same. This form is know as recess-action gearing.
Pressure Angle: Standard angles are 0
25. Earlier standards include a
20and 0
14-02/1pressure angle that is still used. Pressure angle affects the force that tends to separate mating gears. High pressure angle decreases the contact ratio (ratio of the number of teeth in contact) but provides a tooth of higher capacity and allows gears to have fewer teeth without undercutting.
Backlash: Shortest distances between the non-contacting surfaces of adjacent teeth .
Gears are commonly specified according to AGMA Class Number, which is a code denoting important quality characteristics. Quality number denote tooth-element tolerances. The higher the number, the closer the tolerance. Number 8 to 16 apply to fine-pitch gearing.
Gears are heat-treated by case-hardening, through-hardening, nitriding, or precipitation hardening. In general, harder gears are stronger and last longer than soft ones. Thus, hardening is a device that cuts the weight and size of gears. Some processes, such as flame-hardening, improve service life but do not necessarily improve strength.
Design checklist
The larger in a pair is called the gear, the smaller is called the pinion.
Gear Ratio: The number of teeth in the gear divide by the number of teeth in the pinion. Also, ratio of the speed of the pinion to the speed of the gear. In reduction gears, the ratio of input to output speeds.
Gear Efficiency: Ratio of output power to input power. (includes consideration of power losses in the gears, in bearings, and from windage and churning of lubricant.)
Speed: In a given gear normally limited to some specific pitchline velocity. Speed capabilities can be increased by improving accuracy of the gear teeth and by
improving balance of the rotating parts.
Power: Load and speed capacity is determined by gear dimensions and by type of gear. Helical and helical-type gears have the greatest capacity (to approximately 30,000 hp). Spiral bevel gear are normally limited to 5,000 hp, and worm gears are usually limited to about 750 hp.
Special requirements
Matched-Set Gearing:In applications requiring extremely high accuracy, it may be necessary to match pinion and gear profiles and leads so that mismatch does not exceed the tolerance on profile or lead for the intended application. Tooth Spacing: Some gears require high accuracy in the circular of teeth. Thus, specification of pitch may be required in addition to an accuracy class specification.
Backlash: The AMGA standards recommend backlash ranges to provide proper running clearances for mating gears. An overly tight mesh may produce overload. However, zero backlash is required in some applications.
Quiet Gears:To make gears as quit as possible, specify the finest pitch allowable for load conditions. (In some instances, however, pitch is coarsened to change mesh frequency to produce a more pleasant, lower-pitch sound.) Use a low pressure angle. Use a modified profile to include root and tip relief. Allow enough backlash. Use high quality numbers. Specify a surface finish of 20 in. or better. Balance the gear set. Use a nonintegral ratio so that the same teeth do not repeatedly engage if both gear and pinion are hardened steel. (If the gear is made of a soft material, an integral ratio allows the gear to cold-work and conform to the pinion, thereby promoting quiet operation.) Make sure critical are at least 20% apart from operating speeding or speed multiples and from frequency of tooth mesh.
Multiple mesh gear
Multiple mesh refers to move than one pair of gear operating in a train. Can be on parallel or nonparallel axes and on intersection or nonintersecting shafts. They permit higer speed ratios than are feasible with a single pair of gears .
Series trains:Overall ratio is input shaft speed divided by output speed ,also the product of individual ratios at each mesh ,except in planetary gears .Ratio is most easily found by dividing the product of numbers of teeth of driven gears by the product of numbers of teeth of driving gears.
Speed increasers (with step-up rather than step-down ratios) may require special care in manufacturing and design. They often involve high speeds and may creste problems in gear dynamics. Also, frictional and drag forces are magnified which, in extreme cases , may lead to operational problems.
Epicyclic Gearing:Normally, a gear axis remains fixed and only the gears rotates. But in an epicyclic gear train, various gears axes rotate about one anther to provide specialized output motions. With suitable clutchse and brakes, an epicyclic train serves as the planetary gear commonly found in automatic transmissions.
Epicyclic trains may use spur or helical gears, external or internal, or bevel gears.
In transmissions, the epicyclic (or planetary) gears usually have multiple planets to increase load capacity.
In most cases, improved kinematic accuracy in a gearset decreases gear mesh excitation and results in lower drive noise. Gearset accuracy can be increased by modifying the tooth involute profile, by substituting higher quality gearing with tighter manufacturing tolerances, and by improving tooth surface finish. However, if gear mesh excitation generaters resonance somewhere in the drive system, nothing short of a “perfect” gearset will substantially reduce vibration and noise.
Tooth profiles are modified to avoid interferences which can result from deflections in the gears, shafts, and housing as teeth engage and disendgage. If these tooth interferences are not compensated for by profile modifications, gears load capacity can be seriously reduced. In addition, the drive will be noisier because tooth interferences generate high dynamic loads. Interferences typically are eliminated by reliving the tooth tip, the tooth flank, or both. Such profile modifications are especially important for high-load , high-speed drives. The graph of sound pressure levelvs tip relief illustrates how tooth profile modifications can affect overall drive noise. If the tip relief is less than this optimum value, drive noise increases because of greater tooth interference; a greater amount of tip relief also increase noise because the contact ratio is decreased.
Tighter manufacturing tolerances also produce quietier gears. Tolerances for such parameters as profile error, pitch AGMA quality level. For instance, the graph depicting SPL vs both speed and gear quality shows how noise decreases example, noise is reduced significantly by an increase in accuracy from an AGMA Qn 11 quality to an AGNA Qn 15 quality. However, for most commercial drive applications, it is doubtful that the resulting substantial cost increase for such an accuracy improvement can be justified simply on the basis of reduced drive noise. Previously, it was mentioned that gears must have adequate clearance when loaded to prevent tooth interference during the course of meshing. Tip and flank relief are common profile modifications that control such interference. Gears also require adequate backlash and root clearance. Noise considerations make backlash an important parameter to evaluate during drive design. Sufficient backlash must be provided under all load and temperature conditions to avoid a tight mesh, which creates excessively high noise level. A tight mesh due to insufficient backlash
occurs when the drive and coast side of a tooth are in contact simultaneously. On the other hand, gears with excessive backlash also are noisy because of impacting teeth during periods of no load or reversing load. Adequate backlash should be provided by tooth thinning rather than by increase in center distance. Tooth thinning dose not decrease the contact ratio, whereas an increase in center distance does. However, tooth thinning does reduce the bending fatigue, a reduction which is small for most gearing systems.
译文：
动力传动系
A
动力传动系有两个作用：它把动力从发动机传送到驱动轮上，并且改变扭矩的大小。动力传动系包括：1.发动机：制造动力2.
变速器:不是手动就是自动3.离合器：仅用在手动变速器或者液力变矩器4.驱动轴：把动力从变速器传到差速器5.差速器：将动力传到两个驱动轴上。
手动变速器
手动变速器的作用是，把发动机动力传送到传动轴和驱动轮。变速器内的齿轮，改变车辆驱动轮和发动机之间转速和扭矩的比例。这样保持发动机的输出尽可能的靠近改变路面速度和最低速度。
一个手动的驱动桥，是一个由手动变速器，差速器，传动轴组成的。大多数前轮驱动汽车装有一个驱动桥。这样的驱动桥也能在一些前置引擎或者后轮驱动，四轮驱动的汽车，在后置引擎和后轮驱动的汽车上看到。
一个手动变速器包括使用一个离合器来消除发动机扭矩到变速器输入轴。离合器允许这样渐渐发生以至于汽车能够启动。
手动变速器通常有四到五个档位，而且一般有“超速档”，
对于在路上的燃油经济性这样就意味着输出轴比输入轴转的更快。当你使用变速器的时候，要维持同样的速度，将减少发动机转速的三分之一。
离合器
驾驶手动挡汽车，你踩下离合器，啮合了齿轮，然后松掉离合器而汽车会适应动力前进。离合器可使车辆启动后发动机的动力被逐渐的加载，并可通过切断动力防止换挡时齿轮被咬碎。离合器啮合时把发动机动力传送到变速器和驱动轮。离合器分离停止动力传输，在没有动力传到驱动轮上的情况下，发动机可以持续运转。
离合器基本的部件是：飞轮，离合器盘，压力盘，分离轴承和联接装置。
飞轮被螺栓固定在发动机的曲轴上。它的主要作用是传送发动机扭矩从发动机到变速器。
离合器盘基本就是一块钢板，在飞轮和压力盘中间覆盖了一种耐摩擦材料。
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry 题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用 学生姓名孔令霞 学号 BC09150201 指导教师祁晓菲助教 年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班 专业英语 系别外国语言文学系
黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要
索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译
Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
本科毕业论文（设计）文献综述和外文翻译 撰写要求与格式规范 一、毕业论文（设计）文献综述 （一）毕业论文（设计）文献综述的内容要求 1．封面：由学院统一设计，普通A4纸打印即可。 2.正文 综述正文部分需要阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向，特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果。通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论，说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展，或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进，目的是使读者进一步了解本课题的意义。文中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确，量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定，引用他人资料要有标注。 文献综述字数在5000字以上。 正文前须附500字左右中文摘要，末尾须附参考文献。 参考文献的著录按在文献综述中出现的先后顺序编号。 期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名,出版年,卷次（期次）:起止页次.
图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称,年份. 电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者. 题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者,出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问途径. 参考文献篇数应符合学院毕业论文（设计）工作的要求。 （二）毕业论文（设计）文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范 第一部分：封面 1.封面：由学院统一设计，“本科生毕业论文（设计）”根据作业实际明确为“论文”或“设计”，其它文本、表格遇此类情况同样处理。 第二部分：文献综述主题 1.中文摘要与关键词 摘要标题（五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）
参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.
英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式
表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同，靠左边，位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字，表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中，边框粗细采用0.5磅；表格内文字采用Times New Roman，10磅。 举例： Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks
图表和图片 图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同，位于图表和图片的下部。题目前加Figure 后跟数字，表示此文的第几个图表。图表及题目都居中。只允许使用黑白图片和表格。 举例： Figure 1. The Trend of Economic Development 注：Figure与Table都不要缩写。 引用格式与参考文献 1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25)。文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。 举例：Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition, directly speaking. (Gao, 2003, p.220). 2. 在文末参考文献中，姓前名后，姓与名之间以逗号分隔；如有两个作者，以and连接；如有三个或三个以上作者，前面的作者以逗号分隔，最后一个作者以and连接。 3. 参考文献中各项目以“点”分隔，最后以“点”结束。 4. 文末参考文献请按照以下格式：
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范 一、要求 1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。 2、两篇文献。 二、基本格式 1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。 2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。 3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。 4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。（空一行，字体同正文） 5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。 二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 （一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求 外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。 原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次. 原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次. 原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。 要求有外文原文复印件。 （二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范 第一部分：封面
1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。普通A4纸打印即可。 第二部分：外文翻译主题 1.标题 一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗 2.正文 小四号字，宋体。 第三部分：版面要求 论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸） 版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边 距：18mm 字符间距：标准 行距：1.25倍 页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。页眉的偶数页书写—外文翻译 题目。在每页底部居中加页码。（宋体、五号、居中） 装订顺序是：封皮、中文翻译、英文原文复印件。
英语专业论文翻译教学论文 摘要：培养学生的思辨能力目前已成为外语教育工作者的共识。翻译是逻辑活动的产物，本文从理解、表达、和校核三个阶段阐释了活动对学生思辨能力的要求，并进一步探讨翻译课程中培养学生思辨能力的途径。 关键词：英语专业；翻译教学；思辨能力 一、引言 目前，社会对人才的要求越来越高，许多大学生一踏入校门便把考研作为下一步奋斗的目标，而每年考研的报名人数也是持续增长。2011年研究生报考结束后，来自教育部的消息称2011年全国151万人报名参加研究生考试，研究生报名人数连续四年持续增长，增幅达7.9%。越来越多的学生选择考研深造，客观上要求大学本科阶段的教育不仅要注重学生职业技能的培养，更要注重对学生思辨能力的培养，为学生以后从事研究工作打下良好的基础。如何培养和提高英语专业学生的思辨能力，是每一个从事英语专业教学教育工作者都应该思考的问题，翻译教师也不例外。 二、当前外语专业本科教育存在的问题 国内学界一般有着英语专业学生思辨能力普遍低于其他文科专业学生的先入之见，虽然文秋芳等学者通过研究否定了这一先入之见，但研究结果同时也证明英语专业学生在
本科学习阶段思辨能力的提高上不及其他文科的学生，这足以说明本科阶段提高对英语专业学生思辨能力的培养也迫在眉睫。 为了更全面地反映我国各语种外语教育的现状和存在的问题，教育部在广泛调研的基础上于1998年出台了《关于外语专业面向21世纪本科教育改革的若干意见》，《若干意见》中也指出我国外语专业本科教育存在的问题之一便是“在语言技能训练中往往强调模仿记忆却忽略了学生思维能力、创新能力、分析问题和独立提出见解能力的培养”。并指出当前外语专业课程建设主要面临的任务之一便是“在开设新课和改造现有课程的过程中，重点摸索如何培养学生的语言实际运用能力，锻炼学生的思维能力和创新能力。” 三、新《大纲》对培养外语专业学生能力的要求 为贯彻和落实《关于外语专业面向21世纪本科教育改革的若干意见》的精神，教育部于2003年批准实施了《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》。新《大纲》提出了新的培养目标和人才规格，即具有扎实的基本功、宽广的知识面、一定的相关专业知识、较强的能力和较高的素质、面向21世纪的复合型外语人才。 新《大纲》尤其强调强调培养学生的创新能力。明确提
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Stable Control Loops 文献、资料来源：期刊 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2010.3.25 院（部）：信息与电气工程学院 专班姓学业：电气工程与自动化级： 名： 号： 指导教师：翻译日期：2011.3.10
外文文献： Designing Stable Control Loops The objective of this topic is to provide the designer with a practical review of loop compensation techniques applied to switching power supply feedback control. A top-down system approach is taken starting with basic feedback control concepts and leading to step-by-step design procedures,initially applied to a simple buck regulator and then expanded to other topologies and control algorithms. Sample designs are demonstrated with Math cad simulations to illustrate gain and phase margins and their impact on performance analysis. I. I NTRODUCTION Insuring stability of a proposed power supply solution is often one of the more challenging aspects of the design process. Nothing is more disconcerting than to have your lovingly crafted breadboard break into wild oscillations just as its being demonstrated to the boss or customer, but insuring against this unfortunate event takes some analysis which many designers view as formidable. Paths taken by design engineers often emphasize either cut-and-try empirical testing in the laboratory or computer simulations looking for numerical solutions based on complex mathematical models.While both of these approach a basic understanding of feedback theory will usually allow the definition of an acceptable compensation network with a minimum of computational effort. II. S TABILITY D EFINED Fig. 1.Definition of stability Fig. 1 gives a quick illustration of at least one definition of stability. In its simplest terms, a system is stable if, when subjected to a perturbation from some source, its response to that
外文翻译、开题报告要求 一套完整的毕业设计（论文）资料分别由外文翻译、开题报告、毕业设计（论文）正文三部分组成，并按统一封面和格式编写。字体及字号到时按学院规定。 文本格式及写作要求 （一）外文翻译 通过文献查阅与翻译，进一步提高掌握使用外文的能力，熟悉本专业的几种主要外文书刊，了解毕业设计（论文）课题的国内外信息与动向。 1、格式： （1）外文（译文前面附被翻译的外文原件复印件）； （2）翻译成中文格式： ①标题 ②署名 （作者名）** 著 译者：*** ③翻译正文 ④外文著录 为了反映文稿的科学依据和译者尊重他人研究成果的严肃态度以及向读者提出有关信息的出处，要求译者按著录/题名/出版事项顺序排列注明： 期刊——著者，题名，期刊名称，出版年，卷号（期号），起始页码。 书籍——著者，书名、版次（第一版不标注），出版地，出版者，出版年，起始页码。 2、内容要求： （1）阅读 每位学生在文献查阅环节中，必须阅读5～10万个印刷符号的外语文献资料（最好阅读与课题或本专业有联系的内容），择其重要的翻译1～2万个印刷符号（约3000汉字）。
（2）翻译 ①标题应真实地反映出翻译外文的主体内容或原外文标题内容，一般控制在20个汉字以内。可以用副标题对标题予以补充说明； ②标题下方正中为外文作者署名； ③外文翻译成中文的内容； ④外文著录 （二）开题报告 1、格式： （1）课题名称； （2）学生、专业、指导教师和教学单位署名； （3）开题报告的正文撰写。 2、内容要求： （1）课题名称要求与毕业设计（论文）正文标题名称一致（一般控制在20个汉字以内，可以用副标题对标题予以补充说明）。 （2）学生、指导教师和教学单位署名： 课题下方正中即是学生署名，学生署名下方是专业名称，专业名称下方即是指导教师署名，指导教师署名下方即是教学单位署名（教学单位指学院）。 （3）开题报告的正文撰写要求包括（不少于2500字）： ①课题来源 ②研究目的和意义 ③研究的内容与途径 ④国内外研究现状与发展趋势 通过提出问题、分析问题，综合前人文献中提出的理论和事实，比较各种学术观点，阐明所提问题的历史、现状及发展方向等。按论点和论据组织材料，从不同角度阐明主题中心内容，综合分析提出研究课题的主攻方向。引用的资料应注意以下问题：能说明问题，并且具有一定的理论和实践意义；资料真实可靠，既新颖又具有代表性，能反映
液位控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译 The liquid level control system based on dde\matlab\simulink Process control is an important application field of automatic technology, it is to point to the level, temperature, flow control process variables, such as in metallurgy, machinery, chemical, electric power, etc can be widely used. Especially liquid level control technology in real life, played an important role in production, for example, the water supply, civil water tower if low water levels, can affect people's lives in water; Industrial enterprises with water, if the drainage water drainage or controlled properly or not, in relation to the workshop of condition; Boiler drum, if the control level boiler is too low, can make level boiler overheating, possible accident; Jing flow, liquid level control tower control accuracy and level of the craft can influence the quality of the products and the cost, etc. In these production field, are basically labor strength or the operation has certain risk nature of work, extremely prone to accidents caused by operating error, the losses, killing manufacturer. Visible, in actual production, liquid level control accuracy and control effects directly affect the factory production cost and economic benefit of safety coefficient. Even equipment So, in order to ensure safety, convenient operation, you have to research the development of a d v a n c e d l e v e l c o n t r o l m e t h o d s a n d s t r a t e g i e s. The graduation design topic is the liquid level control system based on dde\matlab\simulink\force control, Among them was controlled object for tank level, Communication mode for DDE communications , Matlab is mainly used in the simulation test ,And force control software used for modeling, This system mainly through combination of hardware and software device to achieve precise control of liquid level , In modern industry level control of important component, it influence upon production not allow to ignore, in order to ensure safety in production and the product quality and quantity, the level and perform effective control is very necessary, The following is a description of all aspects：