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计量经济学英文资料Further Quantitative Methods

计量经济学英文资料Further Quantitative Methods
计量经济学英文资料Further Quantitative Methods

MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODEL

Multicollinearity

OLS assumption 8. No exact collinearity between the X variables. If two or more variables are perfectly collinear, det(X’X) = 0 and (X’X) cannot be inverted and we cannot estimate the parameters of interest by OLS. If det(X’X) is close to zero, we have (near) multicollinearity. OLS estimators are still BLUE.

Consequences of near multicollinearity:

1.OLS estimators are still BLUE. 无偏,方差最小

2.The OLS estimators have large variances and covariance, making precise estimation difficult. 方差最小但是很大,

误差大难以估计参数精确值

3.The confidence intervals tend to be much wide r, leading to the acceptance of the “zero null hypothesis”. 误差大,

置信区间变宽,容易接受H0

4.The t ratio of one or more coefficients tends to be statistically insignificant. t值会很小,不显著

5.Although the t ratio of one or more coefficients is statistically insignificant, R2, the overall measure of goodness of

fit, can be very high. 不过R2还是显示很大

6.The OLS estimators and their standard errors can be sensitive to small changes in the data. OLS估计量和标准误差

对数据变动很敏感,即不稳定

Detection:度量多重共线性的程度,而不是存在与否

-1) High R2 but few significant t ratios.典型特征

-2) High pair-wise correlations among regressors.解释变量相关系数高,这个标准不一定可靠

-3) Examination of partial correlations.检验偏相关系数,也不可靠

-4) Auxiliary regressions:辅助回归

-5) Scatterplot

VIF test

-R j2=R2 in the regression of X j on the remaining k?2 regressors. 是X j对剩余变量辅助回归的样本判定系数The variance V(βj) gets higher the larger R j2 gets. The first term of the formula is the variance inflation factor (VIF),

VIF j=1/1?R j2. The inverse of VIF, 1?R j2, is called tolerance.

-If Xj is highly correlated with the other X variables, then R j2 will be large, hence the VIF will be large as well.

-A large VIF inflates the variance of βj, making it difficult to obtain a significant t-ratio.

-Thus if multicollinearity exists, probably the standard errors of the parameter estimates will all be inflated.

-Typically, the value of 10 is used as a threshold at which we consider it to be a problem, but this is simply a rule of thumb.

Remedial measures: Do nothing or the following没有万无一失的好方法

-1) A prior information, used to reduce collinearity.先验信息。直接知道其中一个参数的值

-2) Combining cross-sectional and time series data结合两种数据

-3) Dropping a variable(s) and specification bias.删变量和设定误差,可能导致模型不对

-4) Transformation of variables.变量转换。如:名义转化为实际

-5) Additional or new data新数据。多重共线性是样本特征,多一点样本数据可能有用

-6) Reducing collinearity in polynomial regressions: expressing explanatory variables in deviation form, orthogonal polynomials.减少多项式回归里的共线性,用离差形式展示解释变量,正交多项式

-7) Other methods of remedying multicollinearity: factor analysis, principal components, ridge regression.因子分析,主成分回归,岭回归

Heteroscedasticity

多存在横截面数据而不是时间序列数据,可能是样本规模不同,引起规模效应(scale effects)

CLRM Assumption 4. Eui=σ2, i=1,2,?,n. Heteroscedasticity: the disturbances do not have constant, identical variances. When Var (u|X) depends on X, we say that the error term is heteroskedastic. Eui=σi2, 1,2,?,n.

Consequences: Heteroskedasticity does not cause bias or inconsistency in the OLS estimators of the βs.

-1) Var (bj) is biased. Since the OLS standard errors are used to compute the t statistics and related intervals, the usual OLS t statistics have no longer t distribution and become invalid (overestimated).

-2) All the other statistics (F for instance) used to test hypotheses are no longer valid (overestimated).

-3) If Var (u|X) is not constant, OLS estimators are not BLUE.

-估计值无偏稳定,但方差不是最小。残值方差有偏,导致估计量方差有偏,t和F以及置信区间假设检验都无效了。

Detection:

-1) Graphic method, scatter diagram of squared residuals against fitted values of Y. If there is a systematic trend, there is heteroscedasticity problem.看e i2和Y的散点图,看有无特定趋势

-2) Formal methods:

?Park test

?Glejser test

?Spearman’s Rank correlation test

?Goldfeld-Quandt test

?Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey test,

?White’s General Heteroscedasticity test

Remedy

-The first approach to deal with heteroscedasticity is to use Weighted Least Squares (WLS) regression instead of Ordinary Least Squares regression.

-The second and increasingly popular way of dealing with heteroskedasticity is to run OLS regression but compute the variance of the estimates using the formula which takes into account of heteroskedasticity. 校正误差方差

?STATA have this formula built in as heteroskedasticity-robust regression

TIME SERIES

Static

In a static model, the change(s) in the independent variable(s) at time t will cause a change in the dependent variable at time t and time t only

Dynamic

In dynamic models, the past affects the present: the change(s) in the independent variable(s) at time t will cause a change in the dependent variable not only at time t, but also in the following periods (t+1, t+2, etc…)

Serial Correlation

The disturbances have constant, identical variances but are correlated with each other. The continuing impact of change over several periods via the error term

Consequences

-1) OLS estimators remain Linear, Unbiased, but they are no longer efficient, that is, var(u) is no longer minimum.

-2) The residual variance σ2= 求和u t2/(n?2) is likely to underestimate the true σ2.

-3) R2 is likely to be overestimated.

-4) Even if σ2 is not underestimated, var(b2) may underestimate var(b2)AR1, its variance under (first-order)

autocorrelation, even though the latter is inefficient compared with var(b2)GLS.

-5) Usual t and F tests no longer valid.

-估计值线性无偏,方差不是最小,有偏,t值变大,t检验和F检验不可靠,σ2被低估,R2被高估

Test

1.Graphic method: Plot actual or standardized residuals, or plot current residuals against past residuals. Residual

correlogram shows the correlation between residuals.

2.Durbin-Watson: description, how to run

3.Breusch-Godfrey LM test: description, how to run

4.The Run test: Prob[E(R)?1.96σR≤R≤E(R)+1.96σR]游程检验

Remedy

1.Check whether the autocorrelation is the result of mis-specification of the model, e.g. excluding some important

variables, or incorrect functional form.

2.Feasible GLS Estimation – uses a transformation on the original model and applies OLS to that transformed model.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/a81708535.html,e Newey-West method to obtain standard errors of OLS estimators that are corrected for autocorrelation.

A method that corrects the wrong standard errors directly.

?Uses a formula that corrects for the inefficiency of the OLS estimates. With serial correlation, OLS estimates std.

errors are smaller than they should be, hence invalidating statistical inference.

?This formula corrects the std. errors and makes them larger. The resulting corrected std. errors are also corrected for the presence of heteroscedasticity in the model

?The corrected std. errors are known as the HAC (Heteroscedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent) std. errors or more commonly known as the Newey-West std. errors.

4.In some situations, continue to use the OLS methods

Stationarity

Definition

-A stochastic process is said to be (weakly) stationary if its mean and variance are constant over time and the value of the covariance between the two time periods depends only on the distance or gap or lag between the two time periods and not the actual time at which the covariance is computed.

-A time series Yt is (weakly) stationary, if its mean, variance, and autocovariance (at various lags) remain the same no matter at what point we measure them, i.e. they are time invariant.

-If a time series is not stationary in the sense defined above, it is called a non-stationary time series.

-A nonstationary time series will have a time-varying mean or a time varying variance or both.

Test

-A low Durbin-Watson d value suggests first-order autocorrelation; an R2>d is a good rule of thumb to suspect that the estimated regression is spurious.

-Unit root test: DF1,2,3/ADF

Remedy

-Integrated processes

?The random walk model is a specific case of a more general class of stochastic processes known as integrated processes.

?If a (nonstationary) time series has to be differenced d times to make it stationary, that time series is said to be integrated of order d.

? A time series Yt integrated of order d is denoted as Yt~(d). If a time series Yt is stationary to begin with, it is said to be integrated of order zero, denoted as Yt~(0).

?Regression analysis requires stationary time series, nonstationary series may lead to spurious regression, making the whole regression meaningless.

?In some situations, regression on two or more non-stationary time series may be valid, which is the phenomenon cointegration.

-Transforming

Cointegration

An exception to the rule of not using nonstationary time series for regression is when two (or more) nonstationary variables are cointegrated, then a regression of one on the other(s) can be performed.

-For regression model Yt=β1+β2Xt+ut, where Y and X are individually nonstationary time series, if the residual term ut=Yt?β1?β2Xt is stationary, then Y and X are cointegrated, the regression model is a cointegration regression, and the slope parameter β2 is the cointegrating parameter.

-So even if Y and X are individually nonstationary, the relationship between them can be stationary.

-If the residual is nonstationary, the regression of y on x would be meaningless.

-

Engle-Granger test

-STEP 1: Regress Y and X

-STEP2: Obtain the residual term (u) from the regression

-STEP 3: Check whether the residual is stationary using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test for unit roots.

-STEP 4: If the residual is stationary (i.e. the null hypothesis of unit root is rejected), conclude that Y and X are

cointegrated.

ECM

-There may be disequilibrium in the short term between two variables which have a long run (or equilibrium)

relationshi p between two variables. One can view the residual term (u) generated in STEP 2 as the “equilibrium error”

and there is an Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) which ties short run behaviour of consumption to its long-run behaviour.

-At its simplest, ECM regresses the first-difference of the dependent variable on the first difference of the independent variable and one period lagged value of the residual term:ΔY t=α0+α1ΔX t+α2u t?1+εt

-α1 gives the short run marginal effect of income on consumption. If the coefficient on the lagged residual (α2) is nonzero, the model is out of equilibrium (in the short run).

Volatility: AR model, ARCH model and extensions

Volatility is a measure for variation of a variable over time.

-In finance, volatility is a measure for variation of price or value of a financial instrument over time.

-In financial literature, the symbol σ is used for volatility, which corresponds to standard deviation.

-Many researches are interested not in the variables themselves but in their volatility.

-Understanding volatility is very important in many areas:

-Pricing of option and derivatives depend crucially on price volatility of an underlying asset

-Inflation: large variability in inflation is bad for financial planning

-Foreign exchange rates: large variability can mean large losses or profits for importers, exporters, traders.

-Volatile series have variances that change over time

Testing ARCH effects

Estimating ARCH model

GARCH

T-ARCH

-In practice, different types of shocks hit financial markets differently

-Generally, when bad news (ut-1<0) hit a market, asset prices tend to enter a turbulent phase with increasing volatility -In contrast, good news (ut-1>0) cause less volatility and the market tends to enter a relatively tranquil/stable period

-Hence good and bad news have asymmetric effects (also called leverage effects) on volatility: the ARCH model should therefore capture such asymmetry

-The threshold ARCH (or T-ARCH) model captures such asymmetry

Qualitative Dependent Variables

Some or all X variables can be qualitative or categorical, which we call dummy variables or dummies. Dummies take value of 0 or 1.

Econometric methods for answering these questions are the qualitative dependent variable models

The framework for addressing qualitative dependent variable models is Qualitative Response Models (QRM)

QRMs are a family of regression models where the dependent variable Y is qualitative (non-metric) and it is related to a set of X variables (quantitative & qualitative) that explain the Y

A variable with just two possible values is called a binary variable. Models with such dependent variables are called

binary dependent variable models, which are the most frequently used.

Instead of measuring the change of Y as X changes by one unit, β1 tells us by how much the probability of making a choice/event happening (Y=1) changes as X increases by one-unit

There are several approaches to develop a probability model for a binary response variable

-The linear probability model (LPM): assuming a linear cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the probability, and applying OLS to a regression model where the dependent variable is binary

-The logit model: assuming a logistic CDF for the probability, and estimating how independent variables affect logit (i.e.

log-odds)

-The probit model: assuming a normal CDF for the probability, and estimating how independent variables affect an unobservable index I i, on which the outcome/event depends

NOTE: R-SQUARED IS NOT A RELIABLE MEASURE OF MODEL FIT IN QUALITATIVE RESPONSE MODELS The linear probability model (LPM)

-Size: a unit increase in size increases the probability of exporting by 0.035 (3.5 percentage points), ceteris paribus.

-Debt: a unit increase in debt decreases the probability of exporting by 0.022 (2.2 percentage points), ceteris paribus.

-Foreign: being foreign-owned increases the probability of exporting by 0.149 (14.9 percentage points), ceteris paribus. Limitations of LPM

-1) It can predict probability outside the permissible range. A constraint for the probability of an event is 0≤pi≤1, but the LPM predicts negative or >1probabilities

-2) The slope (or the marginal effect) is constant. Most events have a S-shaped cumulative distribution function (CDF),

i.e., at very high and low levels, a small increase in size is likely to have little effect on the probability of exporting.

Starting from a small level, the marginal effect of increasing size is likely to get higher and higher until we reach some large size level, beyond which the effect starts to decline.

-3) Non-normality of the disturbance ui. ui also follows Bernoulli probability distribution. The histogram of error terms from a regression for LPM shows non-normality of the error terms.

-4) Heteroscedastic Variances of Errors. In the LPM, the mean and variance of the error term are given respectively by: ?E(u i) =0

?var(u i) =(β0+β1X i)(1?β0?β1X i)

?This variance depends on the values of X i (not constant). There are heteroscedasticity problems for OLS.

Alternative Models

-We want an estimation technique that addresses the limitations of LPM, and which ideally:

?(i) generates normally distributed error terms

?(ii) generates homoscedastic error terms

?(iii) estimates slopes that change at different X values

?(iv) predicts probabilities bound between 0 &1

计量经济学论文相关论文总结

计量经济学论文 15130322 张佳伟 GDP与CPI和贷款总额的关系 摘要:众所周知,GDP作为一个比较有说服性的统计指标,可以在一定程度上反映一个国家的经济状况,今天我所要研究的,是GDP和居民消费指数和贷款总额之间的关系。改革开放以来,CPI 涨幅与GDP 增幅经历了几轮波动,1997年之前的几轮经济高增长,物价都出现了明显的高涨幅;1998-2008 GDP连续11 年保持两位数增长,但物价涨幅却保持低位运行,经济运行从高增长高物价向高增长低物价转变,反映了CPI涨幅与GDP 增速相关关系随着改革的深入发展发生了一些变化。另外,贷款总额既然作为一个经济指标,其对于国民生产总值的必然会存在一定的影响,至于这个影响程度的大小,如果要具体形象的反映出来,就必须要借助计量经济学的办法,去分析CPI和贷款额这两者对于国民生产总值GDP的影响。 通过计量经济学的手段可以知道,居民消费指数CPI对于国民生产总值GDP的影响要远远大于贷款总额对于国民生产总值的影响。 下面我们就通过计量经济学的办法对于他们三者之间的关系进行一个形象的测算和研究。 为了确定这三个变量之间的关系,决定运用eviews软件对相关的变量进行分析。确定最为合理的方程以及进行变量的显著性检验、异方差检验和多重共线性检验和自相关检验。(为了更加精确的进行变量之间关系数据的测算,使用了eviews8.0版本进行实证分析)

1、确定变量 我们确定“GDP ”为被解释变量,“CPI ”和“贷款总额”为解释变量。 2、建立模型 Y=0β+1βP+2βX+c (c 为随机扰动项) 3、数据处理 此为1992-2008年度的GDP 、CPI 以及贷款额的数据。 年度 GDP (Y ) 居民消费指数(P ) 贷款额(X ) 1992 26923.5 282 26322.9 1993 35333.9 305.8 32943.1 1994 48197.9 320 39976 1995 60793.7 345.1 50544.1 1996 71176.6 377.6 61156.6 1997 78973 394.6 74914.1 1998 84402.3 417.8 86524.1 1999 89677.1 452.3 93734.3 2000 99214.6 491 99371.1 2001 109655.2 521.2 112315 2002 120332.7 557.6 131294 2003 135822.8 596.9 158996 2004 159878.3 645.3 178198 2005 183217.4 698.2 194690 2006 211923.5 766.4 225347.2 2007 257305.6 849.9 261691 2008 300670 926.4 303468 (数据来自人民网) 4、建立多元回归线性模型 (1)建立工作文件:启动EViews ,点击File\New\Workfile ,在对话框“Workfile

计量经济学论文12篇-精品

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经济计量学练习题(全英文)

ECONOMETRIC METHODS (U20451) ASSIGNMENT, FEBRUARY 2014 An Excel file has been uploaded on the Moodle site for the unit, which is entitled ‘Assignment Data’. This file contains annual data from 1994 to 2012 on three variables: Y = purchases of vehicles in the UK (constant prices); X = UK real household disposable income; Z = an EU measure of consumer confidence for the UK. Please copy the data from the Excel file into an EViews workfile. Descriptive Element (10 marks) Produce a line graph of each of the time series. Using no more than 200 words, describe the behaviour of each of the variables over the nineteen-year period. Two-Variable Linear Regression Model (20 marks) There is presented below a population regression function: Y t = B0 + B1X t + u t, t = 1994, 1995, ………, 2012. B0 and B1 are population parameters. u t denotes a random disturbance term. Assume that E[u t] = 0, t = 1994, 1995, ………, 2012. Proceed to provide interpretations of the population parameters. Apply Ordinary Least Squares estimation to the population regression function. Indicate the point estimates of the two parameters. Proceed to produce a 95 per cent confidence interval for B1, explaining the manner of its construction. Adopting two different approaches (i.e., consulting the statistical table and using the probability value), perform a test of null hypothesis, Ho: B1= 0, against the alternative hypothesis, Ha: B1≠ 0.

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大学生月消费支出调查报告 一、引言 在当前尚且低迷,尚未完全复苏的经济环境下,消费问题被大家广泛关注。物价的连续上涨,直接反映了社会的消费和需求问题。当前的消费市场中,大学生作为一个特殊的消费群体正受到越来越大的关注。由于大学生年龄较轻,群体较特别,他们有着不同于社会其他消费群体的消费心理和行为。一方面,他们有着旺盛的消费需求,另一方面,他们尚未获得经济上的独立,消费受到很大的制约。消费观念的超前和消费实力的滞后,都对他们的消费有很大影响。特殊群体自然有自己特殊的特点,同时难免存在一些非理性的消费甚至一些消费的问题。为了调查清楚大学生的消费情况,我决定在身边的同学中进行一次消费的调研,对大家的消费进行归宗和分析。 二、理论综述 我们主要对大学生每人每月消费支出进行多因素分析,并从周围同学搜集相关数据,建立模型,对此进行数量分析。 影响大学生每人每月消费支出的主要因素如下: 1、学习支出 2、消费收入 3、生活支出 三、模型设定 Y:每人每月消费支出 X1:学习支出X2:消费收入 X3:生活支出 四、数据搜集 1、数据说明 我们特对周围大学生的消费水平做了简单调查,再用计量经济学的知识分析其影响因素。 2、数据的搜集情况 人数每人每月消 费 支出Y 学习支出 (X1) 消费收入(X2)生活支出(X3) 1760310800450 2630230600400 311002301350880 4420170450250 59601601000800 6580280500300 78702201000650 8300110400190 910501501300900 10126016015001100 11130030015001000 12500190550310 13600180750420 149001401000760

计量经济学(英文)重点知识点考试必备

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∑ x = 1264471.423 ∑ y = 516634.011 ∑ X = 52432495.137 ∑ ? ? ? ? 案例分析 1— 一元回归模型实例分析 依据 1996-2005 年《中国统计年鉴》提供的资料,经过整理,获得以下农村居民人均 消费支出和人均纯收入的数据如表 2-5: 表 2-5 农村居民 1995-2004 人均消费支出和人均纯收入数据资料 单位:元 年度 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 人均纯 收入 1577.7 1926.1 2090.1 2161.1 2210.3 2253.4 2366.4 2475.6 2622.2 2936.4 人均消 费支出 1310.4 1572.1 1617.2 1590.3 1577.4 1670.1 1741.1 1834.3 1943.3 2184.7 一、建立模型 以农村居民人均纯收入为解释变量 X ,农村居民人均消费支出为被解释变量 Y ,分析 Y 随 X 的变化而变化的因果关系。考察样本数据的分布并结合有关经济理论,建立一元线 性回归模型如下: Y i =β0+β1X i +μi 根据表 2-5 编制计算各参数的基础数据计算表。 求得: X = 2262.035 Y = 1704.082 2 i 2 i ∑ x i y i = 788859.986 2 i 根据以上基础数据求得: β1 = ∑ x i y 2 i i = 788859.986 126447.423 = 0.623865 β 0 = Y - β1 X = 1704.082 - 0.623865 ? 2262.035 = 292.8775 样本回归函数为: Y i = 292.8775 + 0.623865X i 上式表明,中国农村居民家庭人均可支配收入若是增加 100 元,居民们将会拿出其中 的 62.39 元用于消费。

计量经济学实验报告 (3)

1.背景 经济增长是指一个国家生产商品和劳务能力的扩大。在实际核算中,常以一国生产的商品和劳务总量的增加来表示,即以国民生产总值(GDP)和国内生产总值的的增长来计算。 古典经济增长理论以社会财富的增长为中心,指出生产劳动是财富增长的源泉。现代经济增长理论认为知识、人力资本、技术进步是经济增长的主要因素。 从古典增长理论到新增长理论,都重视物质资本和劳动的贡献。物质资本是指经济系统运行中实际投入的资本数量.然而,由于资本服务流量难以测度,在这里我们用全社会固定资产投资总额(亿元)来衡量物质资本。中国拥有十三亿人口,为经济增长提供了丰富的劳动力资源。因此本文用总就业人数(万人)来衡量劳动力。居民消费需求也是经济增长的主要因素。 经济增长问题既受各国政府和居民的关注,也是经济学理论研究的一个重要方面。在1978—2008年的31年中,我国经济年均增长率高达9.6%,综合国力大大增强,居民收入水平与生活水平不断提高,居民的消费需求的数量和质量有了很大的提高。但是,我国目前仍然面临消费需求不足问题。 本文将以中国经济增长作为研究对象,选择时间序列数据的计量经济学模型方法,将中国国内生产总值与和其相关的经济变量联系起来,建立多元线性回归模型,研究我国中国经济增长变动趋势,以及重要的影响因素,并根据所得的结论提出相关的建议与意见。用计量经济学的方法进行数据的分析将得到更加具有说服力和更加具体的指标,可以更好的帮助我们进行预测与决策。因此,对我国经济增长的计量经济学研究是有意义同时也是很必要的。 2.模型的建立 2.1 假设模型

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计量经济学实验报告

《计量经济学》实验报告一,数据 二,理论模型的设计 解释变量:可支配收入X 被解释变量:消费性支出Y 软件操作: (1)X与Y散点图

从散点图可以粗略的看出,随着可支配收入的增加,消费性支出也在增加,大致呈线性关系。因此,建立一元线性回归模型: 01i i i Y X ββμ=++ (2)对模型做OLS 估计 OLS 估计结果为 272.36350.7551Y X ∧ =+ 011.705732.3869t t == 20.9831.. 1.30171048.912R DW F === 三,模型检验 从回归估计结果看,模型拟合较好,可决系数为0.98,表明家庭人均年可消费性支出变化的98.31%可由支配性收入的变化来解释。 t 检验:在5%的显著性水平下1β不显著为0,表明可支配收入增加1个单位,消费性支出平均增加0.7551单位。 1,预测 现已知2018年人均年可支配收入为20000元,预测消费支出预测值为 0272.36350.75512000015374.3635Y =+?= E(X)=6222.209,Var(X)=1994.033

则在95%的置信度下,E( Y)的预测区间为(874.28,16041.68) 2,异方差性检验 对于经济发达地区和经济落后地区,消费支出的决定因素不一定相同甚至差异很大。如经济越落后储蓄率越高,可能出现异方差性问题。 G-Q检验 对样本进行处理,X按从大到小排序,去掉中间4个,分为两组数据, 128 n n ==分别回归

1615472.0RSS = 2126528. 3R S S = 于是的F 统计量: ()() 12811 4.86811RSS F RSS --==-- 在5%的想著想水平下,0.050.05(6,6) 4.28,(6,6)F F F =>,即拒绝无异方差性假设,说明模型存在异方差性。

斯托克,沃森计量经济学第七章实证练习stata

E7.2 E7.3 E7.4

-------------------------------------------- (1) (2) ahe ahe -------------------------------------------- age 0.605*** 0.585*** (15.02) (16.02) female -3.664*** (-17.65) bachelor 8.083*** (38.00) _cons 1.082 -0.636 (0.93) (-0.59) (表2)Robust ci in parentheses *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 -------------------------------------------- N 7711 7711 -------------------------------------------- t statistics in parentheses * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01 (表1) (1) 建立ahe 对age 的回归。截距估计值是1.082,斜率估计值是0.605。 (2) ①建立ahe 对age ,female 和bachelor 的回归。Age 对收入的效应的估计值是0.585。 ② age 回归系数的95%置信区间: (0.514,0.657) (3) 设H 0:βa,(2)-βa,(1)=0 H1:βa,(2)-βa (1)≠0 由表3,得SE ,SE(βa,(2)-βa,(1))=√(0.0403)2+(0.0365)2=0.054 t=(0.605-0.585)/0.054=0.37<1.96 所以不拒绝原假设,即在5%显著水平下age 对ahe 的效应估计没有显著差异,所以(1)中的回归没有遭遇遗漏变量偏差。 (4) B ob’s predicted ahe=0.585×26-3.664×0+8.083×0-0.636=$14.574 Alexis ’s predicted ahe=0.585×30-3.664×1+8.083×1-0.636=$21.333 VARIABLES ahe age 0.585*** (0.514 - 0.657) female -3.664*** (-4.071 - -3.257) bachelor 8.083*** (7.666 - 8.500) Constant -0.636 (-2.759 - 1.487) Observations 7,711 R-squared 0.200

计量经济学实验报告(自相关性)

实验6.美国股票价格指数与经济增长的关系 ——自相关性的判定和修正 一、实验内容:研究美国股票价格指数与经济增长的关系。 1、实验目的: 练习并熟练线性回归方程的建立和基本的经济检验和统计检验;学会判别自相关的存在,并能够熟练使用学过的方法对模型进行修正。 2、实验要求: (1)分析数据,建立适当的计量经济学模型 (2)对所建立的模型进行自相关分析 (3)对存在自相关性的模型进行调整与修正 二、实验报告 1、问题提出 通过对全球经济形势的观察,我们发现在经济发达的国家,其证券市场通常也发展的较好,因此我们会自然地产生以下问题,即股票价格指数与经济增长是否具有相关关系? GDP是一国经济成就的根本反映。从长期看,在上市公司的行业结构与国家产业结构基本一致的情况下,股票平均价格的变动跟GDP的变化趋势是吻合的,但不能简单地认为GDP增长,股票价格就随之上涨,实际走势有时恰恰相反。必须将GDP与经济形势结合起来考虑。在持续、稳定、高速的GDP增长下,社会总需求与总供给协调增长,上市公司利润持续上升,股息不断增加,老百姓收入增加,投资需求膨胀,闲散资金得到充分利用,股票的内在含金量增加,促使股票价格上涨,股市走牛。 本次试验研究的1970-1987年的美国正处在经济持续高速发展的状态下,据此笔者利用这一时期美国SPI与GDP的数据建立计量经济学模型,并对其进行分析。 2、指标选择: 指标数据为美国1970—1987年美国股票价格指数与美国GDP数据。 3、数据来源: 实验数据来自《总统经济报告》(1989年),如表1所示:

表1 4、数据处理 将两组数据利用Eviews绘图,如图1、2所示: 图1 GDP数据简图图2 SPI数据简图

计量经济学研究报告

计量经济学研究报告 ——居民消费水平与经济增长 081国贸5 乔林甫200822012 一.研究目的要求 居民消费在社会经济的持续发展中有着重要的作用。居民合理的消费模式和居民适度的消费有利于经济持续健康的增长,而且这也是人民啥呢干活水平的具体体现。从理论上说,居民的消费水平应随着经济的发展耳提高。改革开放以来,随着中国经济的快速反韩,人民生活水平不断提高,居民的消费水平也在不断增长。研究汇总过全体居民的消费水平与经济发展的数量关系,对于探寻居民消费增长的规律性,预测居民消费的发展趋势有重要意义。 二.模型设定 为了分析居民消费水平与经济增长的关系,选择中国能代表城乡所有居民消费的“全体居民人居消费水平”未被解释变量(用Y表示),选择表现经济增长水平的“人均国内生产总值”为解释变量(用X表示)。下表为1990~2007年的有关数据。 1990~2007年中国居民人均消费水平和人均GDP

为分析居民人均消费水平(Y)和(X)的关系,做下图所示散点图。 从说散点图可以看出X与Y成纤维线性关系,为分析中国居民消费

水平随人均GDP 变动的数量规律性,可以建立如下简单线性回归模型: Y=1β+2βt X+t u t 三.参数估计 由最小二乘估计回归模型,得 可由规范的形式将参数估计和检验的结果写为 Y?= 502.5658+0.361361*X (96.78204)(0.012173) T = (5.192758)(34.53896) R2=0.986765 F=1192.940 S.E=214.1663

四.模型检验 经济意义检验: 回归系数的符号和数值大小合理。 统计检验: 拟合优度检验: R2 =0.986765接近于1,表明模型对样本的拟合优度高。F检验: F=1192.940 > F(K,N-K-1)=αF(1,18-2)=4.49表明 α 回归系数至少有一个显著不为零,模型线性关系显著。 T检验: t=5.192758 > 2/αt(N-K)=2/αt(18-2)=2.120,接受原假设,X估计值有显著影响 回归系数的经济意义: 人均消费水平每增加一个百分点,人均GDP增加0.361361元。五.回归预测 如果2008年人均GDP将比2007年增长10%,将达到20827.4元/人利用所估计的模型可预测2008年居民可能达到的年消费水平,点预测值的计算方法为 = 502.5658+0.361361*20827.4=8028.78(元)Y? t

伍德里奇计量经济学英文版各章总结

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.05 .1 .15 D e n s i t y 4 6 810 12 Average Hourly Wage .02.04.06.08.1 .12 D e n s i t y 5 10 15 Average Hourly Wage kernel = epanechnikov, bandwidth = 1.5948 Kernel density estimate 4 6810 12 14 A v e r a g e H o u r l y W a g e 510 1520Years of Schooling 468 101214 A v e r a g e H o u r l y W a g e 050 100 150200 Number of People 468 1012 14 A v e r a g e H o u r l y W a g e

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