Experimental study on turbulent mixing of spray droplets in cross?ow
Bo-Feng Bai *,Hai-Bin Zhang,Li Liu,Hui-Juan Sun
State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710049,China
a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:
Received 5December 2008
Received in revised form 12May 2009Accepted 14May 2009
Keywords:Spray Cross?ow
Injection angle Mixing degree
a b s t r a c t
Centrifugal spray injected at various angles in gas cross?ow has been studied experimentally using PIV visualization system and image-processing techniques.Experiments were carried out inside a rectangular duct (95mm ?95mm in cross-section)at ambient temperature and pressure,with different gas Rey-nolds numbers (vary from 12,900to 45,000)and three injection angles (60°,90°and 120°).The spray angle of the centrifugal nozzle is 80°,with D 32of 80l m.The instantaneous images of droplets distribu-tion and the values of the line-averaged D 32at different positions on the cross-sections along the ?ow ?eld for each condition were obtained,and their ?ow ?eld con?gurations were achieved.Quantitative assessments of mixing degree between two phases for different injection angles were determined using a spatial unmixedness parameter.It is found that the addition of droplets into the gas cross?ow enhanced the turbulence intensity of the gas cross?ow and caused different-scale vortices.The ?ow ?eld structure,to a great extent,is dependent on the injection angle.The entrainment and centrifugal force of large vor-tex lead to uneven droplet distribution and moreover in?uence the mixing of droplets and gas cross?ow.A better mixing result can be obtained with the injection angle of nozzles of 60°.
ó2009Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.
1.Introduction
Water sprays are extensively applied in engineerings such as dust control,?re ?ghting,nuclear reactor core cooling,spray dry-ing,air scrubbing and evaporative cooling.In a typical spray,pres-surized water is injected into nozzles from which it emerges as a thin bell-shaped hollow cone which disintegrates into polydisperse drops moving at different velocities.This droplet motion in air causes heat and mass transfer through evaporation and cooling.Much research effect has been devoted to the cross?ow problem.Therefore,an understanding of the dynamics of drop–air interac-tion is crucial for optimizing this process.
The break-up and dispersion of the liquid jet in subsonic ?ow have been studied by Heister et al.[1]and Li and Karagozian [2].Fuller et al.[3–6]studied the ?ow character of liquid jet in sub-sonic cross?ow.The ?ow ?elds for different injection angles,jet velocities and Mach number of air?ow were obtained.It was agreed that the injection angle has in?uences on ?ow characteristics.
By using laser measurement technology such as laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV),Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF)and particle imaging velocimetry (PIV),detailed microscopic features including velocity ?eld,turbulent energy distribution,vortices
structure,etc.were obtained by Ajersch et al.[7–12].The tech-niques for the improvement of the mixing effect between the jet and the cross?ow were suggested.
An airblast-atomized spray jet into a cross?ow has been well re-searched and documented.A systematical discussion was found in Ref.[13]which interpreted the atomization and transportation processes which determined the dispersion of an airblast-atomized spray jet into a subsonic cross?ow of air,and proposed the mech-anism of these processes and their effect on the penetration and dispersion.Another similar spray mode,aerated liquid jet,has also been studied quite extensively.The spray structures and spray penetration heights in the cross?ow at various angles were inten-sively discussed,experimentally and theoretically [14–17].
However,for centrifugal nozzle,the liquid ?rst emerges through which is in the form of a sheet which quickly disintegrates into droplets due to aerodynamic instabilities in the ‘break up re-gion’which interact strongly with the atmosphere.Just down-stream in the ‘spray region’,the liquid is only in the form of droplets.Considerable effort has been directed towards the inves-tigation of the break-up region and just beyond [18–22].On the other hand analyses of the behavior of droplets further away are relatively scarce,especially in a cross?ow.Ghosh et al.[23]have developed a analytical models for all the practical ranges of the ra-tio of the jet speed to the cross?ow speed to study the fundamental problem in ?uid mechanics that how ?uid jets were de?ected and deformed.Kachhwaha et al.[24,25]studied the movement and evaporation behavior of the spray droplets in both parallel and counter-?ow con?gurations.They proposed a two-dimensional
0894-1777/$-see front matter ó2009Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.exptherm?usci.2009.05.002
*Corresponding author.Address:State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering,Xi’an Jiaotong University,No.28,Xianning West Road,Xi’an 710049,China.Tel.:+862982668260;fax:+862982669033.
E-mail address:bfbai@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ad9571892.html, (B.-F.Bai).Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33(2009)
1012–1020
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model which agreed well with the experimental results.Sureshku-mar et al.[26,27]conducted a more precise experiment and simu-lation,and concluded the relationship between the arrangement of nozzles of different size,pressures and cooling.By using DPDA and PIV system Wang et al.[28]studied the two-phase?ow in the counter-?ow spray saturator for HAT cycle,and presented the sim-ulation of the moving distance of water droplets in the counter-?ow air.They measured the transient velocity?elds and obtained the spatial change of the droplet size spectrum in the?ow?eld to correlate droplet size–velocity correlation.Porcheron et al.[29] investigated the heat and mass transfer between the spray and the upward hot gas?ow in the cooling tower using PIV equipment. They measured the detailed characterization of the two-phase?ow and analyzed the mixing effects between the spray droplets and the gas owing to the spray activation.It is commonly agreed that all of these previous research efforts are conducive to the under-standing of the interaction between the cross?ow and the spray droplets.
Still many researchers studied the macro-characteristics of the interaction between the spray and the cross?ow,for example the heat transfer between two phases and the velocity?eld along the cross?ow direction.In their researches,the mixing space was large enough to allow of the negligibility of the effect of wall.However, in practice,there are also many applications that the two-phase mixing process is conducted in limited space.Unfortunately, according to investigations,no previous detailed studies have been conducted on vortex dynamic mechanisms of two-phase mixing, droplets distribution on cross-section and features of?ow?eld, which are crucial for the knowledge of the mechanism of two-phase interaction.When the nozzle is injected into the con?ned cross?ow at certain angles,the asymmetric structure and the in?u-ence of the wall will make the mixing more complex,which will de?nitely highlight the signi?cance of the research efforts in this ?eld.
2.Experimental system and method
2.1.Experimental system
The experimental system,as shown in Fig.1,consists of a gas loop,a water loop,a test section,an adjustable-coordinate experi-ment device(Fig.2)and a water tank.The air from the compressor ?ows through the regulator valve and then into the test section and the branch gas channel,respectively.Wire mesh and honey-comb are located at the inlet of the tunnel for the ensurement of a uniform velocity pro?le throughout the test section.The dis-charged water from the pump passes via the?owmeter with the uncertainty of1%,and then?ows through the regulating valves and into the nozzle.The mixing between the spray droplets and the cross?ow is thus achieved in the test section.
The test section is0.095?0.095m in the cross-section with a length of1.0m,and is made of the transparent polymethyl meth-acrylate,as shown in Fig.3.The demountable nozzles are installed on the top and bottom(see Fig.1).
Based on the comparison of the atomization effect by various types of centrifugal nozzles,commercially available nozzle(made in H.Ikeuchi&Co.,Ltd.(1/4MK B80100S303-RW))which has a desirable atomization effect is adopted here.The volume?ux
is Fig.1.Schematic diagram of the experimental
setup.
Fig.2.The adjustable-coordinate experimental device.
B.-F.Bai et al./Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science33(2009)1012–10201013
0.0226m 3/h at the pressure of 0.7MPa,with D 32(the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD ))of 80l m and the spray angle of 80°(see Fig.4).The needle valve is located before the nozzle to control the water ?ow rate precisely and ensure the stability of the water pressure.The injection angle of the nozzle is shown in Fig.5.The nozzle ped-estals are available for different injection angles (60°,90°and 120°).The nozzles are installed at 0.5m downstream from the inlet of the test section.2.2.Measurement system
The instantaneous velocities of water droplets are determined by the FLOWMASTER PIV system,which has the function of pro-cessing digital images to get the ?uid velocity vector ?eld,YAG la-ser (200mJ,8ns pulse)and CCD camera (Nikon ImagerPro4M,15Hz,2048?2048pixels,cross-correlation).A laser sheet,approximately 1mm thickness,is arranged to illuminate particle distribution on the center plane,along the x -axial.The CCD camera is installed perpendicularly to the illuminated region.
To obtain the velocity ?eld and the droplets distribution and the size of the spray droplets on the cross-sections of the turbulent
mixing ?ow ?eld.Problems as follows need to be resolved.(1)The occurrence of the liquid ?lm on the wall disturbs the produc-tion of clear images.(2)The mixture of gas and droplets effects the work of the CCD which is positioned at the rear of the outlet of the experimental section.(3)The transparent duck wall weakens the laser intensity.(4)The adjustment of the light sheet decreases the stability of the system.The solutions to these possible prob-lems are as follows:(1)17slots,as shown in Fig.3,are devised on the side of the experimental section to remove the liquid ?lm.The width of the slot is 2mm,and the interval of the adjacent slots is 20mm.When one section is measured other slots are sealed.(2)A branch gas channel is installed to change the outlet ?ow direc-tion for the prevention of the CCD lens from being polluted,as shown in Figs.1and 2.(3)Matt black paint is applied on the inner wall of the test section for the enhancement of the laser intensity.(4)An adjustable-coordinate experimental device is designed to make the adjustment of the experimental system easily which avoided the adverse in?uence owing to the frequent adjustment of the PIV system and the Malvern instrument.
The mean gas ?ow rate is measured by vortex shedding ?ow-meter with a variation of less than 2%.Mass ?ow of water is mea-sured using an electromagnetic ?owmeter.Keller pressure sensors are applied to control the pressure of spray at a ?xed value of 0.7MPa.ADLINK data acquisition card is used to record and store the experimental data.2.3.Experimental method
The droplets and cross?ow have a ?erce interaction in the test section.A laser sheet is derived from the second harmonic of a Nd–YAG pulsed laser (532nm).The spray,developing along the axial direction of the test section,is lightened by the laser sheet along the measured cross-sections successively.The scat-tered light is collected at a vertical angle by the synchronized CCD camera located at the rear of the cross?ow.An injector/la-ser/CCD electronic control con?guration allows collecting images in different intervals from the Start of Injection (SOI).In our exper-iments,40instantaneous images are acquired for each cross-sec-tion at ?ve frames per second.Image-processing software (MATLAB ò)is employed to obtain time-averaged pro?les.Digital image post-processing allows extraction of the droplets distribu-tion and vectors of mixing ?ow ?eld versus injection angles,Re of gas.
Experiments are carried out at the ambient temperature of 20°C,with the Reynolds numbers (gas cross?ow)varying from 12,900to 45,000(the corresponding gas ?ow rate vary from 65to 227m 3/h)with the injection angles of 60°,90°and 120°from the negative direction to the cross?ow.The temperature of water is 20°C.The experimental conditions are shown in Table 1.2.4.Image-processing method
The spatial distribution of droplets can be used to describe the mixing effect between the droplets and the cross?ow.An unmixed-ness parameter U that quanti?es the temporal unmixedness was ?rst de?ned by Danckwertz [30],then a modi?ed version U s
used
Fig.3.Measurement cross-section
schematic.
Fig.4.Spray angle of nozzle
schematic.
Fig.5.Injection angle of nozzles schematic.
Table 1
Experimental conditions.Number of nozzle Injection angle (°)Re (gas)19012,90025,700–
45,0002
6025,70032,10045,00090–25,70032,10045,000120
–
25,700
32,100
45,000
1014 B.-F.Bai et al./Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33(2009)1012–1020
to quantify concentration mixing in a planar image was employed by Liscinsky et al.[31].Vranos et al.[32]validated the use of U s by showing that the value of U calculated across a planar image from an ensemble of instantaneous intensity levels at each pixel pro-duced a value that was nearly identical to the spatial variance of an image of time-averaged intensities.
Leong et al.[13]put forward a more logical parameter of spray quality (SQ)for liquid jet inject into a cross?ow,and examined the in?uence of the mean (D 32)value which indicate the atomization quality (D 32,avg /D 32,max )in a spray,the extent of area (EA),which represents spray coverage across a certain area.They calculated the spatial unmixedness on different conditions and obtained a reasonable mixing characteristic.In addition,the mixing character-istic were not changed obviously after they considered the in?u-ence of the size of spray droplets measured by using the Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF)and the Phase Doppler Interfer-ometry (PDI),which were could not be adopted in our experiment owing to the restricted mixing space.So in this paper,the spatial unmixedness,which can indicate the mixing effect to a large ex-tent,is used.
The spatial unmixedness of an m ?n image with a plane-aver-aged intensity of I avg is de?ned as formulas (1)and (2).
U s ?I var
I avg e1àI avg T
e1TI var
?1m ?n X
m i ?1X n j ?1
eI ei ;j TàI avg T2
!e2T
Here,I (i ,j )is the intensity in a zone.Further details about these questions can be obtained in [13].In this paper,the division of the cross-sections is shown in Fig.6.The zone number is 676(26?26).
3.Results and discussion
Time-averaged images of the cross-section along the ?ow ?eld on different experimental conditions are obtained (see Fig.7for an example).In these images,the shape of two-phase distribution is distinct and symmetrical,which proves that the in?uence of slots on the ?ow ?eld is small enough and our experimental meth-ods are soundly justi?ed.Through a set of images,the whole devel-oping process of mixing ?ow can be clearly read.More detailed analysis about the mixing of spray droplets in the cross?ow is available in the following sections.3.1.Study of mixing process for a =90°
When a cross-stream of air is introduced to the liquid jet sys-tem,the counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP)is produced owing to the interaction between the cross?ow and the jet ?ow [13].Similar phenomenon occurs in the cross?ow-centrifugal spray system,where the CVP on the cross-section of the ?ow ?eld exist on ac-count of the spray-cross?ow interaction,as shown in Figs.8–10.With the development of the mixing,the CVP becomes bigger along the cross?ow,which causes the air to be entrained,mean-while the small droplets are sucked into the entrained air and dis-persed further into the cross-section.In the case of single nozzle (see Fig.9),the big droplets with large initial velocity will hit the both sides of the wall owing to the limited space of the rectangular duct,the air disturbed by these droplets will generate the vortex in the corner,as shown in Fig.9(Re =12,900,x =0m).When the cross?ow velocity is low,the vortices in the corners will disappear in a short distance.As the velocity increases,the initial position of the vortices will move backward and the sustained distance will be greater.At the same time,more droplets will enrich in the middle of the bottom owing to the entrainment of the vortices (see Fig.9(Re =25,700)).However,as the velocity of the cross?ow increases further,the vortices are less likely to occur because the droplets cannot afford to carry the air?ow to generate large vortex (see Fig.9(Re =45,000)).In the case of double nozzles (see Fig.10),ow-ing to the opposite directions of the air caused by the droplets from different nozzles,the two current meet in the middle section
and
Fig.6.Schematic diagram of image
segmentation.
Fig.7.Time-averaged images in every measured cross-section for a =90°(double
nozzles).
Fig.8.Single centrifugal nozzle spray in cross?ow.
B.-F.Bai et al./Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33(2009)1012–10201015
unlike the case of single nozzle the big vortices cannot be formed in the corners.So there only two apparent CVPs occurs on the cross?ow of the ?ow ?eld.With the development of the mixing,the droplets on the cross-section ?rst distribute in the shape of ‘‘”and then in the shape of ‘‘”owing to the effect of the wall and the CVPs.Furthermore,with the velocity of cross?ow increase,the development of CVPs become slowly along the ?ow ?eld and correspondingly the distance required for a desirable mixing be-tween the two phases increases.
The vortices exert direct in?uences on the distribution of drop-lets.The particles trapped in the center of vortices are less dense than that in the edge,because the centrifugal effect propels the particles to move towards the edge [33].On one hand,vortexes help carry the droplets.On the other hand,strong vortexes lead to a non-uniform distribution.The vector and streamline diagram of typical cross-sections on different conditions are shown in https://www.doczj.com/doc/ad9571892.html,paring Figs.9and 10,the relationship between the vor-tices and the droplets distribution can be seen clearly.
The development characters of the vorticity along the ?ow ?eld on different velocities conditions are shown in Fig.12.The vorticity decrease quickly in the region close to the nozzles where the inter-action between the droplets and the cross?ow is very strong and then keep invariable in a long distance which means a stable mix-ing ?ow ?eld is achieved.As the velocity of the cross?ow increase,the vorticity increase in the initial mixing stage but the difference is small in the stable stage.
3.2.A comparison between different injected angles (double nozzles)Ensemble-averaged images for a =60°and 120°are shown in Figs.13and 14,respectively.The CVPs also occur on the cross-sec-tions of the ?ow ?eld on the two conditions.Along the ?ow ?eld,the CVPs development with its size increase and become unstable faster compared with that of the conditions of a =90°.When a =60°,the sustained distance of the CVPs is shorter,and the atten-uation of vortex is faster,meanwhile on the cross-sections the
par-
Fig.9.Time-averaged images at different cross-sections for a =90°(single
nozzle).
Fig.10.Time-averaged images at different cross-sections for a =90°(double nozzles).
1016 B.-F.Bai et al./Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33(2009)1012–1020
ticle achieves uniformity in its distribution quickly.When a =120°,the locations of the two CVPs move upward and downward,respectively (see Fig.11c–f)to the wall and more droplets concen-trate in both sides and the middle of the cross-section but the droplets near the wall (up and down)decrease.With the velocity of the cross?ow increase,the CVPs decrease in its size and develop-ment slowly.
When a =60°,the water contrastream injection makes the ini-tial mixing between the gas and the droplets in advance.The inter-action between two phases is enhanced and the entrainment for more air into droplets is intensi?ed which leads to a promoted mixing and a more uniform distribution for droplets on the cross-sections.So the optimum mixing effect occurs when a =60°.In contrast,when a =120°,the mixing effect is less.It is worth noting that the most stable structure of the ?ow ?eld and the greatest sustained distance for CVPs can be ?nd when a =90°.3.3.Mixing degree diagram
The mixing degrees for the three injection angles (double noz-zles)are plotted in Figs.15and 16.According to these ?gures,we can see that the mixing effect get optimized along the ?ow ?eld.When a =60°,the spatial unmixedness (U s )is less than that of a =90°and 120°,which means that a better mixing between two phases is accessible when a =60°.The same conclusion
can
Fig.11.Vector and streamline diagram:(a)and (b)for a =90°(single nozzle);(c)and (d)for a =90°(double nozzles);(e)and (f)for a =120°(double nozzles).(a)Re =25,700,x =0.06m;(b)Re =45,000,x =0.14m;(c)Re =25,700,x =0.1m;(d)Re =32,100,x =0.22m;(e)Re =25,700,x =0.1m and;(f)Re =32,100,x =0.12
m.
Fig.12.Vorticity pro?le for different gas velocities (a =90°,double
nozzles).
Fig.13.Time-averaged images at different cross-sections for a =60°.
B.-F.Bai et al./Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33(2009)1012–10201017
be drawn by observing the droplets distribution images on differ-ent conditions.
Therefore,it can be conducted that nozzles inject at a =60°en-trains the gas cross?ow ?uid more ef?ciently,leading to a more ra-pid and compact mixing.This phenomenon bear an analogy to that of the jet ?ow,Donghee et al.[34]researched the ?ow ?eld of tur-
bulent jets injected at various inclinations into a uniform cross?ow using ?ow visualization and image-processing techniques,and found that a jet with negative injection angle (in the present paper a <90°)entrains the cross?ow ?uid more ef?ciently.It is suspected that the optimum mixing effects will occur when nozzle injects at a proper acute angle,and the optimum injection angle will be fur-ther studied in our subsequent work.3.4.Mean D 32comparison
The line-averaged D 32at different positions on the cross-sec-tions along the ?ow ?eld for three injection angles (double nozzles)have been measured by using the Malvern (2604LC)instrument.The test positions on the cross-section were shown in Fig.17.The evolution of the line-averaged D 32is shown in Fig.18.A fairly constant mean D 32along the direction of the ?ow ?eld is ob-tained when a =60°,which means that the mixing ?ow ?eld be-comes relatively stable in a short distance after the nozzles.When a =90°and 120°,a stable mixing stage is achieved further than that of a =60°,as can be deduced from the curves which exhibiting a decreasing trend of the mean D 32in the ?rst and then becoming stable in Fig.18a and
b.
Fig.14.Time-averaged images at different cross-sections for a =120°
.
Fig.15.Spatial unmixedness for Re =
32,100.
Fig.16.Spatial unmixedness for Re =
45,000.
Fig.17.Schematic diagram of the test positions on the cross-section.
1018 B.-F.Bai et al./Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 33(2009)1012–1020
Owing to the in?uence of the wall,little droplets are rebound by the air?ow near the wall https://www.doczj.com/doc/ad9571892.html,rger droplets move toward the walls owing to the large inertia.These features result in a phenom-enon that many large droplets are concentrated near the wall and small droplets are located far away from the wall,as shown in Fig.18.When a =120°,compared with other injection angles,the values of mean D 32at the bottom of the cross-section are smaller owing to the collision and the bonding between substantial large droplets and the wall.4.Conclusions
An experimental system for the mixing of spray droplets in a gas cross?ow is established.Several techniques are proposed to solve the two-phase ?ow measurement problems emerged from which the PIV system is used to obtain the mixing structure of the ?ow ?eld.Quantitative assessments of mixing degree between two phases for different conditions were determined.The conclu-sions about the mixing characteristics are as follows:
1.The CVP is produced by the introduction of a gas cross?ow into a liquid centrifugal spray system.The CVP causes air to be entrained and the small droplets following the entrained air are pushed further into the cross-section.Along the ?ow ?eld,the CVP increases in size and become unstable gradually and the mixing effect becomes better.With the velocity of the cross-?ow increase,the size of the CVP decreases and the stability are enhanced;meanwhile the sustained distance becomes greater.
2.In the case of double nozzles,the injection angle imposes greater in?uences on the mixing between the two phases than the cross?ow velocity in our experimental parameters.When a <90°(see a =60°),the interaction between the gas and the droplets is enhanced and the mixing is promoted.Correspond-ingly,the optimum mixing effect can be achieved when a =60°among three injection angles.In addition,it is worth noting that,the most stable of the ?ow ?eld structure and the greatest sustained distance of the CVPs can be found when a =90°.
3.The entraining effect and centrifugal force of the vortices lead to the inhomogeneous distribution of the droplets,i.e.more drop-lets at the margin of the vortex and fewer droplets in the center.The uniform mixing is obtained after the disappearance of the CVPs.Therefore,it is suspected that a more desirable mixing can be achieved by preventing the development of the vortices (CVPs).
4.Many large droplets are concentrated near the wall and small droplets are located in the center of the cross-sections of the ?ow ?eld.Since the heat transfer between the two phases in high temper-ature environment,such as droplet evaporation,will complicate the mixing characters between spray droplets and gas cross?ow,the experimental work will be further studied to understand the deep mechanism of two-phase interaction in more practical conditions.Acknowledgment
This work was ?nancially supported by the National Nature Sci-ence Foundation of China for Creative Research Groups under the Contract No.50821604.
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如何有效地进行跨文化沟通 由于各国的文化存在着多样性的特点，无论是表层的语言、礼仪，还是中层次的建筑、饮食、礼仪或者处于核心层次的民族价值观、思维等等。这就决定我们在进行跨文化沟通的时候会遇到障碍和冲突，如何能有效地跨文化沟通具有十分重要的意义。 在进行跨文化沟通的时候存在障碍的原因是多种多样的，具体来说，文化差异层面的有 1.价值取向.2.思维模式.3.社会规范；另外也取决于沟通双方是否有培养文化差异的意识。 具体来说，可以用文化维度这个概念对跨文化进行分析，它主要有以下5个维度： 第一维度，个人身份的认同，具体来说就可以分为个人主义文化和集体主义文化两大类。个人主义文化的主要特征有：1.关键单位是个人。个人主义文化重视个人自由。2.对物体空间和隐私有更高的要求。3.沟通倾向于直接、明确和个人化。4.商业看作是一种竞争性的交易。集体主义的特征有 1.关键的单位是集体。个人的行动和决策的起点是群体。2.空间和私隐都没有关系重要。3.沟通时直觉式的、复杂的和根据印象进行的。4.商业是相互关联、相互协作的，认为促成结果的是关系而不是合同。以美国文化和中国文化为例，美国文化是具有典型的个人主义色彩，中国文化具有典型的个人主义色彩。 第二维度，权威指数，指国家或社会与人之间的平等程度。具体来说就是高权距离文化和低权距离文化。高权文化往往会导致沟通受到各种限制，因为高权力距离文化倾向于具有严格的层级权力文化结构，下级往上沟通会严重受阻，著名的“玻璃天花板”现象描述的就是在高权距离文化的影响下，组织对外国工作者的排斥。相反，在低权力距离文化影响的组织中，有权力和没权力的人之间的距离更短，沟通可以向上进行叶可以向下进行，更倾向于扁平化、和更民主的层级结构。低权力距离文化正趋于发展的趋势。 第三维度，性别角色权利。具体来说就性别角色在事业、控制和权力的控制程度。 第四维度，对时间的态度，这侧重于区分对目标的长期投入或短期投入。以美国和日本为例。美国喜欢把经商比喻为“打猎”，日本则把经商比喻为“种植水稻”。这可以看出，美国侧重于短期投入要立竿见影的效果，日本则侧重于长期的投资来获取长线的发展。 第五维度，对不确定性的指数。不确定性指数高的国家对含蓄和不确定性因素的接受和容忍程度高，具体体现在法律发条的伸展度等地方。不确定性指数低的国家，对事物的要求高度精确，喜好制定严格的标准和法律。 在现实交流中，这五个维度往往不会单独出现，而是交叉混合，这也和文化的一体性和交融性有着密切的关系。 综合的来说，我们常遇到跨文化沟通障碍有以下几种： 1.自我文化中心主义。这种障碍原因在于，在与人沟通时，习惯性的从自我的文化观念、价值观念、道德体系作标准来看待他人的行为。这种障碍通常会造成漠不关心距离，例如对沟通对方的要求（如特殊的节假日不工作）不加理睬；回避距离，例如因不了解对方的文化礼仪而回避与沟通对方的交流；蔑视距离，例如因不了解对方的宗教生活而对他的行为就行无理干预与批评。 2.文化霸权主义。在进行跨文化沟通时，沟通双方的地位往往不平等。处于
《跨文化沟通》作业评讲 根据重庆电大制定的教学实施意见和本课程考试要求，为帮助同学们学习和跨文化沟通的理论知识、培养沟通能力和技巧，本课程的作业都采用主观性问题。下面就作业要求作一些简单提示提示内容来自重庆电大），供同学们完成作业时参考。 跨文化沟通作业（1）讲评 论述分析：请看下面的一段话，并按照题目要求进行回答。 在奥地利工作的美国子公司人员有时误认为奥地利人不喜欢他们，因为奥地利人对他们总是一本正经。殊不知，奥地利人不象美国人那样随便，待人直呼其名。由于文化习俗不同，海外子公司人员之间产生误解在所难免。许多美国人不理解，为什么法国人和德国人午餐时喝酒?为什么许多欧洲人不愿意上夜班?为什么海外子公司要赞助企业内的职工委员会或向当地幼儿园教师捐款?对美国人来说，这些活动纯粹是浪费，但对于熟悉当地文化的人来说，这些是非常必要的。 一般来说，在不同文化的融合过程中，会由于以下两个因素而受到阻碍。 一、人们不能清楚地认识自己的文化。有句古诗说：“不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中”。人们之所以不能真正的认识自己的文化，也是因为他们总是身处于自己的文化之中。由于从小受到特定文化的熏陶，使其认为在其文化背景下发生的事都是理所当然的，是一种世人皆知的道理。当问起他所处的文化有何特征，有何优缺点时，从未接触过其他文化的人是回答不出来的。他们只能说，从来都是这样。并且，当遇到文化差异时，他们就会用自己认为正常的标准去判断，而对其他的文化标准大惑不解。 如果把其他的文化拿来做比较时，这些问题就可以迎刃而解了。没有比较就没有不同。如果我们不能很好的了解自己的文化，也就无所谓进化。因为我们总是认为自己是对的，而无视其他文化的优势之处。因而也就不能从其他的文化吸取有利于自己发展的东西。 二、对其他的文化认识不够。同样的道理，当我们对其他的文化不能很好的理解时，也会对文化的融合造成障碍。如前所述，当外来文化有利于本土文化发展时就会被吸收。要想达到文化融合就要首先发现外来文化有无有利之处。如果对外来文化的理解上发生扭曲，或者了解片面，就不能公正地判断其是否有利于自身的发展。如果一种优势文化被理解为对其有威胁，它很可能就会被拒之门外。 但是由于我们习惯于从自己的文化角度去审视其他的文化就不会很全面。所以在理解其他文化时应该换个角度，从另一个不同的参照系去理解，并且要对其他文化采取一种超然独立的立场，给与足够的重视认识。 问题： 1、为什么会存在文化差异？ 2、文化差异对于沟通有何影响？
《葛底斯堡演讲》三个中文译本的对比分析 葛底斯堡演讲是林肯于19世纪发表的一次演讲,该演讲总长度约3分钟。然而该演讲结构严谨,富有浓郁的感染力和号召力,即便历经两个世纪仍为人们津津乐道,成为美国历史上最有传奇色彩和最富有影响力的演讲之一。本文通过对《葛底斯堡演讲》的三个译本进行比较分析,从而更进一步加深对该演讲的理解。 标签：葛底斯堡演讲,翻译对比分析 葛底斯堡演讲是美国历史上最为人们所熟知的演讲之一。1863年11月19日下午,林肯在葛底斯堡国家烈士公墓的落成仪式上发表献词。该公墓是用以掩埋并缅怀4个半月前在葛底斯堡战役中牺牲的烈士。 林肯是当天的第二位演讲者,经过废寝忘食地精心准备,该演讲语言庄严凝练,内容激昂奋进。在不足三分钟的演讲里,林肯通过引用了美国独立宣言中所倡导的人权平等,赋予了美国内战全新的内涵,内战并不仅是为了盟军而战,更是为了“自由的新生(anewbirthoffreedom)”而战,并号召人们不要让鲜血白流,要继续逝者未竞的事业。林肯的《葛底斯堡演讲》成功地征服了人们,历经多年仍被推崇为举世闻名的演说典范。 一、葛底斯堡演说的创作背景 1.葛底斯堡演说的创作背景 1863年7月1日葛底斯堡战役打响了。战火持续了三天,战况无比惨烈,16万多名士兵在该战役中失去了生命。这场战役后来成为了美国南北战争的一个转折点。而对于这个位于宾夕法尼亚州,人口仅2400人的葛底斯堡小镇,这场战争也带来了巨大的影响——战争遗留下来的士兵尸体多达7500具,战马的尸体几千具,在7月闷热潮湿的空气里,腐化在迅速的蔓延。 能让逝者尽快入土为安,成为该小镇几千户居民的当务之急。小镇本打算购买一片土地用以兴建公墓掩埋战死的士兵,然后再向家属索要丧葬费。然而当地一位富有的律师威尔斯(DavidWills)提出了反对意见,并立即写信给宾夕法尼亚州的州长,提议由他本人出资资助该公墓的兴建,该请求获得了批准。 威尔斯本打算在10月23日邀请当时哈佛大学的校长爱德华(EdwardEverett)来发表献词。爱德华是当时一名享有盛誉的著名演讲者。爱德华回信告知威尔斯,说他无法在那么短的时间之内准备好演讲,并要求延期。因此,威尔斯便将公墓落成仪式延期至该年的11月19日。 相比较威尔斯对爱德华的盛情邀请,林肯接到的邀请显然就怠慢很多了。首先,林肯是在公墓落成仪式前17天才收到邀请。根据十九世纪的标准,仅提前17天才邀请总统参加某一项活动是极其仓促的。而威尔斯的邀请信也充满了怠慢,
跨文化沟通 姓名：楚辰玺学号：15120299 案例的选择是一个叫做万里的土耳其学生，是我同学的好朋友，所以平时也有接触。他在中国呆了一年，然后走了，现在又在波兰求学。原来我问他说，为什么要离开中国呢。因他是一个熟练掌握七种语言的人，所以我很佩服他。也很不解。他说因为感觉在中国的生活很难受，感觉自己时时刻刻都很委屈。 后来他给我举了个例子，比如他问中国同学，你想要些什么，或者，你会争取奖学金么，或者是他作为领导问自己的手下，你的目标是什么。而以上种种给他的回答大多是摸棱两可，不置可否。后来我通过《跨文化沟通》一书中的高低语境解答了我的困惑。他的本意只是直来直去，比如他只是想知道自己的手下想要到达一个怎么的高度，或者有什么目标。但是他很直白，不含蓄。所以属于低语境的对话，而中国的文化，众所周知，属于高语境文化，是比较含蓄，委婉。他在这样的环境中会觉得自己是被排挤，被隐瞒的一方，觉得中国的人们不够坦诚，给他的印象很不好。i 我问他对于直接询问、回答和间接的委婉的询问和回答在他看来有什么区别，也就是我们所说的高语境文化和低语境文化。他说为什么不直接说呢？他表示不解，觉得即使说错了或者有冒犯也会得到原谅，不会为人们在意。我觉得这里有着中外文化交流之间冲突的一个矛盾点，中式的对话和交流相处在高语境文化下的重要因素是害怕受到惩罚，或者说有规则的舒服，也就是万里经常说的不自由，我认为是谨小慎微，超出了谨慎的程度，成为了一种惯例。 为了了解外国人与中国人的对话，我要了几张他和中国朋友的对话截图。因为万里是去过三个大洲，25个国家，他像我的朋友发出邀请，说一起去欧洲，我朋友是个女生，然后他说可以住在他家里。当时我还记得我朋友的男朋友很不开心。所以对于在我看来他们的思想和行为都是很自由的。他们更注重个人的发展，而不是集体主义。这个论据的寻求在BBC 的一个纪录片《中国老师来了》。着重体现了英国的教育制度与中国传统的教学制度的不同，比如对于纪律的要求，对于整齐划一的广播操的要求。都体现了在中国的教育体制传输的一种集体主义思想。 他们自己会更注重自己个人的发展，比如万里不舒服就很毅然的离开，他对这里的环境虽有眷恋但是并不可以影响自己的追求，还有他去过25个国家，对于自己的国家也没有很强烈的集体主义感。对于个人的发展要求和对自己的愿望的实现更迫切一些，对于一些对于个人无意义的比如集体的跑操活动，还有课堂上的一些硬性要求，为了培养中国学生的整齐划一的执行能力和集体主义的归属感。 在我咨询万里为什么离开中国，他的陈述中有一个高频词汇“自由”，他认为在中国的各种生活都不自由，在他看来，是一种思想自由和行为自由的不想当。他的想法中，除了早操还有固定的上课模式、固定的强制参加的活动、对于体测的要求等等。 而且在我对于所看到聊天记录的分析，他是一个很会适应当地的生活习俗的人，比如节日，前几天，十二月三十一号晚上，他给我的朋友发了元旦快乐。当时的对话是这样的。万里说：“新年快乐”我的朋友W说：“万里！新年快乐!你那里几点了。我这里11:41了。”万里说：“这里还是四点多，还有很长时间，但在中国已经新年了。”W说：“你能想到我，我很开心的。”万里：“嗯，当然想到你。我们是朋友。”加重语气又说：“好朋友。”这里的好朋友三个字引人深思，我朋友和他的交流的时间并不长，也是之前上过一节课，然后在一个小组，所以有了一定的交流。 在这里我想起上课时结合教材老师讲到的，外国学生对于在学校交流的伙伴，在课后就不管不顾不问候，所以这里有些许的疑问，所以我在询问他，是否真的是这样，对于你们在课
《跨文化沟通》情景剧 第一幕 时间：早上 地点：某跨国公司会客大厅 人物：跨国公司子公司负责人——A日本人（饰演者：） B美国人（饰演者：） C中国人（饰演者：） D阿拉伯人（饰演者：） E泰国人（饰演者：） F英国人总裁（饰演者：） G接引日本人（饰演者：） — （旁白）某跨国大公司出现大危机，来自各国分公司的负责人纷纷赶回英国到总 部会面进行商务会谈。会谈时间定为早上9点， 现在是8点30分。 （CEO坐在办公室，一边批阅文件，一边等待其他子公司的负责人到来） 接引日本人：（“咚咚咚”敲门后开门）先生，有一部分子公司负责人已经到达会 场了。 英国人总裁：好的，谢谢，我这就过去。 接引日本人：（深深鞠躬后，退出办公室，并小声地关上门。） （旁白）此时，各子公司的负责人相继进入会场。 美国人B：（热情地走向第一个到达的日本人A，伸出手）你好，第一次见面。
日本人A：（朝向美国人B，弯腰鞠躬）阁下，你好，请多指教。 美国人B：（手悬在空中，略显尴尬）你好，你好。 日本人A：（见此状，连忙握手）抱歉，先生，实在抱歉。请多指教。（又弯腰鞠躬 一次） 阿拉伯人D：（D进入的同时E也到了，D看见老朋友E，高兴地到E面前，右手扶 住对方的左肩，左手搂抱对方腰部，然后，按 照先左后右的顺序，贴面三次，即左——右—— 左。在贴面的同时）艾赫兰——艾赫兰——艾 赫兰（即“你好”）最近怎么样啊！（后嘴里发 出亲吻的声音） 】 泰国人E：（虽然习惯了，但还是表现出很无奈的样子，后双手合十，举于胸前， 朝向三人，面带微笑）萨瓦滴卡。（转过身面向 D）还好，这把老骨头还能在商场战几年，哈哈 哈。 阿拉伯D：（D搂着E，朝向A、B也热情地迎上去，伸手）（“你好”）你们那边还 好吗 日本人A：（握手）你好啊。我还好。公司还能正常运转。 阿拉伯人D说话时眼睛紧紧盯着日本人A的眼睛，这让日本人A很不自在，很勉 强地看了一眼阿拉伯人，就把头低了下去。 美国人B：（握手）你好，阁下。我们这次来不就是为了让它变得更好吗 中国人C：（看了看手表，嘀咕了一句“还好只是迟到了一点点”后，整理整理服 装进入会场）抱歉，各位，你们好，我来晚了。
P4外在文化：外在文化指文化外显的一面,是可以感知、识别的,或可通过文字记载而获得，一切文化现象，即包括文化行为在内的各种文化事、物，都属于外在文化。 P4内在文化：内在文化指文化内隐的面，从文字记载中不能直接感知和识别，包括人们作出决定、完成任务、衡量事物的重要性和把知识概念化的方式以及怎样对于种种限制作出反应。 P4交互性文化：在沟通的平台上，双方都能对彼此言行中的文化暗示做出反应，并且以此来修正自己的行为，这样就形成了一种交互性文化。 P6文化：文化是群体成员连贯一致的、后天习得的、群体共享的观念，人们藉此决定事情的轻重缓急，就事情的适宜性表明自己的态度，并决定和支配后续的行为。 文化的三个特点： 1、连贯一致的：每一种文化，不管是，去的还是现在的，都具有一致性和完整性，即文化也是一种完整的宇宙观，如果群体成员从自己狭隘的宇宙观出发，就很有可能看不到在自己“统一的、持久的愿景”中所缺少的东西； 2、后天习得的：文化并不是天生的，而是通过学习掌握的。同样如果要了解其他文化，就要通过学习来掌握，不只是浅尝辄止，而要深入学习，并按其行为准则来规范自己的行为； 3、群体共享的观念：文化是为社会所共享的。社会成员在事物的含义的以及这种含义的归因上达成了共识。社会被共同的价值观所驱动，同一文化背景中的人员共享该文化的各种符号、标识。 文化的三个功能： 1、文化决定事情的轻重缓急。 2、文化决定态度，态度是通过学习而形成的，它是对事物的总体评价 3、文化支配行为，人们的行为直接受到价值观的支配，直接来源于对事物价值的判断 P16文化休克：文化休克指的是在一段时间里出现的一系列反应，是一种混乱感、一种心理甚至是生理上的问题，这些问题都是源于在其它文化中求生的欲望引发调整和改变自己的努力所带来的压力。 P18反文化休克：旅居国外的人回到祖国以后，常常会出现一段与在国外相似的调整和适应期，以及伴随而来的一些类似的症状。 P24刻板印象：当我们面对陌生的或者复杂的事物时，我们对其产生的固定的，僵化的印象。P27文化智力：一个人成功地适应新文化环境的能力。 P30跨文化沟通：通常是指不同文化背景的人之间发生的沟通行为。因为地域不同、种族不同等因素导致文化差异，因此，跨文化沟通可能发生在国际间，也能发生在不同的文化群体之间。 问题二P32高语境文化：，有较多的信息量由情景而不是语言方式来进行传达。特点：晦涩的，间接的，暗指的 低语境文化：大多数信息都是通过外在的语言方式来进行传达。特点：明确的，直接的，完全用词语表达 P36 问题三P43语言文化的关系：语言与文化的关系：语言与文化相互交织在一起，相互影响，密不可分。语言能够帮助我们同不同文化背景的人进行沟通，文化认知对语言的运用也十分必要。 1、语言反映环境，语言可以折射出我们的生活环境，我们用语言描述身边的事物。（如“雪”）同时环境影响词汇的发展； 2、语言体现价值观，在与来自其他文化背景的人沟通时，我们要把异国语言文化中的概念用适合国人价值观排序的方式准确翻译出来。进行思想沟通，文化知识与语言知识是同等重
（一）典型案例： 飞利浦照明公司某区人力资源的一名美国籍副总裁与一位被认为具有发展潜力的中国员工交谈。他很想听听这位员工对自己今后五年的职业发展规划以及期望达到的位置。中国员工并没有正面回答问题，而是开始谈论起公司未来的发展方向、公司的晋升体系，以及目前他本人在组织中的位置等等，说了半天也没有正面回答副总裁的问题。副总裁有些疑惑不解，没等他说完已经不耐烦了。同样的事情之前已经发生了好几次。 谈话结束后，副总裁忍不住想人力资源总监抱怨道：“我不过是想知道这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算，想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位而已，可为什么就不能得到明确的回答呢？”“这位老外总裁怎么这样咄咄逼人？”谈话中受到压力的员工也向人力资源总监诉苦。 （二）案例中的文化差异对沟通产生的影响分析 在该案例中，副总裁是美国籍人，而那位员工则是中国籍。显然，对于出生于两个不同的国度的人，中美之间思维方式、生活习惯、文化背景、教育程度、文化差异等多个方面都存在着显著的差异。正是由于这些文化差异的存在，才使得双方在沟通交流的过程中产生一系列障碍。 案例中“中国员工并没有正面回答问题”，原因可能是多种多样的。 （１）语言障碍、没有理解透彻美国副总裁所说话语的原意。 中文和英文之间存在很大的差异，在我们学习英文的过程中我们可以体会到，对于一个中国人，要完全体会英文背后的文化是很困难的一件事。例如，“pull one's leg”本意是“开玩笑”，但我们很容易就理解成“拉后腿”的意思了。 （２）思维方式明显不相同。 假设这位中国员工从正面直接回答了副总的问题。比如，中国员工回答：“……想在五年之内作到营销部经理的职位。”很显然，按照中国人的传统心理，这样的回答违反了中国人一向谦虚、委婉的心理习惯。太直接反而暴露出自己很有野心，高傲自大的缺陷。谦虚也可以给自己留有后路，万一做不到那个理想的位子，也不至于丢面子，被人耻笑。恰恰相反，美国人一向简单明了，很直接，这也是他们一贯的思维方式。
《跨文化沟通》考点整理 一、名词解释 1．外在文化 2．内在文化 3．交易性文化 4．文化 5．高语境文化 6．低语境文化 7．个人主义 8．集体主义 9．权力距离 10．不确定性规避 11．不确定性容忍 12．男性化 13．女性化 14．副语言 15．空间语言 二、论述题及简答题考点 1．文化的三个特点（连贯一致、后天习得、群体共享）及三个功能（决定事情的轻重缓急、政治因素就事情的适宜性表明自己的态度、决定和支配后续的行为）P4~8 2．高语境文化与低语境文化P19~20 3．语言反映环境P28~29 4．语言体现价值观P29 5．如何选择正确的语言（语言因素、商业因素、、适当的流利程度）P32~35 6．五个范畴（结合小结P72~73、P91重点复习） 7．副语言P120~121 8．在面对面沟通中的非言语行为习惯（七个方面，重点看“口头沟通中的话语权”、“空间语言”、“沉默”三个部分，注意区分不同文化差异的行为习惯P121~137） 9．如何表达尊重：权势地位、服饰作为权威的象征P140~142 10．绩效奖励P150~152 11．界定问题并解决问题（注意高低语境文化与集体主义和个人主义方面的差异阐述）P176~177 12．冲突管理（注意高低语境文化与集体主义和个人主义方面的的不同理解以及低语境文化对冲突管理方法的排次）P177~180 13．冲突沟通的策略（五点）P180~182 14．谈判要素（四个方面）P190~199 15．谈判的阶段划分（四个阶段）P200~205 《跨文化沟通》论述题及简答题语言归纳 1．文化的三个特点（连贯一致、后天习得、群体共享）及三个功能（决定事情的轻重缓急、就事情的适宜性表明自己的态度、决定和支配后续的行为）P4~8 文化的三个特点：
话说宝玉在林黛玉房中说"耗子精"，宝钗撞来，讽刺宝玉元宵不知"绿蜡"之典，三人正在房中互相讥刺取笑。 杨宪益：Pao-yu，as we saw, was in Tai-yu?s room telling her the story about the rat spirits when Pao-chai burst in and teased him for forgetting the “green wax” allusion on the night of the Feast of Lanterns. 霍克斯: We have shown how Bao-yu was in Dai-yu?s room telling her the story of the magic mice; how Bao-Chai burst in on them and twitted Bao-yu with his failure to remember the …green wax? allusion on the night of the Lantern Festival; and how the three of them sat teasing each other with good-humored banter. 对比分析：杨宪益和霍克斯在翻译“耗子精”采用来了不同的处理方法，前者使用了异化”rat spirits”，后者用的是归化法”magic mice”,使用归化法更受英美读者的亲乃。但是二者同时采用了增译法，增添了the story，原文并没有。在翻译“宝玉不知绿烛之典”的“不知”，英文1用的是“forgetting”，而译文2用的是“with failure to ”，显然译文2更符合英美的表达习惯。 那宝玉正恐黛玉饭后贪眠，一时存了食，或夜间走了困，皆非保养身体之法。幸而宝钗走来，大家谈笑，那林黛玉方不欲睡，自己才放了心。 杨宪益：Pao-yu felt relieved as they laughed and made fun of each other, for he had feared that sleeping after lunch might give Tai-yu indigestion or insomnia that night, and so injure her health. Luckily Pao-chai?s arrival and the lively conversation that followed it had woken Tai-yu up. 霍克斯: Bao-yu had been afraid that by sleeping after her meal Dai-yu would give herself indigestion or suffer from insomnia through being insufficiently tired when she went to bed at night, but Bao-chai?s arrival and the lively conversation that followed it banished all Dai-yu?s desire to sleep and enabled him to lay aside his anxiety on her behalf. 对比分析：译文一对原文语序进行了调整，先说了“放心”，再说“担心”，但并不如不调整顺序的逻辑强。译文二只是用了一个“but”就把原文意思分层了两层，逻辑更加清晰，符合西方人注重逻辑的习惯。原文中的“谈笑”是动词，而两个译文版本都是译的“the lively conversation”，是名词，体现了汉语重动态，英文重静态的特点。 忽听他房中嚷起来，大家侧耳听了一听，林黛玉先笑道："这是你妈妈和袭人叫嚷呢。那袭人也罢了，你妈妈再要认真排场她，可见老背晦了。" 杨宪益：Just then, a commotion broke out in Pao-yu?s apartments and three of th em pricked up their ears. “It?s your nanny scolding Hai-jen,” announced Tai-yu. “There?s nothing wrong with Hai-jen, yet your nanny is for ever nagging at her. Old age has befuddled her.”
《傲慢与偏见》（节选一） Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (An Except from Chapter One) 译文对比分析 节选文章背景：小乡绅贝内特有五个待字闺中的千金，贝内特太太整天操心着为女儿物色称心如意的丈夫。新来的邻居宾利(Bingley)是个有钱的单身汉，他立即成了贝内特太太追猎的目标。 1.It’s a truth u niversally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. 译文一：凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的道理。译文二：有钱的单身汉总要娶位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。 2.However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. 译文一：这样的单身汉，每逢新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍虽然完全不了解他的性情如何，见解如何，可是，既然这样的一条真理早已在人们心中根深蒂固，因此人们总是把他看作是自己某一个女儿理所应得的一笔财产。 译文二：这条真理还真够深入人心的，每逢这样的单身汉新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍的人家尽管对他的性情见识一无所知，却把他视为某一个女儿的合法财产。 3.”My dear Mr. benne” said his lady to him one day ,”have you heard that nether field park is let at last?” 译文一：有一天班纳特太太对她的丈夫说：“我的好老爷，尼日斐花园终于租出去了，你听说过没有？” 译文二：“亲爱的贝特先生”一天，贝纳特太太对先生说：“你有没有听说内瑟费尔德庄园终于租出去了：” 4.Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. 译文一：纳特先生回答道，他没有听说过。 译文二：纳特先生回答道，没有听说过。 5.”But it is,” returned she:” for Mrs. long has just been here, and she t old me all about it.” 译文一：“的确租出去了，”她说，“朗格太太刚刚上这来过，她把这件事情的底细，一五一十地都告诉了我。” 译文二：“的确租出去了，”太太说道。“朗太太刚刚来过，她把这事一五一十地全告诉我了。”
《乡愁》两个英译本的对比分析 曹菊玲 （川外2013级翻译硕士教学1班文学翻译批评与鉴赏学期课程论文） 摘要：余光中先生的《乡愁》是一首广为人知的诗歌，曾被众多学者翻译成英文，本文将对赵俊华译本和杨钟琰译本进行对比分析，主要从原作的分析、译文的准确性、译文风格以及对原文意象的把握入手进行赏析，指出两译本的不足和精彩之处。 关键词：《乡愁》；原诗的分析；准确性；风格；意象的把握 1.原诗的分析 作者余光中出生于大陆，抗战爆发后在多地颠沛流离，最后22岁时移居台湾。20多年都未回到大陆，作者思乡情切，于上世纪70年代创作了这首脍炙人口的诗歌，但是当时大陆与台湾关系正处于紧张时期，思而不得的痛苦与惆怅包含于整首诗中。 全诗为四节诗，节与节之间完全对称，四句一节，共十六句，节奏感、韵律感很强，读起来朗朗上口。而且这首诗语言简洁，朴实无华，但是却表达了深刻的内涵。从整体上看，作者采取层层递进的方式，以时空的隔离和变化来推进情感的表达，最后一句对大陆的思念，一下子由个人哀愁扩大到国家分裂之愁，因而带有历史的厚重感。 【原诗】 乡愁 余光中 小时候／乡愁是一枚小小的邮票／我在这头／母亲在那头 长大后／乡愁是一张窄窄的船票／我在这头／新娘在那头 后来啊／乡愁是一方矮矮的坟墓／我在外头／母亲在里头 而现在／乡愁是一湾浅浅的海峡／我在这头／大陆在那头 【译诗】 (1) 赵俊华译 Homesick As a boy, I was homesick for a tiny stamp, —I was here, Mom lived alone over there. When grow up, I was homesick for a small ship ticket. —I was here,
浅谈“跨文化交流” 摘要：随着经济和现代科技的飞速发展，全球化成为当今世界的一大趋势。跨地域、跨文化的相互了解、相互交流有助于开放自我、开放社会，更好地实现不同地域、不同文化背景间人们的共同进步。改革开放30多年来，越来越多的人走出国门或者参与跨文化的交际，跨文化之间的交流已经成为人们日常生活中一个不可或缺的组成部分。因而掌握与不同文化背景的人打交道时的实际技能，需要通过学习不断得到提高。然而文化上的差异往往会给不同文化背景的人们之间的相互交流带来较大的困难，有时还会造成不必要的误解，阻碍跨文化交流的顺利进行。因此，我们应该对跨文化交流的过程、目的、技巧、影响机制等进行更加深入的研究。本文主要从文化的角度分析了跨文化交流的障碍以及其形成的原因作了分析，并提出了一些避免这些交流障碍，提高交流技巧与能力的观点和方法。 关键词：跨文化交流、价值观、语言文化、行为语言、因素“跨文化交流”一词译自英文的“intercultural communication”，指的是不同文化背景的人之间的交际，也就是不同文化背景的人之间所发生的相互作用。该词是由美国人类文化学者霍尔于1959年在他的《无声的语言》一书中首先提出的。 跨文化交流从理论上说，是来自不同文化的人群，由于不同的文化价值观和处事方式，往往会导致相互间对同一事件产生不同的理
解和看法。随着东西方文化交流越来越频繁，因此需要对不同文化间如何充分发挥跨文化交流的有效性进行深入的研究。 文化仿佛像空气一样，人们平常感觉不到它的存在，但在实际交流中却处处离不开文化。它涉及到人类生活的方方面面，并通过不同层面的种种因素对交流产生影响。在实际的交流过程中，人们通常把自己所熟悉的、习惯性的方式，当作是最正确的、理所当然的思维方式和处事方式。这种把自己的文化模式置于其它文化模式之上的行为，必然会削弱跨文化交际的能力，妨碍跨文化交流的顺利进行。下面我们从观念、语言、行为三个主要因素来分析其对跨文化交流的影响。 价值观的影响 “广义的文化指人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富 和精神财富的总和。狭义的文化指人类的精神财富，如科学、教育、文学、艺术等。”文化涵盖的范围很广，包括社会制度、政治与法律、世界观、人生观、价值观、思维方式、习俗、道德、宗教、家庭观念等等。 从文化表面上的不同，我们可以把不同文化深层次的差异归结在不同的观念或称价值观上。所谓价值观，就是判断是非好坏的标准。对于隶属于某个文化的人来说，判断行为的好与不好，都是受这个价值观支配的。不同文化的价值观差异促成了人们认识上的差异。当文化价值系统发挥作用时，它便产生激发力，影响着人们的感觉、
地点：朝阳医院肝胆外科 人物：王大妈 护士甲 护士乙 实习生 王大妈的女儿 （背景音乐响起，旁白） 医患沟通，是指医疗机构的医务人员在日常诊疗过程中，与患者及家属就伤病、诊疗、健康及相关因素（如费用、服务等），主要以诊疗服务的方式进行的沟通交流，它构成了单纯医技与医疗综合服务实践中十分重要的基础环节，也是医患沟通的主要构成。由于它发生在各医疗机构中的医患个体之间，虽然面广量大，但绝大部分的医患沟通一般范围小、难度小、影响小，不易引起人们的关注。 沟通是一门学问，善于沟通是优秀护士必备的素质， 有效沟通能快速拉近医患距离， 它可以使医护人员快速增进信任； 它可以消除患者的焦虑 它可以浇灭心头的怒火，平息一场纠纷。 我们每天都在和患者打交道， 患者千差万别 沟通需要区别对待 但有一点是共同的， 那就是要用心去交流。 今天，我们肝胆病区来了一位急腹症患者，她是一位 70多岁的王奶奶 王大妈：哎呦！护士！痛死我了！ （王大妈的女儿用轮椅推着她，大妈双手捂着肚子）。 护士甲：奶奶，您哪儿不舒服啊？ 王大妈的女儿：我妈痛得不行，先叫医生看看！ 护士甲：大妈，先到里面躺会吧！我通知医生来看你的。 （护士甲接过病历资料，一边掺扶着大妈到床旁）
护士甲：奶奶，我先给你量体温、测血压吧。 （拿出体温计和血压计） 王大妈的女儿：护士，我妈都痛死了！你先给他打止痛针吧！ 护士甲： 您别着急，我知道奶奶肚子很痛， 可是我们在不明确病因的情况下是不能盲目用止痛剂，那样会掩盖病情的 王大妈的女儿：尽快吧。 护士甲（对护士乙） ：小李，你先帮奶奶做入院手续，我去通知值班医生。 护士乙（拿着病历资料） ：奶奶，我先简要问下您基本的情况，好吗？ 护士乙：奶奶，您平时有什么疾病吗？ 王大妈：我平时没病，这次就是肚子痛。 护士乙：以前有药物过敏史吗？ 王大妈的女儿： 问什么问呀，办事效率怎么那么低， 我妈痛死了还不给她治疗，反而问些无关紧要的话。是不是想耽误我们病情啊？你们付得了责任吗？ 护士乙：你们先不要着急……（被打断） 王大妈： 问啥呀，问这问那的， 烦都被你们烦死了， 我都痛死了都没人管， 你们这是什么破医院啊！ （伴着阵阵痛苦的呻吟） 护士甲：别激动，好吗？你们的心情我能理解。我们要先了解您的病史，了解清楚后才能决定下 一步的治疗，我们会尽量快点的。 奶奶，住院手续已经帮您办好了。 （旁白）采集完病史后，护士根据开出的医嘱为大妈挂上了液体。 护士甲：
《落花生》两英译本的对比分析 【摘要】本文对张培基先生和刘士聪先生对《落花生》的英译本从接受美学的角度进行了对比分析。通过分析原文的写作目的，风格和语言特点从而对翻译的分析打下良好基础。举例对翻译的段落进行了对比分析，反映了译者的期待视野影响翻译目的，职业经历和翻译的基本观点影响期待视野。这一点对于文本不确定性和语义空白点的具体化十分重要。 【关键词】《落花生》；张培基；刘士聪；接受美学；翻译对比 一、原文的介绍 《落花生》是中国著名作家许地山创作的一篇具有深远意义的散文。他回忆了童年时发生的一件小事。父亲通过一件关于花生的小事讲述了生活哲理。 原文具有以下几个功能： 1、信息功能：它描述了童年发生的一件事及花生的特点和用途。 2、审美功能：文章的语言简单朴素清新自然。语言特点，内容和风格相得益彰，形成了浓厚的艺术吸引力。 3、表达功能：这篇散文表达了作者崇高的思想，即便是在动荡浑浊的旧时代，还应保持个人节操。 4、祈使功能：虽然描写的是不起眼的花生，却在字里行间向大家传递了人生哲学。那就是“那么，人要做有用的人，不要做伟大、体面的人了。” 二、两英译本对比分析 张先生和刘先生在翻译时都保留了原文的风格和特点。但他们的翻译风格还是有些不同的。 他们的期待视野影响其翻译目的。他们的职业经历影响他们翻译期待视野。张先生和刘先生都曾在出版社做过编辑，都潜心研究翻译事业。但是不同的是刘先生还有翻译教学的经历。和张先生相比，他更算的上是一个翻译教育学者。他投身于翻译教学和其他英语相关的学科研究中。从以上可以推断出，可能刘先生在翻译过程中遵循的规则更加严格，并且会更加的客观，也就是说学术的客观性会比较多，在翻译中自己主观理解的加入可能较少。这里有一个例子。原文：“那晚上的天色不大好，…”刘先生译文：“The weather was not very good that night but，….”张先生译文：“It looked like rain that evening，….”而“天色不太好”并不代表就是要下雨了。虽然对于这一句的翻译并不影响整体，但是作为一个翻译来说，并不应该加入过多的理所当然的想象。 除了翻译家的职业经历会影响他们的翻译表现和态度，他们对于翻译的基本看法，也会影响翻译工作。刘先生认为翻译的最高境界是对原文韵味的再现。译作“韵味”就是原作的艺术内涵通过译文准确而富有文采的语言表达时所蕴含的艺术感染力，这能引起读者的美感共鸣。除此之外，刘先生还强调要把译文作为独立的文本来看待。具体说来就是对译文美感和韵味的展现虽是从词句入手的，同时还应注意译文包括内容和风格的整体效果。当两者有了矛盾，要变通前者来适应后者。从以上不难看出，刘先生在翻译时非常注重两方面，一是对原文韵味的保留，也就是原文内容中所蕴含的艺术吸引力的保留，另一方面就是对翻译整体效果的追求要超越对词语句子的效果的追求。
译文对比评析从哪些方面 匆匆英译文对比赏析 （1）匆匆 译文1：Transient Days 译文2：Rush （2）燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。 译文1：If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again. 译文2：Swallows may have gone, but there is a time to return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of regreening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again.
（3）但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?——是有人偷了他们罢：那是谁?又藏在何处呢?是他们自己逃走了罢：现在又到了哪里呢? 译文1：But, tell me, you the wise, why should our days go by never to return? Perhaps they have been stolen by someone. But who could it be and where could he hide them? Perhaps they have just run away by themselves. But where could they be at the present moment? 译文2：Now, you the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return? ----If they had been stolen by someone, who could it be? Where could he hide them? If they had made the escape themselves, then where could they stay at the moment? （4）我不知道他们给了我多少日子；但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。译文1：I don’t know how many days I am entitled to
地点：ICU病房 人物：护士患者家属 时间：除夕夜 旁白：灯火通明的ICU病房内，今夜无人入眠，医生和护士正在抢救从急诊转来的慢支痰液窒息的病人，护士正在进行吸痰，吸氧，抽血气分析，心电监护，记录。。。。。。经过紧张有序的抢救，终于，患者神志逐渐清醒。 护士：安妮，安妮，你知道你现在在哪里吗？ 患者：不知道，我，我怎么了？ 护士：安妮，你现在在海门市中医院的ICU病房，我是你的责任护士小张，你因为痰液堵塞气道，神志不清，现在经过抢救你的病情暂时稳定了，你现在感觉怎么样啊？ 患者：感觉呼吸有点费力 护士：我们刚刚帮你抽血化验了，你的血氧分压是45mmHg，你的二氧化碳分压也比较高，你的氧饱和度也只有85%，医嘱要我们帮你用呼吸机进行无创通气，这样能改善你的缺氧症状和二氧化碳储留。 患者：我不要用什么呼吸机，我现在要回家和我女儿过年，她一个人在家会孤单的 护士：那你也要把病看好了再回家呀！你不要担心，你女儿正在病房外的休息室。安妮，你要积极配合治疗，这样才能早日回家跟你女儿团聚呀！
患者：我的病已经很多年了，已经治不好了。 护士：安妮，你不要紧张，我们这里是ICU病房，采用先进的医疗设备，进行持续生命体征监测，24小时专人陪护，帮你进行专科护理和各项基础护理。现在我们帮你使用呼吸机治疗，就是用呼吸机上的面罩罩住你的口鼻进行无创机械通气，然后根据你的化验室指标调整各项参数，跟面罩吸氧差不多的没有什么痛苦的！ 患者：真的吗？ 护士：真的，请相信我们！你也要有战胜疾病的勇气呀！ 患者：嗯，好吧。 护士操作后 护士：安妮，现在是不是感觉呼吸没那么费力了呀？ 患者：嗯（点点头） 护士：安妮，现在呼吸机无创通气给你用好了，你好好休息吧，我处理一下用物，待会再来看你！ 患者点点头 旁白：第二天家属探视，半小时的时间到了 护士：小妹妹，探视时间到了，你现在可以回家休息了，你妈妈我们会好好照顾的 家属：护士姐姐，让我在这里陪陪她吧，我爸爸过世的早，妈妈一个人含辛茹苦得把我养大，为了供我上大学，妈妈每天起早贪黑，平时连肉都舍不得买，好几年都没买过一件新衣服。现在
对《匆匆》的三个译本对比分析 翻译大家常说好的翻译作品要忠于原文，完全了解原文的写作背景，作者的写作风格；并把握理解作者表达的思想感情，挖掘作者原作中的内涵，捕捉原作里的神韵之美，以及丰富的感情。为了对比散文《匆匆》的三个不同译本我他特意查了一下《匆匆》的写作背景，然后读了几遍原文，深深地体味了一下朱自清的写作情感。顿时，感受到了朱自清对时间流逝的无奈焦急和惋惜之情。再读《匆匆》，似乎在听一首好听灵动的音乐，那朴素平淡的抒情气氛，优美的了律动美，委婉流畅悠远的的音律美油然而生。然后再欣赏三个不同的译本，我或多或少感受到了三个译本各自不同的特点。 乍眼一看，我特别喜欢张培基先生的译本，我觉得他译的真好。因为我看他的译文时，感受到了原作丰富的思想感情，浓厚的感染力，以及原文的美和意境。但是经过仔细品味，我发现其实三个译本各有千秋，不能单单说谁译的好与不好，只能说谁翻译的比较准确，更能符合原文之美，原文之意，原文之味。 以下是我对三个译本的对比分析欣赏：（朱纯深，张培基，张梦井先生的译本） 对比一：题目。 朱纯深译文：Rush 张培基译文：Transient Days 张梦井译文：Days Gone By Rush的意思是快速移动；急促；有仓促之意。我认为时间虽然短暂，但也不至于仓促过往，rush 没有美感，也不符合原文所表达匆匆之意，不太妥帖。 Transien t的意思是转瞬即逝的,短暂的(continuing for only a short time )把时间匆匆流逝，时间短暂之意表达的淋漓尽致，似乎让人觉得时间犹如过往云烟，捉不住，摸不着，与原文匆匆之意相符合，且具有美感。 Go b y的意思是流逝,过去（to past）多指时间的推移，不能表达匆匆之意。 综上所述，Transient Days更为贴切，而其他两个就欠妥帖。 对比二： 朱纯深：Swallows may have gone, but there is a time to return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of re-greening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. 张培基：If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again.