FLUENT-MDM-tut-06_vane-pump
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本教程以泵内定常流动数值模拟为例,详细讲述了如何应用FLUENT进行泵内流计算以及如何应用FLUENT进行简单的后处理。
基本步骤:1、启动FLUENT,选择3d求解器。
2、读入网格(×.msh);3、检查网格,确保最小体积为正,选择grid→check菜单;4、缩放网格;5、光顺/交换网格;6、求解器设置;7、设置计算模型;8、设置运行环境,对于离心泵数值模拟一般不考虑重力;9、设置转速单位;10、定义材料,也可以进行自定义材料;11、定义边界条件;12、设置交界面;13、设置求解参数;14、监视残差;15、初始化流场;16、保存case文件;17、开始迭代计算;18、FLUENT后处理。
1、启动FLUENT,选择3d求解器。
启动后FLUENT界面如下图所示:2、读入网格(×.msh),选择file→read→case菜单;3、检查网格,确保最小体积为正,选择grid→check菜单。
Check无误后才可以进行下面的操作。
4、缩放网格,选择grid→scale菜单,弹出下图的对话框,直接输入Scale Factors点击Scale即可,一般缩小1000倍到毫米。
由于FLUENT默认的单位是米,所以必须进行网格缩放。
5、光顺/交换网格,选择grid→smooth/swap菜单,进入下面的界面;先点击Smooth,然后点击Swap直至Number Swapped为0。
6、求解器设置,选择define→models→solver菜单,进入求解器设置界面,如下图所示。
一般定常求解设置为分离求解器、隐式算法、三维空间、稳态流动、绝对速度、压力梯度为单元压力梯度计算;7、设置计算模型,选择define→models→viscous菜单,弹出湍流模型选择对话框。
一般选用标准k-ε模型,进入k-ε模型设置界面,一般保持默认即可;8、设置运行环境,选择define→operating condition菜单,弹出下面的对话框。
F L U E N T喷雾模拟具体
步骤
公司内部编号:(GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
dispersionangle参数很重要
设置的是6?太小了
选择离散相模型DPM(拉格朗日离散粒子多相流)
Discrete Phase Model面板中的Unsteady Parameters 属性框中激活了Unsteady Tracking 选项,在瞬态流动中考虑相间耦合计算,在每一个迭代时间步长内,依据在Number Of Continuous PhaseIterations Per DPM Iteration 设定的迭代步数进行颗粒轨道的迭代计算。
液滴破碎模型:泰勒类比破碎模型
FLUENT 提供两种雾滴破碎模型:泰勒类比破碎(TAB)模型和波致破碎模型。
本文选自泰勒类比破碎模型。
Discrete Phase Model-Spray Models 下激活Droplet Breakup,TAB 模型,设置y0为0.001(初始变形值)
动态曳力模型
创建入射源:
创建喷雾模型:选择pressure-swirl-atomizer(压力旋流雾化模型)水滴颗粒相流数目:
水滴颗粒相设置:
惯性颗粒(``inert'')离散相类型(颗粒、液滴或气泡)
材料设置:
属性设置:
入射源位置
入射源轴向方向设置:
流量以及时间设置:喷嘴直径,锥角,重力加速度设置:。
FLUENT软件操作界面中英文对照Fluent Software Operation Interface English-Chinese Pairs1. File 文件2. Open 打开3. Save 存储4. Save As 另存为5. Import 导入6. Export 导出7. Quit 退出9. Preferences 首选项10. View 视图11. Toolbar 工具栏12. Status Bar 状态栏13. Mesh 网格14. Monitor 监视器15. Monitor Plot 监视器绘图16. Monitor Table 监视器表17. Create Monitors 创建监视器18. Zone 专区19. Operation 操作20. Domain 领域21. Manage 管理22. Tables 表23. Solve 解24. Solve Setup 解决设置26. Boundary Conditions 边界条件27. Definitions 定义28. Solution Monitors 解决监视器29. Global Parameters 全局参数30. Flow Models 流动模型31. Turbulence Models 湍流模型32. Species Models 种类模型33. Initialization 初始化34. Time-Scale & Pressure Control 时间尺度压力控制35. Advanced ODE Solver 高级常微分方程求解36. Solution Controls 解决控制37. Residual Controls 残余控制38. Memory & Multigrid Controls 内存&多重网格控制39. Under Relaxation 松弛40. Discrete Transfer 离散传递41. Refine Mesh 细化网格42. Reporting 报告43. Monitors 监视器44. Post Processing 后处理45. Mode 状态46. Graph 语句47. Residuals 残余48. Contours等值线49. Vectors 矢量50. Point Monitors 点监视器51. Interrogate 查询52. Probe Measurements 探针测量53. Construct Geometry 构造几何体54. Geometry 构造55. Extrude 拉伸56. Merge 合并57. Make Map 构建图58. Close Gaps 关闭间隙59. Round Corners 圆角60. Rotate 旋转61. Translate 平移62. Rename 重命名63. Measurements 测量66. Simulation 模拟67. Grid 位格68. Solution 解决69. File Signatures 文件标识70. Tools 工具71. Results 结果72. Data Sets 数据集。
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保持平衡equilibrium 化学平衡ESCIMO-----Engulfment(卷吞)Stretching(拉伸)Coherence(粘附)Interdiffusion-interaction(相互扩散和化学反应)Moving-observer(运动观察者)exhaust 用尽, 耗尽, 抽完, 使精疲力尽排气排气装置用不完的, 不会枯竭的exit 出口,排气管exothermic reaction 放热反应expenditure 支出,经费expertise 经验explicitly 明白地, 明确地extinction 熄灭的extract 抽出,提取evaluation 评价,估计,赋值evaporation 蒸发(作用) Eulerian approach 欧拉法facilitate 推动,促进factor 把…分解fast chemistry 快速化学反应fate 天数, 命运, 运气,注定, 送命,最终结果feasible 可行的,可能的feed pump 给水泵feedstock 填料fine grid 密网格,细网格finite difference approximation 有限差分法flamelet 小火焰单元flame stability 火焰稳定性flow pattern 流型fluctuating velocity 脉动速度fluctuation 脉动,波动flue 烟道(气)flue duck 烟道fluoride 氟化物fold 夹层块forced-and-induced draft fan 鼓引风机forestall 防止fouling 沾污fraction 碎片部分,百分比fragmentation 破碎fuel-rich regions 富燃料区,浓燃料区fuse 熔化,熔融gas duct 烟道gas-tight 烟气密封gasification 气化(作用)gasifier 气化器generalized model 通用模型Gibbs function Method 吉布斯函数法Gordon 戈登governing equation 控制方程gradient 梯度graphics 图gross efficiency 总效率hazard 危险header 联箱helically 螺旋形地heterogeneous 异相的heat flux 热流(密度)heat regeneration 再热器heat retention coeff 保热系数histogram 柱状图homogeneous 同相的、均相的hopper 漏斗horizontally 卧式的,水平的hydrodynamic drag 流体动力阻力hydrostatic pressure 静压hypothesis 假设humidity 湿气,湿度,水分含量identical 同一的,完全相同的ignition 着火illustrate 图解,插图in common with 和…一样in excess of 超过, 较...为多in recognition of 承认…而,按照in terms of 根据, 按照, 用...的话, 在...方面incandescent 白炽的,光亮的inception 起初induced-draft fan 强制引风机inert 无活动的, 惰性的, 迟钝的inert atmosphere 惰性气氛inertia 惯性, 惯量inflammability 可燃性injection 引入,吸引inleakage 漏风量inlet 入口inlet vent 入烟口instantaneous reaction rate 瞬时反应速率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度instruction 指示, 用法说明(书), 教育, 指导, 指令intake fan 进气风扇integral time 积分时间integration 积分interface 接触面intermediate 中间的,介质intermediate species 中间组分intermittency model of turbulence 湍流间歇模型intermixing 混合intersect 横断,相交interval 间隔intrinsic 内在的inverse proportion 反比irreverse 不可逆的irreversible 不可逆的,单向的isothermal 等温的, 等温线的,等温线isotropic 各向同性的joint 连接justify 认为Kelvin 绝对温度,开氏温度kinematic viscosity 动粘滞率, 动粘度kinetics 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Fluent多相流模型选择与设定1.多相流动模式我们可以根据下⾯的原则对多相流分成四类:⽓-液或者液-液两相流:o ⽓泡流动:连续流体中的⽓泡或者液泡。
o 液滴流动:连续⽓体中的离散流体液滴。
o 活塞流动: 在连续流体中的⼤的⽓泡o 分层⾃由⾯流动:由明显的分界⾯隔开的⾮混合流体流动。
⽓-固两相流:o 充满粒⼦的流动:连续⽓体流动中有离散的固体粒⼦。
o ⽓动输运:流动模式依赖诸如固体载荷、雷诺数和粒⼦属性等因素。
最典型的模式有沙⼦的流动,泥浆流,填充床,以及各向同性流。
o 流化床:由⼀个盛有粒⼦的竖直圆筒构成,⽓体从⼀个分散器导⼊筒内。
从床底不断充⼊的⽓体使得颗粒得以悬浮。
改变⽓体的流量,就会有⽓泡不断的出现并穿过整个容器,从⽽使得颗粒在床内得到充分混合。
液-固两相流o 泥浆流:流体中的颗粒输运。
液-固两相流的基本特征不同于液体中固体颗粒的流动。
在泥浆流中,Stokes 数通常⼩于1。
当Stokes数⼤于1 时,流动成为流化(fluidization)了的液-固流动。
o ⽔⼒运输: 在连续流体中密布着固体颗粒o 沉降运动: 在有⼀定⾼度的成有液体的容器内,初始时刻均匀散布着颗粒物质。
随后,流体将会分层,在容器底部因为颗粒的不断沉降并堆积形成了淤积层,在顶部出现了澄清层,⾥⾯没有颗粒物质,在中间则是沉降层,那⾥的粒⼦仍然在沉降。
在澄清层和沉降层中间,是⼀个清晰可辨的交界⾯。
三相流(上⾯各种情况的组合)各流动模式对应的例⼦如下:⽓泡流例⼦:抽吸,通风,空⽓泵,⽓⽳,蒸发,浮选,洗刷液滴流例⼦:抽吸,喷雾,燃烧室,低温泵,⼲燥机,蒸发,⽓冷,刷洗活塞流例⼦:管道或容器内有⼤尺度⽓泡的流动分层⾃由⾯流动例⼦:分离器中的晃动,核反应装置中的沸腾和冷凝粒⼦负载流动例⼦:旋风分离器,空⽓分类器,洗尘器,环境尘埃流动风⼒输运例⼦:⽔泥、⾕粒和⾦属粉末的输运流化床例⼦:流化床反应器,循环流化床泥浆流例⼦: 泥浆输运,矿物处理⽔⼒输运例⼦:矿物处理,⽣物医学及物理化学中的流体系统沉降例⼦:矿物处理2. 多相流模型FLUENT中描述两相流的两种⽅法:欧拉⼀欧拉法和欧拉⼀拉格朗⽇法,后⾯分别简称欧拉法和拉格朗⽇法。
fluent中一些问题fluent中一些问题----(目录)2010-02-23 13:11:48| 分类:Fluent |举报|字号订阅目录1 如何入门2 CFD计算中涉及到的流体及流动的基本概念和术语2.1 理想流体(Ideal Fluid)和粘性流体(Viscous Fluid)2.2 牛顿流体(Newtonian Fluid)和非牛顿流体(non-Newtonian Fluid)2.3 可压缩流体(Compressible Fluid)和不可压缩流体(Incompressible Fluid)2.4 层流(Laminar Flow)和湍流(Turbulent Flow)2.5 定常流动(Steady Flow)和非定常流动(Unsteady Flow)2.6 亚音速流动(Subsonic)与超音速流动(Supersonic)2.7 热传导(Heat Transfer)及扩散(Diffusion)3 在数值模拟过程中,离散化的目的是什么?如何对计算区域进行离散化?离散化时通常使用哪些网格?如何对控制方程进行离散?离散化常用的方法有哪些?它们有什么不同?3.1 离散化的目的3.2 计算区域的离散及通常使用的网格3.3 控制方程的离散及其方法3.4 各种离散化方法的区别4 常见离散格式的性能的对比(稳定性、精度和经济性)5 流场数值计算的目的是什么?主要方法有哪些?其基本思路是什么?各自的适用范围是什么?6 可压缩流动和不可压缩流动,在数值解法上各有何特点?为何不可压缩流动在求解时反而比可压缩流动有更多的困难?6.1 可压缩Euler及Navier-Stokes方程数值解6.2 不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程求解7 什么叫边界条件?有何物理意义?它与初始条件有什么关系?8 在数值计算中,偏微分方程的双曲型方程、椭圆型方程、抛物型方程有什么区别?9 在网格生成技术中,什么叫贴体坐标系?什么叫网格独立解?10 在GAMBIT中显示的“check”主要通过哪几种来判断其网格的质量?及其在做网格时大致注意到哪些细节?11 在两个面的交界线上如果出现网格间距不同的情况时,即两块网格不连续时,怎么样克服这种情况呢?12 在设置GAMBIT边界层类型时需要注意的几个问题:a、没有定义的边界线如何处理?b、计算域内的内部边界如何处理(2D)?13 为何在划分网格后,还要指定边界类型和区域类型?常用的边界类型和区域类型有哪些?14 20 何为流体区域(fluid zone)和固体区域(solid zone)?为什么要使用区域的概念?FLUENT是怎样使用区域的?15 21 如何监视FLUENT的计算结果?如何判断计算是否收敛?在FLUENT中收敛准则是如何定义的?分析计算收敛性的各控制参数,并说明如何选择和设置这些参数?解决不收敛问题通常的几个解决方法是什么?16 22 什么叫松弛因子?松弛因子对计算结果有什么样的影响?它对计算的收敛情况又有什么样的影响?17 23 在FLUENT运行过程中,经常会出现“turbulence viscous rate”超过了极限值,此时如何解决?而这里的极限值指的是什么值?修正后它对计算结果有何影响18 24 在FLUENT运行计算时,为什么有时候总是出现“reversed flow”?其具体意义是什么?有没有办法避免?如果一直这样显示,它对最终的计算结果有什么样的影响26 什么叫问题的初始化?在FLUENT中初始化的方法对计算结果有什么样的影响?初始化中的“patch”怎么理解?27 什么叫PDF方法?FLUENT中模拟煤粉燃烧的方法有哪些?30 FLUENT运行过程中,出现残差曲线震荡是怎么回事?如何解决残差震荡的问题?残差震荡对计算收敛性和计算结果有什么影响?31数值模拟过程中,什么情况下出现伪扩散的情况?以及对于伪扩散在数值模拟过程中如何避免?32 FLUENT轮廓(contour)显示过程中,有时候标准轮廓线显示通常不能精确地显示其细节,特别是对于封闭的3D物体(如柱体),其原因是什么?如何解决?33 如果采用非稳态计算完毕后,如何才能更形象地显示出动态的效果图?34 在FLUENT的学习过程中,通常会涉及几个压力的概念,比如压力是相对值还是绝对值?参考压力有何作用?如何设置和利用它?35 在FLUENT结果的后处理过程中,如何将美观漂亮的定性分析的效果图和定量分析示意图插入到论文中来说明问题?36 在DPM模型中,粒子轨迹能表示粒子在计算域内的行程,如何显示单一粒径粒子的轨道(如20微米的粒子)?37 在FLUENT定义速度入口时,速度入口的适用范围是什么?湍流参数的定义方法有哪些?各自有什么不同?38 在计算完成后,如何显示某一断面上的温度值?如何得到速度矢量图?如何得到流线?39 分离式求解器和耦合式求解器的适用场合是什么?分析两种求解器在计算效率与精度方面的区别43 FLUENT中常用的文件格式类型:dbs,msh,cas,dat,trn,jou,profile等有什么用处?44 在计算区域内的某一个面(2D)或一个体(3D)内定义体积热源或组分质量源。
fluent下使用非牛顿流体fluent下使用非牛顿流体1、非牛顿流体:剪应力与剪切应变率之间满足线性关系的流体称为牛顿流体,而把不满足线性关系的流体称为非牛顿流体。
2、fluent中使用非牛顿流体a、层流状态:直接在材料物性下设置材料的粘度,设置其为非牛顿流体。
b、湍流状态fluent在设置湍流模型后,会自动将材料的非牛顿流体性质直接改成了牛顿流体,因此需要做一些修改。
最基本的方式有两种:1、打开隐藏的湍流模型下非牛顿流体功能;2,直接利用UDF宏DEFINE_PROPERTY定义3、打开隐藏的湍流模型下非牛顿流体功能方法为:(1)在湍流模型中选择标准的k-e模型;(2)在Fluent窗口输入命令:define/models/viscous/turbulence-expert/turb-non-newtonian 然后回车。
(3)输入:y 然后回车。
4、利用DEFINE_PROPERTY宏A:这是一个自定义材料的粘度程序如下,也许对你有帮助。
在记事本中编辑的,另存为“visosity1.c"#include "udf.h"DEFINE_PROPERTY(cell_viscosity, cell, thread){real mu_lam;real trial;rate=CELL_STRAIN_RATE_MAG(cell, thread);real temp=C_T(cell, thread);mu_lam=1.e12;{if(rate>1.0e-4 && rate<1.e5)trial=12830000./rate*log(pow((rate*exp(17440.46/temp)/1.5 35146e8),0.2817)+pow((1.+pow((rate*exp(17440.46/temp)/1.535146e8),0.5634)),0.5));else if (rate>=1.e5)trial=128.3*log(pow((exp(17440.46/temp)/1.535146e8),0.28 17)+pow((1.+pow((exp(17440.46/temp)/1.535146e8),0.5634)),0.5));elsetrial=1.283e11*log(pow((exp(17440.46/temp)/1.535146e12), 0.2817)+pow((1.+pow((exp(17440.46/temp)/1.535146e12),0.5634)),0.5));}else if(temp>=855.&&temp<905.){if(rate>1.0e-4 && rate<1.e5)trial=12830000./rate*log(pow((rate*4.7063),0.2817)+pow((1. +pow((rate*4.7063),0.5634)),0.5))* pow(10.,-0.06*(temp-855.));else if (rate>=1.e5)trial=243.654*pow(10.,-0.06*(temp-855.));elsetrial=1.47897e10*pow(10.,-0.06*(temp-855.));}else if(temp>=905.){if(rate>1.0e-4 && rate<1.e5)trial=12830./rate*log(pow((rate*4.7063),0.2817)+pow((1.+p ow((rate*4.7063),0.5634)),0.5));else if (rate>=1.e5)trial=0.24365;elsetrial=1.47897e7;}if(trial<1.e12&&trial>100.)mu_lam=trial;else if(trial<=1.)mu_lam=1.;elsemu_lam=1.e12;return mu_lam;}B:在Fluent中使用Herschel-Bulkley粘性模型:/* UDF for Herschel-Bulkley viscosity */#include "udf.h”real T,vis, s_mag, s_mag_c, sigma_y,n,k;real C_1 = 1.0;real C_2 = 1.0;real C_3 = 1.0;real C_4 = 1.0;int ia ;DEFINE_PROPERTY(hb_viscosity,c,t){T=C_T(c, t);s_mag = CELL_STRAIN_RATE_MAG(c,t);/* Input parameters for H-B Viscosity */if (ia==0.0){ C_1 = RP_Get_Real("c_1");C_2 = RP_Get_Real("c_2");C_3 = RP_Get_Real("c_3");C_4 = RP_Get_Real("c_4");ia = 1;}k= C_1 ;n= C_2 ;sigma_y = C_3 ;s_mag_c = C_4 ;if (s_mag < s_mag_c){vis = sigma_y*(2-s_mag/s_mag_c)/s_mag_c+k*((2-n)+(n-1)*s_mag/s_mag_c)*pow(s_mag_c,(n-1));} else{ vis = sigma_y / s_mag + k*pow(s_mag, (n-1));}return vis;}。
FLUENT 12 模拟步骤Problem Setup读入网格:file read case 选择网格文件(后缀为。
Mesh)1 General1)Mesh(网格)> Check(点击查看网格的大致情况,如有无负体积等)Maximum volume (m3)(最大体积,不能为负)Minimum volume (m3)(最小体积,不能为负)Total volume (m3)(总体体积,不能为负)> Report Quality(点击报告网格质量)Maximum cell squish(最大单元压扁,如果该值等于1,表示得到了很坏的单元)Maximum cell skewness(最大单元扭曲,该值在0到1之间,0表示最好,1表示最坏)Maximum aspect ratio(最大长宽比,1表示最好)> Scale(点击缩放网格尺寸,FLUENT默认的单位是米)Mesh Was Create In(点选mm →点击Scale按钮且只能点击一次)V iew Length Unit In(点选mm →直接点击Close按钮不能再点击Scale按钮)> Display(点击显示网格设定)→弹出Mesh Colors窗口Options(选Edges和Faces)Edge Type(点选All)Surface(点选曲面)→点击Display按钮点击Colors按钮→弹出Mesh Display窗口Options(点选Color by ID)→点击Close按钮→再点击Display按钮2)Solver(求解器)> Pressure-Based(压力基,压力可变,用于低速不可压缩流动)> Density-Based(密度基,密度可变,用于高速可压缩流动)3)V elocity Formulation(速度格式)> Absolute(绝对速度)> Relative(相对速度)4)Time(时间)> Steady(稳态)> Transient(瞬态)5)Units(点击设置变量单位)点击按钮→弹出Set Units窗口→在Quantities项里点选pressure →在Units项里点选atm →点击New按钮→点击OK按钮→点击Close按钮2 Models(物理模型)1)Multiphase(多相流模型)2)Energy(能量方程,一般要双击勾选)3)Viscous(粘性模型,一般选k-ε模型,所有参数保持默认设置)4)Radiation(辐射模型)5)Heat Exchanger(传热模型)6)Species(组分模型)7)Discrete Phase(离散相模型)8)Solidification & Melting(凝固与融化模型)9)Acoustics(声学模型,一般选择Broadband Noise Source模型,所有参数保持默认设置)3 Materials(定义材料)1)点击FLUENT Database →在FLUENT Fluid Materials里选择所需要的物质→点击Copy按钮→点击Close按钮→再点击Change/Create按钮2)点击User-Defined Database →选定写好的自定义文件→点击OK按钮3)自定义材料物性参数:在Name文本框中输入自定义材料名字gas →Chemical Formula文本框删除为空→修改Properties中各参数的值→点击Change/Creat e按钮→弹出Change/Create mixture and Overwrite air对话框→点击NO按钮→点击Close按钮4 Phases(相)5 Cell Zone Conditions(单元区域条件)点击Edit按钮→在Material Name项的下拉列表中选择gas(工作介质)→点击OK按钮6 Boundary Conditions(边界条件)1)Pressure-Inlet(压力进口)> Momentum(动量)Reference Frame(参考系)Gauge Total Pressure(总表压)Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure(初始表压或静压,一般比总表压小500Pa左右,或设为出口表压)Direction Specification Method(进口流动方向指定方法,Normal to Boundary垂直边界)Turbulence > Specification Method(湍流指定方法,Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter)Turbulent Intensity(湍流强度,一般为1)Hydraulic Diameter(水力半径,一般为管内径)> Thermal(热量)Total Temperature(总温)> Species(组分)2)Pressure -Outlet(压力出口)> Momentum(动量)Gauge Pressure(表压)Backflow Direction Specification Method(回流方向指定方法)Radial Equilibrium Pressure Distribution(径向平衡压力分布)Target Mass Flow Rate(目标质量流率)Non-Reflecting Boundary(非反射边界)Turbulence > Specification Method(湍流指定方法,点选Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter)Backflow Turbulent Intensity(回流湍流强度,一般为1)Backflow Hydraulic Diameter(回流水力半径,一般为管内径)> Thermal(热量)Backflow Total Temperature(回流总温)> Species(组分)7 Mesh Interfaces(分界面网格)8 Reference V alues(参考值)9 Adapt(自适应)Adapt →Gradient(压力梯度自适应)> Options(显示选项)Refine(加密,勾选)Coarsen(粗糙,勾选)Normalize(正规化)> Method(方法)Curvature(曲率)Gradient(梯度,勾选)Iso-V alue(等值)> Gradient of(梯度变量)Pressure(压力,点选)Static pressure(静压,点选)> Normalization(正常化)Standard(标准)Scale(可缩放,勾选)Normalize(使正常化)> Coarsen Threshold(粗糙比,0.3)> Refine Threshold(细化比,0.7)> Dynamic(动态)Dynamic(动态,勾选)Interval(每隔几次迭代自适应一次)→点击Mark按钮→点击Adapt按钮→(点击Compute按钮)→点击Apply按钮Solution1 Solution Methods(求解方法)1)Formulation(求解格式,默认为隐式Implicit)2)Flux Type(通量类型,默认为Roe-FDS)3)Gradient(求解格式,默认为Least Squares Cell Based)4)Flow(流动,点选二阶迎风格式Second Order Upwind)5)Turbulent Kinetic Energy(湍动能,点选二阶迎风格式Second Order Upwind)6)Turbulent Dissipation Rate(湍流耗散率,点选二阶迎风格式Second Order Upwind)2 Solution Controls1)Courant Number(库朗数,控制时间步长,瞬态计算才需要设置)2)Un-Relaxation Factors(欠松弛因子)> Turbulent Kinetic Energy(湍动能,默认为0.8)> Turbulent Dissipation Rate(湍流耗散率,默认为0.8)> Turbulent V iscosity(湍流粘度,默认为1)3)Equations(点击弹出控制方程)> Turbulence(湍流方程)> Flow(流动方程= 连续方程+ 动量方程+ 能量方程)4)Limits(点击弹出限制窗口)对某些变量使用限制值,如果计算的某个变量值小于最小限制值,则求解器就会用相应的极限取代计算值。
FLUENT软件操作界面中英文对照FLUENT 软件操作界面中英文对照File 文件Grid 网格Read 读取文件:scheme 方案 journal 日志 profile 外形 Write 保存文件Import :进入另一个运算程序Interpolate :窜改,插入Hardcopy :复制, Batch options 一组选项 Save layout 保存设计Check 检查Info 报告:size 尺寸;memory usage 内存使用情况;zones 区域;partitions 划分存储区 Polyhedral 多面体:Convert domain 变换范围 Convert skewed cells 变换倾斜的单元 Merge 合并 Separate 分割Fuse (Merge 的意思是将具有相同条件的边界合并成一个;Fuse 将两个网格完全贴合的边界融合成内部(interior)来处理,比如叶轮机中,计算多个叶片时,只需生成一个叶片通道网格,其他通过复制后,将重合的周期边界Fuse 掉就行了。
注意两个命令均为不可逆操作,在进行操作时注意保存case)Zone 区域: append case file 添加case 文档 Replace 取代;delete 删除;deactivate 使复位;Surface mesh 表面网孔Reordr 追加,添加:Domain 范围;zones 区域;Print bandwidth 打印 Scale 单位变换 Translate 转化Rotate 旋转 smooth/swap 光滑/交换Define Models 模型:solver 解算器Pressure based 基于压力Density based 基于密度implicit 隐式,explicit 显示Space 空间:2D,axisymmetric(转动轴),axisymmetric swirl (漩涡转动轴);Time时间:steady 定常,unsteady 非定常Velocity formulation 制定速度:absolute绝对的;relative 相对的Gradient option 梯度选择:以单元作基础;以节点作基础;以单元作梯度的最小正方形。
fluent tui使用技巧及燃烧室自动化仿真案例TUI stands for Transient User Interface and it is an interactive mode of FLUENT, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software developed by ANSYS. FLUENT TUI allows users to interact with the software through command line inputs instead of using the graphical user interface (GUI). Here are some tips to improve your fluency in FLUENT TUI and an example of automation simulation in a combustion chamber.1. Familiarize Yourself with FLUENT TUI: Start by learning the basic commands and syntax of FLUENT TUI. You can refer to the FLUENT documentation or online resources for a comprehensive list of commands and their functions.2. Customize and Save Commands: FLUENT TUI allows you to create custom commands and save them for future use. This can greatly simplify repetitive tasks. Use the Define/User-Defined Function (UDF) option to define custom commands and then save them for later use.3. Use Journal Files: Journal files are scripts that contain a sequence of TUI commands. You can create journal files by recording your actions in the GUI or by manually writing the commands. Using journal files can automate repetitive tasks and allow for easy reproducibility ofsimulations.4. Utilize Shortcuts: FLUENT TUI provides many shortcuts to speed up your workflow. For example, you can use the "" wildcard to select multiple objects at once, use "rp" to repeat the last command with revised parameters, or use "ac" to access the command that was previously active.5. Incorporate Macros: Macros are predefined sets of commands that can be executed with a single command. Macros can be useful for complex simulations with multiple steps or for automating a series of tasks. You can create macros by recording a set of commands or writing them manually.Example: Combustion Chamber Automation Simulation1. Load Pre-processing Data: Use the "file/read-case" command to load the pre-processing files, such as mesh file (.msh) and boundary condition files (d). Make sure to specify the correct file paths.2. Define Boundary Conditions: Set the appropriate boundary conditions for the combustion chamber, such as inlet velocity, pressure, andtemperature, and outlet pressure.3. Define Combustion Model: Choose a combustion model that suits your simulation requirements, such as a laminar or turbulent combustion model. Set the relevant parameters for the selected model using the appropriate commands.4. Perform Iterative Solver: Use the "solve/iterate" command to start the iterative solution process. Adjust the convergence criteria and maximum iterations as needed. Monitor the convergence and make adjustments if required.5. Post-processing: Once the simulation is complete, use post-processing commands to analyze and visualize the results, such as contour plots, vector plots, or exporting data for further analysis.By applying these tips and following the example, you can enhance your skills in using FLUENT TUI and automate combustion chamber simulations. Remember to refer to the documentation and practice regularly to become proficient in FLUENT TUI.。
T utorial: V ane Pump Modeling in ANSYS FLUENTIn tro ductionThis tutorial illustrates how to setup and run a vane pump analysis in ANSYSFLUENT 13. This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:• Create an initial mesh.• Set up a problem for a dynamic mesh.• Specify the motion of dynamic zones using a compiled user-defined function (UDF).• Preview the dynamic mesh before starting the calculation.• Perform transient dynamic mesh calculation.• Postprocess the resulting data.PrerequisitesThis tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the FLUENT interface. Some of he basic steps in the setup and solution procedures will not be shown explicitly.You should be familiar with the dynamic mesh model and UDFs. Refer to the FLUENT 13 User’s Guide and the FLUENT UDF Manual for more information.Problem DescriptionA vane pump consists of a rotor with radial slots positioned off-center in a housing bore.A generic vane pump geometry is shown in Figure 2, where the rotor and housing are bothcircular. Vanes that fit closely in rotor slots slide in and out as the rotor turns. Pumping action is caused by the expanding and contracting volumes contained by the rotor, vanes and housing.Meshing Requiremen tsIn this tutorial, a UDF is used to dynamically move the mesh at each time step. Hence, follow some specific meshing rules so that both the initial mesh and all subsequen t motion is correct. With this meshing process, the pump core can be meshed with a high aspect ratio map mesh sc heme.Eac h mesh node displacemen t is composed of a solid body rotation and a radial translation. The node displacemen t isa function of eccentricity, rotational speed, and rotor/housing diameters. The pump gap (if created) is also meshed and moved in a similar manner to the core. The meshing requirements (Figure 1) are as follows:• Rotation must be about the z-axis.• The origin must be located on the cylindrical axis of the rotor (i.e., the small circle or profile).• The pump housing (i.e., the large circle or profile) must be placed to the leftof the rotor and have a y-coordinate equal to zero.• If pump contains gaps, one gap must be placed on the positive x axis.• The vanes must be equally spaced.• The pump core must be defined as a single fluid zone.• If the pump contains gaps, all the gaps must be defined as a single fluid zone.Figure 1: MeshingRequiremen tsR=radius of pump housing (if applicable), housing may be a profiler=radius of rotord=offsetw=vane widthg=gap widthThe schematic of the pump is shown in Figure 2. The meshed vane pump geometry of the circular housing is shown in Figure 3. The pump core is meshed with a mapped mesh scheme. The pump gaps are meshed using a high aspect ratio mapped mesh scheme. The inlet and outlet pipes are meshed with a tetrahedral mesh. The gaps and inlet/outlet pipes are connected to the pump core using non-conformal grid interfaces.Figure 2: Problem SchematicFigure 3: Meshed Vane Pump (Circular Housing)3Figure 4: Mesh Detail for Single V anePreparation1. Copy the files circle-pump.msh, input.txt, vane.c, gerotor_vane_smoothing.c andtait.c to your working folder.Note: The input file must be called input.txt and must be located in the same folder as the case file.2. Start the 3D (3d) version of FLUENT.Step 1: Grid1. Read the mesh file circle-pump.msh.File Read Mesh...FLUENT will read the file and report the progress in the c onsole.Step 2: General SettingsGeneral Scale1. Change the grid units to mm.(a) Select mm from the Mesh Was Created In drop-down list in Scaling group box.(b) Select mm from the View Length Unit In drop-down listNote: Do not scale the grid.(c) Close the Scale Grid panel.General Display(a) Retain the default parameters.(b) Click Display.Figure 5: Grid DisplayUse the right mouse button to check which zone number corresponds to each boundary.If you click the right mouse button on one of the boundaries in the graphics window, its zone number, name, and type will be printed in the FLUENT c onsole.Note:User-Defined F unction In pump models without gaps, incompressible liquid and constricting volumes create unphysical pressure spikes. Adding liquid compressibility through a UDF provides a realistic solution. If the pump contains gaps, this liquid compressibility UDF is not required as any pressure increase in the liquid will cause it to escape through the gaps.The model here contains gaps; hence it is not necessary to use the compressibility UDF. However, the compressibility UDF is included for completeness, though it will not be used by the solver. The file input.txt is read w h e n the UDF is loaded. This cont ai ns the parameters required for the UDF (see Appendix 1). All inputs to the file input.txt must be in SI units.General(a)Select Transient from Time(b)Retain the default values for the other parameter.Step 3: UDF1. Compile the UDF library using the source files vane.c, gerotor_vane_smoothing.c andtait.c.Define User-Define Functions Compiled…(a) Click the Add... button to open the Select File panel.i. Select the source files, vane.c, gerotor_vane_smoothing.c and tait.c and clickOK.(b) Click Build to build the directories.(c) Read the information in the Information panel and click OK.(d) Click Load to load the UDF.Step 4: ModelsModels1. Enable the standard k- epsilon turbulence model.Models Viscous Edit(a) Select k-epsilon (2 eqn) in the Options group box.(b) Retain the default values for the otherparameters.(c) Clic k OK to close the Viscous Model panel. Step 5: MaterialsMaterialsMaterials Fluid Create/Edit(a) Delete air from the Name entry box and enter oil.(b) Enter 0.008for Viscosity.(c) Select user-defined from the Density drop-down list to open the User-Defined Functionspanel.i. Select tait_density::libudf and click OK to close the User-Defined Functions panel.(d) Click Yes in the dialog box that opens to overwrite air.(e) Select user-defined from the Speed of Sound drop-down list to open the User-Defined Functions panel.i. Select tait_speed_of_sound::libudf and click OK to close the User-DefinedFunctions panel.(f) Click Change/Create an d close the Materials panel.Step 6: Boundary ConditionsBoundary Conditions Inlet(a) Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specification Method drop-downlist in the Turbulence group b o x.(b) Set the Turbulent Intensity to 5%.(c) Set the Hydraulic Diameter to 12 mm.(d) Click OK to close the Pressure Inlet panel.Boundary Conditions outlet(a) Set Gauge Pressure to 2000000.(b) Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specification Method drop-down listin the Turbulence group b o x.(c) Set the Backflow Turbulent Intensity to 5%.(d) Set the Backflow Hydraulic Diameter to 10 mm.(e) Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet panel.Step 7: Grid InterfacesMesh Interface Create/Edit1. Create an interface called intf-gap.(a) Select intf-pump-gaps from the Interface Zone 1 selection list.(b) Select intf-pump-vanes from the Interface Zone 2 selection list.(c) Enter intf-gap for Grid Interface.(d) Click Create.Note: When you select intf-gap in the list of created interfaces, Boundary Zone1 and Boundary Zone2 should show wall-14 and wall-15 r espectively.2. Create an interface called intf-pump.(a) Select intf-pump-pipes from the Interface Zone 1 selection list.(b)Select intf-pump-housing from the Interface Zone 2 selection list.(c) En ter intf-pump for Grid Interface.(d) Click Create and close the Grid Interfaces panel.Step 8: Dynamic MeshDynamic Mesh(a)Enable Dynamic Mesh and In-Cylinder in the Models group b o x.(b) Click the In-Cylinder tab and specify parameters as shown in the table:P arameter ValueCrank Shaft Speed500Starting Crank Angle0Crank P erio d360Crank Angle Step Size0.25(c) Click OK to close the Dynamic Mesh Parameters panel.Dynamic Mesh Create/Edit(a) Select fluid-pump from the Zone Names drop-down list.(b) Select User-Defined in the Type group b o x.(c) Click the Motion Attributes tab and select vane pump core::libudf from the MeshMotion UDF drop-down list.(d) Click Create.(e) Select fluid-gap from the Zone Names drop-down list.(f) Select User-Defined in the Type group b o x.(g) Click the Motion Attributes tab and select vane pump gap::libudf from the MeshMotion UDF drop-down l ist.(h) Click Create.(i) Similarly, create the dynamic zones for inner-gap-wall, pump-rotor, wall-14, andwall-15 by selecting the UDF walls::libudf.(j) Close the Dynamic Mesh Zones panel.Step 9: User-Defined Function Hooks and Memory1.Set the initialization function hook.Define User-Defined Function Hooks(a) Select init sector::libudf for Initialization.(b) Click OK to close the User-Defined Function Hooks panel.2.Define one user-defined memory location.Define User-Defined Memory…(a) Increase the Number of User-Defined Memory Locations to 1. (b)Click OK to close the User-Defined Memory panel.Step 10: SolutionSolution Methods1. Select PISO transient algorithm.(a) Select PISO from the Pressure-Velocity Coupling drop- down list.(b) Retain the default values for other parameters.Solution Controls(a) Keep the default valuesMonitors(a) Enable Plot in the Options group b o x.(b)Click OK to close the Solution Controls panel.Solution Initialization(a) Click Initialize and close the Solution Initialization panel.FLUENT warns (in the console) that you should display the UDM-0 using cell value to verify that the sector numbers are calculated correctly.Display contours of UDM-0 (Figure 6).Note: This should always be done after setup and initialization to verify that these ctor numbers are c orr e ct.(a) Enable Filled and disable Node Values in the Options group box.(b)Set Levels to 8.(c) Select User Defined Memory... and User Memory 0 from the Contours of drop-downlists.(d) Select intf-pump-housing, intf-pump-vanes, and wall: 0 from the Surfacesselection list.(e) Click Display.For better rendering of the image, enable Headlights On in the Lights panel, sele ct‘Phong’ from the Lighting Method drop-down list and click Apply.Figure 6: UDM-0SectorsSave case and data before Mesh Motion Preview with circle-pump.cas.gz and circle-pump.dat.gz.Calculation Activities EditPerform mesh motion preview for 20 time steps.Dynamic Mesh Preview Mesh Motion…(a) Set Number of Time Steps to 20.(b) Click Preview.Read the files circle-pump.cas.gz and circle-pump.dat.gz.Note: A case and corresponding data file must always be read into FLUENT prior to starting a mesh motion preview, a new solution, or restarting a solution.Run the transien t solution for 200 time steps (i.e., 50 degrees of rotation).A complete cycle would require 1440 time steps.Run CalculationStep 11: Postprocessing1. Display the pressure contours at 20 degrees of rotation (Figure 7).Read the case and data files circle-pump0080.cas.gz and circle-pump0080.dat.gzr espectively.Graphics And Animations Contours SetUp(a) Select Pressure... and Static Pressure from the Contours of drop-down lists.(b) Select all surfaces except default-interior, default-interior:0, and default-interio r:0:1from the Surfaces selection list.(c) Click Display.2. Similarly, display the pressure contours at 40 degrees of rotation (Figure 8).Read the case and data files circle-pump0160.cas.gz andcircle-pump0160.dat.gz, r espectively.Note: The profile file name must be called data outer.txt and must be located in the same folder as the case file.Figure 7: Pressure Contours After 20o of RotationFigure 8: Pressure Contours after 40o of RotationThe circular pump case was composed of a circular rotor and circular housing bore. Vane pumps do not always conform to this geometry requirement. The rotor or housing may have a non-cir cular profile. In such cases, a profile file is required as input for the UDF. In the following example (se e Figure 9), the housing of the pump is elliptical in shape. A sample of this profile is shown (Appendix 2).Figure 9: Vane Pump Geometry (Elliptical Housing)Setup and Solution (Case 2)In this case, the setup and solution is similar to the circular pump above.Preparation1. Copy the files ellipse-pump.msh, input.txt, vane.c, data_ outer.txt,tait.c andgerotor_vane_smoothing.c to your working folder.Note: The file input.txt contains input data (zone ID, core ID, gap ID, radius, etc.) for the pump. This data f or ellipse pump is different from that for thecircular pump because the respective meshes are different. Hence, the input.txtfile used for the circular pump needs to be edited before it can be used for theel lipse pump. For information, see Appendix 1.2. Start the 3D (3d) version of FLUENT.Step 1: General1. Read the mesh file ellipse-pump.msh.File Read case...FLUENT will read the file and report the progress in the console window.2. Change the grid units to mm.General Scale...(a) Select mm from the Grid Was Created In drop-down list in the Unit Conversiongroup b o x.(b) Click the Change Length Unitsbutton.(c) Click Scale.(d) Close the Scale Grid panel.3. Display the grid (Figure 10).General Display(a) Retain the default parameters.(b) Click Display.Rotate the grid using the left-mouse button to get the view shown in Figure 10. Step 2: User-Defined FunctionSame as Step 3for circular pump .Step 3: ModelsFigure 10: Grid DisplayStep 4: MaterialsSame as Step 5for circular pump.Step 5: Boundary Conditions1.Set boundary conditions for inlet.Boundary conditions Inlet1.Set boundary conditions for Inlet(a) Change the t yp e for inlet from wall to pressure-inlet.i. Select inlet from the Zone selection list and pressure-inlet from the Type se-lection list.ii. Click OK in the Question panel that opens.(b) Click the Set... button to open Pressure Inlet panel.i. Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specification Method drop-down list in the Turbulence group b o x.ii. Set the Turbulent Intensity to 5%.iii. Set the Hydraulic Diameter to 15 mm.iv. Click OK to close the Pressure Inlet panel.2. Set boundary conditions for outlet.(a) Change the t yp e for outlet from wall to pressure-outlet.(b) Click the Set... button to open the Pressure Inlet panel.(c)Sp ecify Gauge Pressure as 2000000.(d) Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specification Method drop-downlist in the Turbulence group b o x.(e) Set the Turbulent Intensity to 5%.(f) Set the Hydraulic Diameter to 15 mm.(g) Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet panel.Step 6: Grid InterfacesSame as Step 7for circular pump .Step 7: Dynamic Mesh1. Define dynamic mesh parameters.Dynamic Mesh Options In-Cylinder Settings…(a) Enable Dynamic Mesh and In-Cylinder from the Model group b o x.(b) Click the In-Cylinder tab and specify the parameters shown in the table:P arameter ValueCrank Shaft Speed500Starting Crank Angle0Crank P erio d360Crank Angle Step Size0.252. Define dynamic mesh zones.Dynamic Mesh Create/Edit…(a) Select fluid-pump from the Zone Names drop-down list.(b) Select User-Defined from the Type group b o x.(d) Click Create.(e) Select fluid-gap from the Zone Names drop-down list(f) Select User-Defined from the Type group b o x.(g) Select vane pump gap::libudf from the Mesh Motion UDF drop-down list.(h) Click Create.(i) Similarly, for the zones gap-wall, pump-rotor, wall-9 and wall-16 select the UDFwalls::libudf.These zones are moving walls, where wall-9 and wall-16 are created in Step 6:Grid In terfaces.Step 8: User-Defined Function Hooks and Memory Same as Step 9for circular pump.Step 9: SolutionSolution Methods1. Select PISO transien t algorithm.(a) Select PISO from the Pressure-Velocity Coupling drop-down list. (b)Retain the default values for other parameters.(c) Click OK to close the Solution Controls panel.Solution ControlsRetain the default valuesMonitors2. Enable plotting of residuals.Monitors Residual Edit(a) Enable Plot in the Options group b o x.(b) Click OK to close the Residual Monitors panel.3. Initialize the flow using default values.Solution Initialization Initialize(a) Click Initialize4. Display contours of UDM-0 (Figure 11).Graphics and Animation Contours(a) Enable Filled and disable Node Values from the Options group box.(b)Set Levels to 4. The number of levels is equal to the number of vanes.(c) Select User Defined Memory... and User Memory 0 from the Contours of drop-downlists.Figure 11: UDM-0Sectors5. Set the autosave frequency.Calculation Activities Autosave every time Edit(a) Set Autosave Case File Frequency and Autosave Data File Frequency to 8.The files will be saved at every two degrees of r otation.(b) Enter ellipse-pump.gz for Filename.(c) Click OK to close the Autosave Case/Data panel.6. Save the initial case and data files (ellipse-pump.cas.gz).7. Display the grid as shown in Figure 9.8. Perform mesh motion preview for 20 time steps.Dynamic Mesh Preview Mesh Motion(a) Set Number of Time Steps to 20.(b) Click Preview.9. Read the files ellipse-pump.cas.gz and ellipse-pump.dat.gz.Note: A case and corresponding data file must always be read into FLUENT prior to starting a mesh motion preview, a new solution, or restarting a solution.10. Run the transien t solution for 200 time steps (i.e., 50 degrees of rotation).A complete cycle would require 1440 time steps.Run Calculation(a) Set the Number of Time Steps to 200.Step 10: Postprocessing1. Display the pressure contours at 10 degrees of rotation Figure 12.Read the case and data files ellipse-pump0040.cas.gz and ellipse-pump0040.dat.gz, r espectively.Grahpics and Animation Contours(a) Select Pressure... and Static Pressure from the Contours of drop-down lists.(b) Select all surfaces except default-interior, default-interior:0, and default-interio r:0:1from the Surfaces selection list.(c) Click Display.2. Similarly, display the pressure contours at 44 degrees of rotation.Read the case and data files ellipse-pump0176.cas.gz and ellipse-pump0176.dat.gz, r espectively.Figure 12: Pressure Contours After 10o of RotationFigure 13: Pressure Contours After 44o of RotationSummaryIn this tutorial, you set up and modeled a vane pump of circular and elliptical housing respectively. You set up a dynamic mesh with dynamic zones defined using a UDF. You then performed a transien t dynamic mesh calculation and examined the pressure contours at v arious stages of rotation.Appendix 1: Details of the Input FileThe format of the input file (input.txt) is as shown (all inputs must be in the file even though some are specific to OUTER SHAPE).All inputs to the file input.txt must be in SI units.Sample Input File (This is the input file for the elliptical housing vane pump.):41521500 23e-3 1.75e-3 0.1e-327.5e-3 2e-3OUTER_SHAPEINNER_SHAPEN_VANEMULTIPLE_CORE flagCORE_IDMULTIPLE_GAP flagGAP_IDINNER_TIME_DEP_PROFILERPM, inner circle radius, vane width, and gap sizeOuter radius and offset - if it is a circleInitial vane angle in degree (0 to 360 degree)NON_EQUALLY_SPACED_VANE (1=non-equally spaced, 0=equally spaced)1. OUTER_SHAPE is the outer profile of the pump core and is represented by an integerv alue.(a) 0: Profile is a circle and does not change in the z-direction.(b) 1: Profile is user-defined and does not change in the z-direction. In this case aprofile file called data outer.txt (see sample in Appendix2) must be createdand copied to the same working folder as the case file.2. INNER_SHAPE is the inner profile of the pump core and is represented by an integerv alue.0: Profile is a circle and does not change in the z-direction.1: Profile is user-defined and does not change in the z-direction. In this case a profile file called data inner.txt (same format as data outer.txt) must b e created and copied to the same working folder as the case file (contact the supp ort engineer for information).2: Profile is a circle and does change in the z-direction (i.e. 3D). In this case, an additional source file called special inner.c is required to specify the c hange of inner radius with respect to the z-coordinate (contact the support engineer for information).3. N VANE is the number of v anes.4.MULTIPLE_CORE flag.a.1=multiple core, 0=single core5.CORE ID is the cell zone ID for the pump core. The complete pump core must bedefined as a single fluid zone.6.MULTIPLE_GAP flaga.1=multiple gap, 0=single gap or no gap7.GAP ID i s the cell zone ID for the gaps. All gaps must be defined as a single fluid zone(Ignored if no gaps are used). If there is no gap, the GAP ID must be set to 0.Appendix 2: Sample Profile File (data o uter.txt):This is a segmen t from an elliptical profile file. This tutorial uses this profile file, which con tains 320 p oin ts.3200.0275 00.027*******.00050.027*******.0010.027*******.00150.027*******.0020.027*******.00250.027*******.0030.027*******.00350.027*******.0075。