黑死病（the Black Death）是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫是流，行疾病，在14世纪传播了到欧洲。1348年夏天横扫全英国。英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万。
《大宪章》（Great Charter）是约翰国王（King John）1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的，总共63条，其中最重要的内容是：
(1) 未经大议会同意，不得征税；
(2) 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；
(3) 教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；
(4) 伦敦和其它城镇应保留其古时的权力和特权；
(5) 全国要使用统一的重量和长度度量衡。
大议会（The Great Council）是当今英国议会（BritishParliament）的原型。1265年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会，各县有两名骑士，各镇有两名市民参加。大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院（House of Lords）和下议院（House of Commons）。其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。
著名的诺曼底征服（The Norman Conquest）发生在1066年。诺曼底公爵威廉发动了这场战争。他是前诺曼底公爵罗伯特一世的私生子，也是独生子。1066年1月，英王爱德华去世，9月，威廉借口爱德华生前曾许其继承英国王位，遂纠集诺曼底贵族和法国各地骑士，在罗马教皇的支持下，率军渡过海峡，在英格兰南部佩文西登陆，入侵英国。哈斯丁一役，威廉大败英军，不久攻占伦敦，于12月自立为英王，称威廉一世（WilliamⅠ）。
诺曼底征服对于英国历史发展的影响可谓深远。威廉建立的、他的后继人所保持的强大中央政府，由于这个政府所掌管的军事力量，英国从未再遭侵略。相反，它还不断地在海外进行军事行动。文化方面，英国当时现有的文化与诺曼-法国文化得到了水乳交融；大量的新词进入英语，使得英国语言得到了长足发展。同时英国的教会与罗马教会的联系变得更为密切。
诺曼底征服之后，封建制度在英国建立了。
威廉一世之后，英国的每一个国王都是他的直系后代子孙。英国开始了世袭的君主制度。
诺曼底征服之后，1066-1087的威廉一世统治期间，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。根据这个制度，国王拥有全国所有土地，再把这些土地分给答应服役交租的贵族（baron），贵族们又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民（nobles, knights and freemen），同样换取货物和服役。
亨利二世（Henry II ）统治期间，采取了一些措施巩固君主制，迫使弗兰德斯雇佣军（Flemish mercenaries）离开英国，拆除几十座史蒂芬森时造（Stephen's time）的割据城堡；加强并扩大了他的行政长官们的权力，依靠由英国自由民组成的民兵获取军事支持。
亨利二世还大大加强了王家法院，扩展了其司法工作的职权范围。在他统治时期，逐渐建立起超越地方领主法律（previous laws）的普通法（common law）。另外，他用陪审员制度代替了旧的残酷的审判制度（ordeal-based trial system）。
有记录的英国历史始于罗马人入侵。公元前55年和54年，罗马将军尤利乌斯凯撒（Julius Caesar）作为两次入侵了不列颠，但均未成功，罗马人对不列颠的统治因之推迟了一个世纪。
公元43年，刚刚登基的罗马皇帝克劳狄（Claudius）下令征服不列颠。由此开始不列颠开始了长达400年的罗马统治。
无论罗马人出于何种经济和政治动机，他们在很大程度上是在传播“文明”。罗马人在不列颠修建了许多城镇网，道路，澡堂，庙宇和其他建筑物，很好地利用了英国的自然资源。他们还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。
然而罗马的统治对于不列颠的影响却有着局限性。首先，罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶段的属民来对待。其次，在四世纪罗马人才和不列颠人通婚。最后，罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。
这个古迹被称作哈德良长城或罗马长城，英文则是Hadrian’s Wall或Roman Wall。
不列颠群岛与不列颠
英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。
地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。
大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。
政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。
the United Kingdom的全称是the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
其它的简称还有：Britain和U.K.
盎格鲁—萨克逊时代
5世纪中叶，三支日尔曼部落（Teutonic tribes）朱特人（Jutes）、撒克逊人（Saxons）和盎格鲁人（Angles）不断侵入不列颠。自此，盎格鲁—萨克逊时代（the Anglo-Saxons）开始了。
住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠，在东南部建立了肯特王国（Kent）。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯（Essex）、苏塞克斯（Sussex）和威塞克斯（Wessex）建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚（East Anglia）、麦西亚（Mercia）以及诺森伯利来（Northumbria）定居，也分别建立了王国。
朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人建立的7个王国并称为七王国，在英文中是Heptarchy。
考古学家发现早在3500年前，在不列颠岛上就有人类居住，此后地中海伊比利亚人，比克人，凯尔特人，先后来到不列颠。1-5世纪英格兰东南部为罗马帝国统治。
罗马人撤走后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁人、萨克逊人、朱特人相继入侵，他们由农夫、渔民、商人、战士和航海者组成，装备精良作战勇猛最终将凯尔特人击败并在此定居，一部分凯尔特人则逃往苏格兰和威尔士的山区，一部分逃往爱尔兰，他们是今天苏格兰人、威尔士人和爱尔兰人的祖先。７世纪开始形成封建制度，许多小国并成七个王国，争雄达200年之久，称"盎格鲁-撒克逊时代"。在此之前居住在不列颠岛上的人并不说英语，今天的英国人称他们是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后代，这些来自欧洲北部的人说的就是最早的古英语。
829年威塞克斯国王爱格伯特统一了英格兰。8世纪末遭到来自挪威和丹麦的维京海盗（Viking）的入侵（今天的英格兰人和苏格兰人有一部分维京人的血统），1016-1042年为丹麦海盗帝国的一部分。其后经英王短期统治，1066年诺曼底公爵渡海征服英格兰。诺曼王朝由此建立，终结于1154年。1215年约翰王被迫签署了限制王权的大宪章(Great Charter;拉丁文: Magna Carta)，新兴贵族和地主的利益得到保护。
早期定居者
冰川时期于公元前7000年结束，溶化的冰淹没了低地，形成了英吉利海峡和北海，不列颠从此与欧洲大陆分离，成为了岛屿。
我们所知道最早来到不列颠的定居者，是公元前3000年左右的新石器时期的伊比利亚人（Iberians）。他们可能来自于地中海的伊比利亚半岛，即是今天的西班牙。伊比利亚人给不列颠带来了新石器（Neolithic）文化。
至今英格兰的索尔兹波平原（Salisbury Plain）上还伫立着伊比利亚人留下的史前巨石阵（Stonehenge）。巨石阵在公元前2000年之前建造，占地大约11公顷，主要是由许多整块的青石组成，每块约重50吨，多是从遥远的威尔士运来的。但至于史前人类如何运输这样的庞然大物？这仍是一个谜。
公元前2000年左右，宽口陶器人（the Beaker Folk）从荷兰和莱茵兰地区来到了不列颠。宽口陶器人因他们墓穴中陪葬的宽口陶制容器而得名，他们带来了陶器制造工艺。
凯尔特人
公元前700年，凯尔特人（Celts）抵达了不列颠。凯尔特人比之前来到不列颠的种族都要来得高大和白皙，他们多是来自于东欧或中欧地区，即是现在的法国、比利时和德国南部附近。
凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人（Gaels）来临，第二次则是公元前400年布立吞（Brythons）抵达，第三次是比利其人（Belgae）。
凯尔特人并没有杀戮伊比利亚人，而是把他们驱逐到北部和西部，并留下一部分作为他们的奴隶。
凯尔特人是善于农业的种族，同时，他们也是很好的铁匠。他们是苏格兰、爱尔兰、威尔士人的祖先。他们的语言盖尔语，至今苏格兰高地仍有沿用。
古代凯尔特人信奉：Druidism 中文译作：德鲁伊教或督伊德教
英国内战（1642-1646）
1.On August 22, 1642, the First Civil War began. The king’s men were called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads.
1642.8.22，第一次内战爆发，支持国王者被成为“骑士派”，支持议会者被成为“圆颅派”。
2.Charles was tried by a High Court of Justice, found guilty of have levied war against his kingdom and the Parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January 30, 1649.
查尔斯在一级高级法院受审，犯有对王国和议会发动战争之罪，被判死刑，并于1649.1.30在宴会宫窗外的绞刑架上绞死。
首都和英联邦
联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。
大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人” （English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。
不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the BritishEmpire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。
英国地势和地形
英国地势西北高、东南低。其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。
英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。
苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。海峡与河流湖泊
不列颠是个岛屿国家，四面环海，它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡（Straits of Dover），仅有33公里宽度。
1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车，使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体，被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业
英国河流分布细密。塞文河（the Severn）是英国第一大河流，长338公里，它同西岸的克莱德河（the Clyde）、默塞河（the Mersey）一同承载着将工业原材料运输至内陆工业城市的使命。而东岸的特维德河（the Tweeds）、泰恩河（the Tyne）、蒂斯河（the Tees）以及著名的英国第二大河、长336公里的泰晤士河（the Thames）不仅面向欧洲大陆的北海各大港口，并且形成了富饶的渔场。
英国最大的湖泊是位于北爱尔兰的内伊湖（Lough Neagh）；而位处英格兰西北部、威尔士北部的湖区（the Lake District）则为其15个湖泊的秀丽风光成为著名的旅游胜地，那里还诞生了19世纪英国著名的湖畔诗人（the Lake poets）。
气象与人口
人们总是认为英国多雨、天气多变，而事实上，它却是一个海洋性气候（maritime climate）国家，冬暖夏凉，气温变化小。冬天的平均气温为4-6摄氏度，而夏天则为12-17摄氏度。
尽管如此，英国的气候灾害也不少。干旱和洪水常常会影响人们的生活，另外，时不时的浓雾、霜冻和大风造成了农作物的严重损失。1952年，在伦敦因大气污染引起的二氧化硫浓雾使得约四千人死亡或生命垂危。此后，政府采取措施，规定工厂和家庭只能燃烧无烟汽油，以防止类似事件再次发生。
英国现有人口5,880万。其中英格兰人占人口总数的80%以上。人口密度为每平方公里229人，但全国人口分布不均。人口的80% 住在城市。而首都伦敦的人口就占到了697万。
1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.
2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学；在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学，音系学
3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科
4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学
5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种，一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life （Shakespeare）。明喻，一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like或as引导的短语中，如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）
8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage（Shakespeare）隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如“忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”（莎士比亚）the ship of desert 沙漠之舟
9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法，一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观cruel kindness
10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.
11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.
12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体，一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式，莎士比亚用过此诗体。
13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果
14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。
15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行话，一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言。
16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陈腔滥调，陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的
17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法，一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象声词，词的构成或用法，例如buzz或nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音。
19. hypotaxis: 从属关系
20. parataxis: 并列结构，指短语或分句间不用连词，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.
21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义，一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫？沃尔多？爱默生和玛格丽特？富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握
22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国
23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学，语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成
24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音followed by a fricative摩擦；for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如child和joy的第一个
音Also called: affricative.
25. Vanity Fair 名利场was written William Makepeace Thackray
26. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins
尼尔。阿姆斯特朗、埃德温。奥尔德林、迈克尔。柯林斯
27. The title of the national anthem 国歌of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28. Henry David Thoreau's work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.
29. etymology: the history of a word. 词源学
30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除纽约市、南方、新英格兰
31. John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 1960s.
32. In Gulliver's Travels格列佛游记，Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world's most perfect society. 有理智和人性的马Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.
33. Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.
34. morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. 词素，一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如-ed在单词walked中，不能被划分为更小的有意义单位
35. The name of the famous stadium露天体育场in the north of London is Wembley.
36. Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市]（位于伦敦附近，是着名的国际网球比赛地）
37. Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱，originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England. 烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香肠
38. Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as
a means of coercion（强制）。联合抵制，联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段
39. Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society. 种族隔离，强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策40. Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites. 种族隔离制，南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策，包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视。
41. Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation. 种族或宗教融合，在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离
42. The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.
43. Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”，it means nowhere land in Greek.
44. The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.
45. Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素，语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里mat中的m和bat中的b
46. polysemy: 一词多义
47. patron saint：保护圣徒，守护神
48. Parentese: 父母语
49. back formation: 逆构词脱落一词的词缀以构成新词typewriter → typewrite
50. allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. 语素变体，语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之s在cats中，z在dogs中，和iz在horses中，还有en在oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体。
1. _____is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes, it is a long poem of over 3000 lines and the national epic of the English people.
A Beowulf
B sir Gawain
C the Canterbury tale
D king Arthur and his knights
2. The father of English poetry, the author of Troilus and Criseyde is also the one of ____.
A Romeo and Juliet
B the faerie queen
C Tamburlainc
D the Canterbury tales
3. The group of Shakespeare plays known as "romance"or "reconciliation plays" is ______.
A merchant of Venice, as you like it
B the tempest, pericles, the winter's tale
C Romeo and Juliet, antonym and Cleopatra
D.the tempest, pericles, the winter's tale,Cymbeline
4. Which of the following are regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies?
A Romeo and Juliet, hamlet, Othello, King Lear
B Romeo and Juliet, hamlet, Othello, Macbeth
C hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth
D Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth, Timon of Athens
5. Which of the following is not the work of Francis bacon?
A advancement of learning
B new instrument
C songs of innocence
D essays
6. At the beginning of 17th century appeared a school of poets called metaphysics by Samuel Johnson, ____is the founder of metaphysical poetry.
A Ben Johnson
B john Milton
C john Bunyan
D john Donne
7. Daniel Defoe is a famous____.
A poet
B novelist
C playwright
D essayist
8. "He has a servant called Friday." "he"in the quoted sentence is a character in______.
A Henry fielding's tom jones
B john Bunyan' the pilgrim's progress
C Richard brinsley Sheridan's the school for scandal
D Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe
9. Guiiliver' travel was written by____.
A Daniel Defoe
B Charles dickens
C Jonathan swift
D Joseph Addison
10. William Wordsworth is generally known as a ____poet.
A romantic
B realistic
C naturalistic
D neo-classic
1. A Beowulf是Anglo-Saxon时代留下的重要的古英语文学作品,它被认为是英国的民族史诗.sir Gawain and the green knight,king Arthur and his knights of the round table是中古英语时期的浪漫传奇.the Canterbury tale是英国大诗人乔叟的一部诗体短篇小说集.
2. D 乔叟被誉为英国诗歌之父,Troilus and Criseyde是他的重要作品之一.
3. D 1608-1612被认为是莎翁的浪漫剧创作时期,包括四部浪漫剧和解剧the tempest, pericles, the winter's
tale,Cymbeline . merchant of Venice, as you like it,twelfth night,the merry wives of Windsor为莎翁的喜剧,Romeo and Juliet, antonym and Cleopatra为悲剧.
4. C 莎翁最杰出的四大悲剧为hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.
5. C songs of innocence是英国18世纪末19世纪初浪漫主义诗人William Blake的著作.
6. D john Donne是17世纪玄学派诗人的重要代表人物,Ben Johnson是莎翁同时代的剧作家,john Milton,john Bunyan虽都是17世纪著名作家,但作品风格与玄学派大相径庭.
7. B Daniel Defoe创作的鲁宾逊漂流记为他赢得了英国小说之父的称号.
8. D Daniel Defoe创作的鲁宾逊漂流记中的主人公Robinson Crusoe有个同伴和仆人叫Friday.
9. C Guiiliver' travel是Jonathan swift一部极具魅力的儿童故事,同时包含深刻的思想内容.
10. A William Wordsworth为英国浪漫派诗
1.____is the home of golf.
A England
B Scotland
C Wales
D Ireland
2.Which of the follwing languages is NOT spoken in Scotland?
A English
B Scottish
C Gaelic
D Denish
3.The election of ____ made Margaret Thatcher to power and she became the first woman prime minister.
A 1979
B 1980
C 1982
D 1992
4.To its full sense, the British Parliament consist of ____
A the House Lord and the House of Commons
B the House and the Senate
C the Queen and the Hosue of Lords
D the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons
5.The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built by ____
A King Harold
B Robin Hood
C Oliver Cromwell
D William the Conqueror
6.There are ____ state churches in Britain.
A two
B three
C four
D five
7.When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son____, the regime began immediately to collapse.
A Henry
B Hamilton
C Richard
D Charles
8.____ birthday is a great event in Britain since it marks the beginning of full manhood or womanhood.
A The twenty-first
B The eighteenth
C The nineteenth
D The twentieth
9.Reuters was founded in ____
A 1715
B 1751
C 1851
D 1815
10. What is （are）the nickname（s）of the U.S.A.?
A Uncle Sam
B Brother Jonathan
C Yankee
D All of the above
1.B 高尔夫是一项古老的贵族的运动，源于十五世纪或更早以前的苏格兰，苏格兰地区山多，气候湿润，多雾，非常适合牧草生长，这里的工业文明以前是连绵不断的牧场。相传当时牧羊人放牧闲暇时，用木板玩游戏，将石子击入兔子窝或洞中。久而久之形成了使用不同的球杆并按一定的规则击球。
2.D Gaelic苏格兰盖尔语是高地苏格兰人的传统语言；更多人使用的语言是英语。一直到15世纪末，盎格鲁人仍然以他们的语言称苏格兰盖尔语为「苏格兰语」（盎格鲁语：Scottish）。
3.A Margaret Thatcher 在1979年成为英国首相，为英国史上第一个女首相。
4.D 具体的说，英国的议会是有元首，上议院和下议院组成。其中，元首没有实权，上议员由大法官（Lord Chancellor）掌权，是由神职议员（the Lord Spiritual）和世俗议员（the Lord Temporal），下议院的成员是通过选举产生的651名议员，以首相为首。
5.D 伦敦塔名为“塔”，实际上是公元11世纪处于罗马统治时期的一座城堡式建筑。
6.A英国有两大国教：在英格兰是英格兰教（Church of England）或者英国圣公会，在苏格莎白的头衔全称为“托
上帝宏恩，大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合国和她的其他领土和领地的女王、英联邦元首、基督教的保护者伊丽莎白二世”。可见，英/女王是基督教的保护者。
7.C Oliver Cromwell的儿子在父亲过世后继承王权，但是不久后掌控的政体瓦解。1660年，议会扶植流浪法国的前国王儿子Charle二世当国王。
8.A 在英国，21岁生日是个大生日，因为他们认为21岁是大人开始的年龄。
9.C 路透社是世界四大通讯社之一，也是英国创办最早的通讯社。1850年由保罗·朱利叶斯·路透（paul julius reuter）在德国亚琛创办，1851年迁址到伦敦。创办人路透原为德国人，后加入英国籍。1865年，路透把他的私人通讯社扩展成为一家大公司。
10.D “山姆大叔”（Uncle Sam），“乔纳森大哥”和“扬基老”都是美国和美国人的绰号。
1 Which poem is not written by Freneau?
A The British Prison Ship
B The Wild Honey Suckle
C The Indian Burying Ground
D The Flood of Years
2 Thomas Jefferson’s attitude ,that is , a firm belief in progress, and the pursuit of happiness, is typical of the perio
d w
e now call _____.
A Age of Evolution
B Age of Reason
C Age of Romanticism
D Age of Regionalism
3 Which of the following is NOT one part of the Leather Stocking Tales by Cooper?
A The Spy
B The Pathfinder
C The Pioneers
D The Deerslayer
4 Which statement about Thoreau is NOT right?
A He was a lover of nature.
B He was particular kind of romantic.
C He was polemicist.
D He was a thorough transcendentalist.
5 Which of the following has been called “the manifesto of American Transcendentalism” ?
A Divinity School Address
B Self-reliance
C Nature
D The American Scholar
6 As a philosophical and literary movement, _____ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.
A sentimentalism
B transcendentalism
C modernism
D rationalism
7 The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as _____.
A the Modern Period
B the Realistic Period
C the Romantic Period
D the Naturalist Period
8 All the following are the works by Nathaniel Hawthorne EXCEPT _____.
A The Marble Faun
B Typee
C The Scarlet Letter
D Mosses from an Old Manse
9 Which of the following is not a work of Emily Dickson’s?
A I Heard a Fly Buzz when I Died.
B The Raven
C This is My Letter to the World.
D I Like to See it Lap the Miles.
10 Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT ____.
A the strict poetic form
B the free and natural rhythm
C the easy flow of feelings
D the simple and conversational language
1 D, 《似水流年》是布莱恩特的作品。其他全为弗伦诺的作品。
2 B, “理性时代”。
3 A, The Spy 不属于《皮靴子》系列。
4 C, 梭罗崇尚自然生活简单，与世无争，不入尘嚣。
5 C, 超验主义的宣言是Nature 一书的发表。
6 B, 19世纪30年代到内战期间是超验主义，以爱默生等为代表。
7 C, 内战前是浪漫主义。
8 B, Typee 是Herman Melville 的作品，其他全为霍桑的。
9 B, The Raven 《大乌鸦》是艾伦?坡的作品。其他全为艾米莉的。
10 A, 惠特曼的诗自由、清新、琅琅上口、易于理解，但并不是按照严格的格律来写。
1. "The Graveyard Poets"got the name because ___.
A they chose to live near graveyards
B they often wrote about death and melancholy
C they always wrote about dead people
D they often use "graveyard" as the title
2. It is generally understood that the recurrent theme in many of Thomas Hardy’s novel is ___.
A man against nature
B love and marriage
C social criticism
D fate and destiny
3. The Romantic Period in English literature began with the publication of ___.
A William Blake's Songs of Innocence
B Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice
C Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s Ly rical Ballads
D a piece of land
4. It is generally regarded that Keats’ most important and mature poems are in the form of ___.
A ode
B elegy
C epic
D sonnet
5. G.B. Shaw’s play Mrs. Warren’s Profession is a realistic exposure of the ___ in the English society.
A slum landlordism
B inequality between men and women
C political corruption
D economic exploitation of women
6. The Preface to Shakespeare and Lives of the Poets are the works of critic ___.
A G.B. Shaw
B Samuel Johnson
C Ben Johnson
D E.M. Foster
7. The Ring and the Book is a masterpiece of ___.
A Alfred Tennyson
B Robert Browning
C Thomas Hardy
D Ralph Waldo Emerson
8. Matthew Arnold is the writer of ___.
A Dover Beach
B My last Duchess
C Break, Break, Break
D The Eagle
9. The writer of Heart of Darkness is also the one of ___.
A Time of Machine
B Jim
C Lord Jim
D A Passage to India
10. Of Human Bondage is a novel by ___.
A Herbert George Wells
B Arnold Bennett
C William Somerset Maugham
D John Galsworthy
1. 选B。“墓畔派”是指18世纪那些描写死亡的哀挽的诗人。代表作有托马斯.格雷《墓园挽歌》(Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard)，托马斯.巴奈尔的《死亡之夜》(Night Piece on Death)，爱德华. 扬《夜思》(Night Thoughts)和罗伯特.布莱尔的《坟墓》(The Grave)。
2. 选D。在哈代(Thomas Hardy)的作品中，他那悲剧色彩的哲学观告诉我们，人生的一切都是命运安排，是不可抗拒的。人在命运的面前束手无策，无论人们怎样努力，都很难逃脱命运的折磨和戏弄。
3. 选C。威廉.华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)，于1798同柯勒律治(Samuel Tayor Coleridge)合作出版了著名的《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)，该诗第二版的“序”被认为是英国浪漫主义的宣言。
4. 选A。济慈的代表作品有《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)，《希腊古瓮颂》(Ode on a Grecian Urn)，《忧郁颂》(Ode on Melancholy)，《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。“颂”被认为是济慈最具有代表性和最为成功的诗歌形式。
5. 选D。萧伯纳的剧作《华伦夫人的职业》(Mrs. Warren’s Profession)塑造了一个在经济重压下普通妇女的形象，该剧揭露了一个令人愤怒的事实：在资本主义社会，娼妓业也成了一种剥削方式。
6. 选B。塞缪尔.约翰逊18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨匠，《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》(The Preface to Shakespeare)，和《诗人传》(Lives of the Poets)是他对文学批评做出的饿突出贡献。
7. 选B。《指环与书》(The Ring and the Book)是罗伯特.勃郎宁(Robert Browning)的诗作。
8. 选A。《多佛海滩》(Dover Beach)是阿诺德(Matthew Arnold)诗歌中的名篇之一，反映了19世纪西方社会中的宗教信仰在新知识的冲击下普遍沦丧的时代风貌。
9. 选C。《黑暗的心》(Heart of Darkness)和《吉姆老爷》(Lord Jim)都是约瑟夫.康德拉的小说，《吉姆》(Jim)是同时期另一位作家迪亚德.吉卜林的作品。
10.选C。威廉.萨默塞特.毛姆(William Somerset Maugham)的创作深受法国自然主义的影响，他的长篇小说《人性
的枷锁》(Of Human Bondage)展现了主人公摆脱精神枷锁的过程。
1. St. Lawrence and River Columbia are shared by both ____
A America and Mexico
B America and Canada
C America and Cuba
D America and Brazil
2. European settlement of Australia began in the late part of ____ when a British penal colony was established on t he east coast of the continent.
A the 16th century
B the 17th century
C the 18th century
D the 19th century
3. Which sport is supposed to be America’s national sport and used to be call “American’s favorable pastime”?
A baseball
B basketball
C rugby
D cricket
4. The largest city in New Zealand is ____
A Auckland
B Wellington
C Christchurch
D Dunedin
5. After Adam Bede,____wrote The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner in which moral problems are discussed and psychological analysis of characters are emphasized.
A George Eliot
B Jane Austin
C George Dickens
D Charlotte Bronte
6.All of the following odes are written by John Keats EXCEPT____
A Ode to Autumn
B Ode to a Nightingale
C Ode to a Skylark
D Ode on Melancholy
7. Of____’s four famous comedies, the best known is Lady Windermere’s Fan.
A Oscar Wilde
B Richard Sheridan
C Bernard Shaw
D Somerset Maugham
8. If the air stream meets with no obstruction when a sound is pronounced, it is a(n) ____
A voiced consonant
B voiceless consonant
C vowel
D explosive
9. The internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is ____
A I.P.A
B I.A.P.S
C I.S.S
D S.S.I.P
10. With the ____, Latin words were added into the vocabulary of the language spoken in Britain.
A invasion of the Romans
B Christianization of Britain
C Scandinavian invasion
D Norman Conquest
BCAAA CACAB
9. 国际音标（international phonetic alphabet）是目前世界上比较通行的音标，简称IPA，最初制定于1886年。
1.Morphology is a study of ___1___
A.the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formation
B.the uses of different types of utterances in different contexts
C.the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in nature
D.the rules that pertain to all languages throughout the world
2.Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?___2___
A. Nouns
B. Adjectives
C. Conjunctions
D. Adverbs
3. What is the minimal unit of meaning?___3___
A. Phoneme
B. Morpheme
C. Allophone
D. Allomorph
4. Which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?___4___
A. bed
B. tress
C. dance
D. children
5. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?___5___
A. Rainbow
B. Inaction
C. Icy-cold
D. Unpleasant
6. ___6___ are bound morphemes because they can not be used as separate words.
A. Roots
B. Stems
C. Affixes
D. Compounds
7.Syntax mainly deals with ___7___
A.how a language changes through time
B.how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
C.how the human work when they use language
D.how a language varies through geographical space
8.Syntactic categories contain the type of ___8___
A.meaning that words express
B.affixes that the words take
C.structures in which the words can occur
D.all of the above
9.Which of the following is NOT the concern of a word category? ___9___
A.A word category can be determined by meaning, inflection and distribution
B.To determine a word’s category by its meaning only is often not reliable.
C.A word category can be embodied directly from its meaning.
D.Distribution is more reliable than the meaning to determine a word’s category.
10.What elements does a phrase contain? ___10___
A.Head, determine and complement.
B.Head, specifier and complement.
C.Head, specifier and complementizer.
D.Head, determiner and complementizer.
ACBDD CBDCB
1 As a philosophical and literary moment, _____ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.
A modernism
B rationalism
C sentimentalism
D transcendentalism
2 Poe’s first collection of stories is _____.
A Tales of Traveler
B Leather Stocking Tales
C Canterbury Tales
D Tales of the Goteque and Arabesque
3 Which book is not written by Emerson?
A The American Scholar
B Self-Reliance
C Nature
D Civil Disobedience
4 The finest example of Hawthorn’s symbolism is the recreation of Puritan Boston in _____.
A The Scarlet Letter
B Young Goodman Brown
C The Marble Fawn
D The Ambitious Guest
5 The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism is _____.
A Nathaniel Hawthorn
B Ralph Waldo Emerson
C Henry David Thoreau
D Washington Irving
6 Transcendentalists recognized _____ as the “highes t power of the soul”.
A intuition
B logic
C data of senses
D thinking
7 Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?
A The American Scholar
B English Traits
C The Conduct of Life
D Representative Men
8 American literature produced only one female poet during the nineteenth century. This was _____.
A Anne Bradstreet
B Jane Austin
C Emily Dickinson
D Harriet Beecher
9 Captain, My Captain is written for _____.
A Lincoln
B Whitman
C Washington
D Hemingway
10 _____ is not written by Washington Irving.
A The Sketch Book
B Rip Van Winkle
C The Legend of Sleep Hollow
D The Autobiography
1 D, 从19世纪30年代到内战期间的主要文学流派是超验主义，以爱默生为代表。
2 D, 坡的第一部故事集是《怪诞奇异故事集》。
3 D, 《论市民之不服从》是梭罗的作品。其他全为爱默生的作品。
4 A, 霍桑作品中的象征主义手法主要体现在他的著作《红字》中。
5 B, 超验主义以爱默生为代表。
6 A, 超验主义认为人类精神的最高力量存在于人的直觉中。
7 A, 被称为“美国精神独立宣言”的是爱默生的《美国学者》。书中表达了美国人追求自己的文化独立以及文学独立身份的要求。
8 C, 19世纪美国的杰出女诗人是艾米莉?迪金森（1830—1886）。
9 A, 《阿，船长啊，我的船长！》是惠特曼为纪念林肯总统而作的。
10 D, 《见闻札记》、《睡谷的传说》、《瑞普?凡?温克尔》都是华盛顿?欧文的作品，但是《自传》是本杰明?富兰克林的作品。
1. ____is the core of the English Government.
A the Sovereign
B the House of Lords
C the House of Commons
D the Cabinet
2. Melbourne is located ____
A in Canada
B in New Zealand
C in Ireland
D in Australia
3. ____forced Nixon to resign in 1973.
A The Watergate Scandal
B The Iran-Gate Scandal
C The Un-American Activities Committee
D The New Right
4. The young people in the post-WWI era are referred to as “_____”
A the Boom Generation
B the Lost Generation
C the Yuppies
D the Cowboys
5. ____was greatly influenced by Chinese and Japanese poetry.
A Ezra Pound
B Walt Whitman
C Robert Frost
D Edgar Allan Poe
6. Which of the following novels was NOT written by Charles Dickens?
A David Copperfield
B The Pickwick Papers
C Oliver Twist
D Women in Love
7. A myth is a ____ tale originally with religious significance that explains the actions of gods or heroes, the causes of natural phenomena or both.
A non-fictional
B fictional
C gothic
D poetic
8. The force of a/an ____ act is identical with the speaker’s in tention.
A illocutionary
B locutionary
C perlocutionary
D prelocutionary
9.Saussure distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker as ____
A parole
B language
C system
D langue
10. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are ____
A homophones
B homographs
C complete homonyms
D allophones
答案(反白可见)DDABA DBADB
1.The national epic of the Anglo-Saxons is ____.
A Robin Hood
B Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
C The Canterbury Tales
D Beowulf
2. ____was the most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend written in alliterative verse.
A The Canterbury Tales
B Piers the Plowman
C Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
D Beowulf
3. ____was the most famous for The Canterbury Tales.
A Geoffrey Chaucer
B John Milton
C William Shakespeare
D Francis Bacon
4. Most of the ballads of the 5th century focused on the legend about ____ as a heroic figure.
A Green Nights
B Gawain
C Robin Hood
D Hamlet
5.In the 16th century, Thomas More’s work ____became immediately popular after its publication.
A Paradise Lost
B A Pleasant Satire of the Three Estates
C Of Beauty
D Utopia
6. ____was Edmund Spencer’s masterpiece which has been regarded as one of the great poems in the English lang uage.
A Amoretti
B The Shepherd’s Calendar
C The Faerie Queen
D Four Hymns
7. ____ is from Shakespeare’s sonnet No.18.
A “Let me not to the marriage of true minds”
B “To be or not to be: that is the question”
C “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day”
D “No longer mourn for me when I am dead”
2003年英语专八人文知识真题 31. is not a nationally observed holiday of America. [A] Christmas [B] Easter Sunday [C] Thanksgiving Day [D] Independence Day 32. The university of Dublin was not founded until . [A] the 19th century [B] the 18th century [C] the 17th century [D] the 16th century 33. The introduced old-age pensions in New Zealand in 1898. [A] Labor Party [B] Democratic Party [C] Liberal Party [D] Conservative Party 34. Irish culture experienced a golden age from to . [A] the eighth century, the eleventh century [B] the seventh century, the ninth century [C] the sixth century, the eighth century [D] the ?fth century, the seventh century 35. Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens? [A] A Tale of Two Cities [B] Hard Times [C] Oliver Twist [D] Sons and Lovers 36. is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama the modernistic period. [A] Sinclair Lewis [B] Eugene O'Neill [C] Arthur Miller [D] Tennessee Williams 37. is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. [A] Ernest Hemingway [B] F. Scott Fitzgerald [C] William Faulkner [D] Ezra Pound 38. is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories. [A] Concord [B] Immediate constituent [C] Syntagmatic relations [D] Government 39. studies the sound systems in a certain language. [A] Phonetics [B] Phonology [C] Semantics [D] Pragmatics 40. A linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers is called . [A] situational dialect [B] slang [C] linguistic taboo [D] bilingualism 2004年英语专八人文知识真题 31. The following are products imported by Australia from China EXCEPT . [A] food [B] textiles [C] steel products [D] electronics 32. Scots regard as the most important festival in a year. [A] Near Year's Day [B] Christmas Day [C] New Year's Eve [D] Easter 33. The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since became Prime Minister in 1992. [A] John Howard [B] Bob Hawke [C] Malcolm Fraser [D] Paul Keating 34. was known for his famous speech "I have a dream". [A] John F. Kennedy [B] Martin Luther King, Jr [C] Abraham Lincoln [D] Thomas Jefferson 35. Of all the 18th century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. [A] Daniel Defoe [B] Samuel Johnson [C] Oliver Goldsmith [D] Henry Feilding 36. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his .
美国文学 part 1 1607-1776 北美殖民时期 Colonial Settlements John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书） 美国文学史上第一个作家 Part 2 1776-1783 独立革命时期 Revolution of Independence Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书 Thomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets） Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命） The Age of Reason 理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响） 美国独立之父 the father of American revolution Thomas Jefferson 独立宣言 Declaration of Independence Part 3 浪漫主义时期 Romanticism Washington Irving The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始） The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说 Rip Van Winkle里普?万?温克尔(李伯大梦) 美国文学之父 James Fenimore Cooper The Pilot领航者The Spy间谍 The Pioneer拓荒者 Ralf Waldo Emerson Nature论自然 The American Scholar论美国学者 Self-reliance论自立 超验主义 Henry David Thoreau Walden瓦尔登湖 Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字 19世界影响最 大的浪漫主义小 说家 Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集 Song of Myself 自我之歌 part 4 现实主义时期 Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Henry James Daisy Miller The American The Portrait of a Lady Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie An American Tragedy part 5 现代主义时期 American Modernism Ezra Pound In a station of the Metro在地铁站
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
专八人文知识总结(终) 英语专业八级考试人文知识 -- 文学 Ⅰ英国文学 一、 The Anglo-Saxon period古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） The Song of Beowulf（贝奥武甫）：英国的民族史诗（epic），口头文学遗产 二、 The Anglo-Norman period中古英语时期的英国文学（1066-1350） 1、 allegory非常盛行 2、 Romance（传奇文学）：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑 士 3、Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟: “Father of English poetry”被誉为英国诗歌之父,代表作The Canterbury Tales，首引入“英雄偶句体”(the Heroic Couplet)，。 4、Ballads 民谣：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。 三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔： Utopia《乌托邦》 2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。 3、 Philips Sidney锡德尼：An Apology for Poetry((also known as The Defense of Poetry)《为诗辩护》，这是伊丽莎白时代文学批评的最佳之作。Arcadia《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱。 4、Edmund Spenser斯宾塞: The Fairy Queen《仙后》, the greatest epic poem of the time. 5、William Shakespeare莎士比亚：plays and sonnets 四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》Hamlet《奥赛罗》Othello《李尔王》king Lear《麦克白》Macbeth 四大喜剧:《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice 《仲夏夜之梦》A Midsummer Night's Dream《皆大欢喜》As You Like It《第十二夜》Twelfth night 7、Ben Johnson 本·琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、 John Donne约翰·多恩metaphysical poet“玄学派”诗歌创始人
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人 9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣
10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》 14、Oliver Goldsmith：《好心人》；《屈伸求爱》；《威客菲尔德牧师传》，感伤主义文学； 诗歌《荒村》从新古典主义向浪漫主义过渡的标志； 散文作品《世界公民》； 15、谢里丹：《造谣学校》，莎士比亚之后最杰出的英国喜剧，是整个英国史上最优秀的作品之一；达到英国“风俗喜剧”之巅； 五、维多利亚时期的英国文学（19世纪）
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
美国文学笔记整理完整版 -1776 北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements 约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家 John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙 述》（美国文学第一本书） 乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism） Jonathan Edwards -1783 独立革命时期Revolution of Independence （启蒙运动） 本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书； Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道； 1706-1790 The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国 梦”反映，体现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的 观点) 托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolution Thomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets） -1809 American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英 军，共16小册） Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命） The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响） 菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人a poet of the American Revolution，美国 诗歌之父 Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲 1752-1832 The British Prison Ship英国囚船 The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花 The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
练习题： 1、The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is the Mississippi River. 密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线。 2、The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原。 3、The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is Non-hispanics white. 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体。 4、Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。2000年以后，拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数，成为美国第一大少数民族群体。 5、America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. 美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党。 6、The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. 第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境。 7、In the United States, primary education requires Six years years. 美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间。 8、Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. 大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读。 9、The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are____________.美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. 10、Louisana (which state )is not governed by the common law. 路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。 11、Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment. 美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑。 12、The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and Wes t. 美国的主要四大部分不包括北部。 13、The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. 美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响。 14、California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. 加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州，拥有人口也最多。 15、＂Hollywood＂is often used as a synonym for American films. 好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地。 16、The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River. 美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河流。被美国人视为“众河之父”，沿河流域也是美国的主要农作物产区。17、The north-eastern part of the United States ――New England enjoys a typical continental climate. 美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。冬天寒冷，夏天炎热。
专八必背人文知识 1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens. 2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学 3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科 4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学 5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。 6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。 7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like或 as 引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚） 8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间
专八语言学练习 1. Which of the following feature is NOT one of the design features of language? a. Language is a system, b. Language is symboli c. c. Animal also have language, d. Language is arbitrary. 2. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is . a. arbitrary b. non-arbitrary c. logical d. non-productive 3. Which of the following terms best describes the "-ate" in the word "affectionate"? a. Derivational morpheme, b. Inflectional morpheme. c. Free morpheme, d. Prefix. 4. Which of the following teerms best describes the pair of words kill and dill? a. Minimal pair. b. A phonemic contrast. c. Closed class words, d. Bound morphemes. 5. What is the basic lexical relation between piece and peace? a. Synonymy. b. Antonymy. c. Homonymy. d. Polysemy. 6. /p/ is different from /b/ in . a. the manner of articulation b. the shape of the lips. c. the vibration of the vocal cords. d. the place of articulation. 7. Of all the speech organs, the is/are the most flexible. a. mouth b. lips c. tongue d. vocal cords 8. The phonological features, the consonant /t/ are . a. voiced stop b. voiceless stop c. voiced fricative d. voiceless fricative 9. The branch of linguistics that studies show context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called . a. semantics b. pragmatics c. sociolinguistics d. psycholinguistics 10. The utterance "We' ve abeady eaten ten tons. " Obviously violates the maxim of . a. quality b. quantity c. relation d. manner 11. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i. e. rounded,
美国文学笔记整理完整版 1607-1776北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements 约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家 John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书）乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism） Jonathan Edwards 1776-1783独立革命时期Revolution of Independence （启蒙运动） 本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almana c穷查理历书； Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道； 1706-1790 The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国梦”反映，体 现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的观点) 托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolution Thomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets） 1737-1809American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英军，共16小册） Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命） The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响） 菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人a poet of the American Revolution，美国诗歌之父 Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲 1752-1832 The British Prison Ship英国囚船 The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花 The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士--同类诗中最佳 托马斯·杰斐逊独立宣言Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson 18世纪末-19世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism 1. 早期浪漫主义 华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉) Washington Irving 以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor 1783-1859 The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始） A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作； ----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第1个获国际声誉作 家 -----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔(李伯大梦) The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀frontier novel边疆传奇小说sea novel James Fenimore Cooper The Spy间谍（独立战争间谍对抗英国） 1789-1851 The Pilot领航者（sea novel） Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五步曲（frontier novel） The Pioneer拓荒者（the first true romance of the frontier in American literature The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人（主角：Natty Bumppo纳蒂班波） The Prairie大草原 The Pathfinder探路者 The Deerslayer杀鹿者 2. 超验主义New England Transcendentalism 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书manifesto Ralf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者; 1803-1882 Self-reliance论自立 The Transcendentalist超验主义者 Representative Men代表人物 School Address神学院演说 Days日子-首开自由诗之先河free verse 亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖 Henry David Thoreau A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一周
英语专业八级考试 人文知识复习：美国地理概况 本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。 The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one. 瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。 The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range. 阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。 The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains. 科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。 The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus. 指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。 The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians. 指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。 The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain. 大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。 The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. . It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers. 密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。它的流域面积达3225000平方公里。 The Five Great Lakes北美五大湖：Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario. 北美五太湖指的是密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、休伦湖以及安大略湖。 The Niagara Falls尼亚加拉瀑布：Famous falls in North America, 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters. 尼亚加拉瀑布是北美最著名的瀑布，有1240米宽，平均落差为49米。 Yellow stone National Park黄石国家公园：Located in the northern part of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world and the largest wildlife preserve in the U.S.A. 黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州的北部地区。是世界上最古老的国家公园，是美国最大的野生保护区。 Grand Canyon大峡谷：In northern Arizona, one of the great natural wonders of the world. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and more than a mile deep. Its walls show layers that tell the story of the formation of the earth. 大峡谷在亚利桑那州的北部，是世界上最伟大的自然奇迹之一。它约有277英里长，18英里宽，约1英里深。它的墙壁断层记录了地球形成的过程。 Old Faithful老忠实喷泉：The most famous gayer in Yellowstone National Park, erupting more than l00 feet in the air about every 73 minutes. 老忠实喷泉是黄石国家公园最著名的喷泉，每73分钟向空中喷水100英尺多高。 Chinatown唐人街：An area in a city where many Chinese people live and where are Chinese shops, restaurants, clubs; two, important Chinatowns: New York City and San Francisco.
!!英语专业八级人文知识汇总~ ~英国概况!!来源：姚恩璇?Iris的日志 1.Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors except __D ___. 英国之所以能成为世界上最早开始工业化的国家,原因有很多。但英国是从17世纪以后逐步开始对海外贸易和开拓海外殖民地产生浓厚兴趣的。 A Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade. B Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport. C British engineers had sound training and the inventors were respected. D British government was increasingly interested in overseas and colonies after the 17th c entury. 2.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch has very little power. 英国是君主立宪制国家，国王或女王（君主）几乎没什么实质性的权力。 3.the Conservative Party has always had strong links with the trade unions and received fi nancial support from them? 保守党和自由党是英国最早成立的两个党派。大致来说，保守党是中上层阶级的党，它得到大公司财政上的支持；而工党主要得到工会的支持，它的支持者主要是中产阶级和知识分子。 4.On accepting Bill of Rights, the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with po wers limited by Parliament, began. 《权利法案》的签署，标志着英国进入了君主立宪制时代，一个君主几乎没有什么实质性权力并受制于议会的时代。 5.Females were allowed to vote in national elections until 1918. 直到1918年妇女才在全国大选中享有选举权。 6.The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a domain. 《1867年英国北美法案》将加拿大纳为它的自治领。 7.During World War II, as a war leader,Winston Churchill received massive popular suppo rt and led his country to final victory in 1945. 在第二次世界大战中，当时的英国首相丘吉尔作为战争统帅受到了英国人民的广泛拥戴，并带领英国人民赢得了战争的最后胜利。 8.The Falkland Islands war was between Britain and Argentina. 福克兰群岛战役是发生在英国和阿根廷着这两个国家之间。位于大西洋南部的福克兰群岛从1892年起就是英国的海外殖民地，1982年阿根廷开始控制这些岛屿，但是英国最终打败了阿根廷，并重新占领了这些岛屿。 9.In Britain, a by-election is held when a Member of Parliament dies, retires or resigns. 英国的下院议会成员中有人去世、退休或辞职时，就要进行补缺选举。