语法复习：名词
一、名词的分类：
名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
专有名词
个体名词
名词可数名词集合名词
普通名词
物质名词
不可数名词抽象名词
二、概念：
名词：表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称。
专有名词：表示个人、地方、团体、机构、节日等专用的名称。如：Beijing, Smith, the Summer Palace, the United States, the Second World War, May Day。单个的专有名词第一个字母大写，由普通名词构成的专有名词，前面有定冠词the，后面的每个单词第一个字母大写。
普通名词：表示同属一类的人或事物，或某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
可数名词：(缩写为[C])可以用数目来计数的名词。可以用基数词修饰，也可用many,
a good / great many, a number of, few, a few, several等词修饰。
个体名词：表示同属一类的人或事物中的个体。如：student, tree, chair, car, book。
个体名词在句中时前面必须有限定词（如the, my, this等）。
集合名词：（又称为集体名词）表示一群人或一类事物。如：army, class, committee, fruit, police
不可数名词：（缩写为[U]）不可以用数目来计数的名词。不可用基数词直接修饰。物质名词：表示物质或无法分为个体的东西。如：iron, cotton, fire, water。它们需要用单位名词来衡量，如：a piece of bread, a cup of water
抽象名词：表示抽象概念的名词。如：happiness, education, labour, love
【注1】对于单个单词来说，它既可能是可数名词，也可能是不可数名词。如：many rooms (很多房间)---much room（大量空间）；rubber（橡胶）---two rubbers（两块橡皮）；
iron（铁）--- an iron（一只熨斗）；glass（玻璃）--- a glass（一个玻璃杯）；
wood（木头）--- a woods（一片树林）；paper（纸）--- a paper（一份报纸、文件）
【注2】请牢记下列典型的不可数名词及词义。
advice 忠告，建议baggage / luggage 行李change零钱cloth布clothing 衣物equipment 设备
English 英语furniture 家具fun 乐趣knowledge 知识information 信息music音乐news 消息progress 进步traffic 交通，车辆weather天气wealth 财富damage 损坏work 工作
word 消息，信息homework 家庭作业housework 家务poetry诗歌（总称）machinery（机器设备）；jewellery珠宝（总称）；clothing衣物（总称）
【注3】部分抽象名词可与a（an）连用，此时词义发生变化。如：surprise（一件令人惊讶的事）, pleasure（一件让人愉悦的事）, honour（一件荣幸的事）, help（一个助手）, success（一件成功的事/一个成功的人），a heavy rain（一场大雨），two coffees（两份咖啡），a long time（一段很长的时间），two deaths（两个死亡的人）。
三、名词的数：
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
可数名词复数的规则变化有以下情况：
1．一般情况，直接加-s： e.g. port---ports，technique---techniques，hen---hens, hat---hats
2．以s, x, ch, sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词，加—es：
e.g. bus—buses, box—boxes, bush—bushes, branch—branches,
注：stomach—stomachs（stomach词尾发/k/，故复数直接加-s）
3．辅音字母+ y，变y为i，加-es：e.g. university—universities, city---cities, story--- stories
元音字母+ y，直接加-s： e.g. boy—boys, day---days
特例：Henry（亨利）---Henrys, Mary--- Marys, stand-by（备用的人或物）---stand-bys, penny（便士）---pennies / pence
4．以o结尾加-es： e.g. Negro—Negroes,hero—heroes, tomato—tomatoes,
potato—potatoes, volcano---volcanoes, mosquito（蚊子）
---mosquitoes, echo（回音）---echoes
加-s： e.g.zoo—zoos, kangaroo---kangaroos, studio---studios,
radio—radios, piano—pianos, photo—photos,
bamboo---bamboos, hippo（河马）---hippos,
tobacco（烟叶）---tobaccos, kilo（千克）---kilos, auto（汽车）
--autos
特例：motto（座右铭，箴言）---mottos / mottoes，zero---zeros / zeroes
5．以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es：e.g. leaf—leaves, wife—wives, thief---thieves, half---halves
特例：belief—beliefs, roof—roofs, proof—proofs, safe—safes（保险柜），cliff（悬崖）---cliffs
chief—chiefs，gulf—gulfs（海湾）, serf（农奴）--serfs, staff（工作人员）---staffs, cafe（咖啡馆）---cafes, grief（悲痛的事）---griefs
handkerchief（手帕）--- handkerchiefs / handkerchieves, scarf（围巾）--- scarfs / scarves，
6. 字母、数字、缩写词以及引语的复数：
e.g. There are three a’s in the word banana. 在banana这个单词中有三个a。
The war broke out in the 1940’s / 1940s. 战争爆发于二十世纪四十年代。
He always speaks politely, full of madam’s and if I may ask a question’s. 他说话很有礼貌，话语里尽是“太太”和“如果我可以提一个问题的话”。
He left out two 4’s in that number. 他在那个数字中漏了两个4。
You used too many that’s in your speech. 在演讲中你用了太多的that。
pp. (= pages)，Exx. 3,4 and 5 练习3、4、5，ll. 2 and 3 第2、3行，Dr.(doctor)---Drs., hr.(hour)--- hrs, yr.(year)---yrs, many VIP’s/ VIPs 很多重要人物，three Ph D’s三个哲学博士
而有些度量单位的缩写词，往往不加s：
ft. (foot), kg. (kilogramme), km. (kilometre), m. (metre), min. (minute), sec. (second) 7. 复合名词的复数：
1）在主体名词上变复数：comrade-in-arms(战友)---comrades-in-arms, passer-by（过路人）---passers-by
daughter-in-law（媳妇）---daughters-in-law, editor-in-chief（总编辑）---editors-in-chief, looker-on（旁观者）---lookers-on
2)复合名词由两个主体名词构成时，在后一个词上变复数：assistant professor（助
教）---assistant professors, pencil box---pencil boxes, dining-room---dining-rooms, girl friend---girl friends, shoe shop---shoe shops，grown-up（成年人）---grown-ups，stand-by（可靠的人）---stand-bys
3)复合词中有man, woman两词时，两个都变复数：man doctor--- men doctors,
woman teacher --- women teachers
但man, woman位于复合词之后时，只将man, woman变复数：policeman---policemen
8．不规则的名词复数形式：
man—men, woman—women, policeman---policemen, gentleman---gentlemen, German （德国人）---Germans, Roman（罗马人）---Romans, foot—feet, tooth—teeth,
goose—geese, mouse—mice, child—children, ox—oxen，phenomenon（现象）---phenomena, criterion（评判标准）---criteria, crisis（危机）---crises，analysis（分析）---analyses, basis（基础）---bases, bacterium（细菌）--bacteria
【注1】有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如：
sheep 羊, deer 鹿；fish 鱼（作不同种类的“鱼”解时，有复数形式：fishes），duck 鸭（作“家鸭”解时，有复数形式：ducks）；data（资料，数据）；aircraft（飞机）；means手段，方法works工厂；作品series系列；crossroads（十字路口）；Chinese （中国人）；Japanese（日本人）；Swiss（瑞士人）；jin（斤）；mu（亩）；li（里）；yuan（元）；
【注2】有些集合名词，是单形复念（即单数形式复数意义），如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：cattle 牛，people 人民（作“民族”解时，有单复形），police 警察
而有些词只有复形，表示复数意义。如：goods（货物）, clothes, the Olympic Games, the Asian Games
【注3】集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体），也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员）。
如：audience, class, family, group, enemy,
e.g. Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在该地区是名门望族。
His family are quarrelling severely about the property. 她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。
【注4】有些词常以复数形式出现，作主语时，谓语的复数遵循意义一致原则。如：annals（编年史），arms(武器)，ashes（灰烬），authorities（当局），belongings(所有物), brains（头脑），compasses（圆规），contents（目录），congratulations（祝贺），earnings（挣的钱），fireworks（烟火），forces（武装力量），glasses（眼镜），greens （青菜），headquarters（总部），jeans（牛仔裤），looks（外貌），manners（礼貌），
particulars（细节），pains（辛苦，努力，功夫），remains（残余），ruins（废墟），scissors（剪刀），shorts（短裤），scales（天平），surroundings（环境），savings（积蓄），statistics（统计资料），stairs（楼梯），，times（时代），trousers, thanks（感谢），troops（军队），valuables（珍贵物品）
有些名词在短语中需用复数：take pains（下功夫），take measures（采取措施），give regards to向某人致以问候，sing the praises of赞颂……, be in high spirits情绪高昂，make arrangements作安排，make preparations作准备
【注5】不可数名词计量时通常加单位名词，作谓语时单复数依据其单位名词的数而定。
a piece of paper / chalk / news/ information / advice / work/ furniture, a sheet of paper / metal / ice, a drop of water / oil, a grain of corn / rice / sand / salt, a bar of chocolate / soap, a cup of tea, a glass of beer, a bottle of ink, an article of clothing/ furniture, a set of equipment, a foot of wire, a quart of milk, ten tons of coal
可数名词也可用单位名词计量，此时名词用复数：
a crowd of people, a group of soldiers, a gang of robbers, a bunch of flowers, two kilos of apples
【注6】一些容易用错的名词：有些名词作可数和不可数名词时意义不同：orange 桔子[C]；橙汁[U]；water水[U]；水域(pl. waters)；wood木头[U]；树林[C](可用复形woods,也可用单形)；paper纸[U]；论文；报纸；试卷[C]；land土地；陆地；大地[U]；国家[C]；word单词；话语[C]；消息[U]；work工作[U]；作品[C]；重工业工厂(单复数同形：works)；pain肉体疼痛[C]；精神上的痛苦[U]；exercise练习；体操[C]；锻炼，运动[U]；experience经验[U]；经历[C]；character 人物；角色；字体[C]；品德，性格[U]；difficulty 困难[U]；难题[C]；room房间[C]；空间[U]；glass玻璃杯[C]；玻璃[U]；stone石头块[C]；石头[U]；sand沙子[U]；沙滩（复形：sands）；green绿色[U]；蔬菜，青菜(用复形：greens)；help帮助[U]；助手[C]；people 人们（集合名词，无复形）；民族[C]
【注7】专有名词一般没有可数不可数之分，但有时也以复数出现：
“the + 姓氏的复数”表示某某一家人：the Smiths史密斯一家/ 史密斯夫妇二人There are two Marys and three Roberts in the class. 这个班有两个玛丽和三个罗伯特。
四、名词的格
名词有三种格：普通格、宾格、所有格，其中普通格和宾格就是在字典中以词目出现的形式。
名词的所有格有两种形式，用于表示所属关系。
（一）在名词后加’s构成，用于以下情况：
1）表示有生命的名词以及由人组成的团体：
my brother’s car ，children’s books，students’ rooms (当名词末尾已有s时，只加’号), workers’rest homes（工人疗养院），the teachers’reading-room（教师阅览室），delegation’s visit（代表团的访问），the government’s policy, the majority’s view, the company’s director（公司的董事）
2）表示国家、城市、地域的名词：
China’s population，Beijing’s weather，the province’s population, the farm’s fruit
3）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词：
the moon’s surface，ten years’ hard work，today’s newspapers，20 dollars’worth of a stamp一张价值20美元的邮票
【注1】这种加’s形式的所有格也有下列变化形式：
1）单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词一般直接在词尾加’s：a peasant’s family, the children’s dream
2）以s结尾的复数名词只在词尾加’：the workers’achievements, the teachers’reading-room
3）以s结尾的复数名词作名词修饰语，表示类别时，在后面可以加’, 也可不加：Anhui Teachers’ University / Anhui Teachers University, Foreign Languages’ Press / Foreign Languages Press
4）复合名词和作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词的词尾加’s：the editor-in-chief’s office, somebody else’s opinion, an hour and a half’s talk
5）并列名词表示各自所属关系时，要分别在每个名词后加’s，如果表示共有关系，则在最后一个名词的词尾加’s：
John’s, Mary’s and Jack’s rooms, Kate and Joan’s desk
6）名词后有同位语时，在同位语后加’s：
Where is my classmate, Nancy’s bike?
7）以丝音结尾的人名后加’s或’：Engels’works / Engels’s works, Dickens’novels / Dickens’s novels
【注2】表示时间的名词必须用’s属格：today’s newspaper, a month’s salary, ten minutes’ rest
(二) 其他无生命的名词通常用“of + 名词”的短语表示所属关系。
the object of the sentence 句子的宾语the title of the film 影片的名字
【注】用’s属格的名词也可用of属格形式，尤其是当名词后有较长的定语时：e.g. the government’s plan = the plan of the government, the majority’s opinion = the opinion of the majority, a cat’s tail = the tail of a cat, the moon’s surface = the surface of the moon
Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?
They have the support of the people of the whole world.
Have you read the articles of the students who were with us at the meeting yesterday? He is a foreign teacher of a university in China.
（三）双重属格：……+ of + 名词的’s属格。它用于以下情况：
1. 当所修饰的名词前有别的词修饰时：
e.g. They saw a play of Lao She’s. 他们看了老舍的一部剧本。（play前有a限定）Several students of Lao Yang’s acted in the play. 老杨的几个学生参加了这个剧本的演出。(students前有several修饰)
2. 当用this / that 修饰前面的名词，表示一定的感情色彩时。
e.g.This performance of the teacher s’ was wonderful. 老师们的这个节目很精彩。That wife of Mr. Brown’s is constantly complaining. 布朗先生的那位妻子总是抱怨。（四）名词所有格中需注意的内容：
1. 一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，则后面往往省略，以免重复。
e.g. This is not my dictionary, but Xiao Lin’s. 这不是我的字典，而是小林的。
She had views quite different from her father’s. 她有着和她父亲完全不同的想法。
2. 在表示某人的家、教堂、店铺或公司时，名词所有格后的名词常省略。
e.g. The Wang’s is not far from here. 王先生的家离这不远。
I went into a stationer’s to buy a ruler. 我进了一家文具店去买一把尺子。
I’m going to the barber’s. 我将去理发店。
He had to go to his sister’s for dinner. 他得去他姐家吃饭。
3. 在对事物起分类作用时，需用所有格形式：
e.g. the teachers’ book 教师用书，children’s stories儿童故事，a women’s college女子学院，a doctor’s degree博士学位，a summer’s day 夏季的一天
4. 所有格还可用于一些成语中：
e.g. at a stone’s throw一箭之遥，at the death’s door濒于死亡
at sword s’ points剑拔弩张，a bird’s eye view鸟瞰
五、名词的功用：除谓语之外的所有句子成分
e.g. Mr. Li holds an important position in the government office. (主语；宾语)
Today is Sunday. （表语）
We elected him monitor of the class. (宾补)
It weighs five kilogrammes. (状语)
Most of us students will attend the meeting. (同位语)
a tea cup 茶杯a car number 车牌号a shoe shop 鞋店a stone bridge 石桥（定语）（名词作定语必须用单数，sport作定语，单复数形式均可，如：a sport（s）shirt 运
动衫）
特例：the arms race 武器竞赛
高三英语专项训练----语法填空 （1）(Topic: ) Once there lived a rich man who wanted to do something for the people of his town. But first he wanted to find out 16 _______ they deserved his help. In the centre of the main road into the town，he placed 17 ___ very large stone. Then he 18____ (hide) behind a tree and waited. Soon an old man came along with his cow.“Who put this stone in the centre of the road?” said the old man, 19____ he did not try to remove the stone. Instead, with some difficulty he passed around the stone and continued on his way.20 ______ man came along and did the same thing; then another came，and another. All of them complained about the stone but did not tried to remove 21______. Late in the afternoon a young man came along. He saw the stone, 22 _______ (say) to himself: “The night will be very dark. Some neighbors will come along later 23 _____ the dark and will fall against the stone.” Then he began to move the stone. He pushed and pulled with all his 24 ________ (strong) to move it. How great was his surprise at last! 25 ________ the stone，he found a bag of money. （2）(Topic: ) The best gift I ever received is the parents that were given to me. I could not have picked out 16 _______ (good) parents myself. My mom is smart，funny，and very artistic. She loves painting and encouraging other people to paint as well. She owns 17______ own book and art store. And at night she teaches adult 18 ________ (educate). She helps kids 19 _________ have dropped out of high school 20 _________ (get) their diploma. She always has time for me and my brothers. She hardly ever gets mad 21 ______ us and loves doing new things with us，22 _____ going to a new museum or going out onto the beach in the middle of the winter and taking pictures at the beach in the snow. My dad knows 23 _____ to fix anything and loves to play musical instruments. He helps me with my science projects and other school projects. He works hard to make money for our family and hardly ever complains. He loves skating with me and 24______ (build) us a half pipe and other cool things. So I have to say that 25 _______ gift I’m most grateful for is the one the God gave me—my parents. （3）(Topic: ) Sometimes Chinese English teachers are puzzled by such questions，“Have you got any skills in reading comprehension?” Actually，many of the teachers can’t give students 16 ___ efficient way to deal with reading. Anyway，17 _____ often simply say，“Read more and practise more，and you 18 ______ (get) more experience in reading comprehension.” Frankly, these teachers’ good 19_________ (suggest) are only helpful to arouse students’ interest in reading 20 ____ not helpful to deal wit h the questions in the examinations of reading comprehension. Personally，I think the skill for reading comprehension should be based 21 ______ the knowledge of English writing. Since the English passages are written under some rules or principles，the science of reading 22 ______understanding may have a close relationship with writing.
专题一定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which 指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略） who 指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which 或of which+the+名词 2、as 的用法 （1）常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个 （2）as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 C、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 3、but用作关系代词，相当于who/that…not 例：In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng. 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 4、当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 5、当先行词是数词时. 6、当先行词既指人又指物时。 7、如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that。 8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。 9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。 10、先行词为what，关系代词用that。
江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总 一、冠词The Article 知识要点： 冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。 一、不定冠词的用法 1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple. 2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library. A Li is looking for you. 一位姓李的同志正在找你。 3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如： I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes. 4、用于某些固定词组中。如： a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。 5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。 It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。 It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。 二、定冠词的用法： 1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如： Beijing is the capital of China. The pen on the desk is mine. 2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如： Where is the teacher? Open the window, please. 3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如： There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. The baby was thin. 4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如： the earth, the moon, the sun. 5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如： He is always the first to come to school. Bob is the tallest in his class. 6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如： the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children’s Palace, the Party等。 7、用在一些习惯用语中。如： on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。 8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如： the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas 9、用在报刊、杂志前。如： the People’s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。 10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如： The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。 11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如： the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。 12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如： The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car). 三、零冠词（即不用冠词）： 1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如： China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。 2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如： Go down this street. 3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如： We are students.
高三语法专题总结 序号课题课时教学要求 冠词 3 1.熟知冠词的基本用法、习语和固定搭配 2.掌握冠词的一些灵活用法和特殊用法 1.冠词的基本用法 1 冠词的泛指、特指、类指、专指 2.冠词的习惯用法 1 1.定冠词的习惯用法 2.不定冠词的习惯用法 3.零冠词的习惯用法 3.冠词的活用 1 1.被具体化的抽象名词前的冠词用法 2.被普通化的专有名词前的冠词用法 3.形容词比较级、最高级和序数词前的冠词活用 高考重点冠词的基本用法及冠词的习惯用法 高考难点冠词的活用 专题二代词 3 熟练掌握不定代词、反身代词、指示代词、人称代词 以及it的灵活运用 1、不定代词 1 1、both,all,either,any,neither,none的用法 2、one，ones, the one,that,those的用法 3、one，another, the other, some ,others, the others的用法 4、复合不定代词及其他不定代词 2、反身代词 1 1、反身代词的基本用法 2、与反身代词构成的介词短语 3、与反身代词构成的动词短语 3、指示代词、人称代词和it的用法1 1、指示代词、人称代词的基本用法 2、It的用法 高考难点语境的真实性和复杂性、语义较丰语法复杂的不定代词的考查 专题三形容词和副词 2 了解形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法及常用句 型 1、形容词、副词的基 1 1、形容词、副词比较等级的基本用法
本用法2、对形容词、副词顺序的考查 2、形容词、副词的辨 析 1 在语境中学会形容词副词的用法 高考难点对于形容词副词比较等级的考查倾向于“淡化语法，注重深层语义的特点” 专题四语义辨析（名词、介词 及介词短语）3 1、在真实语境中能恰当的使用意义相近的介词，掌 握表示时间及空间的介词的用法 2、在语境中能恰当的使用介词的一些习惯用法和 介词与名词的固定搭配 1、名词辨析 1 1、名词的数和名词所有格的用法 2、名词的句法功能，尤其是名词作定语的用法 2、介词辨析 1 1、表示方位的介词 2、表示时间的介词 3、表示工具、手段、方式的介词 4、表原因、目的的介词 5、易混介词辨析 3.介词短语解析 1 1、与名词构成的介词短语 2、与某些形容词固定搭配的介词 高考难点介词短语的辨析，题干结构复杂 专题五动词和动词词组 2 1、掌握动词的及物和不及物性 2、掌握被动形式中英汉表达的不同 3、掌握感官动词作系动词：feel/look/sound 1、动词辨析 1 考纲中出现的动词及动词辨析 2、动词词组辨析 1 考纲中动词词组及辨析 高考难点同义词及词组辨析 专题六动词的时态及语态 2 1.建立“时”和“体”的概念 2.掌握一般将来时的各种形式及区别 3.掌握易混时态的用法：一般过去时和现在完成时 的区别 4.掌握各种时态的被动语态形式
广东高考英语语法填空专题训练语法填空（每篇共10小题；每小题1.5分，每篇满分15分） 阅读下面短文，根据上下文填入适当的词语，或使用括号中的词语的适当形式填空， 并将答案填写在答题卡上标号为1—10的相应位置。 Passage (1) Cars are too expensive for many people around the world to own. Not only that, many cities are already full of traffic, and many country areas have rough roads. So 1 do people travel those distances that are too far to walk? They use public transportation. If you ride the subway or bus 2 you live, you can appreciate some of the benefits of public transportation. With many people 3 (share) one bus or train, there is less traffic and, more 4 （importance）, less pollution. Which of the types of mass transit 5 (describe) below are you familiar with? If a regular bus can hold dozens of people, imagine what a bus 6 (two) the size can hold! In Great Britain, there are many buses that are known as double-deckers (cars with two floors). Buses in Haiti are often very crowded. It’s not 7 (common) for passengers to actually sit on the rooftops. Buses are sometimes called “tap-taps”, because the 8 (ride) on the roof tap（敲击）when they want to be dropped off. Many large cities around the world take advantage of the space beneath the streets and run underground trains. People in Paris, Mexico City and Tokyo may use the subway system to get to school, to work, or to visit friends in other 9 (neighbor). Both the Japanese and French have developed High-speed trains to link various cities. While electric trains in North America average 130 kph, the French TGV (high-speed-train) is the world’s fastest, 10 (average) over 270 kph! Passage (2) Australia, the last continent, was discovered by ships 1 (belong) to some European nations in the seventeenth century. These nations were 2 (little) interested in changing it into a colony than in 3 (explore) it. As in the early history of the United States, it was the English 4 set up the settlements in Australia. This history and the geography of these two British colonies have some other things in common as well. Australia and the United States are about the same in size, and their western lands are both not rich 5 soil. It was on the eastern coast of Australia and America that the English first settled, and both colonies soon began to develop towards the west. However, this westward 6 (move) took place 7 because the English were searching for better land than the population was increasing. Settlements of the west part of both countries developed quickly after gold 8 (discover) in America in 1849 and in Australia two years later. Although the development of these two countries has a lot in common, there are some 9 (strike) differences as well. The United States gained its independence from England by revolution while Australia won its independence without having to go to war. Australia, 10 (like) the United States, was firstly turned into a colony by English prisoners and its economic development was in wheat growing and sheep raising. By 1922, for example, Australia had fifteen times more sheep than it had people or almost half as many sheep as there are people today in the United States. Australia and the United States have more in common with each other than either one has with most of the rest of the world.
人教版高中英语必修二 知识点梳理 ）巩固练习 重点题型（ 常考知识点 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 概念引入： He is a person who never gives up.他是个永远不服输的人。 I found him in the woods,where has a well-known tree. (我是在树林里找到他的，那里有一棵很有名的树。) Our guide,(who was a Frenchman,)was an excellent cook. 我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师，他是个法国人 She was not on the train which arrived just now。 她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上 语法点拨 什么是定语从句？ 修饰主语、宾语、表语的句子就叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有： 关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that 关系副词：when,where,why 我们把下面两个句子组合成一个复合句： 1.This is our school.It is beautiful. →This is our school which is beautiful. 2.This is our school.W e study in our school. →This is our school which we study in. →This is our school in which we study. →This is our school where we study. 3.Do you know the r oom?It is made of amber. →Do you know the room which is made of amber? 4.I have read the newspaper.It carries the important news. →I have r ead the newsp aper which carries the important news. 从上述定语从句的组合我们可以看出： 先行词和关系词的关系：关系代词实际上是先行词的复指；关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格。 1.A plane is a machine t hat can fly. the machine=that 2.The boy who brok e the window is called Wangkai. the boy=who 3.The boy whose p arents are working outside was b r oug ht up by his grandfather. the boy’s=whose 【高一英语语法（二）定语从句（二）356521限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 高考英语语法总复习(共15个专题附练习及答案) 语法复习专题一——名词.①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。 如：一、考点聚焦抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）1.可数名词单、复数变化形式in surprise 惊讶地a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事（1）规则变化。 win success 获得成功a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)①单数名词词尾直接加-s。 如：boy — boys, pen — pens。 win honor 赢得荣誉an honor 一个(件)引以为荣的(事)①以 s、x 、ch 、sh 结尾的单词一般加-es。 如：glass —glasses,box—boxes,Failure(失败)is the mother of successa failure 失败者watch —watches, brush —brushes。 失败是成功之母。 特例：stomach — stomaches。 by experience 靠经验an experience 一次经历①以”辅音字母+ y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。 如：youth 青春a youth 一个青年人baby — babies, lady —ladies, fly — flies。 have pity on sb.怜悯某人a pity 可惜的事情①以“o”结尾的多数加-es。 1/ 146
语法：是一门研究英语语言构成规律的学科。 词 法 ———— 语法 ————句法 简单句：在句子中只包含一套主谓结构。 并列句：通常由一个连词连接的并列的句子。 复合句：〖大句套小句〗 一气：虚拟语气 二词：非谓语动词、情态动词 三句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 语法 非谓语动词 一、 在句中不能作谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词 二、 啥样呢？ 1. 不定式：To do 2. 动名词：Doing 3. 分词：Done Eg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue. 围绕着群岛的海洋是深蓝色的 Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done. ☆☆非谓语动词的宾补，其逻辑主语为前面宾语 ▲ 方法一：口诀法 非谓语，三要点。 句法 目 的 结 构 形容词 名词 数词 代词 动词 介词 副词 感叹词 冠词 连词 陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句 简单句 复合句 并列句 时态、语态 非谓语动词 情态动词 词法 名词性从句 状语从句 定语从句
变否定，NOT 前。 哼哈将，时逻关。 七仙女，记心间。 （一） 变否定 （二） 哼哈将 1.动词不定式 主动关系 被动关系 一般式 To do To be done 完成式 To have done To have been done 进行式 To be doing (To be being done) 完成进行式 To have being doing (To have been being done) ▲ 一般式：不定式的动作和谓语动词动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后的动作发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 ▲ 完成式：不定时动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg3. Jay Chou taught us to sing 黄河大合唱 last night. ▲ 进行式：不定时的动作和谓语动词动作同时正在进行 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. ▲ 完成进行式：不定时的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，一直持续到谓语动词动作，到谓 语动词动作为止。不定时的动作有可能刚刚结束，还有可能继续延续下去。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years. 时间关系 逻辑关系 B B B B B B B B
高三英语语法与惯用法知识点：习惯上后接t o do sth的名词 有些名词后接一个动词作定语时，该动词通常用不定式形式，而不用of doing sth结构。这类名词比较常用的有以下一些。 1. agreement 协议 表示“做某事的协议”，其后通常接不定式。如： They had an agreement never to talk about work at home. 他们约定在家里决不谈工作。 We have an agreement to always tell each other the truth about everything. 我们约定无论何时彼此都要讲实话。 2. appointment 约定 表示“做某事的约定”，其后通常接不定式，尤其用于have [make] an appointment to do sth结构。如： I have an appointment to see the doctor. 我约好要去看医生。 I’ve got an appointment to see Ms Edwards at two o’clock. 我与爱德华在2点钟有约会。 I keep trying to make an appointment to see him, but he has been ducking me. 我一直努力约见他，但他始终回避我。 有时不定式前可以用for sb引出不定式的逻辑主语。如： She made an appointment for her son to see the doctor. 她为儿子约定了看医生的时间。 3. anxiety 渴望；焦急，着急 表示“某人急于(渴望)做某事”，其后通常接不定式。如：
语法填空专练 1 广东高考真题 One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he 1 ( find ) that he had run out of salt.So Nick called to his son, “ Go to the village and buy so salt, but pay a fair price for it; neither too much 2 too little. ” His son looked surprised. “ I can understand why I shouldn 't pa much, Father, but if I can pay less, 3 not save a bit of money? ” “ That would be a very 4 ( reason ) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours, ” Nick said. Nick 'gsu ests, 5 had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could. Nick replied, “ The only reason a man would sell salt 6 a lower price would be because he was desperate for money. And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect 7 the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it. ” “But such a small thing couldn 8 't ( possible ) destroy a village. ” “ In the beginning, there was only 9 very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always 10 ( think ) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have
1．(2012年高考江西卷)The Smiths don't usually like staying at ________ hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by ________ sea. A．/；a B．the；the C．/；the D．the；a 解析：句意：史密斯一家通常不喜欢住旅馆，但是去年夏天他们在海边一家不错的旅馆住了几天。本题考查冠词的基本用法和习惯用法。第一空后复数名词hotels在本句中表示泛指，故用零冠词，排除B、D两项；第二空by the sea为习惯用语，意为“在海边(＝on the coast)”。 答案：C 2．(2011年高考浙江卷)Experts think that ________ re cently discovered painting may be ________ Picasso. A．the；/ B．a；the C．a；/ D．the；a 解析：句意：专家们认为近来发现的那部绘画作品可能是毕加索的作品。句中painting前有修饰语recently discovered，所以此处的painting是特指，故其前用定冠词the；第二个空后的Picasso本来是专有名词，指“毕加索”其人，但是在本句中，它指的是“一部毕加索的作品”，所以其前用不定冠词a，这实际上是专有名词具体化的使用。 答案：D 3．(2012年高考浙江卷)The development of industry has been ________ gradual process throughout ________ human existence，from stone tools to modern technology. A．/；the B．the；a C．a；/ D．a；a 解析：句意：在整个人类历史上，从石器时代到现代科技时代，工业的发展
高考英语语法专题复习 一、名词Nouns 一、名词的种类： 1、专有名词 1）China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠词） 2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。 （由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。） 2、普通名词 物质名词：water,rice, oil, paper...... 1）不可数名词 抽象名词：health, trouble, work, pleasure, honor...... 注： ①不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。 如：have a wonderful time. make a great progress. ②不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 ③不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。 如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snows ...... | | | | 各种各样的鱼各种报纸河湖、海水大片水域积雪 ④有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties ⑤在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如： a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper...... 2）可数名词： ①可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A bird can fly. The frog is a kind of hibernating animal. Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh. ②有复数形式： a）规则变化——加“s”或“es”（略） b）不规则变化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men), woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen),phenomenon(pheno mena)； 注：c）单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）......。如， a sheep, two sheep d）只用复数形式： thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes...... e）形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means. f）形单实复：people (人民，人们；表民族时复数+s），the police, cattle等 g）集合名词：family, public, group, class等。作为整体时，为单数；作为整体中的各个成员时， 为复数。如：My family is a big one. My family are music lovers. h）合成名词变复数时: a.只把复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式。如：