2011年第1期总第103期
No.1. 2011Sum 103
佳木斯教育学院学报
当“英语文化霸权”遭遇“唱读讲传”
——试从抵制“英语文化霸权”视角论“唱读讲传”
蒋朝霞
（长江师范学院外国语学院 重庆 408100）
摘 要：随着世界全球化的到来，以英语为特殊载体的英语文化霸权借助英美等西方发达国家的强大实力，席卷全球，以汉语为载体的中国文化安全正遭受着前所未有的冲击和挑战，国家语言文化主权出现危机。所以，弘扬中国文化，建设和坚固社会主义核心价值体系迫在眉睫。而“唱读讲传”正以一种有中国特色社会主义的方式抵制英语文化霸权，应建设社会主义先进文化，维护国家文化安全。
关键词：英语文化霸权；唱读讲传；中国特色；国家文化安全
中图分类号：H31 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-9795（2011）01-0256-01
收稿日期：2010-10-30
作者简介：蒋朝霞（1983-），重庆垫江人，从事翻译、专门用途英语教学方向的研究。
一、引言
英语已经在全球确定其国际性语言的强势地位，同时其影响也被广泛承认。它就像一阵狂风，横扫世界，中国也不例外。现在，约有3.5亿人通过不同的方式学习英语，英语培训机构如雨后春笋般地在各地成立，英语新闻、报刊、广告随处可见，圣诞节、情人节等洋节成为了年轻人心中最重要的节日，种种迹象表明，在中国已经形成了一股强大的“英语热”。
二、英语文化霸权
(一)葛兰西“文化霸权”理论
著名的意大利共产党创始人，葛兰西，提出了“文化霸权”理论。他认为， 现代资本主义社会是市民社会和政治社会的结合， 随着经济的发展， 现代资本主义国家摒弃了早期资产阶级国家的铁血统治、暴力镇压的统治方式， 采取了新的统治手段， 强制性的领导逐渐让位于市民社会的文化意识形态的非强制性领导。他们运用思想和文化手段塑造并影响民众的价值观， 通过非暴力的意识形态控制， 通过思想文化的潜移默化的定向与灌输， 让他们认可现存的政治和社会秩序， 从而使被统治阶级自觉自愿地接受奴役和统治， 自然地服从国家的控制和管理。
结合现实情况，“文化霸权”， 是指以美国为首的西方发达国家凭借着强大的经济实力把其物质生活方式、人生观和价值观作为一种普世的行为准则加以推行，赋予自己文化的支配地位。在“和平”和“发展”两大主题的今天，原来那种以武力的方式来取得世界霸权地位的时代已经一去不复返，取而代之的是在“软实力”上的竞争。而“软实力”既由一国的文化，意识形态和制度等构成。二战结束以后，英美等国在继续发展自己军事实力的同时，也下定了“和平演变”的决心，用其文化在全球进行扩张，已达到不战而屈人之兵的目的。
(二)英语和文化霸权
语言是文化的载体，每一种语言都是一种文化的结晶。人们使用语言进行交际和语言传播的过程也是文化交流、传播的过程。语言使用者可以通过语言获得一种文化认同感和社会归属感。英语作为语言的一种，随着世界的全球化，已经被认为是世界通用语。它的传播绝不只是语言的传播，而是携带着英语文化和意识形态。伊拉克就为此付出了亡国的代价。为了发展经济和提高国际知名度，伊拉克抛弃了自己的语言，而在英国殖民时起，就开始使用英语，并成为国家通用语，伴随的语言是它的政治倾向，意识形态以及人们的生活方式。所以它在亲美的歧途中越走越远。英语的全球传播是英语国家全球文化霸权核心部分，发挥着巨大的作用。
(三)英语文化霸权的影响
英语在全球的传播，加速了“濒危语言”的灭绝，破坏了“语言生态”。 联合国教科文组织2001年2月20日的报告显示:“世界上
现存的6000多种语言中大约有一半的语言处在危险之中或濒临消亡。而就在美国，随着英语霸权地位的确立，现在仅存的200多种土著印第安语言中大部分也即将灭亡，只有约50种语言的使用者超过1000，极少数语言的使用者超过50000人。语言的消亡，英语的兴旺，是对全球多元化的一种讽刺，也是对世界的一种无声呐喊。
除此之外，英语文化霸权还威胁到国家文化安全。广义的国家文化安全指“国家内的文化安全”， 狭义的国家文化安全指“国家文化的安全”， 而国家文化安全是国家文化主权的核心，直接影响到是否拥有完全的国家文化主权。国家文化主权又是国家主权的一部分，所以英语文化霸权威胁到了一个国家的主权，它完全是一种饱含政治目的的语言政策。
(四)英语文化霸权在中国
改革开放以来，随着对外交流的增多，英语受到了前所未有的重视。从学前教育到考研考博，从小孩到老人，从上岗到升职，从政府到企业等等，英语都是必修。而随着英语水平的提高，中国人的英语文化习得也是遥遥领先。开的是福特，吃的是KFC，玩的是wow，听的是VOA，唱的是ABC， 这些都是发生在我们身边的事，事虽小，但充分说明了英语文化霸权在中国的“成果”。不和谐的是，中国人的汉语水平下降，民族认同感削弱，民族自信心受损。因此，英语文化霸权在中国应该受到遏制，中国文化应该得到重视，汉语应该得到大力发展。
三、大力开展“唱读讲传”活动，弘扬社会主义核心价值体系
(一)“唱读讲传”之必要性
很多学者在研究英语文化霸权时都提出了大力发展汉语的观点。著名语言学家、中国语文现代化学会常务理事、南开大学文学院语言规划博士生导师马庆株教授认为应该区分两种“双语教学”，制止英语和汉语的“双语教学”，从语言维护国家主权和国家安全。北京语言大学方立先生和中国社会科学院周庆生先生认为， 一个国家的法定语言或官方语言就像这个国家的国旗和国徽一样， 是国家主权和尊严的象征， 也是国家身份和民族认同的重要纽带。语言是民族的认同， 因而， 我们应该正确使用外文， 维护汉语的民族性和国家的尊严。《中国教育报》记者顾雪林、潘国霖2004年9月15日在《用科学态度维护祖国语言文字主权》的报道中强烈呼吁:“要从维护中华文化主权的高度， 建立祖国语言文字的主权意识， 自觉维护祖国语言文字的主权， 自觉抵制霸权和优势语言的侵犯”， 以维护母语尊严。这都说明汉语的保护和发展是抵制英语文化霸权的有效方法，但是汉语它也只还是一门语言，光发展它是不够的。要知道意识形态才是关键，所以要在中国特色社会主义的大背景下确定社会主义意识形态。
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2011年第1期总第103期
No.1. 2011
Sum 103外语研究
William(1998a)在其研究中表示，如果评价的主要目的是支持高质量的学习，那么形成性评价就应该是最重要的评价模式。在此形成性评价的基础上，再配合四、六级考试的终结性评价，才能构建一个科学的评价体系。
另外，由于形成性评价是一个费时费力的过程，教师的任务有增无减，因此也应该将座谈和批改作业的时间适当纳入教师的工作量，提高教师工作的积极性，不断完善形成性评价的模式，使教师始终坚持贯彻下去，帮助学生英语水平和各方面的能力全面发展。参考文献：
[1] Black, P. &William, D. Assessment and Classroom Learning [J]. Assessment in Education, 1998a, 5 (1):7-74.
[2]曹荣平,等. 形成性评估在中国大学非英语专业英语写作教学中的运用[J].外语教学, 2004(5): 82-87.
[3]陈琦,刘儒德.当代教育心理学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2007:51-207.
[4]傅春晖.彭金定.大学英语教学中的形成性评价及策略研究[J].湖南师范大学教育科学学报,2006(4):123-125.
[5]龚亚夫,罗少茜.英语课堂教学形成性评价研究[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003.
[6]郭茜,杨志强.试论形成性评价及其对大学英语教学与测试的启示[J].清华大学教育研究,2003(5):103-109.
[7]教育部高等教育司.大学英语课程教学要求(试行)[Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004.
[8]李川.大学英语网络教学评估模式实验研究[J].外语与外语教学,2005(7):33-36.
[9]王华,富长洪.形成性评估在外语教学中的应用研究综述[J].外语界,2006(4):67-72.
[10]周娉娣,秦秀白.形成性评估在大学英语网络教学中的应用[J].外语电化教学,2005(5):9-13.
Empirical research of formative evaluation in college English teaching
Rao Jing
(Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foreign language college, Nanjing Jiangsu,210046, China) Abstract: This paper proposed formative evaluation of the importance of students learning English from the multiple intelligence and view of the humanism theory, recalled the teaching of several commonly used form of evaluation tools, combined with their own teaching practice, explore how to apply formative assessment tools to build a complete model of formative assessment in college English teaching.
Keywords: multiple intelligences; view of the humanism theory; formative assessment; tools; college English teaching; applications; mode
［责任编辑：李 微］
(二)重庆市“唱读讲传”活动，弘扬社会主义核心价值体系
自2008年6月以来，重庆市开展了以唱红歌、读经典、讲故事、传箴言为载体的“唱读讲传”活动。“唱”的主要是革命、建设和改革时期的红色经典歌曲。“读”的主要是古今中外经典文章、革命领袖经典著作。“讲”的主要是结合参观红岩革命历史遗址等活动讲革命故事、历史故事与现实故事。“传”的主要是古今中外的名人名言、格言、警句和市民创作的励志箴言。它通过这样一种形式，发扬了中国优秀的传统文化，增强了民族自信心和自豪感，在全民中践行了社会主义核心价值体系。
诚然，这种全民的学习中国文化的活动，势必会巩固人们的思想形态，这样就会自然地抵制来势凶猛的英语文化霸权。它的意义在于：1)践行社会主义核心价值体系，为思想政治工作导航; 2) 促进相关产业互动发展，成为经济发展的助推器; 3)创新整合文化资源，成为文化繁荣的发动机; 4) 提升干群文明素养，成为社会和谐的粘合剂。
四、结语
作者认为，在英语文化霸权的局势越演越烈的今天，在全中国宣起一场“唱读讲传”风潮是有必要的，因为无论是单纯地推广汉语也好，还是调整英语教学方式也好，都没有触及到思想形态的内在因素。“唱读讲传”以践行社会主义核心价值体系为目的，建设了全民的社会主义核心价值堡垒，从内在保护中华文化，同时也让“英语文化霸权”无处可藏。对此，作者也提出几点建议：1)统一领导，统筹安排，有计划，分步骤，在全国进行“唱读讲传”；2)重点加强学校(特别是外语专业)活动的安排和实施；3)加强新闻媒体的宣传力度，营造和谐的舆论环境；4)对于大学，应该恢复语文为必修课；5)对于基层，应该取消清理省级以下城市各机关、单位团体、街道等的英文标示等。总之，中国文化需要得到弘扬，而“唱读讲传”就是有效的方式。
参考文献：
[1]胡会燕.西方网络文化霸权对大学生国防意识的影响[D].南昌:南昌大学,2008.
[2]彭泽润.“制止英汉双语教学以语言维护国家主权和国家安全——访著名语言学家、南开大学马庆株教授”[J].语言研究,2005(1),10-11.
[3]刘冬,高彩霞.“社会主义核心价值体系在维护我国意识形态中的作用”[J].学理论,2009(1).
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The influence of Chinese classic speech on English cultural hegemony
--- Study of Chinese classic speech from the perspective of the resistance of English cultural hegemony
Jiang Zhao-xia
(College of Foreign Languages, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100,China)
Abstract: With the advent of world globalization, English is the special carrier for English cultural hegemony which is now sweeping across the whole world with the help of the strong national power of western countries, China’s cultural security is suffering an unprecedented impact and challenges, the cultural sovereignty crisis on the state language is coming. Therefore, it’s urgent to promote the chinese culture, construct and strengthen the socialist value system. Chinese Classic Speeech is in a form of socialism with Chinese characteristics to resist English cultural hegemony, thus creating the advanced socialist culture and safeguarding the national cultural security.
Key words: English Cultural Hegemony; Chinese Classic Speech; Chinese Characteristics; National Cultural Security
［责任编辑：周志媛］（上接第256页）
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掌握英语文化背景知识提高阅读理解能力 摘要: 语言是文化的组成部分和载体,两者相互影响.提高阅读能力,除了掌握必要的语言知识以外,更重要的是了解语篇的背景知识,培养文化意识和跨文化交际能力. 关键词：英语文化、背景知识阅读能力 任何一种语言都包含着不尽的文化内涵。语言与文化是同时产生并且相互依存的。中国文化与英美文化存在着明显的差异，这种差异在一定程度上干扰了我们的阅读理解，这就是阅读中的文化障碍问题。实践表明，对阅读材料的文化背景知识了解得越多，阅读理解的准确率就会越高；反之，越低。因此，了解文化背景知识对阅读者来说是很重要的。对西方文化背景知识有一定的了解，学生才能更快更准确把握英语的语言本质和思想内涵，因此也才能更准确学习和运用英语，尤其有助于英语的阅读和理解。 英语的阅读能力是一种综合的能力，英语文章的体裁各式各样,时而包含丰富的文化知识，时而隐现特定的背景知识。有些文章，虽然在阅读的过程中没碰到一个生词，没有语法障碍，但是若没有一定的文化背景知识，你就不知道在讲些什么。请看以下对话 Zhoulan:---Are you English? David:---No, I'm not. Zhoulan:---But you speak English. David:---That's correct. Zhoulan:---Where are you from then? Canada? David:---No, I'm from Britain. Zhoulan:---But I thought you said you weren't English. David:---Right, I'm British, but I'm not English. Zhoulan:---What are you then? David:---I'm Scottish, I'm from Scotland. Zhoulan:---Where's that? David:---It's to the north of England, It's part of Britain. Zhoulan:---Have you got a map to show me? I'm puzzled.
最新中考英语英语阅读理解试题(及答案) 一、英语阅读理解专项练习试卷 1．阅读理解 That cold January night, I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco. There I was, walking home at one in the morning after a tiring practice at the theatre. With opening night only a week away, I was still learning my lines. I was having trouble dealing with my part-time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time. As I walked, I thought seriously about giving up both acting and San Francisco. City life had become too much for me. As I walked down empty streets under tall buildings, I felt very small and cold. I began running, both to keep warm and to keep away from any possible robbers (抢劫犯). Very few people were still out except a few sad-looking homeless people under blankets. About a block from my apartment (公寓房间), I heard a sound behind me. I turned quickly, half expecting to see someone with a knife or a gun. The street was empty. All I saw was a shining street-light. Still, the noise had made me nervous, so I started to run faster. Not until I reached my apartment building and unlocked the door did I realize what the noise had been. It had been my wallet falling to the street. Suddenly I wasn't cold or tired any more, and I ran out of the door and back to where I'd heard the noise. Although I searched the street anxiously for fifteen minutes, my wallet was nowhere to be found. Just as I was about to give up the search, I heard the garbage truck (垃圾车) pull up to the street next to me. When a voice called from the inside, "Alisa Camacho?" I thought I was dreaming. How could this man know my name? The door opened, and out jumped a small red-haired man with an amused look in his eyes. "Is this what you're looking for?" he asked, holding up a small square shape. It was nearly 3 a.m. by the time I got into bed. I wouldn't get much sleep that night, but I had got my wallet back. I also had got back some enjoyment of city life. I realized that the city couldn't be a bad place as long as people were willing to help each other. （1）How did the writer feel when she was walking home after work? A. Cold and sick. B. Fortunate and helpful. C. Disappointed and helpless. D. Satisfied and cheerful. （2）From the first paragraph, we learn that the writer was busy _________. A. solving her problem at the bank B. preparing for the first night show C. learning acting in an evening school D. taking part in various city activities （3）On her way home the writer __________. A. lost her wallet unknowingly B. was stopped by a garbage truck driver C. was robbed of her wallet by an armed man D. found some homeless people following her （4）In the fifth paragraph, why did the writer say she was dreaming? A. Someone offered to take her back home. B. A red-haired man came to see her. C. Her wallet was found in a garbage truck. D. She heard someone call her name. （5）From the text, we can infer that the writer _________.
最新中考英语阅读理解专题练习1 一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读理解 Science fiction is a popular kind of writing, and many people think of Jules Verne（凡尔纳） as the father of science fiction. He was born in France in 1828. His father wanted him to become a lawyer, but from his early 20s Verne decided to become a writer. At first he wrote plays for the theater. Then, in 1863, he wrote a story called Five Weeks in a Balloon. The success of this book encouraged him to write more stories such as A Journey to the Center of the Earth（1864） and From the Earth to the Moon（1865）. In the 19th century, many people were interested in science and inventions. Jules Verne wrote about scientific subjects in his stories and, as a result, they were very popular. Verne's writing included many predictions（预言）for the 20th century and many of them came true. He described space flight, movies, and air conditioning, a long time before they appeared. These books were very successful and they made Verne rich. Jules Verne's books have been the subjects for many movies. 20, 000 Leagues under the Sea was a successful movie for Walt Disney. It was the first time that Disney movie had used real actors instead of cartoon drawings. Around the World in Eighty Days is another famous movie based on one of Verne's books. The main character is an Englishman called Phileas Fogg. For him, the most important thing is to be always on time! （1）What does the phrase "the father of science fiction" mean? A. The father who has several children. B. The man who loves science and inventions. C. The writer whose father wrote science fiction. D. The man who first started writing science fiction successfully. （2）What encouraged Jules Verne to write more stories? A. The plays he wrote for the theater. B. The encouragement from his father. C. The success of Five Weeks in a Balloon. D. The scientific subjects in his stories. （3）Why were Jules Verne's books very popular in the 19th century? A. Because his books made him rich and famous. B. Because he wrote many plays for the theater at that time. C. Because his books were the subjects for many movies. D. Because many people were interested in science and inventions. （4）Which of the following has the main character called Phileas Fogg? A. Five Weeks in a Balloon. B. Around the World in Eighty Days. C. A Journey to the Center of the Earth. D. From the Earth to the Moon. （5）According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A. The space flight Verne described was different from others. B. The main characters in Verne's books are always on time. C. Jules Verne only wrote in the 19th century. D. Many of the predictions in Verne's stories came true.
阅读理解解题技巧 阅读理解题是考查学生对活的语言材料的理解能力，即通过阅读材料获得信息的能力。具体说来，阅读理解能力测试的主要要求是：（1）掌握所读材料的主旨大意，以及用以说明主旨大意的事实和细节；（2）既理解具体事实，也理解抽象的概念；（3）既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；（4）既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并能根据文章进行推理和判断；（5）既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。根据这几项能力测试的要求，试题中常采用如下几种题型：事实询问题、推理判断题、数据推算题、识图解意题和主旨大意题。根据这一测试要求和题型设计，答题时可以采取如下解题技巧和对策。 1．首先解题时要充满自信。由于平时有些同学对做阅读理解时存在一种畏惧心理，因此考试做题时心理就难免会产生紧张感，特别是阅读时再遇到几个生词就头脑发胀，从而使自己的思路更加模糊不清。其实这是完全没有必要的，因为阅读中遇到几个生词或几个难以理解的句子是常有的事，也是正常现象。因为按大纲要求，试卷中允许有不超过3%的生词，只要认真分析，仔细阅读，这些生词和句子很可能并不影响你的解题。所以答题之前首先要有必胜的信心。 2．扫读全文，理解全文主旨大意。拿到一篇文章，首先要快速扫读全文，虽为扫读，但不可漫不经心，阅读时也应聚精会神，力求可能多地获取材料信息，只是这次遇到生词和难句先不必去处理，不要因纠缠文中的个别生词和难句而影响了对全文的主旨大意的了解。 3．对症下药，各个击破。了解全文的大概意思之后，再把短文的问题简单看一遍，弄懂题意，然后带着问题再去寻读全文。这次阅读过程中要善于抓文章中的关键词句。寻读也就是迅速的查找需要了解的信息，是为某些特定的问题而阅读，因此阅读时要有较强的针对性，对与问题有关的数据，词句等仔细阅读，认真理解，同时结合不同考查内容的题型，采取如下解题对策： （1）事实询问题：这类试题通常是以疑问词what，who，wh en，where，why，how等引起的特殊问句，就文章中某一词语、某一句子、某一段落或某一具体细节和事实进行提问。解答此类试题首先要弄清题目和每一个选项的含义，然后按题目要求寻找与之相关
PEP小学英语文化知识汇总 一、饮食文化 1、西餐礼仪 the knife is on the right . 刀放置于右边 the fork is on the left. 叉置于左边 The spoon is beside the knife. 勺子置于刀旁边 The plate is in the middle.盘子放在中间 2、饭后甜点dessert 介绍 It’s something sweet, like pudding, fru it or ice-cream…饭后吃一些甜食，比如布丁、水果、冰激凌等等 3、Traditional Chinese food中国传统食品 sweet dumplings汤圆zongzi粽子mooncake月饼dumplings饺子 二、节日文化 1、Women’s Day妇女节 2、Children’s Day儿童节 3、Christmas 圣诞节 Merry Christmas圣诞快乐 Father Christmas圣诞老人 Christmas Tree 圣诞树turkey火鸡gifts礼物 4、西方节日 Mother’s Day is the second Sunday in May.母亲节在五月份第二个星期天Father’s Day is the third Sunday in June.父亲节在六月份第三个星期天 In America Thanksgiving Day is the fourth Thursday in November. 在美国，感恩节在十一月份第四个星期四 In Canada Thanksgiving Day is the second Monday in October. 在加拿大，感恩节在十月份第二个星期一 三、生活常识及日常标志认识 1、出口、入口和卫生间标志： entrance入口exit出口women’s女卫生间men’s男卫生间 2、不同国家紧急求救号码emergency number 3、水零度结冰膨胀 When water gets to 0 degrees, it becomes ice. 当温度达到0摄氏度时，水会结冰。
最新中考英语英语阅读理解练习题 一、英语阅读理解专项练习试卷 1．阅读理解 Do you want a job in the holiday? Just go for it. First, you need to know what kind of job is suitable for your age and interest. If you're 13 to 15. It seems that you can't work almost anywhere, but you're probably allowed to clean your neighbours' cars or walk their dogs. There is no lowest wage(工资) for children under 16. By law, you can't work more than 35 hours each week during school holidays. And you can't work before 7 a.m. or after 7 p.m. If you're 16 or 17. The lowest wage for 16-17 years old teenagers should be no less than 7 dollars per hour. You can't work in a pub or bar, but you can work in many other places. By law, you can't work more than 40 hours each week. What jobs are out there? Obviously your choices are limited (限制) by the fact that you can only work during school holidays, but the following situations are fine. At Christmas, most shops are shart of hands, so you may find something to do there. In antumn, there's always fruit picking. It can be pretty hard work, but it pays really well. If you're mad about football, you can choose to work in a sports shop or help out at a local football club. No matter how much you are paid, you are doing what you like. （1）In the school holidays, 14-year-old kids __________________. A. can work anywhere they want B. are not allowed to work alone C. can't go to work at night D. can work as long as 14 hours a day （2）How much can a 16-year-old kid be paid at least in two hours? A. 21 dollars. B. 17 dollars. C. 14 dollars. D. 7 dollars. （3）If you want to clean cars for others, you should at least be _____________. A. 16 B. 15 C. 14 D. 13 （4）According to the passage, which statement is true? A. not right for children B. tiring but pays well C. better than other jobs D. more interesting to girls （5）According to the passage, which statement is true? A. If you are 17 years old, you're not allowed to walk the dog for your neighbour. B. Teenagers can choose their jobs according to their interest. C. Fruit picking pays well because there are fewer people to pick it. D. Only football fan is allowed to work in a football club. 【答案】（1）C （2）C
文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用 一、引言 阅读是一个积极主动思考、理解和接受信息的过程，阅读在英语的听、说、读和写方面都起着重要作用，那么我们如何提高英语阅读能力呢？学生在讨论做阅读理解时，提出很多共通的诸如词汇量、阅读速度、篇章理解等方面的难题，在查阅相关文章资料并结合自己对英语阅读研究实践后，笔者发现要做到会阅读，在很大程度上取决于学生能否对阅读的内容有所了解，特别是作者所处的时代、背景、思想等。由此可以看出，英语阅读能力的提高是建立在广泛了解文化背景知识的基础上的。 二、文化背景知识的了解与英语阅读能力的提升相辅相成 （一）必要的文化背景知识是决定阅读理解水平的基础。 文化背景知识的理解与阅读水平的提升是相辅相成的。一方面，不同的作品代表了不同时代、不同地域的作者的思想感情，如若不对其有基本的了解，就难以从作品中体悟作者的本意、作者想在文化作品中表达出来的深层次的感情，就此读者对作品的理解也是肤浅的、浮于表面的。另一方面，不同地域的文化多元化也在作品中加以体现，不同的思维方式使我们对文章产生不一样的理解，如果我们用惯性思维去考量不同作品，那么有时候可能难以在文中找到与我们思想的契合点、找到共鸣。比如说到friendship类似的主题，东西方文化的多元化差异就会有所体现，中国式友谊，追求的是高山流水式的知音，
美国人的友谊，重在共有类似爱好的短期的合拍者。 （二）阅读理解能力的提升使读者更广泛地了解相关文化背景。 通过阅读，我们对作品周边的文化背景会略有涵盖地了解，不自觉地在阅读中可能加以联系和运用，使读者对一个时代、一个类型的时代特征、感情色彩有所知晓，比如说阅读雨果的《悲惨世界》会对法国大革命时期的背景知识有所了解，阅读《傲慢与偏见》会对英国风光与生活状态有所知晓，从而在阅读同系列作品时，读者可以加以联系，丰富充实相关的文化知识，同时知识面的扩充可以为阅读理解能力的大力提升打好基石。 三、文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用 （一）背景知识能帮助读者联系上下文推断知识盲点。 阅读一篇文章，特别是一篇较长的阅读理解时，需要学生有较大的词汇量，只有词汇量足够才能对文章理解到位，同时文章中有些词会出现语意偏差，不能单单看这个单词的表面意思，还要知道它隐含的深层含义，往往这些都需要学生对文化背景知识有足够多的了解。（二）帮助学生提高对全文的综合理解能力。 文化背景知识也能帮助学生提高阅读综合理解能力，学生可以根据一篇文章的作者和所处时代的文化背景，大体地把握这篇文章的立意。例如Who is going to make the psychic payment for the transformation of American from the Land of the Free to the Land of Lock？这句话是指美国人民因为9.11事件，由原本的开放自由变得有防范意识，封锁起来。通过了解作者和所处时代背景的知识，理
一、中考英语阅读理解汇编 1．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Shenzhen, Jan 1st, 2018—Shenzhen has become the world's first city to make about 16, 359, run on electricity （电；电能）. 12,518 taxis in the city are electric ones. "We will replace （替换） the rest of the taxis with electric ones by 2020." said Mr. Chen from the government. "I have been a driver for twenty years," said Mr. Zhang, a driver who started to drive electric buses a month ago. "We had a lot of training and passed strict exams before we were allowed to drive the electric buses." The city has built 8, 000 charging poles （充电桩） and 501 bus charging stations. "A bus can be fully charged in two hours and the charging poles can serve 300 buses a day at our station. Since the replacement, the bus station has become quiet." said Mr. Guan, the manager of Qinghu Bus Station. The use of electric buses and electric taxis plays an important role in making air fresher. In a year, the electric buses use 72. 9 % less energy than the traditional ones. The electric taxis will save the energy of 119, 000 tons of standard coal. Shenzhen was one of the first 13 cities to take part in the National New-Energy Vehicle Program. In 2017, the city spent 3. 3 billion yuan on electric buses and the charging equipment （设备）. The city also encourages people to bus new-energy cars or electric cars by spending less money.（1）How many electric taxis were there in Shenzhen in January, 2018? A. 8, 000 B. 12, 518 C. 16, 359 D. 11, 900 （2）To drive an electric bus, a driver should ________. A. have at least 20 years' driving experience B. charge the electric bus every day C. take part in the National New-Energy Vehicle Program D. have a lot of training and pass strict exams （3）What is the influence of the replacement according to Mr. Guan? A. 200 buses can be charged a day. B. It causes air to be worse. C. The bus station has become quiet. D. People will pay more if they buy e-cars. （4）The city encourages people to ________. A. buy new-energy cars or electric cars by spending less money B. spending more money in buying new cars C. use traditional cars as long as possible D. avoid driving electric buses （5）The passage is most probably taken from ________. A. a textbook B. a diary C. a story book D. a news report 【答案】（1）B （2）D
2012年11月九年级三科联赛备考文化背景知识归纳 1. If you are often weak and tired, maybe you have too much yin. You should eat yang foods, like beef. Eating Dangshen and Huangqi herbs is also good. 2. If you are too stressed out and angry, you may have too much yang. You should eat more yin foods, like tofu. 3.. Li Yundi, a well-known Chinese pianist, was born in 1982 in Chongqing. He began to learn the accordion at the age of four, and he started to learn the piano when he was seven. In October 2000, Li Yundi took part in the 14th Chopin International Piano Competition in Poland. He won the first prize. 4. Before 1929, there was no sound in movies. 5. A snake robot could help look for people under buildings. 6. Dr. Martin Luther King was murdered in the city of Memphis on April 4, 1968. 7. Yang Liwei flew around the Earth on October 15, 2003. His first flight around the Earth lasted about 22 hours. 8. The world Trade Center was destroyed in New York on September 11, 2011. 9. Man walked on the moon for the first time on July 20, 1969. 10. Greenpeace is a group that cares for “Mother Earth”. 11. Doctors without Borders is a group that helps sick people in poor countries. 12. UNICEF is a group that helps children in poor countries. 13. WWF is a group that cares for wild animals in danger. 14. Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang Province, is an interesting Province, is an interesting city with a very colorful history. Some of the old buildings there are in Russian style. 15. The first Jews probably came to Kaifeng more than a thousand years ago and were welcomed by the Song Emperor. 16. In Japan, people sometimes give special gifts. But they are not opened, later the same gift may be given to someone else. 17. In Canada, many people pay for a park bench or a tree to help remember a person. 18. In the USA some people ask their families and friends to give money to charity rather than buy them gifts. 19. In Sweden, doing something for someone is the best gift. People don’t need to spend too much money Instead, making a meal is enough. 20. Disneyland is an amusement park, but we can also call it a theme park. The theme, of course, is Disney movies and Disney characters. 21. Singapore is a small island in Southeast Asia. More than 3 quarters of the population are Chinese. Singapore is an English-speaking country. 22. Singapore has a night zoo called the “Night Safari!” You can watch animals in a more natural environment than a normal zoo. 23. The temperature in Singapore is almost the same all the year round because it is so close to the equator. 24. We can deal with our problems by learning to forget, regarding problems as challenges and thinking of something worse. 25. Stephen Hawking, a very clever scientist, regards his many physical problems as unimportant. He can’t walk or even speak, but he has become very famous and successful. 26. Martin Robinson is a famous doctor who has a lot of experience dealing with teenagers. His new book, what would You Do If …? gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations. 27. If you cut yourself by accident, first you should cover the cut with a clean cloth and press it hard. 28. If you burned yourself by accident, you should put the burned area under cold running water. 29. If you injured your knee while running and felt some pain, you should stop exercising. And if it hurt for more than a few days, you should see a doctor. 30. If an “internet friend” asks if you can meet, you should tell your parents about it, agree to meet in a public place and you shouldn’t go alone. 31. If you get pimples when you are nervous, you should eat lots of fruits and vegetables drink lots of water. You can also ask your doctor for advice. 32. Hemingway and Mark Twain were both American writers. 33. 34. The hurricane “Sandy” attacked the coast of New Jersey in America at about 8 in the evening in EST 29 of October. 35. Mo Yan is the first person that won the Nobel prize in literature in China. 36. The Chinese Communist Party’s eighteenth National Congress was held in Beijing on 8th, November.