第二章语法知识
历次考试语法考测重点
主要是考察一些基础语法
一些难点考试中较少涉及：
如：虚拟语气、倒装句、复杂的从句（同位语从句、让步状语从句）、分词短语、比较偏的辨析等等
语法知识讲解及练习
一．动词的基本时态
知识要点
1．一般现在时态
形式为do 或does （第三人称单数）。通常表示客观事实或真理；或表示经常发生的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。
e.g. The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
He always goes to school by bike.他总是骑车去上学。
（特别提醒：.一般现在时可以代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中。）
e.g. Please be sure to telephone me the next time you come. 下次来之前请一定给我来电话。2．一般过去时态
形式为did. 表示过去时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与过去特定的时间状语连用；或表示过去某一段时间一直持续或反复发生的动作，可与表示频度的时间副词连用。
e.g. I bought this computer five years ago.
He often took a walk after supper when he was alive.
3．一般将来时态
形式为will / shall do 或 be going to do. 表示在未来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
e.g. The telephone is ringing. I will answer it.电话在响，我去接。
4．现在进行时态
形式为is/am/are+ doing，表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。
e.g. The police are looking for the two missing children.警察们正在寻找两个丢失的孩子。5．过去进行时态
形式为 was/were + doing，表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
e.g. Jane burnt her hand when she was cooking the dinner.
6．现在完成时态
形式为have / has done，常与already，never，ever, yet连用。用来表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作。
e.g. The milk has already become undrinkable 牛奶已经不能喝了。
或者表示过去某时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。
e.g. He has lived here since 1949.自从1949年以来，他一直住在这儿。
7．过去完成时
形式为had done. 表示在过去某一时刻以前已经开始并一直延续到这一时刻、或是在此刻前已经完成的动作。
e.g.By the end of last term we had learned 1000 English words.到上学期末我们已经学了1000个英语单词。
例题讲解
1）Ever since the Smiths moved to the suburbs a year ago they better health.
A. could have enjoyed
B. had enjoyed
C. have been enjoying
D. are enjoying
解析：史密斯夫妇一年前搬到郊外是过去的事，他们身体更健康是从那以后一直到现在存在而且还要存在下去的事，所以用现在完成进行时。答案是C。
2）Her sun-tanned face suggested that she in excellent health.
A. be
B. is
C. was
D. were
解析：关键词是“suggested”，如果作“建议”讲，后面应使用虚拟语态用A ；但作“暗
示/提示”讲，就不该用虚拟语态，”suggested”用的是过去时，为求时态一致性，答案是C。3）Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university ________ .
A. has been accepted
B. have been accepted
C. was accepted
D. were accepted
解析：答案A, B都是完成时被动式，C, D都是过去时被动式。题干“who had applied/递
了申请”动作在前，是过去完成时，“被接受”的动作在后，当然应该用完成时，所以答案是B。
二．动词的语态
动词的语态表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。被动语态的形式：be+过去分词；通常当不知道或不必知道动作的执行者时；当强调动作的承受者时；或者当不愿意说出动作的执行者时用被动语态。例如
His life story is well known to all the neighbors.
The TV was turned on and everybody sat there, watching it.
例题讲解
If the building project by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
A. being completed
B. is completed
C. to be completed
D. completed
解析：题干中“project”是主语，“is delayed”是谓语，所以名词“project”的动词“complete”只能用它的不定式形式作定语，又因为名词“project/工程” 与动词“complete/完成”之间是被动关系，故只能用C答案。
三．非谓语动词
在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词；有一般时、进行时和完成时三种形式以及相应的主动与被动语态。
知识要点
1．动词不定式和动名词都可作主语。
e.g. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
To refus e him is not easy this time. 这次很难拒绝他。
注意：常用it作形式主语，而将动词不定式放在谓语后面。
e.g. It is human to want something better. 精益求精是人的特性。
2．动词不定式和动名词都可作宾语。
1）有些及物动词只能用不定式作宾语，如：hope，want，wish，decide，manage等：
e.g. We all hope to see you. 我们都希望见到你。
2）有些及物动词只能用动名词作宾语，如：finish, avoid, enjoy, mind, insist on 等：
e.g. He has finished doing his work.他已经干完了他的工作。
3）有的及物动词既可用不定式，也可用动名词，但其意义有所不同。如：remember, forget, regret, stop…
e.g. I forgot to take aspirin this morning.. 我上午忘了吃阿斯匹林了（但现在想起来了）。
I forgot taking aspirin and took it again a few minutes ago. 我忘了吃过阿司匹林，几分钟以前又吃了一次。
3．动词不定式和分词作补足语。
e.g. I saw the boy climb the wall. 我看见小孩爬墙了。（强调爬墙这件事）
I saw the boy climbing the wall.我看见小孩在爬墙。（强调爬墙的情景）
注意：现在分词作补足语，它与被补足的词之间是主动关系；过去分次作补足语，它与被
补足的词之间是被动关系。如：
e.g. I heard someone calling me.
I heard my name called. 我听见有人喊我。
4．非谓语动词作状语时，尤其是分词作状语时，要注意分词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致。现在分词表示的动作和句子的主语之间是主动关系，过去分词表示的动作和句子的主语间是被动关系。
e.g. Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
Seen from the hill, our school looks more beautiful.从小山上看，我们学校显得更美丽了。
5．非谓语动词也有否定结构和时态/语态。非谓语动词的否定结构是在它们前面加not来构成。
e.g. They decide not to go.他们决定不去。
Tom’s not passing the exam made his father very angry.汤姆考试没有及格，这令他父亲非常生气。
Having finished the work he went home.干完活后他回家了。（分词having finished发生在went前）
6. 独立主格：当伴随的情况中的主语与主句中的主语不一致时，伴随情况从句要：
1）带有逻辑上的主语，2）逻辑主语的谓语部分不同于一般的动词，而使用分词(-ing 或-ed)。3）不要连词。
比较：Because my mother is sick, I cannot attend the conference.
My mother being sick, I cannot attend the conference.
Because my arm was injured, I cannot attend the conference.
My arm injured, I cannot attend the conference.
______, we decided to leave at once, as we didn't want to risk missing the bus.
A. As it being pretty late B .It being pretty late
C. It was being pretty late
D. Being pretty late
时间已晚，我们决定立即动身，因为我们不想错过这班公交车。
题中原句的意思是： it is pretty late, ……用来说明我们为什么要立即动身的理由，有三种办法表达这种意思：
1）用原因状语从句 Since it is pretty late, we decided to …
2）分两句讲：It is pretty late. We decided to …
3）用独立主格：It (指时间) being pretty late, we decided to …
例题讲解
1.Air pollution , this city is still a good place to live in.
A. being greatly reduced
B. greatly being reduced
C. to greatly reduce
D. greatly to reduce
解析：选A，使“Air pollution being greatly reduced,” 成为一个独立主格结构，“air” 与分词“being reduced” 是被动关系。
2. Jean, did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _______ for her examination.
A. to prepare
B. to be prepared
C. preparing
D. being prepared 解析：“be + busy…” 属于只能接续动名词的结构，故选C。
四．虚拟语气
虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达说话人的主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况。
知识要点
1．虚拟语气用于if引导的条件状语从句
表示对不可能发生的事实的一种假设；或对已经发生过的事实进行一种相反情况的假设；
时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式
虚拟现在时（与现在事实相反）
动词的过去式
（be一般用were)
should (would, could,
might )+动词原形
虚拟过去时（与过去事实相反）had done should (would, could,
might )+have done
虚拟将来时
（与将来事实可能相反）动词过去式
should+动词原形
were to+动词原形
should (would, could,
might )+动词原形
2．虚拟语气用在表示要求、命令、建议语气的词引导的从句中：
（1）用在动词suggest（建议）, order（命令）, insist（坚持）, require（需要）, demand （要求），propose（提议）等引导的宾语从句以及它们相应的名词suggestion，order，insistence，demand，proposal 后面的表语和同位语从句中谓语要用“（should）+动词原形”
e.g. He suggested that we（should）start now. 他建议我们现在就开始。
My suggestion is that we（should）send a few people to help the other groups.我的建议是我们派几个人去帮助别的小组。
（2）用在“It +be+ natural（necessary，strange，important，essential以及insisted，suggested，
ordered）+that…”结构中的that引导的主语从句以及它们相应的名词（引导的表语和同位语从句中；从句的谓语用“（should）+动词原形”
e.g. It’s necessary that you should be present at the meeting. 你有必要参加会议。
例题讲解
1 .If the whole program before hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.
A. was not planned
B. were not planned
C. would not be planned
D. had not been planned
解析：这是一句对已经发生的事进行与事实相反方向的推测，主句的结论“would have been lost”/（大量时间和金钱）就会损失，时态是过去时，前面从句的时态也应用过去时，同时，“program/项目”与“plan/计划”是被动关系，故选D。
2.This is a very difficult operation, It is essential that you for emergency.
A. are to be prepared
B. would prepared
C. be prepared
D. must be prepared
解析：这句的关键词时“essential”, 后面的主语从句应该用虚拟语态“should + V” , “should” 有时可省略，故用C
3. He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I of hunger.
（统考用书模拟题2）
A. would be died
B. would die
C. would have died
D. will die
解析：这句也是对已过去发生的事“我还活着”进行与事实相反方向的推测“已经死了”，只是虚拟条件句用了一个介词短语“without which(指提供住所与保护)”来代替，故选择C。
五．从句
知识要点：
复合句中的从句除了经常用that作为引导词外，也常用疑问词（what, which, why, where, how, who等等）来引导。
1．名词从句
1）在句中起名词作用的从句称为名词从句，可以在句中作主语、宾语或介词宾语、表语、同位语等。名词性从句通常由that, whether/if, 疑问词（which, what, why, how等）以及连接词（whenever“无论什么时候”, whatever“无论什么”等）引导。
e.g.That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious. 很明显她不懂口语。（主从）
I think (that) he is a good actor. 我知道他是个好演员。（宾从）
The truth is that he is only eighteen. 事实是他只有18岁。（表从）
The fact that Ann was late didn’t surprise me. 安迟到的事实我不足为奇。（同位语从句）
2）由whether / if 引导的名词性从句：whether / if表示“是否”的意思。
e.g. Whether she goes with us (or not) is not important to me. 她是否和我们一起去对我而言
不重要。（主语从句）
I don’t know whether/if he will come. 我不知道他来不来。（宾语从句）
3）由疑问词引导的名词性从句：疑问词引导名词性从句时，在从句中担任语法成分，而且常保留其本身的含义。
e.g. Why they left the country is a secret. 他们为什么要离开乡下是个秘密。（主从）
She explained to him how he can start the car. 她向他解释他怎样才能启动这汽车。（宾从） The question was who owned the house. 问题是谁是那房子的主人。（表从）
2．定语从句
1）在句子中作定语的从句称为定语从句。
e.g. He is the person who / that is going to give a concert on the century square.
↓↓
先行词关联词
他是那个要在世纪广场上举行音乐会的人。
★ 2）关联词在定语从句中充当一定成分，
①关系代词：常见的有which, that, who, whom, whose。
who ─作主语：
指人：who, whom
whom ─作宾语
指物：which ─作主语或宾语
that ─作主语或宾语
指人或物：that, whose
whose ─作定语
e.g. A man who does not try to learn from others cannot hope to achieve much. 一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。（作主语）
The engineers (whom / that) we met yesterday have worked out a new machine. 我们昨天碰到的那些工程设计出了一种新的机器。（作宾语）
It is a problem which needs very careful consideration. 这是一个需要非常认真考虑的问题。（作主语）
Madame Curie is a great scientist whose name is known all over the world. 居里夫人是一位全世界闻名的伟大科学家。（作定语）
②关系副词：常见的有when, where, why等。分别作时间、地点、原因状语。
e.g. We can never forget the day when Hong Kong returned to out homeland. 我们永远不会忘记香港回归祖国的那一天。（作时间状语）
The building where you used to live has been pulled down. 你过去曾住过的那栋大厦已经被拆除了。（作地点状语）
We know the reason why he was very angry. 我们知道他为什么非常生气。（作原因状语，其先行词一般是reason）
3．状语从句
用作状语的从句称为状语从句。它主要用于修饰句子中的谓语动词，从各个方面来修饰、说明谓语动词发生时的各种情况。状语从句的廉洁副词有很多，比如
when（当…时候）while（当…时候）, as（正当…时）, every time（每当）, before（在…以前）, since（自…以来）, until / till（直到…）, hardly …when（刚…就…），because （因为）, as（在..时候；像…一样…；因为…）, since（既然，自从…），if（如果）, though （虽然）, as, than…等等。
e.g.1）When she woke up, she found everybody had gone. 她醒来时，她发现大家都走了。
2）Don’t try to get on the train until / till it stops.等火车停下来再上车。
3）Wherever I go, I will bring a umbrella with me. 我不管到哪，都会带上一把伞。
4）He was worried because he hadn’t had any letter form his child. 他很着急，因为他一直
没有收到他孩子的信。
5）I’ll ring him up at once so that he shouldn’t wait for me. 我马上给他挂电话以便他别等我了。
6）If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country. 如果明天天气晴，我们就到乡下去。
7）Although he is little, he is strong. 他人虽小，但他很壮。
8）I admire and respect you more than everybody else (did). 我比其他的人都更钦佩和尊敬您。
例题讲解
1.I am very grateful to you what you’ve given me and you have done for me.
A. which
B. that
C. all what
D. all that
解析：选Ｄ。后面“you have done for me” 也是个定语从句。“that” 引导词，修饰“all”
2. we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our parents.
A. Whoever
B. Whatever
C. However
D. Whichever
解析：选Ｂ，这样“Whatever we have achieved／无论我们成就了什么"构成一个主语从句, “whoever”（无论谁），表人，不能用, “however”（无论怎样）是副词，不能用, “whichever”（无论哪一／几个）
3.Scientists say it may be five or ten years _______ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A. since
B. before
C. after
D. when
解析：四个连接词都可以连接一个状语从句，但意义各不相同，只有"before” 才表示了“五，六年时间”与“在病人身上试验这种药物”之间正确的时间关系，故选Ｂ。
4. Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, ________ she belonged.
A. which
B. to where
C. to which
D. at which
解析：这是有关介词+定语从句的一道题。 Belong to 是固定搭配，“属于”。所以选C。
六．倒装句
知识要点：
1.倒装是指将句子的谓语动词或其助动词放在主语之前。
e.g. Then began a war between two countries. 于是两国之间开始了战争。（全部倒装）Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。（部分倒装）
2.常用倒装的两种情况：
1)出于句子结构的需要
e.g. There are many beautiful flowers on the table. 桌上有许多美丽的花。
e.g. Tom can speak English. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲英语，杰克也会
2)出于强调：never, seldom, little, nor, hardly…(when…), scarcely…(when…), no sooner…(than…), not only, not until等表示否定的副词或连词位于句首时；
例题讲解
1.Hardly ever get a good job these days without a good education.
A. people might
B. people can
C. do people
D. have people
解析：放在句首，句子应该使用倒装句，故选C。
2.Nowhere else in the world more attractive scenery than in Switzerland.
A. you can find
B. is found
C. can you find
D. has been found
解析：“nowhere” 是个含有否定意义的词，故后面的主语谓语要倒装，故选C.
3.No sooner _______ the question than the answer came to him.
A. had he asked
B. he had asked
C. did he ask
D. he asked 解析：答案A。no sooner放在句首，句子要倒装，因此排除B, D两个选项。“问问题”这个动作发生在“他想到答案之前”，因此选A。
七．冠词
冠词是一种虚词，用在名词前面，说明名词是特指还是泛指。冠词分不定冠词和定冠词。a, an是不定冠词，the是定冠词。
例题讲解
1.We usually say autumn is the busiest season of the year.
A. a
B. an
C. the
D. \ 解析：答案D。“autumn”（秋季）表季节，前面通常不加冠词。
2.The students in my class often play basketball after lunch.
A. the, the
B. a, the
C. \, \
D. \, the
解析：答案C。在三餐饭、球类运动前通常不加冠词。
八．形容词和副词的比较级与最高级
例题讲解
1.Your box is mine.
A. four times as big as
B. four times as bigger as
C. as four times big
D. as big as four times
解析：答案A. 在a s…as句型中，如有表示程度的状语（如 twice, three times），则置第一个as之前。
2. the temperature, water turns into steam.
A. The high, the fast
B. Higher, faster
C. The more higher, the faster
D. The higher, the faster
解析：答案D。本题是“越…越…”句型，要用“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”句型，排除A和B。而C项higher已经是比较级，其前不可再加more，故C也排除。
考研英语与大学英语四六级的区别 准备考研的同学大部分都考过英语四、六级，那么是英语六级难还是考研英语难，有些同学英语六级考了560分，但考研只得了50分，有些同学本科是英语专业过了专业八级，但考研也只得56分，究其原因，是因为英语四、六级与考研英语是完全不同的两个体系的考试。 四、六级是资格考试，只要能达到了一定的水平就能得高分。而考研英语是筛选性的考试，每年国家招的人数是有限制的，因此国家会利用英语这门考试筛选一部分人。考研英语与六级考试有四点不同。 一、考试的题型不同 考研的题型有完型、传统阅读、新题型、翻译、作文。其中完型由280个单词构成，给出20个空，每空2.5分，共10分，这道题全国的均分是2.5-3.5分，此题考查同学们的词组搭配，语法和语感能力。传统阅读由4篇文章构成，每篇文章400个单词，5个问题，每题2分，一共20个问题，共计40分。新题型是国家取消研究生入学考试听力以后新加的题型，此题来源于博士研究生入学考试的题型。翻译是平衡整张试卷难度的。如果前面出的题难就会出2个长难句，3个简单句；如果前面的题简单，此题就会出3个长难句2个简单句。建议大家把真题中的阅读认真翻译一遍，真题阅读是翻译的好的范本。作文由一篇小作文和一篇大作文构成，其中小作文10分，要求写一篇100个单词的应用文，大作文20分，要求写一篇160-200个单词的议论文，万学海文有一个超级作文模版，此模版用哲学的观点把世间万物分为4类，此模版把一篇作文变成了一个填空题，只要大家把议论的事物填进去，便可得一个很好的分数。 二、单词考核的侧重点不同 四、六级考试一般考单词的前一两个常用的意思，而考研英语考单词的最后两个意思。2005年研究生入学考试英语作文题讲得是赡养老人的问题，赡养这个单词很多同学都不会写，其实很简单就用support，可能大家只知道support有支持，提供的意思，但忘记了它还有赡养的意思。 三、语法考核的侧重点不同 四、六级考试重点考核词法，如名词、动词、形容词、介词等等，而考研英语侧重考核语法，如宾语从句、状语从句、倒装句等等。 四、文章选材与命题思路不同 四、六级考试的文章一般选自描写风土人情、人物传记的文章或小小说等，考研英语文章选自科技论文，外文期刊综述，外国产品说明书等。四、六级考试的文章大家读懂了就可以做对，但是考研英语的文章大家读懂了，也不一定做对。比如四、六会问是哪个教练带领中国足球冲向世界，但考研英语会问为什么黑哨在足球联比赛中屡禁不止。 大家了解了考研英语与四、六级的区别后，就可以采用科学合理的方法复习英语。很多同学在背单词的时候有三大误区。 一、记一个单词的时间太长，有的同学记一个单词会用5分钟，这就浪费了4分钟10秒，人的记忆力在50秒时达到顶峰，再往后就急剧下降，所以大家在记单词时要加大单位时间内的频率。这就如同我们见到了一个美女，若我们和她谈一个小时，一个月后我们不一定还记得她，但是若我们每天和她谈5分钟，连续12天，相信2个月后，这个美女长什么样子，穿什么衣服，我们还记得一清二楚。 二、喜欢记熟悉的单词，很多同学背单词会从字母a开始，背了几天后发现自己还在背以字母a开头的单词，于是又从z开始背，结果背了几天还在以字母z开头的单词里。最后认识的还是认识，不会的照样不会。建议大家记单词时把生词做个标记，下次看时重点看生词。 三、边背边写，这个习惯也不好。因为考研英语词汇分为5级，其中大家只要记住一级
第一单元 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其实。 学习英语的几种策略 学习英语决非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种： 1．不要以完全相同的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I’m interested in English”，而说“我精于法语”则是“I’m good at French”?你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或密秘”是“learnthenewsorsecret”,而“获悉某人的成功或到来”却是“learn of someone’s success or arrival”?这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后在反复地听。 你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的xx。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们
Unit 1 Active reading (1) 5 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 achieving good results (productive) 2 the fact of being present at an event, or of going regularly to school, church etc (attendance) 3 the refusal to accept something new, such as a plan, idea, or change (resistance) 4 determined to be successful, rich, famous etc (ambitious) 5 agreement to a plan, offer, or suggestion (acceptance) 6 the written words of a play, film, television programme, speech etc (script) 7 very good, large, or showing great skill (impressive) 6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5. (1) attendance (2) ambitious (3) productive (4) impressive (5) resistance (6) script (7) acceptance 7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1 (mortgage) 2 (deck) 3 (surf) 4 (coastal; defy) 5 (lengthy) 8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (a) 7 (b) 8 (b) Active reading (2) 4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 involving three things of the same kind (triple) 2 an area of ground where dead people are buried (cemetery) 3 the part of a place or thing that is at the back (rear)
大学英语精读课改革模式 关键词：教学模式；二语习得；阅读技巧；交际能力 长期以来，外语一直把精读课作为基础教学阶段的一门主课。笔者认为，有必要尝试一下改变精读课的传统做法。下面透过目前精读课存在的主要问题，提出几点改进建议。 一、主要问题 目前，基础教学阶段的精读课，名为精读，实为融听、说、读、写、译为一体的语言综合入门课。这在语言素材信手拈来的今天，对于入学时已掌握1600个单词、已具有基本语法知识，而听、说、读、写、译却又发展极不平衡的学生来说，这种传统精读课的教学模式已不再完全适用。其弊端在于：(1)语言素材不足。精读课基本是围绕有限的几篇文章进行解释和训练，不利于语言的自然习得，无法增强学生的语感。(2)忽视对阅读技能的训练。精读课注重对课文中语言现象的分析、讲解和操练，而对一系列阅读技能却没有必要的指导和训练。(3)无法兼顾学生入学时听、说、读、写、译的能力发展不平衡的状况。学生入学时的阅读能力远比其他能力强，但为了照顾其他能力的培养，只能选用语言较简单、内容较肤浅的素材。教材不能满足学生提高阅读水平的需求，限制了学生阅读能力的发展，抑制了学生的求知欲，影响了他们的知识面扩展。(4)忽略书面语和口语的差异。精读课十分重视围绕课文所进行的口语表达的准确性。为表达准确，学生往往要使用课文的语言，其结果是将书面语与口头语混为一体，忽视了语言的得体性。(5)忽略学生能力的发展。在精读课上，教师精讲，学生操炼。教学常常以掌握课文为目的，不重视对学生学习方法的指导，不重视学生独立思考、综合、分析能力的培养和发展。 二、建议 1．课程设置 目前新生入学时已掌握1600个单词并掌握了一定的语法知识，鉴于学生 的听、说、读、写、译能力发展不平衡，建议开设阅读、听力、口语、语法、写作等课程。这些课程分别将各门课程的技能训练作为教学的主要内容，并兼顾其他课程的技能训练，以促进和保证学生听、说、读、写、译五项技能的全面发展。 2．关于阅读课 阅读课旨在提高学生对书面语言的处理和表达能力。为此，一方面要不断扩大学生的词汇量和巩固语法知识；另一方面则要指导学生运用自己已有的阅读母语的技能，进行阅读技能的训练。因此，阅读课应注意以下原则：(1)提供数量为精读教材三倍的语言素材，以创造语言习得的条件。(2)教材的题材和体裁力
高中生活和大学生活的区别 提纲 高中生活：大学生活： 1忙碌的学习生活1闲暇自主的学习生活 2 紧张有序的日常生活 2 多多姿多彩的日常生活 3对大学的期待 3 工作的焦虑、 4 充实的的理想 4 无聊疲惫的身心 正文： 在高中生活中，我们在学习中整天忙忙碌碌，许多课程和大量作业等待我们完成，我们甚至没有理由不去完它们。学习在紧张有序的进行着，每一天都有学习任务需要完成。对于大学的期待我们总是去努力记忆，即使在梦中我们也要象呼唤上帝一样呼唤它的名字。总之，对于大学生活我们充满了期待和希望。这是因为，吃饭和理想似乎就要通过它来实现。不过，值得高兴的是，我们个理想总是令人觉得充实和满意的。对于未来的理想，我们通过大学使它变得充实，这是值得骄傲的一件事情了。 进入到大学生活，我们首先在学习生活中发现了我们失去的闲暇时光。于是我们的学习生活变得可以自主，重要的是，我们拥有很多可以自由支配的闲暇的时间。在课余时间里，我们可以参加各种各样多多姿多彩的活动来消闲时间，增加见闻。不过总有让人焦虑的事。例如，工作的不确定性。为此，我们非常焦虑。我们没有理由不为自己的将来的吃饭问题而感到焦虑。这样一来，我们的理想又变得难以触摸。于是我们的理想让我们觉得无聊和疲惫。 高中生活是忙碌紧张充实并充满期待，大学生活闲暇多彩却焦虑疲惫 In high school life, we are busy all day in study, many courses and a lot of work awaiting us, we even have no reason not to complete them. Learning in an order and carrying on, each day to learn the task to be done. We are always looking for the universities to work on memory, even if in a dream we have to call it the same as calling the name of God. In short, for we are looking forward to university life and hope. This is because eating and seemed to be ideal to achieve through it. However, I am pleased that we feel that an ideal is always full and satisfied. Vision for the future, we make it through college enrichment, it is a matter of pride.
大学英语 1、要是有更多的钱，我就能在市区买一套公寓了。( with) With more money, I could buy an apartment in downtown. 2、记住一定要复习我们课堂上学过的新单词和词组。(make sure) Make sure that you must review these new words and phrases that you had studied in class. 3、他打量着她的脸，思考着如何告诉她那个消息。( study) Studying her face, he was thinking how to tell her that story. 4、市内交通被暴风雪阻断。( interrupt) The city traffic was interrupted by the snowstorm. 5、你可以帮我递一下那份考卷吗？(do sb. a favor) Can you do me a favor wether you pass that paper to me. 6、虽然老太太一个人住着，但她并不感到孤独。（alone, lonely） Althouth the old lady lives alone, she doesn’t feel lonely. 7、我希望有朝一日能够再见到你。(sometime) I hope I will meet you again sometime. 8、那个正和李教授谈话的人是个著名的艺术家，或类似的身份。( or something) That man who is talking with professor Li is a great artist or something. 9、我们应该充分利用网络资源获取信息。(make use of) We should make good use of the Internet to gain information. 10、他还没有意识到诚信的重要性。(be aware of) He isn’t aware of the importance of honesty. 11、老板进来的时候他假装在看一份重要文件。（pretend） He was pretended to read an important document when the boss came in. 12、警察有责任维护公共秩序和安全。(be responsible for) Police are responsible for the preservation of public order and security. 13、他是唯一穿着正装出席晚会的人，这使他感到很不自在。( out of place) He is the only one that wears formal clothes in the evening party, which makes him out of place. 14、我能有额外的时间来完成这个任务吗？（extra） Can I have extra time to finish the task. 15、这个新方法会帮助你们解决这个难题。（enable） This new method enables you to solve this difficult problem. 16、他不久就要离开了，但我们还没有找到可以替代他的人。(take the place of) He will be leaving soon, but we don’t fi nd a person to take the place of him. 17、那位著名演员在剧中扮演重要角色。（play a …role） The famous actor plays a important role in the play. 18、报纸影响思想潮流。( influence, current) Newspaper influences the current. 19、我以前从未听说过那个名字，他一定是新记者。( hear of ) I haven’t heared of the nam e, he must be a new reporter.
UNIT 1 As we are at the start of the course, this seems a good moment to offer some advice on how to make the task of learning English easier. 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。 Some Strategies for Learning English Learning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort. 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 Nevertheless, while you cannot expect to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, there are various helpful learning strategies you can employ to make the task easier. Here are some of them. 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary. 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2. Watch out for idiomatic ways of saying things. Have you ever wondered why we say, "I am interested in English", but "I am good at French"? And have you ever asked yourself why native English speakers say, "learn the news or secret", but "learn of someone's success or arrival"? These are all examples of idiomatic usage. In learning English, you must pay attention not only to the meaning of a word, but also to the way native speakers use it in their daily lives. 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I'm interested in English”，而说“我精于法语”则是“I'm good at French”？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或秘密”是“learn the news or secret”，而“获悉某
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
“大学英语A”和“大学英语B”教育部网络统考（机考） 新题型及备考注意事项 Ⅰ.机考新题型 大学英语B（90分钟） 一、交际用语：5个题，每题3分，共15分。 二、阅读：两篇，10个题，每题3分，共30分。 三、词汇与结构：5个题，每题3分，共15分。 四、完型填空：10个题，每题2分，共20分。 五、写作：一篇，共20分。 大学英语A（90分钟） 一、阅读：三篇，15个题，每题3分，共45分。 二、词汇与结构：5个题，每题3分，共15分。 三、完型填空：10个题，每题2分，共20分。 四、写作：一篇，共20分。 Ⅱ. 备考注意事项及教学建议 一、征订教材时，就要求一定要给学生定购价格相同的带“学习系统“的教材，不要定购带 磁带的教材。 二、在抓好正常教学的基础上，高度重视考前练习。 三、经常登陆“中国现代远程与继续教育网“（https://www.doczj.com/doc/a72963840.html,）看一下，做机考模拟练习。 四、分配好答题时间（共90分钟）。 五、备考要有针对性（交际用语、词汇与结构、写作）。 六、加强文字录入能力和速度，尽快熟悉“写字版”的有关操作方面的功能（因为要求是 只能用“写字版”录入作文的）。 七、指定复习资料：要求学生除了学好教材外，必须还是要参考两本有用的资料，一本是《大学英语》（中国财经出版社）；二是《网考直通车》（中央电大出版社），两本书都属于模拟题集。注意：交际用语部分可利用《网考直通车》上的同类题进行练习。 八、教学方法的建议及指导：1、要求选择教学经验丰富的教师进行授课；2、采取行之有效的教学措施；3、要求各地必须提前对学生进行集中辅导，并有针对性地开展各项强化训练
和考前大练兵。 九、《大学英语A》对应电大开放教育本科教学计划中的《英语综合实践》课程， 《大学英语B》对应电大开放教育本科教学计划中的《英语Ⅱ（2）》课程。
大学英语精读第三版第一册Book1 Unit1 1)e 2)g 3)j 4)a 5)b 6)i 7)c 8)d 9)h 10)f 1) handling 2) summarized 3) process 4) absorb 5) are bound to 6) feel free 7) for instance 8) strategies 9) complained 10) has committed to memory 11) Nevertheless 12) rely on 13) Apart from 14) command 1) over and over again 2) at a time 3) put it into practice 4) watching out for 5) by no means 6) concentrate on 7) In addition t 8) in detail 1)action 2)employ 3)announce 4)examination 5)communicati on 6)express 7)compose 8)improvemen t 9)concentratio n 10)manageme nt 11)consider 12)motivate 13)developme nt 14)movement 15)discuss 16)operate 17)division 18)production 19)educate 20)repeat 1) additional 2) add 3) addition 4) addition 1) effectively 2) effect 3) effective 4) effect 1) helpful 2) help 3) helpless 4) help 5) helplessly 6) helpfully 7) helpful 1) reliant 2) reliable 3) reliance 4) relies 5) reliably 6) reliable 1) repetition 2) repeating 3) repeatedly 4) repeated 5) repetition 1) In my opinion 2) According to Mary 3) In our opinion 4) According to today's papers 5) In most doctors' opinion According to most doctors 1) Shakespeare was not only a dramatist but also an actor. 2) Miss Crain not only took me home in her car, but also came the next day to see if I had recovered. 3) Hainan Island attracts tourists not only in winter but also in summer. 4) There is always a black market not only in Britain, but also in other European countries. 5) At the Athens Olympics in 2004, Liu Xiang not only won a gold medal in the 110-meter hurdles, but also broke the Olympic record. 1) It is true that your sentences are all grammatically correct, but they don’t make any sense. 2) It is true that they lost that battle, but they still went on fighting. 3) It is true that Tom’s very clever and hardworking, but I still don’t think he is the right person for the job. 4) It is true that learning English is by no means easy, but we can make the task easier by using some learning strategies. 1) strategies 2) frequently 3) over and over again 4) commit to memory 5) acquaintance 6) watch out for 7) communicate 8) process 9) opportunities 10) rely on 11) put into practice 12) absorbed 1) if 2) about 3) it 4) know 5) up 6) as 7) addition 8) even 9) into 10) other 11) for 12) while 1) memorize 2) a matter of
大学英语精读课的教学心得 本学期本人任教一年级大学英语课程，工作中自觉遵守教学规律，贯彻党的教育方针，以身作则，教书育人。关注本学科及相关的学术发展动态，刻苦钻研，努力提高自身业务水平，坚持学习，与同事进行交流合作，积极参加科组教研活动，例如到深圳职业技术学院参观学习，学院第二英语角活动，主动提出意见建议，促进教学教改。关心学院发展与建设，服从工作安排，遵守各规章纪律，保持全勤，参与学院的集体活动。以下是本人的几点教学心得： 我们的学生在中学阶段已经掌握了较系统的语法知识，故目前在教学中重点是提高学生的阅读理解能力，进而培养学生的书面表达能力。据学生反映，他们的难题主要是单词和课文内容。相应的教学方法是： 一、单独讲解单词。如果只是简单地解释词性、意思、词组，然后做翻译练习，不免显得枯燥，而且学生很难整节课都集中注意力，因而达不到良好教学效果。本人采用的方法是尽量地把本课单词有机地串联起来，帮助学生形成一种记忆链条，并且给他们定一个目标：Try to put everything in mind instead of on the notebook！例如，在这个单元中，主要探讨科学的发展及其对我们生活的影响。上课的时候，首先从手机（mobile phone）展开话题，由其体积大小、价格的变化，引出技术发展两个新词：technology，develop，（development），继而是技术发展的动力之一“竞争”（competition），而当今的竞争是激烈的（severe）、“全球性的”（global），创造力（inventiveness）、自创精神（initiative）尤为重要，接下来讨论科技发展（technology development）对我们日常生活的影响或关联（relevance）。到此，让学生尝试用几句话把这些词串连起来：Technology develops at a rapid rate nowadays. Anyway, the rapid development has been brought about by the force of competition, which is severe and global, and needs initiative. Does the development have any relevance to our daily life? Sure. Ten years ago, it was impossible for a student to have a mobile phone. 在讲解完一组相关的词后，让学生做课本的选词填空练习，巩固对单词词义的理解和掌握正确用法。其次，以游戏的方式练习词汇。由一或两名学生背对黑板，教师写上词或词组，全班同学给提示直到他们猜出词语。这样既活跃课堂又使学生有机会练习口头表达能力，也可锻炼当众表演的胆量。例如，dream一词，提示有：something in your mind when you sleep, sometimes it is true, sometimes it is imagination, people may appear, animal may also come into sight, you might be happy, might be frightened, even in horror……大量旧词汇得到复习。 二、课文讲解。由于课是两节或三节连堂，如果按照传统的语言点、加语法、再加句子分析翻译，学生很难完全接受。较可行的方法是分成三部分。第一，先完成整篇的理解性问题，课本的“content question”，让学生了解课文大概。第二，语言点、语法结构讲解，分段落完成。学生们逐段阅读，留一定时间给他们提问，然后就学生忽视的内容个别提问、再总结，形成教与学的互动，促使学生思考。第三，完成第一、第二阶段的教学后，再分析整篇文章的结构，每部分的main ideas，总结全文观点。让学生练习表达能力。同时回顾一些重要的细节或段落、句子，构成完整的篇章学习。部份故事性趣味性强的文章，采用分组表演，促进学生团对合作。很受欢迎。 三、课后练习：时间充裕的话，可让学生在课堂完成，再评讲，或者布置为家庭作业，课堂评讲。这也可作为语法、语言点的练习与复习。尽量运用本单元新学的知识，再与先前所掌握的作比较。 四、随堂测验。每讲完一小单元，如单词、语法或语言点之后，用十分钟左右进行随堂测验，可用口头或书面形式。可深化学生的记忆，达到良好的教学效果。 五、作业批改。学生首先关注的是分数，往往忽视错误部分，故批改时只圈出错的地方，学生自己改正后再上交，然后针对个别辅导。真正巩固知识。 以上是本人的教学心得。在今后的工作中，本人将继续努力，不断提高教学水平，高质量完成教学任务。
The Difference Between My High School Life and My College Life 对外汉语4班 张斯妍 11065079
The Difference Between My High School Life and My College Life I have been a college student for three months. It’s hard to express my feelings about my collegial life. All I want to say are some words like wonderful colorful and comfortable. Before I came to my college I often dreamed about the life in there. First I hope I will have some lovely roommates so that I can have a peaceful life in my dorm. Then I hope my school will be as beautiful as what I expected. Last I hope I will have a good environment to study. On the day term begins, all these have come true. ●School My school is beautiful and huge. It takes more than an hour to visit the whole school. I t’s almo st ten times as big as my high school. There are many rivers, small forests, two playgrounds and a mini zoo in my school and you can see trees and flowers everywhere. How beautiful it is! ●Life Before I came to my college, I have never lived without my family. So they were very worried about whether I could live myself. But the truth was that I have done a good job. I can live myself very well. What’s more, I could manage my money very well, too. When I was a high school student, I always thought I was a child and I
Online HomeWork_U1B3 I. Reading Comprehension Section A Fast Reading Back in a tiny village near Nuremberg, lived a family with eighteen children. Just to keep food on the table for the family members, the father worked almost eighteen hours a day. Two of Albrecht Durer the Elder’s children, Albrecht and Albert, wanted to pursue talent for art, but they knew that their father would never be financially able to send either of them to Nuremberg to study at the academy. After many discussions, the two boys decided to toss a coin. The loser would go down into the nearby mines and, with his earnings, support his brother while he attended the academy. Then, when that brother who won the coin toss completed his studies, he would support the other brother at the academy, either with the sales of his artwork or, if necessary, also by laboring in the mines. They tossed a coin after coming back from church on a Sunday morning. Albrecht Durer won the toss and went off to Nuremberg. Albert went down into the dangerous mines and financed his brother, whose work at the academy was an almost immediate sensation. Albrecht’s etchings (版画), woodcuts (木刻画) and oils were far better than those of most of his professors, and by the time he graduated, he was beginning to earn considerable fees for his commissioned works. When Albrecht Durer returned to his village, the family held a big dinner to celebrate Albrecht’s homecoming. After the meal, Albrecht rose to drink a toast to his beloved brother for the sacrifice that had enabled Albrecht to fulfill his ambition. He said, “Albert, now it is your turn to go to Nuremberg to pursue your dream, and I will take care of you.” Albert rose and glanced down the long table at the faces he loved, and said softly, “No, brother. Look what four years in the mines have done to my hands! The bones in every finger have been smashed at least once, and lately I have been suffering from arthritis (关节炎) so badly in my right hand that I cannot even hold a glass to return your toast, much less make delicate lines on canvas (画布) with a brush.” By now, Albrecht Durer’s hundreds of masterful portraits, sketches and woodcuts hang in every great museum in the world, but most people are familiar with only one of Albrecht Durer’s works. More than merely being familiar with it, you very well may have a reproduction hanging in your home or office. To pay homage to Albert, Albrecht Durer drew his brother’s hands with palms together and thin fingers stretched skyward. He called his drawing “Hands,” but the entire world immediately opened their hearts to his great masterpiece and named it “The Praying Hands.” Statements based on the passage: T 1. The father of Durer family could not afford any child’s study at the academy. F 2. Albrecht and Albert had to toss a coin to decide who should go to the academy, because one of them had to stay at home and help their father. F 3. Before deciding to toss a coin, Albrecht and Albert had many discussions with their father. T 4. Albrecht achieved great success at the academy, and his works were even better than most of his professors’. F 5. Albrecht decided to support Albert’s study at the academy with the sales of his artwork and by laboring in the mines. F 6. Albert said it was too late for him to go to the academy because he was no longer interested in art after working in the mines for many years. F 7. Although Albrecht had many masterful portraits, only one of them has received popular recognition. T 8. Among Albrecht’s works, “Hands” is the one which is reproduced most. T 9. Albrecht created “Hands” in order to show respect and honor for his brother Albert. F 10. People renamed Albrecht’s drawing “The Praying Hands” because they just wanted to pay homage to his great achievement. Section B Passage Reading Passage 1 Valentine’s Day probably has its origin in the ancient Roman celebration called Lupercalia(牧神节). It was celebrated on February 15. In the Roman calendar February was in the spring. The celebration honored the gods Lupercus and Faunus as well as the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome. As part of the ceremony the priests paired up young men and women. The girls’ names were placed in a box and each boy drew a girl’s name. The couple was paired then until the next Lupercalia. In 260 AD the emperor Claudius II, called Claudius the Cruel, decided that young soldiers would only be distracted by marriage and so ordered that young men may not marry. Valentinus (Valentine), a Christian priest, defied the emperor and got married in secret. He was caught and executed on February 14, the eve of Lupercalia. His name became associated with young love forever after. In 496, Pope Gelasius set aside February 14 to honor him as Saint Valentine and it has been St. Valentine’s Day ever since. In the Middle Ages some of the customs of the Lupercalia still persisted in spite of the attempts of the Church to put an end to these non-Christian customs and Christianize the holiday. Both men and women drew names from a bowl to see who their valentines would be. They would wear the names on their sleeves for a week. Today we still sometimes “wear our hearts on our sleeves” when we cannot conceal our feelings. In the 1600s, it became common to give flowers, particularly the rose, as a sign of love as the “language of flowers”. This came to Europe from Turkey. The color and placement of the rose held a special significance--a red rose, for example, meant beauty. Flowers have been part of Valentine’s Day ever since. D 11. What does the passage mainly tell us? A. The custom of Valentine’s Day. B. A story about how Valentinus defied the emperor. C. The relationship between marriage and religion. D. The origin of Valentine’s Day. B 12. Young soldiers were not allowed to marry because the emperor was afraid that ______. A. they would associate with St. Valentine B. they wouldn’t concentrate on their job C. they would defy the emperor’s order D. they were too young to marry