when 引导的从句用法一、引导时间状语从句
1. 表示"当……的时候",相当于at the moment when。例如:
When we got to the cinema, the film had been on for half an hour. 当我们到达电影院时,电影已放映半小时了。She was writing a letter when I came in. 当我进来时,她在写信。
2. 表示"一……就……",相当于as soon as。例如: The students got up when the bell rang. 铃声一响,学生们就起床了。I'll ring you up when I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。
3. 表示"就在这时;当时",相当于just at the moment或just then .例如: We were about to start out when it began to rain heavily. 我们正要启程,就在这时,天下起了大雨。
He had just returned from one business trip when he was asked to make another one. 他刚刚出差回来,这时,又叫他再次出差。
4. 表示"每当;每次",相当于every time或whenever。例如: She always turns to us for help when she is in trouble.每当她遇到困难,她总是向我们求助。It is freezing cold here when it snows. 每当这儿下雪,天气就十分寒冷。
5. 表示"当……之后;在……以后",相当于after the time that。例如: We went home when the film was over. 电影结束以后,我们回家去了。When she got home, she started to prepare supper. 她回到家后,开始准备晚饭。
二、引导条件状语从句
when引导的条件状语从句相当于if/ in case引导的条件状语从句.例如:
When there is no gravity, our feet can no longer stay on the ground. 如果没有重力,我们的脚就不能够在地面上站稳。Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. 如果机器发生故障,就把电闸关上。
三、引导原因状语从句when引导原因状语从句时,相当于since/now that引导的原因状语从句。例如: How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching television? 他们把所有的空闲时间都用来看电视了,还能学到什么东西呢? Why do you want a new job when you have got such a good one? 既然你已经有了这么好的一份工作,为什么还要再找新的工作呢?
四、引导让步状语从句when引导的让步状语从句相当于though或although引导的让步状语从句。例如: He usually walks when he might ride. 虽然有车可乘,但他通常是步行。
The little girl can tell right from wrong when she is only twelve. 这个小女孩虽然只有十二岁,却能分清是非。
五、引导定语从句when引导定语从句时,有时可用in which或on which来替代。例如:We'll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们要把野餐推迟到下周,那时可能天气好些。
I'll never forget the day when I joined the Party. 我将永远不会忘记我入党的那一天。
六、引导名词性从句 1. 引导宾语从句。例如: Please tell us when his father will return from abroad. 请告诉我们他父亲什么时候从国外回来。 2. 引导主语从句。例如:
When they will leave for Australia hasn't been decided. 他们什么时候动身去澳大利亚还没有决定。
3. 引导表语从句。例如: The question is when they will get so much money to set up the factory. 问题是他们将在什么时候弄到这么多钱来把这个工厂办起来。
when, while 和as 引导时间状语从句的用法
这三个词的意思很简单，都有“当……时候”的意思。但学生经常会问三个词的区别在哪儿，特别是在做选择题的时候。别说是学生，就我个人而言，做这样的选择题要保证百分之百的正确也是不可能的。现根据大量的实例和个人的思考，做一点小结，供大家参考。
一、when 的用法如果只从现象来看，when 从句用的最多的是一般过去时，而主句的时态没有限制,根据具体情况而定1. When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas. 他小时候就常常试验一些新的设想。 2. When she came into my room, I was just reading a book. 她走进我房间时，我正在看书。
3. Were you writing when the teacher came in? 老师进来的时候，你在写信吗？
4. Sorry, I was out when you called me. 对不起，你打电话来的时候我出去了。
5. He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door. 他正要走，这时有人敲门。
6. I thought of it just when you opened your mouth. 就在你要说话的时候，我也想到了。
7. I had hardly[scarcely] closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door.
我刚一闭上眼，就有人在敲门了。
根据以上的例句，我们可以总结出一点：when 从句的A事件，相当于另一个事件B发生的时间点。也就是说，when 从句的重点不在动作本身发生的状态，而只是把它作为一个时间点，所以when 多数情况下用的是一般过去时，则不用正在进行时。因为如果用正在进行时，它表示的就是一段时间而不是一个时间点了。根据这一点，有的文章补充说：when 从句的动词大多是瞬时动词。这种说法也可以参照。
实际上，when 从句也可以有其它的时态，但几乎也不用进行时，因为它也只是作为一个时间参照点。例如：1. When I got to the airport, the guests had left. 当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。
2. When he had finished his homework, he took a short rest.
当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。
3. Why do you want a new job when you have got such a good one already?
你已经找到如此好的工作，为何还想再找新的？
4. You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it.
在我读完这本书后，你可以借阅。
5. When the manager comes here for a visit next week, I’ll talk with him about this.
下周，经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。
二、while 的用法
相比于when 来说，while 从句的侧重点就不一样了。while 从句的侧重点在于描述动作正在发生的状态，它的意思是：当while 事件正在发生的时候，另一件事如何如何。所以，while 从句一般用的是正在进行时。而另一件事的状态没有硬性的要求，根据具体情况而定。例如：1. While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.
当妻子正在看报纸的时候，我正在看电视。
2. While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him.
正当吉姆修自行车时，林涛来看他。
3. While they were talking, the bell rang. 正在他们谈话的时候，上课铃响了。
4. You can’t do your homework while you’re watching TV.
你不能一边看电视一边做家庭作业。
5. While John was sitting biting his nails, I was working out a plan to get us home.
约翰坐在那里咬指甲时，我正在制定一个回家的计划。
从时间的角度来看，while 表示的是一段时间，是一个过程。这是while 的侧重点。因此，如果含有“一段时间”的含义的时候，就可以用while。
6. Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
这句话中，是说趁着铁是热的这段时间，赶紧打铁。如果换成when 意思就变了，相当于说铁只热了一下，打一下，然后铁就冷了。这显然不符合文意。
—I'm going to the post office.
—While you're there, can you get me some stamps?
三、as 的用法
as 从句表示的也是一件事情正在发生，另一件事也正在进行当中。但与while 从句不同的是，as 从句用的一般不用正在进行时，而只是一般过去时。as 从句一般可以翻译成“边……边……”。例如：
1. As my mother sang those old songs, tears ran down her cheeks.
当我妈妈唱起那些老歌时，眼泪顺着她的脸颊流了下来。
2. The students took notes as they listened. 学生们边听课边做笔记。
3. As we talked on, he got more and more excited. 我们继续往下谈的时候，他越来越兴奋。
4. The little girls sang as they went. 小姑娘们一边走，一边唱。
5. Just as he caught the ball, there was a tearing sound.
当他抓住球的时候，有一种撕裂的声音。
as 表达的事件，往往只是主句动作发生的背景或条件时，as 只是一个次要的时间说明，不像while 从句有强调while 动作本身的意思。因此，as 常常翻译成“随着……”之意。
例如：1. As the time went on，the weather got worse. 随着时间的推移，气候更加糟糕。
2. The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.
随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。
3. As years go by，China is getting stronger and richer.
随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。
少数情况下，如果强调动作正在发生，as 从句也可以用正在进行时。这只能算是特例了。
1. The sad mother sat on the roadside, shouting as she was crying.
伤心的妈妈坐在路边，边哭边叫喊。
2. As we were going out, it began to snow. 正当我们出门时，雪开始下起来。
3. He came in as I was going to bed. 我正要上床睡觉，他进来了。
四、when, while, as 的互换
如果从句动作和主句动作同时发生，并且从句动作为延续性动词时，when，while，as 可以互换使用。这种情况下，它们的细微区别恐怕连英、美人自己也说不清了。
1. When /While /As we were dancing, a stranger came in.
当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。[dance 为延续性动词]
2. When /While /As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter.
当她在打电话时，我正在写信。[make为延续性动词]
3. While/When/ As I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the bank.
我顺着马路往前走时，发现银行门前停着一辆警车。
五、比较while, when, as
1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。
例如：Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
我刹车后，有一个人向我走来。
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或while。
例如：When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
干完活后，你可以休息一下。
3）从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as，不用when 或while。
例如：As the day went on, the weather got worse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。
2）比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如：Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。
区别：1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
例如：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
3）until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。例如：
---Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？
--- Until next Monday.呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
4）Not until…在句首，主句用倒装。
例如：Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热为何物。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到工作，才认识到我已蹉跎了许多岁月。
5）It is not until…that….
例如：It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.
6）表示“一……就……”的结构
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示“一……就……”的
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 刚回家，就下起雨来了。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。
例如：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
when 和 where 引导定语从句的用法 定语从句既是英语语法的一个重点，同时又是一个难点。说它是难点，主要难在两点上：一点是如何正确判断什么样的汉语句子要译为英语的带定语从句的复合句；另一点是定语从句的引导词较多(包括关系代词who, that, which, as 和关系副词when, where, why)，而且其用法也较复杂。那么到底什么情况下用when和where来引导定语从句呢？它们又该怎么用呢？下面就举例说明： 一、when：当主句中的先行词(即主句中被后面定语从句修饰的词)是表示时间意义的名词时，它只能作定语从句的时间状语，放在定语从句句首。如果定语从句的引导词是作该定语从句的主语或宾语，则要改用关系代词that或which来引导。例如： The days when we used foreign oil are gone. 我们用洋油的日子一去不复返了。 I'll never forget the day when I was born. (=I'll never forget my birthday.) 我永远不会忘记我出生的日子。 It happened in November when the weather was wet and cold. 这事发生在天气又湿又冷的十一月。 In the years that (which) followed, Marx kept on studying English and using it. 在这之后的几年中，马克思继续学习和使用英语。(that作定语从句"that followed"的主语) The day (that) I always remember in all my life is my birthday. 我一生中最难忘的日子是我的生日。(that作定语从句"that I always remember in all my life"的宾语，that可以省略)
which, who引导的定语从句 看下面的几个例句： It successfully shows the rich culture which makes Beijing so famous. 它成功地展示了使北京闻名遐迩的悠久文化。 The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min. 我们最喜欢的照片是赵敏照的 先行词是物 It successfully shows the rich culture which makes Beijing so famous. 引导词在从句中作主语 先行词是物 The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min. 引导词在从句中作宾语 由此，我们可以看出：which引导的定语从句修饰的是无生命的东西。which 在从句中的成分是可以作主语，也可以作宾语。 下面我们再看一个句子： 先行词是人 His father is the person who will be most unhappy. 引导词在从句中作主语 由此，我们可以看出： 如果先行词是人，那么定语从句的引导词就可以是who。 注意：当who 在从句中作宾语时，在现代语法规则简化为大多数情况下都可用who了。 如：Do you know Mr Zhang who(m) they like very much? 在先行词是物的定语从句中，一般情况下that和which都可以通用, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。 (1)先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不 定代词时。 I am sure she has something that you can borrow. (2).先行词被all, little, much, every, no, 等修饰时。 I’ve read all the books that are not mine. (3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。 This is the first book that he has read (4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。 This is the very book that belongs to him. (5)先行词为人和物的组合。 They talked for an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the
一、从句是如何出题的？ 1. 时态 2. 考连接词 3. 考语言顺序 二、学好从句的两个基本条件 1. 时态 2. 从句的三个必须:①必须是句子；②必须有连接词；③必须是陈述句 三、状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句重点 1.如何判断何种从句 2. 从句的时态 3. 从句的连接词与扩展 4. 经典单选、从句与选词、长句子分析 四、如何判断三种从句 1. 状语从句无先行词 2. 宾语(表语)从句无先行词有动词或词组 3. 定语从句先行词多为名词或代词 一、When引导的定语从句与时间状语从句的区分 1. when的译法不同。在时间状语中，when 翻译成“当……的时候” I want to be a teacher when I grow up. 当我长大的时候，我要做一名老师。在定语从句中，when不翻译。I won't forget the day when he says he loves me. 我不会忘记他说爱我的那一天。 2. 在时间状语中，when从句前面或后面是句子；定语从句中，when 从句不能位于句首，且通常when前为表示时间的名词day、year等。 3. when在从句的作用不同。在时间状语从句中，when是连词，只起连接主句和从句的作用，不做从句的任何成分。不过when引导的时间状语从句修饰主句的谓语，做主句的时间状语。 在定语从句中，when是关系副词，在从句中代替先行词做从句的时间状语，修饰从句的谓语。 例1 I will always remember the days when I lived with my
grandparents in the country. 例2 I always remember the days in the country when I see the photo of my grandparents. 点评：例1意为“我会永远记得跟我祖父母一起住在乡下的那些日子”，其中when 引导的是一个定语从句, 修饰the days, when在从句中作时间状语。例2意为“当我看到祖父母的照片时，总是会想起在乡下的那些日子”，其中when 引导的从句并不修饰前面的名词the country，因此可判定为时间状语从句。 例1中的when可用in which替代，即从句可改为...in which I lived with my grandparents in the country. 例2中从句前有名词，但根据句意可 知并不是从句所修饰的对象，也不能用“介词+ which”来替代。 二、判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错： 1. This is the mountain village where I visited last year. 2. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. 3. This is the mountain village （which）I visited last year.
定语从句中that与who的用法区别 1. 两者均可指人，有时可互换（包括当先行词为all, anyone, someone等，同时也包括先行词受the only 等的修饰时）： All that [who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。 He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian.他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。 Anyone who [that] is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。 It is impolite to turn your back on someone who [that] is speaking to you. 人家跟你说话，你把背朝人是不礼貌的。 2. 但是在下列情况，通常要用that： ①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时： I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。 ②当先行词是who时(为避免重复)： Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯？ ③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)： Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。 3. 但是在下列情况，通常要用who： 当先行词为those 且指人时，英语习惯上要用who 来引导定语从句。如： Those who do not wish to go need not go. 不愿去的人不需要去。 Those who couldn’t walk were carried on stretchers. 那些不能走的人都用担架抬着。 It is said that those who eat the most are the least healthy. 据说吃得最多的人身体最差。 Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in. 只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。 The plan was supported by those who wished to listen to more good English. 这计划受到想多听好英语的人的支持。 Let us spend a few moments in silence so that / in order that we remember those who died to preserve our freedom. 让我们默哀片刻，以缅怀那些为维护我们的自由而牺牲了的人们。 注：偶尔也可见到在 who 之后用that 引导定语从句的用例，但相当少见。如： The danger is that people who pay their bills on time will be lumped in with those that don’t. 危险的是那些及时付账的人将会同那些不及时付账的人混在一起。
初中英语语法who which和that引导的定语从句 初中英语语法who, which和that引导的定语从句 【链接中考】 ( ) 1. Is that the man ______ helped us a lot after the earthquake? (2009浙江杭州) A. whose B. which C. when D. who ( ) 2. Sorry, we don’t have the c oat ______ you need. (2009河北) A. what B. who C. whom D. which ( ) 3. I’ve found some pictures of the most interesting places _______ you can visit during the winter holidays. (2009山东烟台) A. where B. which C. what D. that 【概念】在复合句中作定语的从句叫定语从句。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，也叫引导词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等，关系副词有where, when, why等。 【关系代词的功能】 关系代词在从句中的功能 that 作主语或宾语(指人或物) which 作主语或宾语(指物，可与that互换) who 作主语或宾语(指人，可与that互换) 【温馨提示】 ◆that和which在从句中作宾语时常可省略。 ◆以下情况的定语从句常用that引导而不用which： (1) 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing, anything等时; (2) 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时; (3) 先行词被序数词修饰时; (4) 先行词被the very, the only, the last等修饰时; (5) 先行词被all, every, any, little, no等修饰时; (6) 先行词既有人又有物时。 ◆先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置时，只能用which或whom引导。 【语法闯关】用适当的关系代词填空。 1. I prefer shoes ______ are cool. 2. My necklace is not the only thing ________ is missing. 3. These are the best stamps _______ Kate has given me. 4. The building in ______ you live is comfortable. 5. —Is everything ______ we need to do done? —Yes. You needn’t worry about it. 6. The man ______ stands over there is my Chinese teacher. 7. I want to read all the books ______ were written by Guo Jingming. 8. The book ______ has a red cover is a storybook. Key： 【链接中考】1-3 DDD 【语法闯关】
一、从句是如何出题的 1. 时态 2. 考连接词 3. 考语言顺序 二、学好从句的两个基本条件 1. 时态 2. 从句的三个必须:①必须是句子；②必须有连接词；③必须是陈述句 三、状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句重点 1.如何判断何种从句 2. 从句的时态 3. 从句的连接词与扩展 4. 经典单选、从句与选词、长句子分析 四、如何判断三种从句 1. 状语从句无先行词 2. 宾语(表语)从句无先行词有动词或词组 3. 定语从句先行词多为名词或代词 一、When引导的定语从句与时间状语从句的区分 1. when的译法不同。在时间状语中，when 翻译成“当……的时候”I want to be a teacher when I grow up. 当我长大的时候，我要做一名老师。在定语从句中，when不翻译。I won't forget the day when he says he loves me. 我不会忘记他说爱我的那一天。 2. 在时间状语中，when从句前面或后面是句子；定语从句中，when从句不能位于句首，且通常when前为表示时间的名词day、year等。 3. when在从句的作用不同。在时间状语从句中，when是连词，只起连接主句和从句的作用，不做从句的任何成分。不过when引导的时间状语从句修饰主句的谓语，做主句的时间状语。 在定语从句中，when是关系副词，在从句中代替先行词做从句的时间状语，修饰从句的谓语。 例1 I will always remember the days when I lived with my grandparents in the country. 例2 I always remember the days in the country when I see the photo of my grandparents. 点评：例1意为“我会永远记得跟我祖父母一起住在乡下的那些日子”，其中when 引导的是一个定语从句, 修饰the days, when在从句中作时间状语。例2意为“当我看到祖父母的照片时，总是会想起在
关系代词who引导定语从句作句子的主语、宾语。定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导。 who的用法 1.who引导的定语从句的先行词是表示人的名词或代词。例如： （1）The student who is answering the question is John. 正在回答问题的那个学生是约翰。 （2）Anybody who breaks the laws will be punished. 任何违反法律的人都将受到惩罚。 2.who是主格，在定语从句中作主语，此时不能省略。例如： （1）The person who was here yesterday is a musician. 昨天来这儿的那个人是位音乐家。 在非正式英语中，who亦可作宾语，且可以省略。例如： （2）The man（who）I saw just now is Mr Li.我刚才见到的那个人是李先生。 3.在定语从句中，who在人称、数上和其前面的先行词保持一致。如： Do you know the boy who is standing over there? 你认识站在那边的那个男孩吗？ 4.若先行词中既有人又有物，关系代词用that而不用who。例如： He watched the children and boxes that filled the car. 他看见了塞满汽车的孩子和箱子。
5.若先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词修饰，关系代词用that而不用who。例如： （1）Yao Ming is the best basketball player that I know. 姚明是我知道的最好的篮球运动员。 （2）Tom is the first boy that left the room. 汤姆是第一个离开这个房间的男孩。
When引导的三类从句 When作为连词,可以引导名词从句、定语从句和时间状语从句。请看下面这段短文,其中就出现了when引导的这三类从句。 1. (a) Many students say that their time at university is when they can experience pure love. (b) This is a time when love is innocent when two people come together for love, rather than a house, car or a good job. There are no pressures from parents to get married as they are still young. (c)It is a time when they can choose who they love and how they love away from outside pressure. Even though the relationship may break up, it will bring sweet memories in later years. 很多学生都说,在大学期间才能经历真正纯真的爱情。在此期间,爱是单纯的,两个人走到一起完全是因为爱,而不是为了房子、车子或者好工作。由于还年轻,他们也不会迫于父母的压力而结婚。这一期间,他们可以不受外界的任何干扰而去选择自己爱的对象和爱的方式。即使最终两人分手了,这期间的爱情也会成为日后甜蜜的回忆。 上面的小短文中出现了四个when引导的从句,下面笔者逐一分析各句的结构与类型。首先来看a句: a. Many students say that their time at university is when they can experience pure love. 我们可以看到,这里when引导的从句用在了系动词is后,也就是说,这一从句是一个表语从句(名词从句的一种)。这里的when相当于
when，where，why引导的定语从句 when，where，why作为定语从句的引导词，总称为关系副词。下面用句子合并的方法分析它们的使用。 一、where引导的定语从句 请分析下面两个简单句： 句①I know a garden. 句②You can find wild strawberries there. 把句②变为句①的定语从句，句①中的agarden做定语从句的先行词。在句②中there指句①中提到的agarden也就是定语从句的先行词，there在句中做地点状语，因此要用where 引导定语从句，代替句②中的there，也就是说there就不能出现在定语从句中了。由此得到句③I know a garden where you can find wild strawberries. 句②还可以写作句④You can find wild strawberries in it(it指句①中的garden，“在花园中”要使用介词短语in the garden)。把句④变为句①的定语从句，因为it做介词in 的宾语，先行词是agarden，指物。在这种定语从句中介词常常提到定语从句的开始，这时关系代词只能使用which替代it，it就不能在定语从句中出现了。由此得到句⑤即：I know a garden in which you can find wild strawberries. 请把下面每组的两句话合并为一句，把第二句话变为第一句的定语从句。 第一组： This is the village. I was born there. →This is the village where I was born. 第二组： The lab is not far from here. The chemist often does experiments there. →The lab where the chemist often does experiments is not far from here.
who, which引导的定语从句 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。它的作用相当于一个形容词。定语从句通常位于它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这一名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词（副词）。这里主要介绍关系代词who与which的用法。 关系代词who（whom）和which均可引导定语从句，who用来指人，而which指物，在从句中充当主语或宾语。请看例句： We shall never forget Mr Li who taught us English in the middle school. 我们永远不会忘记中学时教我们英语的李老师。(who在从句中作主语) The man who(m) you saw last week has left the town. 上周你看见的那个人已离开这个城镇了。（whom也可用who, 在从句中作saw的宾语）【温馨提示】关系代词在从句中作宾语时，常可省略。如： He told a story which moved us deeply. 他讲了一个使我们深受感动的故事。（which在从句中作主语） This is a reason which we must not forget. 这是 （which在从句中作宾语）我们不能忘记的一个原因。
需要指出的是关系代词which和that都可指物，一般情况下可以互换。如： The house which / that you lived in is a very old building. 你住的那个房子是座古老的建筑。 但在下列情况中，通常用which, 不用that。 当先行词有指示代词修饰时。如： The lady did not want that one which smelt terrible. 那位夫人不要气味难闻的那个。 当关系代词前有介词时。如： The room in which my family live used to be a garage.我家住的房间以前是个车库。 当先行词本身为that时。如： That which you told him about is what we want to know. 你告诉他的正是我们想知道的。
过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或者某段时间正在进行或发生的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如： 1. I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。 2. They were waiting for you yesterday. 他们昨天一直在等你。 3. He was cooking in the kitchen at 12 o'clock yesterday. 昨天12点，他正在厨房烧饭。 过去进行时的构成： 肯定形式：主语+was/were+V-ing 否定形式：主语+was not (wasn't)/were not (weren't)+V-ing 疑问形式：Was/Were+主语+V-ing。 基本用法： 1. 过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有，at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week…), at+点钟+yesterday (last night / Sunday…)，when sb. did sth.等时间状语从句，如： 1）What were you doing at 7p.m. yesterday? 昨天晚上七点你在干什么？ 2）I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. 我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前，当时她在一家无线电商店工作。 3）I was cooking when she knocked at the door. 她敲门时我正在做饭。 2. when后通常用表示暂短性动词，while后通常用表示持续性动词，而while所引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用进行时态，如： When the car exploded I was walking past it. = While I was walking past the car it exploded. 3. when用作并列连词时，主句常用进行时态，从句则用一般过去时，表示主句动作发生的过程中，另一个意想不到的动作发生了。如： I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。 4. when作并列连词，表示“（这时）突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：
when/where/why引导的定语从句的用法 when， where， why属于关系副词，都在其引导的定语从句中充当状语，其具体用法如下： 1. 关系副词 when引导定语从句（包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句）修饰表示时间的先行词，在定语从句中充当时间状语。例如： I still remember the day when I first met Jennifer.我仍然记得第一次见到詹妮弗的那一天。// Next month, when you’ll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching. 下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假。 2. 关系副词where引导定语从句（包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句）修饰表示地点的先行词，在定语从句中充当地点状语。例如： This is the office where he worked. 这就是他工作过的办公室。// She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳门去定居，在那里她有几个密友。 3. 关系副词why引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。例如： I don’t know the reason why he came so late. 我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。// That is the reason why I don’t want to go. 那就是我不想去的理由。// He didn’t tell me the reason why he was so upset.他没有告诉我他为什么那样心烦意乱。 注意：关系代词与关系副词之间并非毫无关联，两者之间存在密切的联系。在备考中尤其要注意以下几点： 1. 很多情况下关系副词用“介词＋which/whom”来代替，其中的介词由先行词或定语从句中谓语动词的形式来决定，例如： The day when I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life. = The day on which I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life. 见到这位著名歌星的那天是我一生中最重要的日子。 I shall never forget those years when I lived with her. = I shall never forget those years during which I lived with her. 我将永远不会忘记我跟她生活的那些岁月。 This is a hall where the medical conference will be held. = This is a hall in which the medical conference will be held. 这是礼堂，医学会议将在此召开。 2. 并非先行词表示时间或地点时都分别用when或where来引导相应的定语从句，若关系词在修饰表示时间或地点的先行词的定语从句中充当主语、宾语等而不是状语时，需用which或that 引导相应的定语从句。例如： Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in school? 你还记得我们一起在学校度过的那些日子吗？ 先行词the days表时间，但是其定语从句的引导词在定语从句中作宾语而不是状语，因此不能用when而应该用which或that。 3. that有时可以代替定语从句中的关系副词when， where， why，且that常可以省略，例如： This is the time （when/that） he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。 ［考题1］ We are living in an age ____ many things are done on computer. （2003北京春） A. which B. that C. whose D. when ［答案］ D ［解析］本题中下划线处所引导的限定性定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词age，其引导词在该定语从句中充当时间状语，因此只能填入关系副词when。 ［考题2］ The film brought the hours back to me ____ I was taken good care of in that far*9鄄away village. （2001） A. until B. that C. when D. where ［答案］ C ［解析］本题中下划线处所引导的限定性定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词hours，其引导词在该定语从句中充当时间状语，因此只能填入关系副词when。 ［考题3］ It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ____ for
1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。 When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bu rsts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！ Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim? 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。 You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it . 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。 Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。 when, while和as的区别 1. when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。 例如： When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some wate r for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词） We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。 2. While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比） 3. As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边……一边”） As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间） as when while的辨析 as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：
when 引导的从句用法一、引导时间状语从句 1. 表示"当……的时候",相当于at the moment when。例如: When we got to the cinema, the film had been on for half an hour. 当我们到达电影院时,电影已放映半小时了。She was writing a letter when I came in. 当我进来时,她在写信。 2. 表示"一……就……",相当于as soon as。例如: The students got up when the bell rang. 铃声一响,学生们就起床了。I'll ring you up when I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。 3. 表示"就在这时;当时",相当于just at the moment或just then .例如: We were about to start out when it began to rain heavily. 我们正要启程,就在这时,天下起了大雨。 He had just returned from one business trip when he was asked to make another one. 他刚刚出差回来,这时,又叫他再次出差。 4. 表示"每当;每次",相当于every time或whenever。例如: She always turns to us for help when she is in trouble.每当她遇到困难,她总是向我们求助。It is freezing cold here when it snows. 每当这儿下雪,天气就十分寒冷。 5. 表示"当……之后;在……以后",相当于after the time that。例如: We went home when the film was over. 电影结束以后,我们回家去了。When she got home, she started to prepare supper. 她回到家后,开始准备晚饭。 二、引导条件状语从句 when引导的条件状语从句相当于if/ in case引导的条件状语从句.例如: When there is no gravity, our feet can no longer stay on the ground. 如果没有重力,我们的脚就不能够在地面上站稳。Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. 如果机器发生故障,就把电闸关上。 三、引导原因状语从句when引导原因状语从句时,相当于since/now that引导的原因状语从句。例如: How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching television? 他们把所有的空闲时间都用来看电视了,还能学到什么东西呢? Why do you want a new job when you have got such a good one? 既然你已经有了这么好的一份工作,为什么还要再找新的工作呢? 四、引导让步状语从句when引导的让步状语从句相当于though或although引导的让步状语从句。例如: He usually walks when he might ride. 虽然有车可乘,但他通常是步行。 The little girl can tell right from wrong when she is only twelve. 这个小女孩虽然只有十二岁,却能分清是非。 五、引导定语从句when引导定语从句时,有时可用in which或on which来替代。例如:We'll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们要把野餐推迟到下周,那时可能天气好些。 I'll never forget the day when I joined the Party. 我将永远不会忘记我入党的那一天。 六、引导名词性从句 1. 引导宾语从句。例如: Please tell us when his father will return from abroad. 请告诉我们他父亲什么时候从国外回来。 2. 引导主语从句。例如: When they will leave for Australia hasn't been decided. 他们什么时候动身去澳大利亚还没有决定。 3. 引导表语从句。例如: The question is when they will get so much money to set up the factory. 问题是他们将在什么时候弄到这么多钱来把这个工厂办起来。 when, while 和as 引导时间状语从句的用法 这三个词的意思很简单，都有“当……时候”的意思。但学生经常会问三个词的区别在哪儿，特别是在做选择题的时候。别说是学生，就我个人而言，做这样的选择题要保证百分之百的正确也是不可能的。现根据大量的实例和个人的思考，做一点小结，供大家参考。 一、when 的用法如果只从现象来看，when 从句用的最多的是一般过去时，而主句的时态没有限制,根据具体情况而定1. When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas. 他小时候就常常试验一些新的设想。 2. When she came into my room, I was just reading a book. 她走进我房间时，我正在看书。 3. Were you writing when the teacher came in? 老师进来的时候，你在写信吗？ 4. Sorry, I was out when you called me. 对不起，你打电话来的时候我出去了。 5. He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door. 他正要走，这时有人敲门。 6. I thought of it just when you opened your mouth. 就在你要说话的时候，我也想到了。