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unittest断言的几种方法
unittest断言的几种方法unittest断言的几种方法本文介绍了unittest中常用的几种断言方法，包括等值断言、不等值断言、包含断言、True/False断言以及异常断言。
1. 等值断言判断期望值和实际值是否相等。
•assertEqual(a, b)：判断a和b是否相等。
•assertNotEqual(a, b)：判断a和b是否不相等。
•assertAlmostEqual(a, b)：判断a和b是否在误差范围内相等，适用于浮点数比较。
•assertNotAlmostEqual(a, b)：判断a和b是否在误差范围内不相等。
2. 包含断言判断某个元素是否在容器中。
•assertIn(a, b)：判断a是否在b中。
•assertNotIn(a, b)：判断a是否不在b中。
3. True/False断言判断某个条件是否为True或False。
•assertTrue(a)：判断a是否为True。
•assertFalse(a)：判断a是否为False。
4. 异常断言判断某个操作是否抛出了期望的异常。
•assertRaises(exception, callable, *args, **kwargs)：判断callable(*args, **kwargs)是否抛出了exception异常。
总结本文介绍了unittest中常用的几种断言方法，包括等值断言、不等值断言、包含断言、True/False断言以及异常断言。
使用这些断言方法可以方便地进行测试，确保代码的正确性。
注意：在进行断言时，可以提供额外的消息参数，以便于更好地了解断言失败的原因，例如：(a, b, "a和b不相等")(a, b, "a不在b中")(a, "a不为True")(exception, callable, *args, **kwargs, "callable未抛出指定的异常")5. 额外的可选参数除了常用的断言方法，unittest还提供了一些额外的可选参数，可以进一步定制断言的行为。
unittest执行所有用例的方法
unittest执行所有用例的方法在软件开发中，测试是一个非常重要的环节。
而在Python中，unittest是一个非常常用的测试框架。
它可以帮助我们编写测试用例，执行测试用例，并输出测试结果。
本文将介绍如何使用unittest执行所有用例的方法。
一、单元测试单元测试是指对软件中的最小可测试单元进行检查和验证。
在Python 中，unittest提供了TestCase类，我们可以通过继承该类来编写单元测试用例。
下面是一个简单的示例：```pythonimport unittestclass TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):def test_upper(self):self.assertEqual('foo'.upper(), 'FOO')def test_isupper(self):self.assertTrue('FOO'.isupper())self.assertFalse('Foo'.isupper())def test_split(self):s = 'hello world'self.assertEqual(s.split(), ['hello', 'world'])# check that s.split fails when the separator is not a stringwith self.assertRaises(TypeError):s.split(2)if __name__ == '__main__':unittest.main()```在上面的示例中，我们定义了一个TestStringMethods类，继承了unittest.TestCase类。
该类中包含了三个测试用例，分别测试字符串的大写、是否全是大写和分割字符串。
unittest设计原则
unittest设计原则
unittest是一种常见的软件测试框架，用于测试Python程序的正确性。
在编写unittest测试用例时，需要遵循一些设计原则，以确保测试的有效性和可维护性。
以下是几个unittest设计原则：
1. 单一职责原则(SRP)：每个测试用例应该只测试一件事情，即只测试一个功能或逻辑。
这样可以使测试用例更容易理解和维护。
2. 开放-封闭原则(OCP)：测试用例应该是开放的，可以随时添加新的测试用例，但是测试用例本身应该是封闭的，即不会受到其他测试用例或程序的影响。
3. 隔离原则(ISP)：测试用例应该是相互独立的，不会相互影响。
如果测试用例之间存在依赖关系，应该使用setUp()和tearDown()
方法来隔离它们。
4. 可读性原则(RP)：测试用例应该易于阅读和理解。
可以使用注释、变量名、函数名等来提高代码的可读性。
5. 可维护性原则(MP)：测试用例应该易于维护和修改。
可以使用模块化、重构等技术来提高代码的可维护性。
遵循这些unittest设计原则可以使测试用例更加健壮、可靠、可维护。
同时，也可以提高测试用例的效率和准确性，从而为软件开发提供更好的保障。
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unittest 单元测试用例
unittest 单元测试用例单元测试是软件开发中的重要环节，用于验证代码的正确性和可靠性。
通过编写一系列的测试用例，可以全面地覆盖代码的各个分支，从而保证代码的质量。
在本文中，我将介绍单元测试的概念、目的、重要性以及常见的编写方法。
一、单元测试的概念和目的单元测试是指对软件中的最小可测试单元进行验证的测试过程。
最小可测试单元通常是指函数或者方法。
单元测试的目的在于确保各个独立的单元在隔离环境下能够正常运行，与其他单元的交互不会产生意外的结果。
二、单元测试的重要性1.提高代码的可维护性：单元测试可以帮助开发人员快速定位和修复错误，提高代码的可维护性。
当新增或修改代码时，可以运行相应的单元测试用例，确保修改不会损坏原有的功能。
2.降低软件开发成本：单元测试可以早期发现和修复错误，避免错误在后续阶段扩散，从而减少修改错误所需的时间和人力成本。
3.提高软件质量：通过编写全面的单元测试用例，可以涵盖各种边界条件和异常情况，进一步提高软件的稳定性和可靠性。
4.促进团队协作：单元测试是团队协作的重要一环。
编写单元测试用例可以促进开发人员和测试人员之间的沟通和合作，更快地定位和解决问题。
三、单元测试的编写方法编写有效的单元测试用例是保证单元测试效果的关键。
下面是几个常见的编写方法：1.测试驱动开发（TDD）：测试驱动开发是一种先编写测试用例，再编写相应代码的开发方法。
通过先编写测试用例，可以更好地规划代码的实现过程，从而提高代码的质量。
2.边界条件测试：边界条件测试是指针对函数或者方法的边界条件，编写测试用例进行验证。
例如，对于一个函数计算两个整数之和，可以编写测试用例验证输入参数为最小、最大和边界值时的返回结果是否正确。
3.异常情况测试：异常情况测试是指针对函数或者方法可能抛出的异常，编写测试用例进行验证。
例如，对于一个函数从数据库中查询数据的方法，可以编写测试用例验证当数据库连接失败时，函数是否能够正确捕获异常并返回错误信息。
单元测试的特点以及注解
单元测试的特点以及注解单元测试（Unit Testing）是一种用来对软件中的最小可测试单元进行验证的测试方法。
它的特点是快速、灵活、重复可行和自动化执行。
单元测试通常针对软件的函数、方法或类进行测试，以确保它们在各种情况下都能正常工作。
本文将探讨单元测试的特点以及注解的使用。
一、单元测试的特点1.1 独立性单元测试是独立于其他模块的测试方法，即对某个特定的函数、方法或类进行验证，不受其他模块的影响。
这种独立性使得单元测试能够更加准确地定位问题。
1.2 精确性单元测试着重于对软件的最小可测试单元进行验证，因此能够更加准确地检测出软件中的错误。
通过针对每个单元进行测试，可以更精确地定位和修复问题，提高整体代码质量。
1.3 自动化单元测试的自动化执行是其一个重要特点。
通过编写测试脚本或使用专门的测试框架，可以快速、方便地运行大量的测试用例，提高测试效率和准确性。
1.4 可重复性由于单元测试的自动化特性，可以在开发周期的不同阶段重复执行相同的测试用例。
这保证了测试结果的一致性，帮助开发人员及时发现和解决问题。
二、注解的使用在编写单元测试时，注解是一种重要的技术手段。
注解（Annotation）是一种以注解形式存在于代码中的特殊标记，在程序运行过程中可以被解析和利用。
2.1 JUnit注解JUnit是Java语言中常用的单元测试框架，它提供了一系列的注解用于编写和管理单元测试。
常见的JUnit注解包括：- @Test：标记测试方法；- @Before：在每个测试方法执行前执行，可用于初始化测试环境；- @After：在每个测试方法执行后执行，可用于清理测试环境；- @BeforeClass：在整个测试类执行前执行，可用于执行一些全局的准备工作；- @AfterClass：在整个测试类执行后执行，可用于执行一些全局的清理工作。
通过使用这些注解，开发人员可以更方便地编写和管理单元测试代码。
2.2 Python unittest注解Python的unittest模块也提供了一些注解用于单元测试的编写。
unittest详解（二）断言
unittest详解（⼆）断⾔selenium提供了三种模式的断⾔：assert 、verify、waitfor1）Assert(断⾔) 失败时，该测试将终⽌。
2）Verify(验证) 失败时，该测试将继续执⾏，并将错误记⼊⽇志显⽰屏3）Waitfor(等待) ⽤于等待某些条件变为真如果该条件为真，他们将⽴即成功执⾏。
如果该条件不为真，则将失败并暂停测试。
直到超过当前所设定的超过时间。
⼀般跟setTimeout时间⼀起使⽤常⽤断⾔assertLocation（判断当前是在正确的页⾯）assertTitle（检查当前页⾯的 title 是否正确）assertValue（检查 input 的值， checkbox 或 radio，有值为”on”⽆为”off”）assertSelected（检查 select 的下拉菜单中选中是否正确）assertSelectedOptions（检查下拉菜单中的选项的是否正确）assertText（检查指定元素的⽂本）assertTextPresent（检查在当前给⽤户显⽰的页⾯上是否有出现指定的⽂本）assertTextNotPresent（检查在当前给⽤户显⽰的页⾯上是否没有出现指定的⽂本）assertAttribute（检查当前指定元素的属性的值）assertTable（检查 table ⾥的某个 cell 中的值）assertEditable（检查指定的 input 是否可以编辑）assertNotEditable（检查指定的 input 是否不可以编辑）assertAlert（检查是否有产⽣带指定 message 的 alert 对话框）verifyTitle （检查预期的页⾯标题）verifyTextPresent （验证预期的⽂本是否在页⾯上的某个位置）verifyElementPresent（验证预期的UI元素，它的HTML标签的定义，是否在当前⽹页上）verifyText（核实预期的⽂本和相应的HTML标签是否都存在于页⾯上）verifyTable（验证表的预期内容）waitForPageToLoad（暂停执⾏，直到预期的新的页⾯加载）waitForElementPresent （等待检验某元素的存在。
unittest编写用例描述
unittest编写用例描述
1. 测试函数add_numbers，验证两个整数相加的结果是否正确。
输入：2, 3
预期输出：5
2. 测试函数subtract_numbers，验证两个整数相减的结果是否
正确。
输入：10, 5
预期输出：5
3. 测试函数multiply_numbers，验证两个整数相乘的结果是否
正确。
输入：4, 6
预期输出：24
4. 测试函数divide_numbers，验证两个整数相除的结果是否正确。
输入：10, 2
预期输出：5.0
5. 测试函数is_prime_number，验证给定的整数是否为素数。
输入：7
预期输出：True
6. 测试函数is_prime_number，验证给定的整数是否为素数。
输入：12
预期输出：False
7. 测试函数calculate_average，验证列表中数字的平均值是否正确。
输入：[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
预期输出：3.0
8. 测试函数calculate_average，验证列表中数字的平均值是否正确。
输入：[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
预期输出：6.0
9. 测试函数reverse_string，验证字符串反转是否正确。
输入："hello"
预期输出："olleh"
10. 测试函数reverse_string，验证字符串反转是否正确。
输入："unittest"
预期输出："tsetniu"。
unittest中ddt用法
unittest中ddt用法什么是unittest？unittest是Python中的一个单元测试框架，它是以测试驱动开发(TDD)思想为基础的编程方法之一。
单元测试是一种测试方法，用来验证代码的小部分是否按照预期工作。
使用unittest，我们可以定义测试用例，然后将其执行，并得到运行结果。
为什么要使用unittest？在开发过程中，我们可能会碰到各种各样的错误。
这些错误可能是语法错误、逻辑错误或者是在不同的环境中出现的错误。
单元测试就是一种用来解决这些问题的测试方法。
通过编写测试用例，我们能够对代码进行全面的测试，并且可以逐一调试每个测试用例来找出程序中的错误。
unittest提供了一个统一的测试框架，使得测试用例的编写和执行变得更加简单和方便。
它提供了一些工具和函数，用来编写和运行测试用例，并且可以自动记录测试结果。
unittest中的ddt是什么？ddt即"Data-Driven Testing"，是unittest中一个功能强大的扩展库，它可以帮助我们更加方便地进行数据驱动的测试。
数据驱动测试是一种测试方法，它通过使用不同的测试数据来验证同一个测试用例。
这种方法可以有效地提高测试用例的覆盖率，并且可以减少不同测试用例之间的代码重复。
ddt的使用步骤：1. 安装ddt库：首先，我们需要安装ddt库。
可以使用pip命令来安装ddt，如下所示：shellpip install ddt2. 导入ddt库：安装完成后，在Python脚本中导入ddt库，如下所示：pythonimport ddt3. 在测试类上添加ddt装饰器：在需要使用ddt的测试类上方添加ddt装饰器，如下所示：pythonddtclass TestExample(unittest.TestCase):...4. 使用ddt.data装饰测试方法：在需要进行数据驱动测试的测试方法上方添加ddt.data装饰器，并在装饰器内指定测试数据，如下所示：pythonddt.data(1, 2, 3)def test_example(self, data):...上述测试方法将被执行三次，每次传入的data值分别为1、2和3。
unittest的断言方法
unittest的断言方法unittest是Python中标准库中的一个模块，用于编写和执行单元测试。
在编写单元测试时，使用断言方法来验证代码的期望行为是否与实际行为一致。
unittest提供了多种断言方法，以下是其中一些常用的断言方法：1. assertEqual(a, b): 断言a和b相等。
2. assertNotEqual(a, b): 断言a和b不相等。
3. assertTrue(x): 断言x为True。
4. assertFalse(x): 断言x为False。
5. assertIs(a, b): 断言a和b是同一个对象。
6. assertIsNot(a, b): 断言a和b不是同一个对象。
7. assertIsNone(x): 断言x为None。
8. assertIsNotNone(x): 断言x不为None。
9. assertIn(a, b): 断言a在b中。
10. assertNotIn(a, b): 断言a不在b中。
11. assertIsInstance(a, b): 断言a是b的实例。
12. assertNotIsInstance(a, b): 断言a不是b的实例。
除了上述常用的断言方法外，unittest还提供了其他一些断言方法，如assertAlmostEqual()用于比较浮点数是否近似相等，assertRaises()用于断言某个异常是否被抛出等。
通过使用断言方法，我们可以编写详尽的测试用例来验证代码的正确性。
当某个断言失败时，unittest会显示详细的错误信息，帮助我们快速定位问题所在。
拓展部分：除了unittest模块，Python中还有其他一些流行的测试框架，如pytest和nose 等。
这些测试框架也提供了丰富的断言方法和更方便的测试用例编写方式。
使用这些测试框架可以简化测试代码的编写，并提供更全面的测试覆盖率报告。
此外，断言方法的选择也取决于具体的测试需求和场景。
unittest 日志记录
unittest 日志记录
unittest是Python自带的一个标准库，是一个单元测试框架，可以用来进行单元测试和自动化测试。
在使用 unittest进行日志记录时，可以参考以下方法：
- 测试类：测试类必须导入 unittest，并且必须继承 unittest.TestCase。
测试类中的方法名必须以`test_`开头，并且按照ASCII码顺序排列，因为测试运行顺序是按ASCII 进行的。
- 测试用例：测试用例是一个继承 unittest.TestCase的类，类中的方法才是实际的测试用例。
- 测试套件：测试套件可以看作测试用例的集合，可以将测试用例加入到测试套件中。
- 测试运行器：测试运行器的`run`方法用于运行测试。
- 测试加载器：测试加载器用于加载和查找测试用例。
可以通过 unittest 属性调用默认加载器进行加载查找，或者通过 Discover(test_dir, pattern='test*.py')方法通过文件所在目录加载查找测试用例并加到套件中。
- 测试夹具：测试夹具类似一个测试环境的容器，可以对测试环境进行初始化和销毁。
有三个控制级别，即方法级别、类级别和模块级别，常用的是方法级别和类级别。
- 断言：用于判断测试用例结果是否符合预期，符合则通过测试，否则测试不通过。
常用的断言有`assertEqual`等。
通过使用 unittest 框架并结合适当的日志记录方法，可以方便地记录和跟踪测试过程中的问题和错误，提高测试效率和质量。
unittest用法
unittest用法
unittest是Python中一个用于单元测试的模块，它提供了一种组织和执行测试用例的框架。
下面是unittest的基本用法：
1. 导入 unittest 模块。
2. 定义测试类，父类为 unittest.TestCase。
可继承 unittest.TestCase 的方法，如setUp 和tearDown 方法，不过此方法可以在子类重写，覆盖父类方法。
可继承unittest.TestCase 的各种断言方法。
3. 定义 setUp()方法，用于测试用例执行前的初始化工作。
4. 定义测试用例，以“test_”开头命名的方法可使用 unittest.TestCase 类下面的各种断言方法，用于对测试结果的判断。
5. 定义 tearDown()方法，用于测试用例执行之后的善后工作。
6. 执行测试用例，有三种方案：
- 方案一： unittest.main()，unittest.main()方法会搜索该模块下所有以 test 开头的测试用例方法，并自动执行它们。
通过使用 unittest，可以更高效地组织和管理测试用例，并提高代码的质量和可维护性。
在实际应用中，可以根据具体需求对 unittest 进行扩展和定制，以满足不同的测试需求。
单元测试unittest及报告生成（两种报告模板）
单元测试unittest及报告⽣成（两种报告模板）Python中有⼀个⾃带的单元测试框架是unittest模块，⽤它来做单元测试，它⾥⾯封装好了⼀些校验返回的结果⽅法和⼀些⽤例执⾏前的初始化操作。
在说unittest之前，先说⼏个概念：TestCase 也就是测试⽤例TestSuite 多个测试⽤例集合在⼀起，就是TestSuiteTestLoader是⽤来加载TestCase到TestSuite中的TestRunner是来执⾏测试⽤例的,测试的结果会保存到TestResult实例中，包括运⾏了多少测试⽤例，成功了多少，失败了多少等信息1.单元测试： 开发⾃⼰测⾃⼰写的代码；2.导⼊模块unittest： import unittest #导⼊unittest模块 import HTMLTestRunner #导⼊HTMLTestRunner 报告模板模块 from BeautifulReport import BeautifulReport #导⼊BeautifulReport 报告模板模块3.运⾏⼀个简单的unittest：import unittest #单元测试模块class TestCalc(unittest.TestCase):def test1(self): #函数名要以test开头，否则不会被执⾏self.assertEqual(1,1)def test2(self):self.assertEqual(1,2)unittest.main() #会运⾏当前python⽂件⾥⾯的所有测试⽤例4.unittest单元测试的基本流程： ⽤例集/测试套件：存放测试⽤例的 ①.先把所有的测试⽤例都放到⽤例集 ②.运⾏这些测试⽤例 ③.产⽣报告代码：⼀.⽣成报告模板HTMLTestRunner模块（⽐较丑且相对不好⽤）注：1.安装并导⼊HTMLTestRunner 模块，该模块是可以⽣成报告的模块。
unittest测试框架
unittest测试框架1.unittest是python⾃带的⼀个⾃动化测试框架，有四个核⼼的概念： （1）testcase:测试⽤例，提供了基本类TestCase，可以⽤来创建新的测试⽤例，⼀个TestCase实例就是⼀个测试⽤例，其中的测试⽤例⽅法都以test开头，且执⾏顺序会按照⽅法名的ASCII值排序。
（2）testsuite:测试套件，把需要⼀起执⾏的⽤例放到⼀块执⾏，相当于⼀个篮⼦。
（3）testrunner:⽤来执⾏测试⽤例，并返回测试⽤例的执⾏结果，可以⽤图形或者⽂本接⼝将测试结果形象地展现出来，如HTMLTestRunner。
（4）testfixure:测试夹具，⽤来测试⽤例环境的搭配和销毁。
（避免下⼀条测试⽤例的执⾏受到上⼀条⽤例执⾏的影响）。
2.unittest断⾔： unittest中提供了⼀些⾃带的断⾔⽅式，使⽤⾃带的断⾔可以将⽤例的错误信息捕获到，主要有以下⼏种：⽅法检查assertEqual(a, b,msg=None)a ==bassertNotEqual(a, b) a !=bassertTrue(x)bool(x) is TrueassertFalse(x)Bool(x) is FalseassertIs(a, b) a is bassertIsNot(a, b) a is not bassertIsNone(x)x is NoneassertIsNotNone(x)x is not NoneassertIn(a, b) a in bassertNotIn(a, b) a not in bassertIsInstance(a, b)isinstance(a,b)assertNotIsInstance(a, b)not isinstance(a,b) 如果断⾔失败则会抛出异常，AssertionError(断⾔错误异常)，成功则标识为通过，其中，断⾔时msg参数为异常信息，默认为None，若指定，则会将指定的值作为失败的错误信息返回。
unittest单元测试框架教学
unittest单元测试框架教学（实用版）目录1.unittest 简介2.unittest 的基本使用方法3.unittest 的高级特性4.示例：使用 unittest 编写一个简单的测试用例正文1.unittest 简介unittest 是 Python 标准库中提供的一个单元测试框架，它允许用户编写自动化测试用例，以检查代码的正确性。
使用 unittest，可以轻松地为单个函数或整个模块编写测试，并生成详细的测试报告。
2.unittest 的基本使用方法（1）导入 unittest 库首先，需要在代码中导入 unittest 库。
```pythonimport unittest```（2）创建测试类接下来，创建一个继承自 unittest.TestCase 的测试类。
在这个类中，编写用于测试代码的函数。
这些函数的名称应该以“test”开头，这样 unittest 才能自动识别并执行它们。
```pythonclass TestMyFunction(unittest.TestCase):def test_add(self):self.assertEqual(add(1, 2), 3)```（3）运行测试在命令行中，使用“python -m unittest discover”命令运行测试。
其中，“discover”是 unittest 的一个命令，它会自动查找并执行所有以“test”开头的函数。
```bashpython -m unittest discover```3.unittest 的高级特性除了基本的测试功能外，unittest 还提供了许多高级特性，如：（1）设置和清理：在测试过程中，可能需要对测试环境进行设置和清理。
可以使用 setUp() 和 tearDown() 方法分别实现这两个功能。
```pythonclass TestMyDatabase(unittest.TestCase):def setUp(self):self.connection = self.create_connection()def tearDown(self):self.connection.close()def test_connection(self):self.assertIsNotNone(self.connection)```（2）测试套件和测试用例的参数化unittest 支持测试套件和测试用例的参数化，以实现更复杂的测试场景。
unittest获取用例执行结果的方法
unittest获取用例执行结果的方法在编写测试用例时，我们经常需要获取用例的执行结果，以便进行进一步的分析和处理。
在Python中，使用unittest框架编写测试用例时，可以通过以下几种方法来获取用例的执行结果。
1.使用断言方法unittest框架提供了多种断言方法，如assertEqual、assertTrue、assertFalse等，用于比较期望结果和实际结果，如果断言失败，则用例会被标记为失败。
通过断言方法可以快速获取用例的执行结果，如果用例通过断言，即表示执行成功，否则表示执行失败。
示例代码如下：```pythonimport unittestclass MyTest(unittest.TestCase):def test_add(self):result = 1 + 1self.assertEqual(result, 2)if __name__ == '__main__':```执行结果：```----------------------------------------------------------------------Ran 1 test in 0.001sOK```可以看到，执行结果中包含了用例的执行状态，OK表示用例执行通过。
2. 使用TestResult对象示例代码如下：```pythonimport unittestclass MyTest(unittest.TestCase):def test_add(self):result = 1 + 1self.assertEqual(result, 2)if __name__ == '__main__':suite = unittest.TestLoader(.loadTestsFromTestCase(MyTest) result = unittest.TestResultsuite.run(result)print("Run %d tests." % result.testsRun)if result.wasSuccessful(:print("All tests pass.")else:print("Some tests failed.")for err in result.errors:print(err[0], err[1])for fail in result.failures:print(fail[0], fail[1])```执行结果：```Run 1 tests.All tests pass.```如果一些用例执行失败，则在errors列表或failures列表中会添加相应的信息，我们可以根据这些信息来获取用例执行结果。
unittest框架 8种常用断言方式
unittest框架8种常用断言方式unittest框架是Python中常用的单元测试框架之一。
在unittest框架中，我们可以使用多种断言方式来验证程序的行为和结果是否符合预期。
在本文中，我将介绍unittest框架中常用的8种断言方式，并为每一种断言方式提供详细的使用步骤和示例。
断言是单元测试中非常重要的一环，它用于判断实际结果与预期结果是否一致。
在unittest框架中，我们可以使用断言来验证各种条件是否满足，以及判断程序中的各种返回值是否正确。
下面是unittest框架中常用的8种断言方式：1. assertEqual(a, b)：判断a和b是否相等。
2. assertNotEqual(a, b)：判断a和b是否不相等。
3. assertTrue(x)：判断x是否为True。
4. assertFalse(x)：判断x是否为False。
5. assertIs(a, b)：判断a和b是否是同一个对象。
6. assertIsNot(a, b): 判断a和b是否不是同一个对象。
7. assertIn(a, b)：判断a是否在b中。
8. assertNotIn(a, b)：判断a是否不在b中。
接下来，我将逐一介绍每一种断言方式的使用步骤和示例。
1. assertEqual(a, b):assertEqual()方法用于判断a和b是否相等。
如果判断为True，则测试通过；否则，测试失败。
使用步骤：- 在测试方法中调用assertEqual(a, b)方法。
示例代码：import unittestclass MyTest(unittest.TestCase):def test_equal(self):a = 1b = 1self.assertEqual(a, b)2. assertNotEqual(a, b):assertNotEqual()方法用于判断a和b是否不相等。
如果判断为True，则测试通过；否则，测试失败。
pytest与unittest的区别
pytest与unittest的区别⼀、UnittestUnittest是Python标准库中⾃带的单元测试框架，Unittest有时候也被称为PyUnit，就像JUnit是Java语⾔的标准单元测试框架⼀样，Unittest 则是Python语⾔的标准单元测试框架。
Unittest⽀持⾃动化测试，测试⽤例的初始化、关闭和测试⽤例的聚合等功能，它有⼀个很重要的特性：它是通过类(class)的⽅式，将测试⽤例组织在⼀起。
⽰例：执⾏结果：注：unittest有⼀个关联模块unittest2，但unittest2仅适⽤于Python 2.4-2.6。
这是由于从Python 2.7开始，unittest增加⼀些新的特性。
为了在⽼的版本中⽀持这些特性，所以提供了unittest2这个库。
但对于Python 2.7及之后的版本，unittest是唯⼀的。
本次⽰例中使⽤的为python2.7。
⼆、PytestPytest是Python的另⼀个第三⽅单元测试库。
它的⽬的是让单元测试变得更容易，并且也能扩展到⽀持应⽤层⾯复杂的功能测试。
pytest的特性有：⽀持⽤简单的assert语句实现丰富的断⾔，⽆需复杂的self.assert*函数⾃动识别测试模块和测试函数模块化夹具⽤以管理各类测试资源对 unittest 完全兼容，对 nose基本兼容⽀持Python3和PyPy3丰富的插件⽣态，已有300多个各式各样的插件，社区繁荣⽰例：执⾏结果：三、Unittest vs Pytestunittest pytest⽤例编写规则1)测试⽂件必须先import unittest2)测试类必须继承unittest.TestCase3)测试⽅法必须以“test_”开头4)测试类必须要有unittest.main()⽅法1)测试⽂件名必须以“test_”开头或者"_test"结尾（如：test_ab.py）2)测试⽅法必须以“test_”开头3)测试类命名以"Test"开头⽤例分类执⾏默认执⾏全部⽤例，也可以通过加载testsuit，执⾏部分⽤例可以通过@pytest.mark来标记类和⽅法，pytest.main加⼊参数("-m")可以只运⾏标记的类和⽅法⽤例前置和后置提供了setUp/tearDown，只能针对所有⽤例pytest中的fixture显然更加灵活。
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Unit test 21. Can we _________the formalities and get right down to business?2. The actress spoke in such a heavy northern ______that I could barely understand her.3. There's nothing left to do now but _______the results.4. I love going on vacation, but I always _______in a sea of work when I return.5. After three huge successes, George became one of the most _________ people in Hollywood.6. There have been far too many ________disappearances in this town for my taste.7. It drives me crazy that Steve can sit around and be ________ when there's so much work to do!8. His shifty eyes and smarmy personality do little to _______ a trustworthy character.9. She _______brings her lunch to work, but today she decided to eat out.10. The _________of alcohol as an illegal drug will only make the problem worse.11. "Don't _________ your little brother! Take him with you."12. It's difficult for someone of his ________to go out in public unrecognized.13. My interview with a panel of professors is the only _____ left before I earn my degree.14. After years of _______, the old house on the corner was finally torn down.15. If you want to write a book about traveling in Europe, it's ________ to have actually been there before.16. I'm going to invest my money in Microsoft, and I strongly suggest you do _______.17. It is critical to __________your sources when you make an argument.18. This month's bestselling novel has a(n) ________that is rarely seen in literature.19. It's difficult to _________with people if you don't speak the same language.20. It's common for politicians to use almost anything as _______against their opponents.I'm looking for a good book to read. Can you give me a(n) (21)_________? I generally like to read fiction, but I will read nonfiction if the story is good. I'm a(n) (22)_________ at heart, so I really like to read stories about exciting journeys and quests. I usually don't like boring stories that feature(23)__________ characters that are portrayed with no originality. I don't mind action, but I can do without any (24)_________ and unnecessary violence.Do you have any ideas? In my opinion, the best literature features characters that face unbelievable odds, (25)_________ their inner demons, and eventually arrive at some sort of personal (26)___________ about the true nature of things. Along the way, the character will inevitably face a decision that might involve a(n) (27)__________which could result in his or her (28)__________, but he or she will persevere and come out on top.I'm (29)__________ looking for something to read on my vacation, so please let me know what you would recommend. At this point, I'm ready to (30)_________ almost any book, no matter how long!Unit test 3Banked ClozeEveryone's always told me that I should be a model. I have to admit, it does sound like it would be a(n) (1)________ lifestyle with lots of traveling, parties, and beautiful people. I think it could also be a great opportunity to assert my (2)________ and creativity. However, at my age, I'm not sure I have the experience or (3)________ to start a modeling career.It takes more than a(n) (4)_________ face to be a model. You must have a(n) (5)________ personality and always be ready to take risks and explore the unknown. You also need to have near infinite patience.Many people are under the impression that the fashion and modeling industry attracts only very(6)_________ people who only care about themselves. From what I understand, nothing could be further from the truth. Yes, there are some models who only care about their own appearance, wealth, and(7)__________ surroundings, but the industry isn't (8)__________ composed of this type of person. It's a(n) (9)__________fact that the fashion and modeling world has a strong (10)________ for all kinds of people—and I'm one of them.Unit test 5Part I: Complete the sentences using the correct words in the box.1. The poet gave an incredibly _________speech and brought many people to tears.2. What's the proper ________ required for eating dinner with a prince?3. My daughter shows a(n) ________curiosity not usual for someone so young.4. I like the debate team at school because we always have such _______conversations.5. What's your _________ to go fishing next weekend?6. Her brother was ________with their father's fortune after he passed away.7. Sadly, my grandmother went through much of her life feeling like there was a(n) _________connected to her skin color.8. Don't question my decisions and ________my authority in front of the other employees!9. It's obvious that Kevin has amazing _______abilities since he's fluent in six languages!10. The final score of the game was 20-3, making it a(n) ________ unfair competition.Part II: Banked ClozeIt's very interesting that so many world cultures are (11)_______, or based on the superiority of the father or husband. Why do you think this is so? There are a(n) (12)________ of explanations, but many of them can be traced back to the basic (13)_________ stereotypes: strength, power, and dominance. Throughout history and around the world, men have overpowered women due to their physical qualities.Yet how can we explain the handful of cultures that are actually (14)________, or based on the superiority of the mother or wife? No one can (15)_________ to know the precise reason for why they developed differently, but it is interesting to theorize. One particularly (16)__________ fact is that most of these cultures have a strong agricultural tradition and, hence, a strong female role in society.One of the major tenets of the (17)__________ movement is that modern women should not be restricted by traditional roles and their subservient status in society. Women should not believe that their gender automatically (18)_________ them for the same rights and privileges that men enjoy."Women have been taught that, for us, the earth is flat, and that if we venture out, we will fall off the edge." This anonymous (19)__________ perfectly captures the essence of the modern feminist movement. Elevating the female gender to be completely equal with men should be the (20)__________ cause of everyone everywhere.Unit test 6Part I: Complete the sentences using the correct words in the box.1. Our office building luckily had a(n) _______ power supply t o use when the electricity went out.2. There's not much of a(n) _________ for the year's best movie, but there are a few good ones.3. Unfortunately, she's had a(n) _________ and her cancer has reappeared.4. Soldiers in the military quickly learn that their superior officers are often not very _________of differing opinions.5. During wartime, there's usually a surge in __________ as people rally together to support a common cause.6. I've never had a friend quite so _________ as my dog Rex.7. Mr. Sanford, I love your daughter and I'd like to ask for your permission to _________ to her.8. We hired a company to come in and ___________ the mice from our basement.9. The teacher slowly lost control of her students and let the class ________ into a chaos of voices.10. If you see anything suspicious, please report it immediately to one of the ________ police officers.11. I tend to live by the ________"Work hard, play hard."12. The law states that people younger than 21 cannot drink beer, wine, or. _________13. Celebrities are often subject to the _________ of public opinion, increasing and decreasing in popularity every day.14. Last Saturday, we stood in line for an hour to get a cone from the ice cream _________ .15. College students usually begin their first year with _________ activities so they are familiar with their new environment.16. ___________ usually disagree about who they think the greatest world leader of all time is.17. If you'd like to _______ the charges, please call the phone number for complaints.18. The ___________ physicist earned even more recognition when he won the Nobel Prize.19. Do you have any __________ into why your employees are behaving so poorly?20. After ten long years of holding a grudge against him, I think it's finally time to make ________ .Part II: Banked ClozeIt is truly (21)_______ that people nowadays don't know nearly enough about ancient civilizations. In the Western world, the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome gave rise to the popular idea of(22)________ that is central to many modern governments. Democratic governments sometimes are derided as a(n) (23)_________ in today's world—many people don't feel as if they truly have a meaningful voice. However, there were cities (particularly in Greece) where the democratic ideal was born and every citizen truly had a powerful voice.Remarkably, we know this is the case because many documents have survived. Historians can verify their (24) _________ by dating the paper, so we can (25)________ declare that they are legitimate. Linguists are able to (26)________ the ancient languages used in the documents, and we are therefore able to benefit from the wisdom inscribed on those pages. In addition, researchers can use (27)________ to uncover the physical remains of ancient villages. We have discovered that homes were a uniform size and most people lived as relative equals.I find it truly (28) ________ to hear people say that there's nothing we can learn from history. Even if only a small (29)_________ of the wisdom of ancient Greece survived until today, we would be better off. Indeed, it is an amazing thing to realize that our (30)_________ as a people, our future, depends on our knowledge and understanding of our past.Unit test7Part I: Banked ClozeWhen I was young, my family lived on an apple (1)________. To this day, apple trees are practically (2)_________ with home, safety, and comfort. It's no wonder, then, that I love apple pie so much. I spent countless summer afternoons among the trees. It was the (3)________ over which I had the most control. It was my kingdom.My imagination was free to construct anything—possible or impossible. One day I would be a hunter, pursuing a pack of (4)_________ wolves. Another day, I would pretend the (5)_________ of the branches in the wind was the eerie voice of a dragon on the loose. On still another day, I might have been part of a(n) (6)___________ in the Old West, riding a horse over the countryside and causing trouble.One thing is for sure: At the end of the day, I would always (7)__________ the situation and be the hero. This was my imagination, after all. Thinking back on it all now, I certainly did have some(8)__________ adventures. (9)__________, as I grew up, I lost the ability to imagine with such limitlesscreativity. When did I (10)________ to think I could make the impossible possible? I would give anything to go back to that time and run carefree around the apple trees near my childhood home.Unit test 8Section A: Complete the sentences using the correct words in the box.1. There is absolutely no ________to her behavior—it's completely random.2. The answers he gave had just enough _________to make me doubt his honesty.3. Sharon was known for her ________ideals and romantic outlook on life.4. There was a stage set up in the ________between the buildings for the music festival.5. The __________of his argument confused and befuddled even the smartest people in the room.6. Even though I have played chess for years, you still made a very worthy ________.7. Do you mean to _________that you agreed with her crazy plan?8. The review of his new book included a lot of _________and not much praise.9. Jacob was _________and angry when he shouted, "How dare you accuse me of such a crime?"10. We used to be best friends; it's _________that she could do anything to hurt me.11. Are you familiar with the __________of this office building?12. The committee decided to __________a statue of the beloved president.13. The __________of the project is unmatched in the history of this company.14. In terms of intelligence, this year's Nobel Prize winner __________everyone else in his field.15. Einstein's _________prowess has been completely unmatched in history.16. The museum hosted a special __________about the age of dinosaurs.17. I can't even __________a life without my children.18. There's nothing like a beautiful sunset to _________my senses and inspire me to get to work.19. Come over here and help me _________up this beam so we can support the ceiling.20. At this point, any change will be a welcome __________over the status quo.Part II: Banked ClozeSome people think that Shanghai's (21)________ is far too futuristic and not at all (22)_________ pleasing. I simply can't imagine how anyone could feel that way. In my opinion, the futuristic look is precisely why it is so (23)________ and captivating.Many modern cities are trying to respect the (24)_________ boundary between "old" and "new." For example, they construct skyscrapers that are designed to (25)________ to the existing look and feel of the existing city. There is definitely value to this (26)________, it is a very difficult thing to do successfully. I think Shanghai deserves a lot of respect for deciding to forge ahead into the future.Shanghai has still managed to retain much of its old city, however. There is a river that winds through the city, and it effectively divides the "old" from the "new." The city's (27)________ colonial architecture literally stands across the river from the futuristic skyscrapers that announce the city's incredible(28)________.This divide was (29)________ part of the city's master development plan, and the city should be applauded for that. It's genuinely amazing how something static—architecture and city design—can(30)__________ the emotions, dreams, and aspirations of an entire people.Unit test 9Banked ClozeThere has been a(n) (1)_______ debate for many years about the influence of languages upon one another. How much does one language (2)________ another? Your first reaction might be to think "not very much." The answer, though, is "quite a bit." To (3)________ this point, let's consider English.This influence may not be evident to speakers of certain languages, but those who speak some languages (such as Spanish or German, for example) and those who have a high (4)_________ in English understand this point very well. Over thousands of years, English had adopted many words from other languages, and vice versa. In addition, there are some words—known as cognates—that are nearly identical in multiple languages. Ever so slowly, the lines between languages are starting to (5)________.English is not a(n) (6)________ example, either. This "language sharing" is evident in, between, and among many different languages. There are some groups of people who are worried that the (7)________ of their language is being threatened by adopting and sharing words across languages. However, if you think about it, it's quite possible that in several thousand more years, everyone might be speaking one (8)________ language that is a mix of every language spoken today. The trend of (9)________ in almost every other aspect of life makes me believe this will be a highly likely development.What do you think? Is one common language spoken by everyone your idea of (10)________, or is it a nightmare?Unit test 10Part I: Complete the sentences using the correct words in the box.1. After the accident, Jeff was _______ from the waist down.2. Marilyn Monroe is ______the most beautiful woman I've ever seen in a movie.3. The _______tree was home to an entire family of rabbits.4. The bomb explosion completely ________the abandoned building.5. Please don't confuse me with my _______; I don't tolerate mistakes or excuses.6. The government decided to send troops and ______in that country's civil war.7. It's difficult to ________how many people will buy tickets since this is such a unique event.8. The differences may be _______, but I certainly prefer this design over the previous one.9. Since Mike was prepared to speak to Sally over the phone, her presence creates an unexpected________for him.10. The tables and chairs must be organized in exactly this ______, so please pay attention.Part II: Banked ClozeOne of the greatest inventions of recent memory is undoubtedly GPS. It is on the (11)________ of becoming as common as the mobile phone. In fact, many mobile phones now have GPS built into them! GPS units can also be found in cars, boats, airplanes, and handheld devices used by hikers and campers for (12)_________. Many people recognize the usefulness in having directions to anyplace you might drive, but fewer people understand how handy a GPS unit can be outdoors.Handheld GPS units use (13)________ coordinates to pinpoint exactly where you are, whether you are in the middle of New York City, the middle of the Sahara Desert, or the middle of a deserted (14)_________ island. Sailors and other people who travel on the sea rely on GPS units to give them their location in terms of (15)_________ (east-west) and(16)_________ (north-south). With very few landmarks in the middle of the ocean, knowing one's location on this(17)___________ is of utmost importance.Hikers and campers who walk through wilderness areas need to keep track of their (18)__________ so they know how far they have traveled and how far they are from the nearest shelter. Granted, it is relatively easy to be (19)_________ into a false sense of security if you have a GPS unit on hand. They can't solve every problem, but they are a(20)___________ convenience to carry with you!。