社会保障social security
科学管理的实质the essence of scientific management 第三方介入third-party involvement
作业调度operations scheduling
作业测定work measurement
战略计划strategic plan
个人的良好判断力individual good judgment
库存问题inventory issue
特殊奖励special awards
车间负荷记录the workshop load records
科技论文写作scientific papers writing
提高效率和效果improve the efficiency and effectiveness 信息加工模型information-processing model
最小库存投资the minimum inventory investment
减少错误reduce errors
和谐社会harmonious society
工作环境working environment
战略战术问题strategic technical problems
预算分析师budget analyst
机械工程mechanical engineering
案例研究方法case study method
寻求最优性seek the optimization
学习者活动追踪leaner activity tracking
统计质量控制statistical quality control
快速应用开发rapid application development
咨询公司consulting company
人工智能技术artificial intelligence technology
改进现状improve the current situation
利润分享计划profit-sharing plan
克服难题和缺陷overcome the problems and defects 生产流程production process -
投资回报率rate of return on investment
绩效评价performance evaluation
理论框架theoretical framework
组织目标organizational scheduling
行政工作administration work
组织发展organization development
统计分析statistical analysis
自愿减少工资voluntary pay cut
生产计划和控制production planning and control
预定时间系统predetermined time system
分配稀缺资源the allocation of scarce resources
偏紧/偏松strictness/leniency
提高生产率increas the ratio of output
职位识别系统position identification systems
医疗保健medical care
工作产所代码work location code
工序、卡片或记录procedure
自我实现self-actualization
管理信息系统management information systems
接班计划succession planning
成组技术Group Technology
试用期probationary period
库存控制inventory control
定制服务service customization
心智模型mental model
补充失业服务supplemental unemployment service 柔性制造Flexible Manufacturing
混合式布局hybrid layout
工艺设计process/technology design
身体的能力与极限human capabilities
送货速度delivery speed
联合操作分析gang process analysis
原材料raw materials
交替排序法alternation ranking method
供应链supply chain
降低劳动成本reduce labour costs
维修人员maintenance personnel
自由贸易free trade
人工失误human errors
雇员持股计划Empoyee Stock Ownership Plan 配对比较法paired comparison method
劳动纠纷labor dissension
职业倾向occupational orientation
激励计划incentive plan
企业一般管理费用general administration cost 成品finished goods
在制品work in progress
Professional Words and Expressions 1. a code of ethics 道德规范 2.absolute accuracy 绝对精度 3.abstract n. 摘要 4.accountant n. 会计（员），会计师 5.action learning 行动学习 6.adherence n. 忠诚 7.afterwards adv. 之后，以后，后来 8.AGV(Automated Guided Vehicles) 自动导航小车 9.aligning results 校正结果 10.alternation ranking method 交替排序法 11.AM(Agile Manufacturing)敏捷制造 12.analyst n. 分析者；善于分析者；分解者 13.anatomical adj. 解剖的，解剖学 14.annual bonus 年终分红 15.anthropometric adj. 人体测量的 16.anthropometry n. 人体测量学 17.appeal n. 申诉，请求，呼吁，上诉，要求 18.application forms 工作申请表 19.appraisal interview 评价面试 20.appreciation n. 正确评价 21.aptitudes n. 资质
22.arbitration n. 仲裁 23.architecture n. 结构，构造 24.arena n. 舞台，竞技场 25.assembly line 装配线 26.assessment n. （为征税对财产所作的）估价，评估 27.assurance 确信，断言，保证 28.attract vt. 动手处理（某事）；攻击，抨击 29.attainment n. 到达 30.attendance incentive plan 参与式激励计划 31.audit n. 审计，稽核，查账 32.auditor n. 审计员，核数师 33.authority n. 职权 34.awkward adj. 难使用的，笨拙的 35.backdates vt. 回溯 36.batch production 批量生产 37.be prone to 倾向于…… 38.behavior modeling 行为模拟 39.behaviorally anchored rating scale（bars）行为锚定等级评价法 40.below contributor 贡献较小的人员 41.benchmark job 基准职位 42.benchmarking n. 【计】基准 43.benefits n. 福利
Lesson eight 第八课 Ⅱ.翻译句子，并注意remain和above的词类和词义 2. In this case the voltage applied must remain unchanged. 在这种情况下，那个应用电压必须保持不变 4. If you take 3 from 8, 5 remain. 如果从8中拿走3，剩5. 6. The above property was discovered by Faraday. 法拉第发现以上性质。 8. Lenz states that the self-induced emf impedes any change of current and tends to support the former current value. The above is known as Lenz’s law. 楞茨陈述自感电动势阻止电流的变化而保持先前电流的值。上面就是我们所知的楞 次定律。 Ⅲ.翻译句子，注意some的词义 2. That radio receiver weighs some five kilograms. 那个无线接收器重五公斤。 4. Some element in the substance is not known. 物质中的一些元素是人们不知道的。 Ⅳ.翻译句子，注意句中one 的不同用法和词义。 2. This concept was discussed in Chapter One. 这个概念在第一张讨论过。 4. No one can lift this equipment. 没人能举起这件设备。 6. This chapter will deal with one of the three functions of a turning circuit. 这章我们将介绍螺旋电路三个功能中的一个。 8. Before one studies a system, it is necessary to define and discuss some important terms. 在研究一个系统之前，确定且讨论一些重要的术语是有必要的。 Ⅴ.画出句中的名词从句，说明其种类，并将句子译成汉语。 2. These experiments do not show which particles. 这些实验不能显示他们的粒子结构。 4. The operating point is determined by how much bias is used. 操作要点是被用多少偏压决定的。 6. It is not important how this voltage is produced. 这个电压是怎么产生的并不重要。 8. It may be questioned whether this approach is the best for the physicist. 这种方式最适合于医生可能会被质疑。 10. This ball may be used to determine whether that body is charged. 这个球可能用于检测是否身体是带电的。 12. It is known that charged particles emit electromagnetic waves whenever they are accelerated. 众所周知的当电子被加速他们就会发射电磁波。 14. The value of this factor determines how fast the amplitude of the current
公司英语 -----教育训练部一:常用术语 Hon Hai 鸿海 CMM Component module move 机动组件整合 CEM Contract Manufaction service 合约委托代工 IBSC Internet Business Solution Center 国际互联网应用中心PCEG Personal Computer Enclosure group 个人计算机外设事业群（FOXTEQ） CCBG Connector&cable business group CPBG Competition business group ESBG Enterprise system business group 鸿富锦事业群 SABG system assembly business group 系统组装事业群 NWE Net Work Enclosure NSE Network system enclosure NSG Network system group NFE Network flexible enclosure Foxcavity = HZ = Hong Zhun 鸿准 Stamping tool shop I 冲模一厂 Stamping tool shop II 冲模二厂 Prototype workshop 样品中心 Steel factory 裁剪厂 PCE molding tooling workshop PCE塑模厂 Hua Nan test and measurement center 华南检测中心 MPE mobile phone enclosure MPE MBE mobile phone and notebook enclosure 明塑厂 MGE Alloy magnesium alloy enclosure 镁合金 Engineer standard 工标 Document center (database center)资料中心 Design Center 设计中心 Painting 烤漆(厂) Assembly组装(厂) Stamping 冲压(厂) Education and Training教育训练 proposal improvement/creative suggestion提案改善
Total Quality Management全面质量管理Continuous Improvement持续改进Human Factors人因学、工效学 Man-Machine Systems人机系统 Shop-Floor Activities车间活动Simulation Model仿真模型 Code of Ethics道德标准、职业准则Performance Measure绩效测量Benchmark标杆 performance evaluation绩效评价 zero defects零缺陷 interdisciplinary跨学科manufacturing制造 interaction互动、交互 integration集成 curriculum课程体系 discipline学科 attrition中途退学 multi-disciplinary多学科 flexible simulation柔性仿真 Labor Specialization劳动力专业化standardized parts标准化的零部件moving assembly line装配线 Mass Production Era批量生产Queuing Theory排队理论 Process Analysis流程分析 Statistical Sampling统计采样 Industrial Engineering（IE）工业工程Industrial Engineer工业工程师Simulation仿真 Operations Research 运筹学 Quality Improvement Engineering质量改善工程 Management Services管理服务Engineering Services工程服务Performance Improvement Engineering 绩效改善工程 Material Handling物料搬运Logistics物流（学科） material flow物流Financial Management金融/财务管理 Project Management项目管理 Business Planning and Development商业规划与开发 Information Technology（IT）信息技术Business Process Redesign/Reengineering （BPR）业务流程再设计/再造 Human Resource Management人力资源管理Quality Movement质量运动 Total Order Management（TOM）全面订单管理 Material Requirement Planning（MRP）物料需求计划 companies are flattening corporate structures 企业结构扁平化 accuracy精度functional departments职能部门 mechanical engineering department机械工程
果粒橙 图解:译文“蓝色” Unit 6 The Principle of PCM PCM原理 Pcm is dependent on three separate operations, sampling, quantizing, and coding. Many different schemes for performing these three functions have evolved during recent years, and we shall describe the main ones. In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality may be conveyed as a series of amplitude values, each value being represented, that is, coded as a sequence of 8 binary digits. Furthermore, we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(khz) is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 HZ to 3.4 Khz. Practical equipments, however, normally use3 a sampling rate of 8 khz, and if 8-digits per sample value are used, the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64khz. Fig .1-1 illustrates the sampling, quantizing, and coding processes. PCM的构成依赖于三个环节，即采样、量化和编码。近年来，人们对这三个环节的实现提出了许多不同的方案，我们将对其中的一些主要的方案进行讨论。在这些讨 论中，我们会看到话路中的语声信号是如何转换成幅值序列的，而每个幅值又被编码，即以8位二进制数的序列表示。而且，我们将证明，为了转换频率范围为300HZ— 3.4KHZ的话路信号，理论上最小采样频率须为6.8khz。但是，实际设备通常用8khz 的采样速率，而如果每个样值用8位码的话，则话路是由一个重复速率为64khz的脉 冲流来表示的。图1-1表示了采样、量化、编码的过程。 Reexamination of our simple example shows us that the speech signal of maximum frequency 3.4khz has been represented by a signal of frequency 64khz. However, if only 4-digits per sample value had been used, the quality of transmission would drop, and the repetition rate of the pulses would be reduced to 32khz. Thus the quality of transmission is dependent on the pulse repetition rate, and for digital communication systems these two variables may be interchanged most efficiently. 让我们再研究一下上面提到的简单例子。可以看出，最高频率为3.4khz的话音信号适用64khz的（脉冲流）信号来表示的。但是，如果每个样值中用4位（码）表示，则传输质量会下降，而脉冲的重复速率也将减小到32khz。因而传输质量是取决于脉 冲重复速率的。对于数字通信系统，这两个量之间极明显的互相影响着。 Digital transmission provides a powerful method for overcoming noisy environments. Noise can be introduced into transmission patch in many different ways : perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the sparking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself. It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of the most interest to the communication engineer.Basically, if the signal is very large compared to the noise level, then a perfect message can take place; however, this is not always the case. For example, the signal received from a
公司英语 -----教育训练部 一:常用术语 Hon Hai 鸿海 CMM Component module move 机动组件整合 CEM Contract Manufaction service 合约委托代工 IBSC Internet Business Solution Center 国际互联网应用中心 PCEG Personal Computer Enclosure group 个人计算机外设事业群（FOXTEQ）CCBG Connector&cable business group CPBG Competition business group ESBG Enterprise system business group 鸿富锦事业群 SABG system assembly business group 系统组装事业群 NWE Net Work Enclosure NSE Network system enclosure NSG Network system group NFE Network flexible enclosure Foxcavity = HZ = Hong Zhun 鸿准 Stamping tool shop I 冲模一厂 Stamping tool shop II 冲模二厂 Prototype workshop 样品中心 Steel factory 裁剪厂 PCE molding tooling workshop PCE塑模厂 Hua Nan test and measurement center 华南检测中心 MPE mobile phone enclosure MPE MBE mobile phone and notebook enclosure 明塑厂 MGE Alloy magnesium alloy enclosure 镁合金 Engineer standard 工标 Document center (database center)资料中心 Design Center 设计中心 Painting 烤漆(厂) Assembly组装(厂) Stamping 冲压(厂) Education and Training教育训练 proposal improvement/creative suggestion提案改善 Technological exchange and study 技术交流研习会 Technology and Development Committee 技术发展委员会 BS Brain Storming 脑力激荡 QCC Quality Control Circle 品质圈
A business survives and thrives on information: information within the organization and information changed with suppliers, customers,and regulators. Moreover, the information needs to be consistent, accessible, and at the right location. We consider information in four forms-voice, data, image, and video-and the implications of distributed requirements. The term voice communications refers primarily to telephone related communications. By far the most common form of communication in any organization and for most personnel is direct telephone conversation. The telephone has been a basic tool of business for decades. Telephone communications has recently been enhanced by a variety of computer-based services, including voice mail and computerized telephone exchange systems. V oice mail provides the ability to send, forward , and reply to voice messages nonsimultaneously , and it has become a cost-efficient tool even for many midsize organizations. It provides saving on answering machines and services as well as more responsive service to customers and suppliers. Advances have also been made in computerized telephone exchange systems, including in-house digital private branch exchanges(PBX) and Centrex systems provided by the local telephone company. These new systems provide a host of features, including call forwarding, call waiting, least-cost routing of long-distance calls, and a variety of accounting and auditing features. The term data communications is sometimes used to refer to virtually any form of information transfer other than voice. It is sometimes convenient to limit this term to information in the form of text(such as reports, memos, and other documents) and numerical data(such as accounting files). The rapid changes in technology have created fresh challenges for management in making effective use of data communications. We will briefly outline the changes in technology in transmission, networks, and communications software that present the manager with new powerful business tools but also the necessity of making choices among complex alternatives. 一个企业生存和蓬勃发展的信息：在改变与供应商，客户和监管机构的组织和信息的信息。此外，对信息的需求是一致的，访问，并在合适的位置。我们认为，在四种形式的语音，数据，图像，视频和分布式需求的影响的信息。 长期的语音通信，主要是指以电话相关的通讯。迄今为止最常见的沟通形式中的任何组织和大多数工作人员是直接的电话交谈。电话已几十年来的基本的业务工具。电话通讯最近已加强各种以计算机为基础的服务，包括语音邮件和程控电话交换系统。语音信箱提供的能力，发送，转发和回复语音邮件nonsimultaneously，它已成为一个成本效益的工具，甚至许多中小型组织。提供节省答录机和服务，以及更快捷的服务客户和供应商。程控电话交换系统，包括内部数字专用分支交换机（PBX）和本地电话公司提供的Centrex系统也取得了进展。这些新系统提供主机的功能，包括呼叫转接，呼叫等待，长途电话的最低成本路由，各种会计和审计功能。 长期的数据通信有时被用来指几乎任何其他信息传输比语音形式。有时可以很方便限制这个术语在文本形式的信息（如报告，备忘录和其他文件）和数字数据（如会计档案）。已创建管理新的挑战，在有效地利用数据通信技术的迅速变化。我们将简要概述在传输技术的变化，网络和通信软件，经理提出新的强大的商业工具，但也使复杂的替代品之间的选择的必要性。
日常English 一、词组 QC:Quality control;(品质管理) QS:Quality system;(品质系统) IQC:Incoming quality control;(进料检验) PQC:Process quality control;(制程检验) FQC:Final quality control;(最终检验) OQC:Outgoing quality control;(出货检验) QA:Quality assurance;(品质保证) QE:Quality engineer;(品质工程师) PQE:Process quality engineer;(制程品质工程师) SQE:Supplier quality engineer;(供应商品质工程师) PIE:Product industrial engineer;(产品工业工程师)IE ERP:Enterprise resource planning;(企业资源规划) QCC:Quality control circle;(品管圈) SOP:Standard operating procedure;(标准作业规定) WI﹕Working Instructions.（作业指导书） SIP:Standard inspection procedure;(標准检验规范) QIP:Quality inspection procedure;(品质检验计划) ECN:Engineering change notice;(工程变更通知) ECR:Engineering change requirement;(工程变更申请) PDCA管理循环(又称戴明循环):Plan(计划)Do(执行)Check(检查)Action(行动) 5M1E:Materials(物料)Machines(机器)Method(方法)Man(人)Measure(量测)Environment(环境); 5W2H:Why(为什幺做)What(做什幺)When(何时)Who(何人) Where(何处)How to do(如何做)How much(成本如何) ISO:international organization for standardization;(国际标准化组织)
工业工程的真正价值Real IE Value In additi on, the IE now has a greater opport unity to concen trate on any one of a broad variety of areas that many compa nies now recog nize as in dividual departme nts-i nclud ing simulati on, operations research, ergonomics, material handling and logistics. 值得一提的是，工业工程现在有更多的机会去集中于现在许多企业已经视为独立的学科的众多领域中的一个-----包括防真学、运筹学、人因学、物料搬运和物流学。 Work-measured Labor Standards 基于作业测量的劳动标准 If you are a manu facturer, cha nces are you have a bill-of-materials (BOM) system to determ ine sta ndard parts cost. Do you also have an equivale nt bill-of-labor system to determ ine sta ndard labor cost? 如果你是一个制造商，你有可能会有一个物料清单系统来确定标准件的成本。你是否也能得 到类似的劳动力清单系统来确定标准的劳动成本？ Time study ------ The most widely used tool to develop standard times is still time study. Time study reflects what is happening in your job or project. It is also easy to learn and use. Now, the PC has made summarizati on of time study data a matter of sec onds in stead of hours. 时间研究----用来开发标准时间使用最广泛的工具依然是时间研究。时间研究能把你的工作或者项目中发生的事情展现出来。时间研究也比较容易学习使用。如今，电脑用几秒而不是 几小时就能总结时间研究。 Activity sampling -------- An often overlooked tool is activity sampling, usually called work sampli ng by North America n IEs. In this tech niq ue, a group of workers are observed at ran dom times and their in dividual activities no ted each hour. After a week or two, the average time spe nt on each activity can be calculated, and statistically justified. The average time per piece can then be determ in ed. 活动抽样----一个经常被忽视的工具是活动抽样，北美的工业工程师通常称之为工作抽样。 这种技术抽取随机时间观察工人并在每个小时对他们个人的活动作出记录。一两周后，每个 活动的平均花费时间可以被计算并系统地定义下来。每件工作的平均时间就能够确定。 Let ' quickly review the techniques, and put them into perspective according to the tasks for which they apply: ?moti on an alysis: very short, repetitive tasks; ?time study: short, repetitive and variable tasks; ?activity sampli ng: Ion ger, variable tasks; ?historical data: long, repetitive and variable tasks; ?estimates: seldom performed, variable tasks. 让我们快速回顾这些技术，并弄清楚它们适用的任务 ?动作分析?时间研究?活动抽样?历史数据时间非常短的重复性 时间短的重复性变量 时间较长的可变工时 间较长的重复性匚 宇工作。冒工作 作； T变工作； ?估计：很少执行的可变工作P30
PO，Purchase order,采购订单 TBE，To be executed,待执行or Technic bidding evaluation 技术标评价ANSI=American national standard insititute 美国标准化组织 AMSE=American society of Mechanical Engineers 美国机械工业工程协会 BWD=ButtWeld 对焊 SWF=Female socketwelding 内承插 TVB=Pipe or tube 管子 VENT=open to vent 放空口 SCF=Screwed Female 内螺纹 SCM=Screwed Male 外螺纹 SWM=Male Socketwelding 外承插焊 DP=Damper 风门 EJ=Expation Joint 膨胀节 FH=Flanged Hose 法兰连接软管 HC=Hose Coupling 软管活接头 RO=Restrict Orifice 限流孔板 RP=Rupture Plate 爆破板 RV=relief Valve 减压阀 SG=Sight Glass 视镜 SS=Safety shower & Eye Washer 安全淋浴洗眼器 ST=Steam Trap 疏水阀 STR=Strainer 过滤器 SV=Safety Valve 安全阀
TS=Temporary Strainer 临时过滤器 SL=Silencer 消音器 SP=Special Items 特殊管件 SY=Stack Yard 渣场 ESD=Emergency Shutdown System 紧急停车系统 DW=feeD Water 生活水 WFR=Fresh Water 新鲜水 FW=Fire protection Water 消防水 OD=Oiled Drain 含油废水 SD=Sewerage Drain 污水 CWSU=Cooling Water Supply 冷却循环给水 CWRT=Cooling Water Return 冷却循环回水 PA=Phoshoric Acid 磷酸 SO=seal oil 密封油 UR=urea 尿素 AA=Atmospheric Air FL=Flare gas 火炬气体 FLG=Flue Gas 烟道气 FG=Fuel GAS 燃料气 OFR=For Review 供审查 OFA=For Approval 供批准 ACF=Advancede Certified Final Drawing 最终确定版图纸
《工业工程专业英语》课程教学大纲 课程编号：0803701057 课程名称：工业工程专业英语 英文名称：Professional English for Industrial Engineering 课程类型：专业任选课 总学时：32 讲课学时：32 实验学时：0 学分：2 适用对象：工业工程专业 先修课程：大学英语 一、课程性质、目的和任务 专业英语是工业工程专业的一门专业课，通过对本课程的学习，进一步巩固和提高英语水平，特别是提高阅读科技英语及本专业英语资料的能力。其任务是培养学生阅读、写作科技英语等方面的能力，使其能以英语为工具顺利获取有关本专业所需要的信息。 二、教学基本要求 了解专业英语的语法特点、专业英语的词汇特点及专业英语的各种文体中常用的符号、公式及其他。掌握工业工程专业的英语文献阅读和理解，能快速阅读科技文章，迅速获取信息和中心思想。理解专业英语翻译的基本方法。 三、教学内容及要求 1．Introduction to Industrial Engineering 了解工业工程的角色，工业工程毕业生的需求，学习本书的目的，掌握工业工程的定义。了解工业工程涉及的学科，工业工程的发展。了解美国工业工程专业在学科中的地位与中国的不同。 2．Work Study 工作研究和作业测量是工业工程领域最传统的研究内容。通过本章的学习，对工作研究和作业测量有一个全面的认识和了解。 3．Manufacturing Systems 了解制造系统的含义，制造系统的各个组成部分，掌握几种典型的制造系统及成组技术、柔性制造系统、敏捷制造等先进制造系统各自应用范围及特点。了解CAD，CAM，CAPP 等辅助制造系统在各种制造系统中的应用。 4．Production Planning and Control 掌握生产计划的主要内容，体会生产计划在生产系统中的重要性，掌握生产预测、生产计划的制定、生产计划控制的各种原理及方法。 5．Logistics Engineering 掌握物流工程中的基本术语。了解物流工程的内容和特点。了解EOQ的概念。掌握仓库运作的术语。 6．Ergonomics 对人因学发展的历史进行简要介绍的基础上对基本的人因系统模型进行阐述，并对未来
二Real IE Value工业工程的真正价值 1、On the other hand,today’s IE has at his or her disposal more technology and tools than the IE of 30 years ago could have ever imagined. 另一方面，现在的工业工程师可以使用许多30年前的同行想都不可能想到的技术和工具。 2、If a person loses sight of the total job and starts looking at the individual pieces,it comes out a little hairy. 如果一个人不能对整项工作做全面把握而只是将注意力放在个别的方面，则结果将不会令人满意。 3、Problems associated with renaming IE departments to describe their particular function may have more to do with appearance than with the actual job being performed. 将工业工程部重新命名以明确描述其具体职能，其间所出现的问题与其说与实际完成的工作有关倒不如说与问题的表象有关。 4、In fact,even though ABET accredits many IE and IET programs in the United States,there remains much variance and flexibility among each of the programs. 【ABET是工程与技术鉴定委员会（the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology）的简写。该委员会是美国用来检查和评价各工程类大学全部课程的官方机构，ABET鉴定目的是向公众和工程类毕业生的雇主保证学校的课程满足了规定的最低标准。】 实际上，尽管工程与技术鉴定委员会鉴定了美国的许多工业工程和工业工程与技术项目，但这些项目之间仍然存在很大的区别和灵活性。 6、But if the individual IE will assume the role as a change implementor—not a change follower—broad opportunities are on the horizon. 然而，如果每个工业工程师都承担起变化的实施者而不是变化的追随者的角色，则广泛的机会就会出现。 7、If we’ve got a problem,it’s of our own doing and our own unwillingness to take the lead in a lot of these major improvement activities. 如果我们遇到了问题，这些问题也是由于我们自己的所作所为和不愿意在一些重大的改进活动中承担领导角色所造成的。 三、Operetions Research运筹学 Operations research,as defined by the Operations Research Society of America,“is concerned with scientifically deciding how to best desigh and operate man-machine systems,usually under conditions requiring the allocation of scarce resources.” 美国运筹学学会将运筹学定义为：在需要对紧缺资源进行分配的前提下决定如何最好地设计和运作人—机系统的决策科学。 四、Work-measured Labor Standards 基于作业测量的劳动标准 4.1 Perhaps the only thing wrong with these tools is their lack of a buzz word or catchy acronym. 也许这些工具的唯一缺点是它们没有一个能够反映其内涵的响亮的词组或引入的字母的缩写。 4.2 Human workers come in at least a billion models with varying physical,mental,and emotional specifications and work under varying environmental conditions. 由于身体、精神和感情等方面以及工作环境的不断变化，工人至少可以被分为十亿种不同的类型。 4.3 Standard times are standard times only because all parties involved agree they are standard times. 标注时间之所以是标准的仅仅是因为相关的所有部门都承认其是标准时间。