下载文档原格式
华南理工大学2014年考研专业课真题试卷（原版）626华南理工大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：英语综合水平测试适用专业：英语语言文学，外国语言学及应用语言学共12页Part I.Reading Comprehension(60marks,2marks each)Directions:There are6passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage1A new study from the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement(CIRCLE)at Tufts University shows that today's youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations,and a2008study from the Center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activists support traditionally liberal causes.But there's no easy way to see what those figures mean in real life.During the presidential campaign,Barack Obama assembled a racially and ideologically diverse coalition with his message of hope and change;as the reality of life under a new administration settles in,some of those supporters might become disillusioned.As the nation moves further into the Obama presidency,will politically engaged young people continue to support the president and his agenda,or will they gradually drift away?The writers of Generation O(short for Obama),a new Newsweek blog that seeks to chronicle the lives of a group of young Obama supporters,want to answer that question.For the next three months,Michelle Kremer and11other Obama supporters,ages19to34,will blog about life across mainstream America,with one twist:by tying all of their ideas and experiences to the new president and his administration,the bloggers will try to start a conversation about what it means to be young and politically active in America today.Malena Amusa,a24-year-old writer and dancer from St.Louis sees the project as a way to preserve history as it happens.Amusa,who is traveling to India this spring to finish a book,then to Senegal to teach English,has ongoing conversations with her friends about how the Obama presidency has changed their daily lives and hopes to put some of those ideas,along with her global perspective,into her posts.She's excited because,as she puts it,"I don't have to wait [until]15years from now"to make sense of the world.Henry Flores,a political-science professor at St.Mary's University,credits this younger generation's political strength to their embrace of technology."[The Internet]exposes them to more thinking,"he says,"and groups that are like-minded in different parts of the country start to come together."That's exactly what the Generation O bloggers are hoping to do.The result could be a group of young people that,like their boomer parents,grows up with9/13a strong sense of purpose and sheds the image of apathy they've inherited from Generation X.It's no small challenge for a blog run by a group of ordinary—if ambitious—young people,but the第1页。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday.Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly2to live shorter lives. This suggests that3bulbs burn longer,that there is an4in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence,it5out,is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep,burns more fuel and is slow6the starting line because it depends on learning—a gradual7—instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to8.Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence?That’s the questionbehind this new research.I like it.Instead of casting a wistful glance10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise,it implicitly asks what the real11of our own intelligence might be.This is12the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would13on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner,14,is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning.we believe that15animals ran the labs,they would test us to16the limits of our patience,our faithfulness,our memory for terrain.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17,not merely how much of it there is.18,they would hope to study a19question:Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20the results are inconclusive.1.[A]Suppose[B]Consider[C]Observe[D]Imagine2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer4.[A]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D] priority5.[A]insists on[B]sums up[C]turns out[D]putsforward6.[A]off[B]behind[C]over[D]along7.[A]incredible[B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D] gradual8.[A]fight[B]doubt[C]stop[D]think9.[A]invisible[B]limited[C]indefinite[D] different10.[A]upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D] backward11.[A]features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs12.[A]outside[B]on[C]by[D] across13.[A]deliver[B]carry[C]perform[D] apply14.[A]by chance[B]in contrast[C]as usual[D]for instance15.[A]if[B]unless[C]as[D]lest16.[A]moderate[B]overcome[C]determine[D] reach17.[A]at[B]for[C]after[D]with18.[A]Above all[B]After all[C]However[D]Otherwise19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent[D]hostile20.[A]By accident[B]In time[C]So far[D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.“Not choice,but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the19th century.In the ever-changing21st century, even the word“habit”carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits,we create parallel synaptic paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus,they’re there to stay.Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”says Dawna Markova,author of“The Open Mind”and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.“But we are taught instead to‘decide,’just as our president calls himself‘the Decider.’”She adds,however,that“to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says.Researchers in the late1960covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways:analytically, procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively.At puberty, however,the brain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.“This breaks the major rule in theAmerican belief system—that anyone can do anything,”explains M.J. Ryan,author of the2006book“This Year I Will...”and Ms.Markova’s business partner.“That’s a lie that we have perpetuated,and it fosters commonness.Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”This is where developing new habits comes in.21.The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.22.The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided23.”ruts”(in line one,paragraph3)has closest meaning toA.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections24.Ms.Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing?A,prevents new habits form being formedB,no longer emphasizes commonnessC,maintains the inherent American thinking modelD,complies with the American belief system25.Ryan most probably agree thatA.ideas are born of a relaxing mindB.innovativeness could be taughtC.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD.curiosity activates creative mindsText2It is a wise father that knows his own child,but today a man can boost his paternal(fatherly)wisdom–or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our$30for paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstore–and another$120to get the results.More than60,000people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years,according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene,which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public,ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than$2500.Among the most popular:paternity and kinship testing,which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical,“There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,”says Trey Duster,a New York University sociologist.He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a fewcenturies back.Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA,which a passed down only from mothers.This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors,even though,for example,just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or,four generations back,14other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results.In addition,the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs1and2,the text shows PTK’s___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C]successful promotion[D]popularity with households27.PTK is used to__________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C]identify parent-child kinship[D]choose children for adoption28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines[C]fully use genetic information[D]achieve the claimed accuracy29.In the last paragraph,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B]overlapping database building30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B]DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D]lies behind DNA testingText3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alikeprogress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social,political and intellectual development of these and all other societies;however,the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.We are fortunate that is it,because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and,as a result,radically higher standards of living.Ironically,the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago,with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak.The U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S.economic performance.Japan was, and remains,the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.Yet the research revealed that the U.S.factories of Honda Nissan,and Toyota achieved about95percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S.workers received on the job.More recently,while examing housing construction,the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston,Texas,consistently met best-practice labor productivitystandards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development?We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it.After all,that’s how education got started.When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers10,000years ago,they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved,humanity’s productivity potential,they could in turn afford more education.This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary,but not a sufficient,condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.A lack of formal education,however,doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future.On the contrary,constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31.The author holds in paragraph1that the important of education inpoor countries___________.[A]is subject groundless doubts[B]has fallen victim of bias[C]is conventional downgraded[D]has been overestimated32.It is stated in paragraph1that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C]demands priority from the government[D]requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A]the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B]the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D]]the U.S workforce is more organize34.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged__________.[A]when people had enough time[B]prior to better ways of finding food[C]when people on longer went hung[D]as a result of pressure on government35.According to the last paragraph,development of education __________.[A]results directly from competitive environments[B]does not depend on economic performance[C]follows improved productivity[D]cannot afford political changesText4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy,nowhere else in colonial America was“So much important attached to intellectual pursuits”According to many books and articles,New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.But inkeeping with our examination of southern intellectual life,we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances.The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.`Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.There men wrote and published extensively,reaching both New World and Old World audiences,and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget,however,that most New Englanders were less well educated.While few crafts men or farmers,let alone dependents and servants,left literary compositions to be analyzed,The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late1630s,left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs.sexual confusion,economic frustrations, and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible,told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate,and read the magical words:“come out from among them,touch no unclean thing,and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while,many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s,as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion.“Our main end was to catch fish.”36.The author notes that in the seventeenth-century NewEngland___________.[A]Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.[C]Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D]intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37.It is suggested in paragraph2that New Englanders__________.[A]experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World[C]paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D]were obsessed with religious innovations38.The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A]were famous in the New World for their writings[B]gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C]abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D]created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39.The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A]influenced by superstitions[B]troubled with religious beliefs[C]puzzled by church sermons[D]frustrated with family earnings40.The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A]were mostly engaged in political activities[B]were motivated by an illusory prospect[C]came from different backgrounds.[D]left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions(41-45),choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which donot fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the1860s,British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena,including human societies,changed over time,advancing toward perfection.41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late1800s.Morgan,along with Tylor,was one of the founders of modern anthropology.In his work,he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early1900s in North America,German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism.Historical particularism,which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures,gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________. Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology,largely through the influence of many students of Boas.But a number of anthropologists in the early1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few,especially gifted peoples that,according to diffusionists,then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early1900s,French sociologistÉmile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity.An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European,and especially British,anthropology.[A]Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations,such as inventions,had a single origin and passed from society to society.This theory was known as diffusionism.[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible,Boas became skilled in linguistics,the study of languages,and in physical anthropology,the study of human biology and anatomy.[C]He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the“survival of the fittest,”in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger,more advanced races and societies.[D]They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure,such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E]Thus,in his view,diverse aspects of culture,such as the structure of families,forms of marriage,categories of kinship,ownership of property, forms of government,technology,and systems of food production,all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G]For example,British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J. Perry incorrectly suggested,on the basis of inadequate information,that farming,pottery making,and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egyptand diffused throughout the world.In fact,all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others,and the deliberate educating of the young.In the former case the education is incidental;it is natural and important,but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began,for example,in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences;family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity;systematic labor,for the most part,because of enslavement to others,etc.47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today,in our industrial life,apart fromcertain values of industriousness and thrift,the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young,the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact,gains in importance.48While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50We are thus led to distinguish,within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering,a more formal kind of education--that of direct tuition or schooling.In undeveloped social groups,we find very little formal teaching and training.These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions.“White pollution”is still going on.Write a letter to the editor(s)of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about100words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e"Li Ming"instead.You do not need to write the address.Part B52.Directions:In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20points)【真题答案】2009年1月10日考研英语完整答案1—5BADBC6—10ADCBD11—15DBCDA16—20CBAAC21—25ABCAA26—30ACDAB31—35DBBAC36—40BBDAC41—45CEABG46.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience,but this effect is not a part of its original motive尽管人们可以这样说，对任何一个社会制度价值的衡量就是其在增长和丰富经验方面所产生的影响，但是这种影响并不是其最初(原来)动机的一部分。
华南理工大学2009 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷一、名词解释(英语名词需翻译并解释；每小题2分，共40分)1、肽聚糖；2、革兰氏染色法；3、温和性噬菌体；4、抗反馈调节突变株；5、巴斯德效应；6、基团转位；7、化学渗透学说；8、恒化器；9、原养型；10、局限性转导11、prokaryote，12、rhizoid，13、EMB medium，14、anaerobic respiration，15、heterotrophs，16、Colony-forming unit，17、auxotroph，18、parasexual reproduction，19、Phenotype，20、transposable element二、问答题（共80分）1、图示芽孢构造及其各部分成分，并渗透调节皮层膨胀学说是如何解释芽孢耐热的机制的。
（10分）2、从土壤中分离细菌、放线菌、霉菌方法（包括采用的培养基、温度、pH、时间等）？如何从形态上鉴别这三类微生物？（15分）3、分析微生物培养过程中，引起pH改变的原因？在设计培养基时是如何考虑控制pH的方法，并说明其机理。
（15分）4、简述微生物所具有的DNA损伤修复系统，并比较不同修复系统的特点。
（15分）5、叙述营养缺陷型的筛选过程，并指出浓缩营养缺陷型的主要方法及原理。
（15分）6、释乳糖操纵子的功能是受正负调控体系的双重控制的。
（10分）三、综合题（共30分）1、某研究室分离到一株性能优良的酵母菌株，在进行该菌的生理生化特性时需要做以下工作：（15分）（1）接种培养前，用血球计数板计数，测得每小格平均数为6，稀释倍数为10，计算每毫升的菌体数。
（2）测定生长曲线时分别采用平板计数法和分光光度计测光密度，将所得结果画出其生长曲线，并说明不同生长期。
（3）接种时细胞浓度为104/ml，经过400min的培养，细胞浓度为109/ml，计算该菌的世代时间和繁殖代数。
（lg2=0.301）2、将下列5个菌种的拉丁学名译成中文，并指出其在理论和实践上的重要性。
2009年6⽉研究⽣英语学位考试真题及答案2009年6⽉研究⽣学位英语考试真题及答案A卷Part I Listening Comprehension (25 MINUTES, 20 POINTS)Section A (1 point each)Direction: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation。
question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. Visit her parents.B. Go to the dentist.C. Meet her professor.D. Have a job interview.2. A. Bob is majoring in history.B. Bob is a little boring.C. He likes Bob very much.D. They should invite Bob to the party.3. A. The flight was delayed.B. She didn't like the movies.C. She had seen both movies before.D. No movies were shown on her flight.4. A. It’s drier.B. It’s wetter.C. It’s abnormal.D. It’s an average year.5. A. Western.B. Horror.C. Science fiction.D. Action.6. A. Wait for MikeB. Ask Mike to come.C. Pick Mike up in the morning．D. Stop working for the day.7. A. She doesn’t like playing tennis．B. She was thinking the same as the man.C. She had something else in mind.D. She had suggested the same thing earlier.8. A. Matt wants to be cheered up.B. Matt has lost himself.C. Matt worries little about the game.D. Martha feels a little depressed.9. A. The man is a coward.B. The man is too careful.C. Martha likes chicken very much.D. Martha is not the right person for him.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the balks and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause.. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given .by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Mini-talk One10. A. Mr. Lee always wastes time in class．B. Mr. Lee likes talking about history.C. Mr. Lee always feels bored in class．D. Mr. Lee is a little funny.11. A. Boring.B. Satisfactory.C. Inconsistent.D. Inspiring.12. A. Jim has taken a low end job.B. Jim has got a well-paid job.C. Jim is not hopeless in finding a job．D. Jim is desperate in finding a job.Mini-talk Two13. A. The control of drug trafficking in the United States．B. The anti-drug war about the border between Mexico and U.S．C. The investigation of the death of a retired U.S．general.D. The fight of corruption inside Mexican police.14. A. The criminal groups are growing very rapidly.B. The criminal groups can get more profits now.C. Mexican government has not been serious about the drug trade.D. Mexican government is effective in fighting the drug trade.15. A. 6,000B. 10,000C. 45,000D. 54,000Section C（1 point each)Directions; In this section, you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording, you are asked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.请在录⾳结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上）16. For best results with the least risk, tomatoes should be planted when _________.17. Some larger tomatoes may need at least a meter and a half __________．18. The average air temperature should be about _________Celsius．19. There was a time when people thought tomatoes _________，which is not true.20. Some fruits may be called “vegetables” because they are used in delicious foods instead of__________.Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets onyour ,machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21．People who work overtime at any job are more likely to sustain a work-related injury than those who work their regular hours.A. maintainB. endureC. supportD. suffer22. These instruments are so powerful as to enable them to ascertain many facts of the deepest interest.A. put outB. find outC. wear outD. turn out23. Kunz looked set to become a star in his field, but he gave it all up after these failures.A. fixedB. stereotypedC. determinedD. built24. In the disciplines underlying our high-tech economy, America is steadily losing its global edge.A. borderC. appealD. territory25. The Chinese economy is less affected, so there is no reason to take a dim view of economic growth.A. pessimisticB. blackC. vagueD. positive26．The spacecraft touched down on schedule and the astronauts were helped out of it.A. launched B．operated C. landed D. crashed27. In the tropic rainforest there is a wide range of species peculiar to this area.A. specificB. oddC. distinctD. familiar28. The officer distributed among the youngster all the blankets and provisions, withholding himself only a canteen.A. keeping offB. keeping backC. keeping atD. keeping up29．These graduates are more than obliged to the college for the happy four years of college life.A. obligatoryB. reluctantC. indifferentD. grateful30. Regular exercise can keep you energetic and contribute to a productive life in the long run.A. athleticallyB. successivelyC. ultimatelyD. persistentlySection B (0.5 point each)Directions：There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.31. Observers commented that loss of independence was too high a(n) _________ to pay for peace.A. costC. expenditureD. price32. The journalist who had set out to obtain these important facts__________a long time to send them.A. spentB. tookC. passedD. consumed33．Telling your doctor about all the medicines you take may help avoid serious drug_________．A. interactionsB. interruptionsC. interventionsD. institutions34. Two dozen New Yorkers stood on the platform at the subway station, __________briefcases and newspapers·A. clippingB. clutchingC. clashingD. clarifying35．Each __________ effort a baby makes at speech is a sign of intellectual development.A. cordialB. compactC. clumsyD. chronic36. Iran has expanded its uranium enrichment activities__________ UN demands to scrap its nuclear-related programs·A, in defiance of B. in line with C. in return for D. in relation to37．China moved to ________ its grain production when its grain output had kept declining for five consecutive years．A. turn upB. take upC. step upD. make up38．The most interesting thing ________ Americans is that they are brought up to believe they are the best at evervthing.A. withB. inC. fromD. about39. The dean asked the secretary if there were enough people _________to hold a faculty meeting.A. on purposeB. on endC. on handD. on average40. Visitors to this war museum are ___________ to see photos of mass massacre by Japanese soldiers．A. amazedB. startledC. wonderedD. startedPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.It's a new world, and we barely seem to have noticed. Places we ____41_____ with inexpensive low-end manufacturing are going high-tech in a big ____42_____. The spotlight is mainly in China and India, for good_____43______. The Chinese economy is surging, ___44___ by increasingly sophisticated engineering, with products____45____ from automobiles to semiconductors. India has nearly as _____46_____ an economy, powered by a cheap English-speaking labor force who ____47____ in software and services.Along with these ____48_____ giants，countries like Japan, South Korea and Singapore are also challenging America’s _____49_____ . If present trends continue, 90% of all the world’s scientists and engineers will be living in Asia_____50_____ 2010, according to Nobel Prize winner Richard E. Smalley, professor of chemistry and physics at Rice University:41. A. deal B. associate C. communicate D. concern42. A. scale . B. route C. Way D. dimension43. A. reason B. purpose C. effect D. health44. A. checked B. burned C. fueled D. extinguished45. A. varying B. differing C. changing D. ranging46. A. tragic B. drastic C. dynamic D. static47. A. surpass B. excel C. overtake D. bypass48. A. emerging B. diverging C. submerging D. merging49. A. manipulation B. presidency C. constitution D.dominance50. A. until B. in C. by D. beforePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneHeadphones used with MP3 digital -music players like the iPod may interfere with heart pacemakers（起搏器）and implantable defibrillators（除颤器），U.S．researchers said. The MP3 players themselves posed no threat to pacemakersand defibrillators, used to normalize heart rhythm. But strong little magnets inside the headphones can foul即the devices if placed within 1.2 inches of them, the researchers told an American Heart Association meeting in New Orleans．Dr. William Maisel of the Medical Device Safety Institute in Boston led a team that tested eight models of MP3 player headphones，including clip-on and ear-plug types, in 60 defibrillator and pacemaker patients．They placed the headphones on the patients' chests，directly over the devices．The headphones interfered with the heart devices in about a quarter of the patients⼀14 of the 60⼀and interference was twice as likely in those with a defibrillator than with a pacemaker. Another study presented at the meeting showed that cellular phones equipped with wireless technology known as Bluetooth are unlikely to interfere with pacemakers.A pacemaker sends electrical impulses to the heart to speed up or slow heart rhythm. The magnet, however, couldmake it deliver a signal no matter what the heart rate is, the researchers said.An implantable defibrillator signals the heart to normalize its rhythm if it gets too fast or slow. A magnet couldde-activate it, making it ignore an abnormal heart rhythm instead of delivering an electrical shock to normalize it.The devices usually go back to working the right way after the headphones are removed, the researchers said."The main message here is: it's fine for patients to use their headphones normally, meaning the⼣can listen to music and keep the headphones in their ears．But what they should not do is put the headphones near their device,，，Maisel said in a telephone interview.So that means people with pacemakers or defibrillators should not place the headphones in a shirt pocket or coat pocket near the chest when they are not being used, and should not place them over their chest or have others who are wearing headphones rest their head on the patient's chest, Maisel said.51. How can MP3 digital music players hinder pacemakers and defibrillators?A. P3 players can interfere with heart pacemakers and defibrillators．B. The magnets inside the headphones can interfere with pacemakers and defibrillators．C. The loud music beats pose a threat to pacemakers and defibrillators．D. MP3 players are placed too close to pacemakers and defibrillators．52. Dr. William Maisel’s tests showed that ___________.A. headphones had interference with the heart devices in every patientB. half of the models of MP3 player headphones had interference with heart devicesC. headphones had much stronger interference with a defibrillator than with a pacemakerD. headphones had much stronger interference with a pacemaker than with a defibrillator53．Bluetooth is mentioned as an example of cell phones that _____________.A. have little interference with the heart devicesB. are used in the tests in Dr. William Maisel’s studyC. are equipped with wireless technologyD. will replace the MP3 player headphones54. The magnets inside the headphones can cause problems by _________.A. sending out electrical shock to damage heartsB. sending out signals to make hearts beat too slowC. seeding out signals to make hearts beat too fastD. making the heart devices malfunction55. People with pacemakers or defibrillators should __________.A. never use MP3 digital music playersB. not use MP3 headphonesC. not use the headphones near their heartsD. put the headphones in a pocket when they are not being used56. The writer’s purpose in writing this article is to ___________.A. report the effects of cell phones on heartsB. warn people not to use modern gadgetsC. compare different headphone productsD. inform people of the safe use of MP3 playersPassage TwoCyber crime is likely to bring about as much destruction as the credit crisis in the coming years if international regulation is not improved, some of the world’s top crime experts said Damage caused by cyber crime is estimated at $100 billion annually, said Kilian Strauss, of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)．"These criminals outsmart us ten, or a hundred to one,，，Strauss told Reuters, adding more Internet experts were needed to investigate and tackle cyber crime.Criminal organizations are exploiting a regulatory vacuum to commit Internet crimes such as computer spying, money-laundering and theft of personal information, and the scope for damage is vast, experts told a European Economic Crime conference in Frankfurt. "We need multilateral understanding, account and oversight to avoid, in the years to come, a cyber crisis equivalent to the current financial crisis,”Antonio Maria Costa, Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, said.Internet crime is also a threat to national security, they said. Several countries, including the United States, have voiced concern over some hackers’ abilities to electronically spy on them’and disrupt computer networks．Calls for greater regulation of the Internet come at a time of regulatory renaissance, with policymakers looking to support the powers of financial sector watchdogs in the wake of the global financial crisis．"Because of the transnational nature of identity-related crime, and especially of cyber-crime, if we do not tackle the crime everywhere we will not solve it anywhere,” Costa said. The President of Interpol, Khoo Boon Hui, said increasingly highly technological gangs from Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa ～coming up with ever～sophisticated ways of swindling money from vulnerable people. He also said there was a trend of company bosses being bribed by fraudsters claiming to have guilty evidence about their firms.Strauss, who works as Senior Program Officer at the Office of the Coordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental activities, said Internet crime watchdogs could learn a lot from criminals willing to switch sides．57. The main idea of the passage is that _________.A. cyber crime is as destructive as the credit crisis in the coming yearsB. damage caused by cyber crime is very serious and will get worseC. to fight cyber crime requires enhanced international regulationD. international organizations should be established to crush cyber crime58. According to Kilian Strauss, _____________.A. cyber criminals are 10 or 100 times smarter than Internet expertsB. Internet exerts are 10 or 100 times smarter than cyber criminalsC. as cyber criminals are very smart, more experts are needed to light against themD. the investigation of the cyber crime takes time and money59. Criminal organizations can commit internet crimes because _________.A. there is no effective regulationB. they can exploit the present regulationsC. no country has paid enough attention to themD．the current financial crisis has put the authorities at a loss60. To win the war against cyber crime; __________.A. policymakers should support their governments financiallyB. each country should solve its own problems effectivelyC. United States should play a very important roleD, international cooperation is crucial61. The underlined word swindling (in the 5th paragraph) is closest in meaning to “_______”.A. bribingB. cheatingC. corruptingD. robbing62. Straus believes that ___________.A. Internet security experts can learn a lot from cyber criminalsB. if cyber criminals will cooperate with the police, they can be helpfulC. Internet crime watchdogs will make cyber criminals shift groundsD. international」organizations can solve the problems of cyber crimePassage ThreeIt's hard to know who to trust these days．When we see people staging protests we think, Wow！These folks are passionate about their cause⼀otherwise, why would they stand in the rain for hours？But sometimes it's a show: You and even your Congressman may have been raised to power by manipulative marketers who pay serious money to hire protesters.It's a mean trick. Let's say you want to stage a political rally, but you just can't find enough people for a good turnout. What you need are folks with lots of time on their hands, who can be persuaded to make a fuss over almost anything. Solution: Head down to a homeless shelter and take out cash.No joke⼀hiring the homeless is catching on. Last October, a Georgia activist pushing a state law to crack down on illegal immigrants paid 14 homeless men ＄10 each to hold signs and march around. It worked. People thought the rally was genuine⼀a local radio station even broadcast it live. But listeners had no idea this was just a crowd for hire.Pay for rage works⼀the homeless get a little income and the lobbying group gets a crowd. The only losers are citizens and. the media, who think the whole show is legitimate. After 'a Phoenix TV station recently noticed rallies featuring the homeless, they asked some of the protesters, who were holding signs about a local labor dispute, what they were upset about. Many had no idea. "All we do is stand out here and hold the signs，，’said one.Some bold organizers have been known to "borrow'’ people's names. In one case a few years ago, members of Congress were swamped with telegrams about a telecom bill. But some constituents were confused when they got phone calls from their concerned Congressmen⼀because they'd never written in to begin with. It turned out that thousands of the telegrams were faked by a telecom-industry PR firm. And guess what? No aspect of this campaign appears to have violated Postal Service regulations．That means your name could be used next in support of a corporate cause you've never heard of. All of this amounts to a corruption of our democratic system: You can't trust someone who's calling you about a political issue, and if you write to your Congressman, he might not trust that you haven't been manipulated.Maybe the solution starts with unmasking all those protest rallies that are just outrage-for-hire purchased down at the local shelter.63. From the first paragraph it can be learned that _________.A. those protesting in the cold rain are respectableB. most Congressmen were elected by fake votesC. in come cases protesters are hiredD. people staging protests are passionate64. Which of the following statements is true？A. The homeless tend to organize protests and rallies．B. Political rallies are sometimes manipulated by power and money.C. The homeless are to blame for deceiving the public and media.D. Political rallies attended by the homeless are on the decline.65．The passage implies that sometimes _________.A. people were deceived into believing that this was a real and legal rallyB. the hired protesters. knew clearly what they were pushing forC. such protests have never attracted any attentionD. organizers paid generously for these protesters66. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 "pay for rage works" means that _________.A. organizers of such rallies have to pay the participantsB. expressing anger can lead to good solutionsC. the homeless have to be paid moreD. hiring people to show your outrage is effective67. To shape the Congressmen's opinion, a telecom-industry PR firm ___________.A. asked the constituents to send telegrams to the CongressmenB. wrote to local residents for supportC. tried to violate Postal Service regulationsD. sent telegrams to the Congressmen in the names of local constituents68. Protest rallies of this kind might result in ___________.A. business deceptionsB. disappearance of political trustC. the increase of the homelessD. the collapse of a political partyPassage FourIt had been a long, brutal day on the sales floor for young Brent. He'd had his share of "ups"-what retail salespeople say when it's their turn with the next customer-and more than his share of downs．And now he was in danger of being shut out for the day.He hadn't been shut out in a long rime. Even in his early days with the company, he could always sell something to someone. He was a natural. But not on this day. This，of course, exposed him to some good-natured ridicule from his associates，who took not-so-secret delight in seeing the sales genius get his stroke of misfortune.Brent had more at stake here than just professional pride and reputation, however. Brent was a new father: He and his wife,Kay, had decided that she would be a full-time mom, which meant he would financially support the family. When he did well on the sales floor, finances weren't a problem. But when he struggled to make sales，the whole family struggled.Toward the end of the day, a man came in to buy a suit. This was potentially a good sale, the kind that can turn a bad day into a good one-just like that. Brent worked hard to make the sale. But the man hesitated. Brent knew all too well the look he saw in his eyes-the look of a customer about to walk out the door empty-handed. When it became clear that the man was going to leave to do a little comparison shopping, Brent handed him his business card and invited him to return after he'd had a chance to look around.The man looked at Brent's card, then took a long look at Brent."So you're Brent's boy," the man said, referring to the card that identified him as Brent Jr."Do you know my dad?" Brent asked.“Sure do," the man said. T hey chatted for a moment, establishing the link between father and son. Then the man said, "Your dad's a good man. If you're anything like him…well, tell me again about that suit."Brent called his father that night, but not to recount the story. "I just wanted to thank you," he said, "for giving me a name I can be proud of."69. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that as a salesman Brent was ___________.A. creativeB. hard-workingC. experiencedD. warm-hearted70. Th e underlined words “stroke of misfortune" in Paragraph 3 are closest in meaning to ________.A. change of fateB. bad luckC. a rare opportunityD. an unexpected reward71. It is known from the passage that ____________.A. Brent's family had to struggle to make ends meetB. Brent's family had to experience a temporary hard timeC. the family's future depended on Brent and his wife keeping their jobsD：the family's well-being was closely related to Brent's sales performance72. As soon as the man entered the store to buy a suit,＿·A. Brent felt that his chance finally cameB ．Brent decided to chat with him for a whileC. Brent gave him his greeting and business cardDent was sure that he couldn'‘make the sale73．Brent made a call to his father because heA. had had a good day on the sales floorB ．had met an old friend of his father’s earlier in the day·'E}-s proud of his～’s achievementD. was grateful for having a respectable name74. We can learn from the story that＿．A. we should cherish what we havekey to success is to never give即C. it is important to have a good reputationD. our family is the most valuable treasurePassage FiveIf the universality of immersion-style language programs, emergency test prep classes, tired college kids is any indication, cramming（临时抱佛脚）is a wildly popular study strategy. Professors frown upon it yet conspire by squeezing vast topics like "Evolution" or "World history 1914 to present" into the last week of a course. So is cramming effective or not? A new study by UC-San Diego psychologists confirms what you may suspect deep down: The answer is no. Hurried memorization is a ．hopeless approach for retaining information. But it's not all bad news. The team offers a precise formula for better study habits, arid it doesn't necessarily need dogged discipline and routine.To arrive at their prescription, the scientists tested the "spacing effect" on long-term memory. In other words，they wanted to know how the time gap between study sessions influences the ability to remember material on test day. They asked 1,354 volunteers to memorize 32 trivial facts, such as "Who invented snow golf?" (Rudyard Kipling) and "What European nation consumes the most spicy Mexican food?" (Norway)．Participants reviewed the answers anywhere from several minutes to several months after first learning them, and then～tested up to a year later.The findings？Students perform better when they space their study sessions rather than when they try to cram everything into th eir heads during one sitting.’ But for those who must cram, timing is everything. According to the researchers, if you have only one date on which to study, choose a day that's closer to when you first learned the material than when you take the test-but not too close. For instance, if you have a French lesson on Monday and a quiz the following· Monday, you should study on Wednesday for maximum retention. Tuesday is too early and Sunday is too late. If you want to remember something for a year, wait about a month to review what you learned.Hal Pashler, one of the lead authors, suspects that most crammers don't realize the error of their ways．"Even in the scientific community, cram type summer courses on new research methods are extremely popular," he told me in ⼏an email.‘`And I have never heard people who take these courses even notice the fact that they are a perfect prescription for rapid forgetting．”75．Which of the following can best describe professors，attitude towardcramming？A. Rationally rejecting．13}.,Xeasonably ignoring.C ．Readily accepting. D．Reluctantly helping.76．The new study on cramming＿·AV&kes us confused about how to understand“B ．proves the correctness of the general understandingC，points out the problems with what's popularly knownD ．raises questions as to what should be avoided77．Paragraph 2 mainly describes＿．A. the necessity of the testB. the procedure of the testC. the selection of the test subiectsVIC content of the test questions78．According to the passage,. the most important cramming strategy is。
2014年华南理工大学626英语综合水平测试考研真题(总分150,考试时间180分钟)Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 6 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.(60 marks, 2 marks each)Passage 1A new study from the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) at Tufts University shows that today’s youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations, and a 2008 study from the Center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activists support traditionally liberal causes. But there’s no easy way to see what those figures mean in real life. During the presidential campaign, Barack Obama assembled a racially and ideologically diverse coalition with his message of hope and change; as the reality of life under a new administration settles in, some of those supporters might become disillusioned. As the nation moves further into the Obama presidency, will politically engaged young people continue to support the president and his agenda, or will they gradually drift away?The writers of Generation O (short for Obama), a new Newsweek blog that seeks to chronicle the lives of a group of young Obama supporters, want to answer that question. For the next three months, Michelle Kremer and 11 other Obama supporters, ages 19 to 34, will blog about life across mainstream America, with one twist: by tying all of their ideas and experiences to the new president and his administration, the bloggers will try to start a conversation about what it means to be young and politically active in America today. Malena Amusa, a 24-yearold writer and dancer from St. Louis sees the project as a way to preserve history as it happens. Amusa, who is traveling to India this spring to finish a book, then to Senegal to teach English, has ongoing conversations with her friends about how the Obama presidency has changed their daily lives and hopes to put some of those ideas, along with her global perspective, into her posts. She’s excited because, as she puts it, “I don’t have to wait [until] 15 years from now” to make sense of the world.Henry Flores, a political-science professor at St. Mary’s University, credits this younger generation’s political strength to their embrace of technology. “[The Internet] exposes them to more thinking,” he says, “and groups that are like-minded in different parts of the country start to come together.” That’s exactly what the Generation O bloggers are hoping to do. The result could be a group of young people that, like their boomer parents, grows up with 9/13 a strong sense of purpose and sheds the image of apathy they’ve inherited from Generation X. It’s no small challenge for a blog run by a group of ordinary—if ambitious—young people, but the members of Generation O are up to the task.1. What is the finding of a new study by CIRCLE?A. More young voters are going to the polls than before.B. The young generation supports traditionally liberal causes.C. Young voters played a decisive ro le in Obama’s election.D. Young people in America are now more diverse ideologically.2. What is the main concern of the writers of Generation O?A. How Obama is going to live up to young people’s expectations.B. Whether America is going to change during Obama’s presidency.C. Whether young people will continue to support Obama’s policy.D. How Obama’s agenda is going to affect the life of Americans.3. What will the Generation O bloggers write about in their posts?A. Their own interpretation of American politics.B. Policy changes to take place in Obama’s administration.C. Obama’s presidency viewed from a global perspective.D. Their lives in relation to Obama’s presidency.4. What accounts for the younger generation’s political strength according to Professor Henry Flores?A. Their embrace of radical ideas.B. Their desire to change America.C. Their utilization of the Internet.D. Their strong sense of responsibility.5. What can we infer from the passage about Generation X?A. They are politically conservative.B. They reject conventional values.C. They dare to take up challenges.D. They are indifferent to politics.Passage 2In the old days **pany performance was simply a case of looking at turnover, profits and dividends. However, the last few years have seen environmental and ethical issues move to the forefront of public concern and resulted in a closer scrutiny of a company’s performance in terms of its business ethics. As the Government has been slow to respond to the increasing importance of ethics, companies have been forced to address the subject themselves and re-align their own management policies accordingly. These policies will determine how a company conducts all aspects of its business, from dealing with clients to reporting to shareholders.By setting themselves up as ethical, however, companies are not so much promoting the importance of ethical conduct, the well-being of the **munity or the development of society as a whole, as engaging in a powerful marketing and PR exercise to attract both discerning clients and bright young recruits. In today’s markets, **pany without a coherent ethics policy is in danger of surrendering a competitive advantage to its rivals.In order to develop an ethical code of conduct, companies will have to deal with issues such as the legal implications of their disciplinary measures and the effect any new procedures will have on employees. However, new policies can only be developed once **pany has identified the core values that underpin its day to day operations. Without a clear understanding of these values, it is impossible to develop a code of **patible with **pany’s culture. An effective code will dictate how employees approach conflicts and other stressful dilemmas not covered by the normal terms and conditions ofemployment. It will provide employees with a clear understanding of what behavior is expected when they find themselves confronted with such dilemmas.Ethical procedures are particularly critical in times of crisis. Pay disputes, sexual harassment charges or cases of fraud, for example, can involve **plex issues that require careful decision-making and can have a very negative effect on staff morale. At such times it is crucial **panies act in an ethical manner. By doing so, they may not be able to avoid the potentially damaging publicity such cases inevitably attract; they will, however, be in a much stronger position to defend themselves in a court of law.The major obstacle **panies face, having established a code of conduct, is that of ensuring that each individual member of staff follows it. Some organizations simply distribute leaflets to all staff in the hope that they will read and act on them. **panies take a more active approach and invite management gurus to hold seminars on the subject, which, while often highly entertaining, have little long-term impact. Although **panies now include ethics as part of their standard induction program, it is widely accepted that this is not enough. The issue of ethics in the workplace is now of such importance that it needs to be incorporated into incompany development programs for all employees, from the shop floor to the boardroom.With little sign of public concern abating, no organization can afford to ignore the subject of ethics in the workplace. In order to address the issue effectively, companies need to ensure that staff at all levels **mitted to **pany and its values and are motivated to transfer **mitment into ethical behavior.6. Business ethics are becoming more important as a result of ________.A. consumer demands.B. shareholder concern.C. management theoriesD. government legislation7. Why **panies promoting ethical practice?A. To develop customer awareness of social issues.B. To help raise money for the **munity.C. To enhance the positive image of **pany.D. To improve the conduct of employees.8. What **panies do first to develop an ethical code?A. To take appropriate legal advice.B. To consult employees at all levels.C. To establish their basic principles.D. To set up disciplinary procedures.9. At times of crisis, a code of conduct reduces the ________.A. likelihood of negative publicity.B. potential damage of legal action.C. negative effect on staff morale.D. time it takes to make decisions.10. How **panies ensure that staff follow ethical procedures?A. By distributing detailed leaflets to employees.B. By integrating ethics into training at all levels.C. By arranging seminars with ethics consultants.D. By including ethics in induction programs.Passage 3Like most people, I’ve long understood that I will be judged by my occupation,that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was disappointed to see that it also decides how I’m treated as a st year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people. I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they’d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned me back with his finger minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I’d been.I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I’d be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked—cordially.I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.It’s no secret that there’s a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others’ needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant.I’m now applying to graduated school, which means someday I’ll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want, I think I’ll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them.11. The author was disappointed to find that ________.A. one’s position is used as a gauge to measure one’s intelligenceB. talented people like her should fail to get a respectable jobC. one’s occupation affects the way one is treated as a personD. professionals tend to look down upon manual workers12. What does the author intend to say by the example in the second paragraph?A. Some customers simply show no respect to those who serve them.B. People absorbed in a phone conversation tend to be absent-minded.C. Waitresses are often treated by customers as casual acquaintances.D. Some customers like to make **plaints for no reason at all.13. How did the author feel when waiting tables at the age of 19?A. She felt it unfair to be treated as a mere servant by professionals.B. She felt badly hurt when her customers regarded her as a peon.C. She was embarrassed each time her customers joked with her.D. She found it natural for professionals to treat her as inferior.14. What does the author imply by saying “…many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant” (Para.7)?A. Those who cater to others’ needs are destined to be looked down upon.B. Those working in the se rvice industry shouldn’t be treated as servants.C. Those serving others have to put up with rough treatment to earn a living.D. The majority of customers tend to look on a servant as a server nowadays.15. The author says she’ll one day take her clients to dinner in order to ________.A. see what kind of person they areB. experience the feeling of being servedC. show her generosity towards people inferior to herD. arouse their sympathy for people living a humble lifePassage 4I was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the Hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and 7th Avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit paunchy but still the champ as far as I was concerned. Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry what they see as outside forces running roughshod over the old Harlem.New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem- the New York Amsterdam News—when a tourist asking directions to Sylvia’s, a prominent Harlem restaurant, penetrates my daydreaming. He’s carrying a book: Touring Historic Harlem.History. I miss Mr. Michaux’s bookstore, his House of Common Sense, which was across from the Theresa. He had a big billboard out front with brown and black faces painted on it that said in large letters: “World History Book Outlet on 2,000,000,000 Africans and Nonwhite Peoples.” An ugly state office building has swallowed that space.I miss speaker like Carlos Cooks, who was always on the **er of 125th and 7th , urging listeners to support Africa. Harlem’s powerful political electricity seems unplugged—although the sweets are still energized, especially by West African immigrants.Hardworking southern newcomers formed the bulk of **munity back in the 1920s and 30s, when Harlem renaissance artists, writers, and intellectuals gave it a glitter and renown that made it the capital of black America. From Harlem, W.E.B. DuBois, Langston Hughes, Paul Robeson, Zora Neal Hurston, and others helped power America's cultural influence around the world.By the 1970s and 80s drugs and crime had ravaged parts of **munity. And the life expectancy for men in Harlem was less than that of men in Bangladesh. Harlem had become a symbol of the dangers of inner-city life.Now, you want to shout “Lookin’ good!” at this place that has been neglected for so long. Crowds push into Harlem USA, a new shopping centre on 125th , where a Disney store shares space with HMV Records, the New York Sports Club, and a nine-screen Magic Johnson **plex. Nearby, a Rite Aid drugstore also opened. Maybe part of the reason Harlem seems to be undergoing a rebirth is that it is finally getting what most people take for granted.Harlem is also part of an “empowerment zone”—a federal designation aimed at fostering economic growth that will bring over half a billion in federal, state, and local dollars. Just the shells of once elegant old brownstones now can cost several hundred thousand dollars. Rents are skyrocketing. An improved economy, tougher law enforcement, **munity efforts against drugs have contributed to a 60 percent drop in crime since 1993.16. At the beginning the author seems to indicate that Harlem ________.A. has remained unchanged all these years.B. has undergone drastic changes.C. has become the capital of Black America.D. has remained a symbol of dangers of inner-city life.17. When the author recalls Harlem in the old days, he has a feeling of ________.A. indifferenceB. discomfortC. delightD. nostalgia18. Harlem was called the capital of Black America in the 1920s and 30s mainly because of its ________.A. art and cultureB. immigrant populationC. political enthusiasmD. distinctive architecture19. From the passage we can infer that, generally speaking, the author ________.A. has strong reservations about the changesB. has slight reservations about the changesC. welcomes the changes in HarlemD. is completely opposed to the changesPassage 5“Museum” is a slippery word. It first meant (in Greek) anything consecrated to the Muses: a hill, a shrine, a garden, a festival or even a textbook. Both Plato’s Academy and Aristotle’s Lyceum had a mouseion, a muses’ shrine. Although the Greeks already collected detached works of art, many temples—notably that of Hera at Olympia (before which the Olympic flame is still lit)—had collections of objects, some of which were works of art by well-known masters, while paintings and sculptures in the Alexandrian Museum were incidental to its main purpose.The Romans also collected and exhibited art from disbanded temples, as well as mineral specimens, exotic plants, animals; and they plundered sculptures and paintings (mostly Greek) for exhibition. Meanwhile, the Greek word had slipped into Latin by transliteration (though not to signify picture galleries, which were called pinacothecae) and museum still more or less meant “Muses’ shrine”.The inspirational collections of precious and semi-precious objects were kept in larger churches and monasteries—which focused on the gold-enshrined, bejeweled relics of saints and martyrs. Princes, and later merchants, had similar collections, which became the deposits of natural curiosities: large lumps of amber or coral, irregular pearls, unicorn horns, ostrich egg, fossil bones and so on. They also included coins and gems—often antique engraved ones—as well as, increasingly, paintings and sculptures. As they multiplied and expanded, to supplement them, the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined.At the same time, visitors could admire the very grandest paintings and sculptures in the churches, palaces and castles; they were not “collected” either, but “site-specific”, and were considered an integral part both of the fabric of the buildings and of the way of life which went on inside them—and most of the buildings were public ones. However, during the revival of antiquity in the fifteenth century, fragments of antique sculpture were given higher status than the work of any contemporary, so that displays of antiquities would inspire artists to imitation, or evenbetter, to emulation; and so could be considered Muses’ shrines in the former sense.The Medici garden near San Marco in Florence, the Belvedere and the Capitol in Rome were the most famous of such early “inspirational” collections. Soon they multiplied, and, gradual1y, exemplary “modern” works were also added to such galleries.In the seventeenth century, scientific and prestige collecting became so widespread that three or four collectors independently published directories to museums all over the known world. But it was the age of revolutions and industry which produced the next sharp shift in the way the institution was perceived: the fury against royal and church monuments prompted antiquarians to shelter them in asylum-galleries, of which the Musee des Monuments Francais was the most famous. Then in the first half of the nineteenth century, museum funding took off, allied to the rise of new wealth: London acquired the National Gallery and the British Museum, the Louvre was organized, the Museum-Insel was begun in Berlin, and the Munich galleries were built. In Vienna, the huge Kunsthistorisches and Naturhistorisches Museums took over much of the imperial treasure. Meanwhile, the decline of craftsmanship (and of public taste with it) inspired the creation of “improving” collections. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London was the most famous, as well as perhaps the largest of them.20. The sentence “Museum is a slippery word” in the first paragraph means that ________.A. the meaning of the word didn’t change until after the l5th century.B. the meaning of the word had changed over the years.C. the Greeks held different concepts from the Romans.D. princes and merchants added paintings to their collections.21. The idea that museum could mean a mountain or an object originates from ________.A. the Romans.B. Florence.C. OlympiaD. Greek22. “...the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined” in the third paragraph means that ________.A. there was a great demand for fakers.B. fakers grew rapidly in number.C. fakers became more skillful.D. fakers became more polite.23. Painting and sculptures on display in churches in the 15 th century were ________.A. collected from elsewhere.B. made part of the buildings.C. donated by people.D. bought by churches.24. Modern museums came into existence in order to ________.A. protect royal and church treasures.B. improve existing collections.C. stimulate public interest.D. raise more funds.25. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Collection and collectors.B. The evolution of museums.C. Modern museums and their functions.D. The birth of museums.Passage 6“In every known human society the male’s needs for achievements can be recognized…In a great number of human societies men’s sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.”This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered, it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far **plete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about **plicated system of defenses which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women’s pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men’s status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behavior: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people’s sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.26. The phrase “men’s sureness of their sex role” in the first paragraph suggests that they ________.A. are confident in their ability to charm women.B. take the initiative in courtship.C. have a clear idea of what is considered “manly”.D. tend to be more immoral than women are.27. The third paragraph does NOT claim that men ________.A. prevent women from taking up certain professions.B. secretly admire women’s intellect an d resolution.C. doubt whether women really mean to succeed in business.D. forbid women to join certain clubs and societies.28. The third paragraph ________.A. generally agrees with the first paragraph.B. has no connection with the first paragraph.C. repeats the argument of the second paragraph.D. contradicts the last paragraph.29. At the end of the last paragraph the author uses humorous exaggeration in order to ________.A. show that men are stronger than women.B. carry further the ideas of the earlier paragraphs.C. support the first sentence of the same paragraph.D. disown the ideas he is expressing.30. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph ________.A. is based on the study of archaeology.B. illustrates how people expect men to behave.C. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke.D. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooerCritical ReadingDirections: Read the following paragraphs or passages and answer the questions that follow. (1)It can be risky these days to suggest that there are any innate differences between men and women, other than those of anatomy. Out the window go the old notions about man and aggression, woman and submission (don’t even say the word), men and intellect, woman and instinct. If I observe that “my infant son prefers pushing a block along the floor while making car noises to cradling a doll in his arms and singing lullabies (and he does)—well, I can only conclude that, despite all our earnest attempts at nonsexist child-rearing, he has already all suffered environment contamination. Some of it, no doubt unwittingly, came from my husband and me, reared in the days when nobody winced if you recited that old saw about what little girls and boys are made of.I do not believe, of course, that men are smarter, steadier, more high-minded than women. But or two notions are harder to shake – such as the idea that there is a thing as “men’s talk” or “women’s talk.” And that it’s natural instinct to seek out, on occasion, **pany of one’s own sex, exclude members of the other sex and not feel guilty about it.Oh, but we do. At a party I attended the other night, for instance, it suddenly became apparent that all the women were in one room and all the men were in the other. Immediately we redistributed ourselves, which was a shame. No one had suggested we segregate. The talk in the kitchen was simply, all the women felt, more interesting.What was going in the kitchen was a particular sort of conversation that I love and that most men I know would wash and wax the car, change the oil filter and vacuum the upholstery to avoid. There is a way women talk in **pany of other men. They are not at all the same.31. In Paragraph 1, the author says, “It can be risky these days to suggest that there are any innate differences between men and women, other than those of anatomy.” Do you agree? Why?32. What does “environmental contamination” (in Paragraph 1) mean? What is the figure of speech employed here?33. The author uses an anecdote in Paragraphs 3 and 4, what viewpoint does the anecdote support?(2)My friend received another degree this month. She became a B.A, M.A., M.A. or as we fondly call her, a Bamama. These latest degree raised her academic temperature and the quality of her resume. In fact my friend Bamama officially became qualified to unemployed in yet a better class。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。
(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit—fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday。
Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives。
This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer，that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high—priced option。
It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 — instead of instinct。
Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to9 intelligence？That's the question behind this new research. I like it。
2009年考研英语真题答案完整版：1-10 BADBC BDCAB11-20 CADDA DCBBD21-25 BDAAA26-30 ACAAB31-35DBBCC36-40 DDDAC41-45 35216Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.46题有人说，测量任何学校的价值是扩大和提高经验的影响，这种影响是最初动机的一部分47题只有逐渐注意机构的副产品，并且逐渐增多，它才能初人民认为是机构产品的一个直接因素。
626华南理工大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：英语综合水平测试适用专业：英语语言文学，外国语言学及应用语言学共 16 页Part I. Vocabulary (20 marks)Section OneDirections: In each of the following sentences, there is one word underlined, followed by three possible choices. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to this word. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. (10 marks)1.To espouse their new theory, scientists have made repeated empirical studies.a.negateb.illustratec.support2.His account of the war includes a lot of extraneous details.a.irrelevantb.relevantc.related3.Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring was a seminal work.a. historicb. historicalc. innovative4.She knew very well that she was an erratic tennis player so she continued practicinghard with might and main.a.incompetentb.changeablec.accomplished5.It is well-known nowadays that motivation is a primary factor in language learning.a.aptitudeb.intelligencec.incentive6.Some critics have praised James Michener’s epic novels for their facts but deploredtheir characterizations.mentedb.ridiculedplimented7.Louise May Alcott’s novel Little Women, which recounts the experiences of the fourMarch sisters during the American civil War, is largely autobiographical.a.praisesb.narratesc.exaggerates8.The fertility of natural world and the ideas of birth, death, and resurrection appear asrecurring themes through mythology.a.repeatedb.reliablec.respected9.Critics have traced the genesis of Mark Twain’s central themes to his boyhoodexperiences.a.meaningb.structurec.origin10.In the book Autobiography of Values, the aviation hero Charles Lindbergh reveals hisparadoxical and often sobering thoughts on life.a.contradictoryb.mysticc.paramount11.A fable is a didactic tale focused on a single character trait.a.instructiveb.muddledc.legendary12.This English teacher categorizes students in her class into seven basic groups.a.clarifiesb.classifiesc.channel13.Mr. Johnson has just published an erudite work on the history of the Roman Empire.a. scholarlyb. significantc. monumental14.We all felt puzzled at these equivocal words in his article.a.equivalentb.ambiguousc.lucid15.. Mary McCarthy’s satires are couched in a prose style that has a classic precision.a.expressedb.veiledc.fused16.We admire her, but we cannot endorse her recent statements on pragmatics.a.improveb.understandc.approve17.Although scientists can form a hypothesis about the origin of this phenomenon,neither humans or machines can measure it in terms of its function.a.reportb.speculationc.conclusion18.He is really a congenial colleague and we all like him a lot.a.pleasantb.hard-workingc.cooperative19.Theodore Dreiser was one of the first American novelists to portray immoralcharacters without condemnation.a.hostilityb.sadnessc.blame20.I love to read his novels because he always expresses his ideas in a succinct style.a.artisticb.humorousc.conciseSection TwoDirections: In each of the following sentences, there is one underlined word or phrase. Write down its Chinese equivalent on the Answer Sheet. (10 marks)1.The researcher may be drawing on several conflicting premises and traditions in theproject design.2.Interaction, then, is viewed as domain of activity in its own right and not as anexpression of psychological idiosyncrasies and dispositions.3.CA has not only generated a substantial and cumulative body of findings about thenature of interaction, but it has developed as a distinctive sociological method for theanalysis of social activities. .4.Alice Hamilton helped bring about legislation aimed at rectifying factory conditionsdetrimental to the health of workers.5.What most of these approaches have in common is that they focus almost exclusivelyon coherence.6.Windows in early New England houses were large enough to provide only minimallight and ventilation. .7.The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its resemblances to life, but by itsimmeasurable distance from life.8.One of Willa Cather’s major preoccupations in her writing was the need for artists tofree themselves from inhibiting influences.9.In Chapter 1, Taylor notes that large amounts of qualitative data are now beingarchived for use by future researchers.10.Some of the ideas of New historicism have yoked an epistemological skepticismabout assured historical truth to a notable nervousness of grand narratives.11.The action in James Baldwin’s novel Go Tell It on the Mountain spans two days inthe lives of several members of a strict religious sect.12.If the British novel and the British culture of 1910 seemed split and in need ofreconciliation, then it was offered one kind of answer in the work of E.M. Forster, whose Howards End appeared that year. .13.Age is one of the variables which seem to determine the attitude of an older persontoward conformity.14.The original sentence starts from the historical perspective, which makes sense sincethe theme of the exhibition is industrial history.15.To give you some indication of the types of results that you may expect, I looked attwo criteria: length and number of replies. .16. Over the Fifties the social theme flourished, one of the most significant figures beingAngus Wilson himself.17.One identifying feature of academic articles, which has been of interest to researchers,is the reporting of reference to the previous research. .18.‘New patterns’, new types of discourse, new adventures were an important theme ofthe writing of the Seventies, especially among women writers whose work had been invigorated by feminism.19.Rather, genealogy is concerned with describing the procedures, practices, apparatusesand institutions involved in the production of discourse and knowledge, and their power effects.20. Some people say that women who cannot see this are battling against a fundamentaltruth of evolution. However, despite the prevalence of these attitudes, change is on the way.Part II. Reading Comprehension (50 marks)Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.(1)Critics call it “a human zoo.” Tour companies consider it a tourist attraction. Whichever is the case, the long-necked women of Padaung have become an important source of money for several small villages on the border of Thailand and Myanmar.Each year around 10,000 tourists visit three small villages along the Thai/Myanmar border to see the famous long-necked women. The attraction is a tradition which requires women to stretch their necks by wearing brass coils, or rings. Originally from the Padaung tribe, the women and their families have been running from Myanmar to Thailand since the 1980s to escape poverty and war. Their new lives are very different from their lives as farmers in Myanmar. Now they spend their days talking with tourists, posing for pictures, and selling handmade souvenirs.When a Padaung girl turns 5, a thick coil of brass is wrapped around her neck. At different times in her life, more rings are added until her neck carries up to 25 of them, weighing 5 to 10 kilos. The rings push up her chin and press down her collarbone, making her neck longer.Pa Peiy is a young woman with 20 neck coils. When asked to describe her early years of neck stretching, Pa Peiy said, “At first it was painful, but now it’s OK. Now sleeping, eating, working … everything is OK. But I cannot take it off, so this is my life.” Truly it is her life. Pa Peiy’s neck is now so weak that if she takes off the coils, her head will fall forward and she will strop breathing.Despite the discomfort, Padaung women in Thailand continue to wear the rings even though the tradition has almost disappeared in Myanmar. The simple reason for this fact is that there is money in it.Ma Nang, a graceful woman with 24 neck rings, explains that in Myanmar she had worked hard growing food. Today, she sits while tourists take pictures of her. In one month she makes seventy to eighty dollars. Ma Nang added, “Sometimes I’m tired of tourists always looking at me, but it’s easy work and good money for my family.”Each year, as the long-necked women become more and more popular, the controversy about them increases. In a hotel in Thailand, tourists discuss whether or not to visit Nai Soi. Sandra Miller, from Toronto, Ontario, feels that it’s fine to visit Nai Soi. She explained, “I don’t really see a problem. I mean, this is their tradition, and so, if I go, it’slike I’m helping them to preserve it. Spending my money is also helping them to feed their families and so on. They need the tourists.”Frederick Johnson, a visitor from Seattle, Washington, disagrees. “Actually I don’t see that we’re preserving tradition at all,” Johnson explained. “This tradition has already died in Myanmar. These women are just harming their bodies to … to entertain us. It’s degrading for these women. It’s like paying to go see animals in a zoo.”For now, the future of the long-necked women is easy to predict. As long as there are tourists who will pay to see them, they will continue to wrap their daughters’ necks. The controversy continues, with one side seeing the villages as examples of how tourism can save dying traditions, and others criticizing it as harmful and degrading to the Padaung women.1.What is the main idea of this passage?a.Traveling to Thailand.b.Women’s fashion trends.c. A controversy related to tourism.d.The political conflict in Myanmar.2.In these villages, what is the attraction for tourists?a.Learning about the history of Thailand.b.Visiting the farms of the Padaung people.c.Seeing women who stretch their necks with coils.d.Buying coils for tourists to wear around their necks.3.In paragraph 2, all of the following reasons why the Padaung people moved toThailand are mentioned EXCEPT ________.a.to escape warb.to make moneyc.to start a new lifed.to work on farms4.According to the author, why do the women continue the neck-stretching tradition?a.To make money.b.To remember the past.c.To escape farming.d.To crate controversy.5.What is the best way of describing Nai Soi?a. A tradition from Myanmar.b. A hotel for tourists in Thailand.c. A woman with coils on her neck.d. A village with long-necked women.6.What can be inferred about Sandra Miller?a.She thinks that the tradition of wearing coils is dead.b.She is going to visit a village of long-necked women.c.She traveled to Thailand to help long-necked womend.She believes the coils are physically dangerous to the women.7.In paragraph 8, which of the following is NOT an opinion expressed by FrederickJohnson?a.The tradition of the long-necked women ended when they left Myanmar.b.The long-necked women are hurting themselves physically.c.Tourists are treating the long-necked women like animals.d.The long-necked women are good entertainment for tourists.8.The word “degrading” in paragraph 8 is closest in meaning to ________.a.entertainingb.disrespectfulc.interestingd.disappointing(2)Early French visitors to the wilderness of the Lower Mississippi Valley were impressed by the hostility of the Natchez Indians. The LaSalle voyagers, who in 1682 stopped beneath the steep bluff on which the tribe resided, were sure that the Indians were plotting “some evil design” and were “resolved to betray and kill us.” Jesuits journeyed to the Natchez villages soon after the birth of the Louisiana colony at Biloxi in 1699, but so fruitless was their work that the mission was abandoned eight years later. The priests were shocked by the “barbarous” and “vicious” natives. Whether the Natchez were more unreceptive to Gallic ways than were neighboring Indians is moot, but certainly the French encountered in them a strong and unusual tribe.9.The Jesuits began their work at the Natchez villages ________.a.in 1699b.in 1682c.around 1707d.around 168010.How did the Natchez respond to the French?a.They abandoned their mission.b.They founded the Louisiana colony at Biloxi.c.They were very hostile to the Frenchd.They were receptive to French ways.11.The one thing about the Natchez that most impressed early French settlers was________.a.their unfriendlinessb.their numbersc.their highly developed civilizationd.their methods of government12.What quality was not attributed to the Natchez?a.Barbarity.b.Viciousness.c.Insanity.d.Strength.（3）By the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century a number of our Eastern institutions – Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Pennsylvania – had some of the necessary ingredients of a university, but hardly yet the point of view. They were little clusters of schools and institutes. Indeed, just after the Revolution, the schools of Pennsylvania and Harvard had assumed the somewhat pretentious title of university, and shortly after the University of Virginia was founded under the guidance of Thomas Jefferson. In the South, Georgia and later North Carolina began to rise. The substance in all these was mainly lacking, though the title was honored. There were rather feeble law, medical, and divinity schools, somewhat loosely attached to these colleges. It has been commonly recognized, however, that the first decade after the close of the Civil War, that is, from about 1866 to 1876, was the great early flowering of the university idea in America.13.In the opinion of the author of this passage, in 1825 ________.a.only Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Pennsylvania could truly be called universities.b.all American educational institutions could justifiably claim to be universitiesc.those institutions which called themselves unvisited were not justified in doing sod.no American institution of higher education had any of the necessary ingredientsof a universe14.Thomas Jefferson founded ________.a.the University of Pennsylvaniab.Harvardc.The University of Virginiad.The university of Georgia15.The words “little cluster” most nearly mean __________.a.small groupsb.small collegesc.small buildingsd.small organizations16.The university idea really began to develop ________.a.in the first quarter of the nineteenth centuryb.just after the Revolutionc.during the last quarter of the nineteenth centuryd.just after the Civil War（4）In a very broad sense, legislation plays the same role in civil law countries as judicial decisions play in common law countries. Legislative rules provide the starting point which lawyers and judges work toward their goal, the most just solution for the problem at hand. Usually the statute provides a clear answer to the problem. In those cases, the statute is strictly applied, more because it is just than because it is a statute. Because of this it often appears that legislation is the law and that the judge’s role is simply to apply automatically the ready-made solutions provided by the legislature. Nevertheless, there are a great many cases where the judge’s role is far more creative.17. When civil law lawyers and judges strictly apply a statute, it is usually because__________.a.it provides a just solution to a problemb.statutes are laws, and must be obeyedc.the judge’s role is always simply to apply automatically the ready-made solutionsprovided by the legislatured.the role of the civil law judiciary is never really creative18. Judicial decisions in common law countries play the same role as ________.a.legislation in common law countriesb.legislation in civil law countriesc.U.S. Supreme Court interpretationsmon law decision in civil law countries19. A “statute” is ________.a. a judicial decisionb. a just solution to a problemc. a lawd.the goal of lawyers and judges20. When the author says that “the judge’s role is far more creative” he means that________.a.the judge, not the legislature, makes the lawb.the judge applied that solution provided by the legislaturec.the judge creates some cases he triesd.the judge often does more than just apply the law（5）A century ago, the overwhelming majority of people in developed countries worked with their hands: on farms, in domestic service, in small craft shops and in factories. There was not even a word for people who make their living other than by manual work. These days, the fastest-growing group in the developed world are knowledge workers – people whose jobs require formal and advanced schooling.At present, this term is widely used to describe people with considerable theoretical knowledge and learning: doctors, lawyers, teachers, accountants, chemical engineers. But the most striking growth in the coming years will be in “knowledge technologist”: computer technicians, software designers, analysts in clinical labs, manufacturing technologists, and so on. These people are as much manual workers as they are knowledge workers; in fact, they usually spend far more time working with their hands than with theirbrains. But their manual work is based on a substantial amount of theoretical knowledge which can b acquired only through formal education. They are not, as a rule, much better paid than tradition skilled workers, but they see themselves as professionals. Just as unskilled manual workers in manufacturing were the dominant social and political force in the twentieth century, knowledge technologist are likely to become the dominant social – and perhaps also political – force over the next decades.Such workers have two main needs: formal education that enables them to enter knowledge work in the first place, and continuing education throughout their working lives to keep their knowledge up to date. For the old high-knowledge professionals such as doctors, clerics and lawyers, formal education has been available for many centuries. But for knowledge technologists, only a few countries so far provide systematic and organized preparation. Over the next few decades, educational institutions to prepare knowledge technologists will grow rapidly in all developed and emerging countries, just as new institutions to meet t new requirements have always appeared in the past.What is different this time is the need for the continuing education of already well-trained and highly knowledgeable adults. Schooling traditionally stopped when work began. In the knowledge society it never stops. Continuing education of already highly educated adults will therefore become a big growth area in the next society. But most of it will be delivered in non-traditional ways, ranging from weekend seminars to online training programmers, and in any number of places, from a traditional university to the student’s home. The information revolution, which is expected to have an enormous impact on education and on traditional schools and universities, will probably have an even greater effect on the continuing education of knowledge workers, allowing knowledge to spread near-instantly, and making it accessible to everyone.All this has implications for the role of women in the labor force. Although women have always worked, since time immemorial the jobs they have done have been different from men’s. Knowledge work, on the other hand, is “unisex,” not because of feminist pressure, but because it can be done equally well by both sexes. Knowledge workers, whatever their sex, are professionals, applying the same knowledge, doing the same work, governed by the same standards and judged by the same results.The knowledge society is the first human society where upward mobility is potentially unlimited. Knowledge differs from all other means of production in that is cannot be inherited or bequeathed from one generation to another. It has to be acquired anew by every individual, and everyone starts out with the same total ignorance. And nowadays it is assumed that everybody will be a “success” – an idea that would have seemed ludicrous to earlier generations. Naturally, only a tiny number of people can reach outstanding levels of achievement, but a very large number of people assumed they will reach adequate levels.The upward mobility of the knowledge society, however, comes at a high price: the psychological pressures and emotional trauma of the rat race. Schoolchildren in some countries may suffer sleep deprivation because they spend their evenings at a crammer to help them pass their exams. Otherwise they will not get into the prestige university of their choice, and thus into a good job. In many different parts of the world, schools are becoming viciously competitive. That this has happened over such a short time – no more than 30 or 40 years – indicates how much the fear of failure has already permeated the knowledge society.Given this competitive struggle, a growing number of highly successful knowledge workers of both sexes – business managers, university teachers, museum, directors, doctors – “plateau” in their 40s. They know they have achieved all they will achieve. If their work is all they have, they are in trouble. Knowledge workers therefore need to develop, preferably while they are still young, a non-competitive life and community of their own, and some serious outside interest – be it working as a volunteer in the community, playing in a local orchestra or taking an active part in a small town’s local government. This outside interest will give them the opportunity for personal contribution and achievement.21. According to the writer, a hundred years ago in the developed world, manual workers________.a.were mainly located in rural areasb.were not provided with sufficient educationc.were the largest single group of workersd.were the fastest growing group in society22. The writer suggests that the most significant difference between knowledgetechnologists and manual workers is ________.a.their educational backgroundb.the pay they can expectc.their skill with their handsd.their attitudes to society23. He predicts that in the coming years, knowledge technologist ________.a.will have access to the same educational facilities as professional peopleb.will have more employment opportunities in educational institutionsc.will require increasing mobility in order to find suitable educationd.will be provided with appropriate education for their needs24. According to the writer, the most important change in education this century will be________.a.the way in which people learnb.the sorts of things people learn aboutc.the use people make of their educationd.the type of people who provide education25. The writer says that changes in women’s role ________.a.means women are now judged by higher standardsb.have led to greater equality with men in the workplacec.are allowing women to use their traditional skills in new waysd.may allow women to out-perform men for the first timePart III. Critical Reading (30%)Read the following paragraphs or passages and answer the questions that follow. Write down your answers on the Answer Sheet.(1)Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.——Friedrich Engels, “In Memory of Karl Marx”1. Write a short complete sentence in your own words stating the main idea.2. Why does the writer use the word ‘hitherto’?(2)It is obvious that there is a great deal of difference between being international and being cosmopolitan. All good men are international. Nearly all bad men are cosmopolitan. If we are to be international we must be national. And it is largely because those who callthemselves the friends of peace have not dwelt sufficiently on this distinction that they do not impress the bulk of any of the nations to which they belong. International peace means a peace between nations, not a peace after the destruction of nations, like the Buddhist peace after the destruction of personality. The golden age of the good European is like the heaven of the Christian: it is a place where people will love each other; not like the heaven of the Hindu, a place where they will be each other. And in the case of national character this can be seen in a curious way. It will generally be found, I think, that the more a man really appreciates and admires the soul of another people the less he will attempt to imitate it; he will be conscious that there is something in it too deep and too unmanageable to imitate. The Englishman who has a fancy for France will try to be French; the Englishman who admires France will remain obstinately English. This is to be particularly noticed in the case of our relations with the French, because it is one of the outstanding peculiarities of the French that their vices are all on the surface, and their extraordinary virtues concealed. One might almost say that their vices are the flower of their virtues.——G. K. Chesterton, “French and English”3. Write a complete sentence in your own words that expresses the main idea.4. By what means does the author reveal his opinion in the above passage?5. What can you infer from the fifth sentence, “…those who call themselves the friends of peace have not dwelt sufficiently on this distinction that they do not impress the bulk of any of the nations to which they belong”?(3)The acceptance or rejection of abstract linguistic forms, just as the acceptance or rejection of any other linguistic forms in any branch of science, will finally be decided by their efficiency as instruments, the ratio of the results achieved to the amount and complexity of the efforts required. To decree dogmatic prohibitions of certain linguistic forms instead of testing them by their success or failure in practical use, is worse than futile; it is positively harmful because it may obstruct scientific progress. The history of science shows examples of such prohibitions based on prejudices deriving from religious, mythological, metaphysical, or other irrational sources, which slowed up the developments for shorter or longer periods of time. Let us learn from the lessons of history. Let us grant to those who work in any special field of investigation the freedom to use any form of expression which seems useful to them; the work in the field will sooner or later lead to the elimination of those forms which have no useful function. Let us be cautious in making assertions and critical in examining them, but tolerant in permitting linguistic forms.。
626华南理工大学2018 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：英语综合水平测试适用专业：外国语言文学performances. Rather than playing tricks with alternatives presented to participants, we secretly altered the outcomes of their choices, and recorded how they react. For example, in an early study we showed our volunteers pairs of pictures of faces and asked them to choose the most attractive. In some trials, immediately after they made their choice, we asked people to explain the reasons behind their choices.Unknown to them, we sometimes used a double-card magic trick to secretly exchange one face for the other so they ended up with the face they did not choose. Common sense dictates that all of us would notice such a big change in the outcome of a choice. But the result showed that in 75 per cent of the trials our participants were blind to the mismatch, even offering “reasons” for their“choice”.We called this effect “choice blindness”, echoing change blindness,the phenomenon identified by psychologists where a remarkably large number of people fail to spot a major change in their environment. Recall the famous experiments where X asks Y for directions; while Y is struggling to help, X is switched for Z - and. Y fails to notice. Researchers are still pondering the full implications, but it does show how little information we use in daily life, and undermines the idea that we know what is going on around us.When we set out, we aimed to weigh in on the enduring, complicated debate about self-knowledge and intentionality. For all the intimate familiarity we feel we have with decision making, it is very difficult to know about it from the “inside”: one of the great barriers for scientific research is the nature of s ubjectivity.As anyone who has ever been in a verbal disagreement can prove, people tend to give elaborate justifications for their decisions, which we have every reason to believe are nothing more than rationalizations after the event. To prove such people wrong, though, or even provide enough evidence to change their mind, is an entirely different matter: who are you to say what my reasons are?But with choice blindness we drive a large wedge between intentions and actions in the mind. As our participants give us verbal explanations about choices they never made, we can show them beyond doubt - and prove it - that what they say cannot be true. So our experiments offer a unique window into confabulation (the story-telling we do to justify things after the fact) that is otherwise very difficult to come by. We can compare everyday explanations with those under lab conditions, looking for such things as the amount of detail in descriptions, how coherent the narrative is, the emotional tone, or even the timing or flow of the speech. Then we can create a theoretical framework to analyse any kind of exchange.This framework could provide a clinical use for choice blindness: for example, two of our ongoing studies examine how malingering might develop into truesymptoms, and how confabulation might play a role in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Importantly, the effects of choice blindness go beyond snap judgments. Depending on what our volunteers say in response to the mismatched outcomes of choices (whether they give short or long explanations, give numerical rating or labeling, and so on) we found this interaction could change their future preferences to the extent that they come to prefer the previously rejected alternative. This gives us a rare glimpse into the complicated dynamics of self-feedback (“I chose this, I publicly said so, therefore I must like it”), which we suspect lies behind the formation of many everyday preferences.We also want to explore the boundaries of choice blindness. Of course, it will be limited by choices we know to be of great importance in everyday life. Which bride or bridegroom would fail to notice if someone switched their partner at the altar through amazing sleight of hand? Yet there is ample territory between the absurd idea of spouse-swapping, and the results of our early face experiments.For example, in one recent study we invited supermarket customers to choose between two paired varieties of jam and tea. In order to switch each participant’s choice without them noticing, we created two sets of “magical” jars, with lids at both ends and a divider inside. The jars looked normal, but were designed to hold one variety of jam or tea at each end, and could easily be flipped over.Immediately after the participants chose, we asked them to taste their choice again and tell us verbally why they made that choice. Before they did, we turned over the sample containers, so the tasters were given the opposite of what they had intended in their selection. Strikingly, people detected no more than a third of all these trick trials. Even when we switched such remarkably different flavors as spicy cinnamon and apple for bitter grapefruit jam, the participants spotted less than half of all s witches.We have also documented this kind of effect when we simulate online shopping for consumer products such as laptops or cell phones, and even apartments. Our latest tests are exploring moral and political decisions, a domain where reflection and deliberation are supposed to play a central role, but which we believe is perfectly suited to investigating using choice blindness.Throughout our experiments, as well as registering whether our volunteers noticed that they had been presented with the alternative they did not choose, we also quizzed them about their beliefs about their decision processes. How did they think they would feel if they had been exposed to a study like ours? Did they think they would have noticed the switches? Consistently, between 80 and 90 per cent of people said that they believed they would have noticed something was wrong.Gervais, discovers a thing called “lying” and what it can get him. Within days, M ark is rich, famous, and courting the girl of his dreams. And because nobody knows what “lying” is? he goes on, happily living what has become a complete and utter farce.It’s meant to be funny, but it’s also a more serious commentary on us all. As Americans, we like to think we value the truth. Time and time again, public-opinion polls show that honesty is among the top five characteristics we want in a leader, friend, or lover; the world is full of sad stories about the tragic consequences of betrayal. At the same time, deception is all around us. We are lied to by government officials and public figures to a disturbing degree; many of our social relationships are based on little white lies we tell each other. We deceive our children, only to be deceived by them in return. And the average person, says psychologist Robert Feldman, the author of a new book on lying, tells at least three lies in the first 10 minutes of a conversation. “There’s always been a lot of lying,” says Feldman，whose new book, The Liar in Your Life, came out this month. “But I do think we’re seeing a kind of cultural shift where we’re lying more, it’s easier to lie, and in some ways it’s almost more acceptable.”As Paul Ekman, one of Feldman’s longtime lying colleagues and the inspiration behind the Fox IV series “Lie To Me” defines it，a liar is a person who “intends to mislead,”“deliberately,” without being asked to do so by the target of the lie. Which doesn’t mean that all lies are equally toxic: some are simply habitual –“My pleasure!”-- while others might be well-meaning white lies. But each, Feldman argues, is harmful, because of the standard it creates. And the more lies we tell, even if th ey’re little white lies, the more deceptive we and society become.We are a culture of liars, to put it bluntly, with deceit so deeply ingrained in our mind that we hardly even notice we’re engaging in it. Junk e-mail, deceptive advertising, the everyday p leasantries we don’t really mean –“It’s so great to meet you! I love that dress”– have, as Feldman puts it, become “a white noise we’ve learned to neglect.” And Feldman also argues that cheating is more common today than ever. The Josephson Institute, a nonprofit focused on youth ethics, concluded in a 2008 survey of nearly 30,000 high school students that “cheating in school continues to be rampant, and it’s getting worse.” In that survey, 64 percent of students said they’d cheated on a test during the past year, up from 60 percent in 2006. Another recent survey, by Junior Achievement, revealed that more than a third of teens believe lying, cheating, or plagiarizing can be necessary to succeed, while a brand-new study, commissioned by the publishers of Feldman’s book, shows that 18-to 34-year-olds--- those of us fully reared in this lying culture --- deceive more frequently than the general population.Teaching us to lie is not the purpose of Feldman’s book. His subtitle, in fact, is “the way to truthful relationships.” But if his book teaches us anything, it’s that we should sharpen our skills — and use them with abandon.Liars get what they want. They avoid punishment, and they win others’ affection. Liars make themselves sound smart and intelligent, they attain power over those of us who believe them, and they often use their lies to rise up in the professional world. Many liars have fun doing it. And many more take pride in getting away with it.As Feldman notes, there is an evolutionary basis for deception: in the wild, animals use deception to “play dead” when threatened. But in the modem world, the motives of our lying are more selfish. Research has linked socially successful people to those who are good liars. Students who succeed academically get picked for the best colleges, despite the fact that, as one recent Duke University study found, as many as 90 percent of high-schoolers admit to cheating. Even lying adolescents are more popular among their peers.And all it takes is a quick flip of the remote to see how our public figures fare when they get caught in a lie: Clinton keeps his wife and goes on to become a national hero. Fabricating author James Frey gets a million-dollar book deal. Eliot Spitzer’s wife stands by his side, while “Appalachian hiker” Mark Sanford still gets to keep his post. If everyone else is being rewarded for lying，don’t we need to lie, too, just to keep up?But what’s funny is that even as we admit to being liars, study after study shows that most of us believe we can tell when others are lying to us. And while lying may be easy, spotting a liar is far from it. A nervous sweat or shifty eyes can certainly mean a person’s uncomfortable, but it doesn’t necessarily mean they’re lying. Gaze aversion, meanwhile, has more to do with shyness than actual deception. Even polygraph machines are unreliable. And according to one study, by researcher Bella DePaulo, we’re only able to differentiate a lie from truth only 47 percent of the time, less than if we guessed randomly. “Basically everything we’ve heard about catching a liar is wrong,” says Feldman, who heads the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Ekman, meanwhile, has spent decades studying micro-facial expressions of liars: the split-second eyebrow arch that shows surprise when a spouse asks who was on the phone; the furrowed nose that gives away a hint of disgust when a person says “I love you.” He’s trained everyone from the Secret Service to the TSA, and believes that with close study, it’s possible to identify those tiny emotions. The hard part, of course, is proving them. “A lot of times, it’s easier to believe,” says Feldman. “It takes a lot ofThere were, however, different explanations of this unhappy fact. Sean Pidgeon put the blame on “humanities departments who are responsible for the leftist politics that still turn people off.” Kedar Kulkarni blamed “the absence of a culture that privileges Learning to improve oneself as a human being.” Bethany blamed universities, which because they are obsessed with “maintaining funding” default on th e obligation to produce “well rounded citizens.” Matthew blamed no one，because i n his view the report’s priorities are just what they should be: “When a poet creates a vaccine or a tangible good that can be produced by a Fortune 500 company, I’ll rescind my comment.”Although none of these commentators uses the word, the issue they implicitly raise is justification. How does one justify funding the arts and humanities? It is clear which justifications are not available. You cannot argue that the arts and humanities are able to support themselves through grants and private donations. You cannot argue that a state’s economy will benefit by a new reading of “Hamlet.” You can’t argue -- well you can, but it won’t fly -- that a graduate who is well-versed in the history of Byzantine art will be attractive to employers (unless the employer is a museum). You can talk as Bethany does about “well rounded citizens,” but that ideal belongs to an earlier period, when the ability to refer knowledgeably to Shakespeare or Gibbon or the Thirty Years War had some cash value (the sociologists call it cultural capital). Nowadays, larding your conversations with small bits of erudition is more likely to irritate than to win friends and influence people.At one time justification of the arts and humanities was unnecessary because, as Anthony Kronman puts it in a new book, “Education’s End: Why Our Colleges and Universities Have Given Up on the Meaning of Life，” it was assumed that “a college was above all a place for the training of character, for the nurturing of those intellectual and moral habits that together from the basis for living the best life one can.”It followed that the realization of this goal required an immersion in the great texts of literature, philosophy and history even to the extent of memorizing them, for “to acquire a text by memory is to fix in one’s mind the image and example of the author and his subject.”It is to a version of this old ideal that Kronman would have us return, not because of a professional investment in the humanities (he is a professor of law and a former dean of the Yale Law School), but because he believes that only the humanities can address “the crisis of spirit we now confront” and “restore the wonder which those who have glimpsed the human condition have always felt, and which our scientific civilization, with its gadgets and discoveries, obscures.”As this last quotation makes clear, Kronman is not so much mounting a defense ofthe humanities as he is mounting an attack on everything else. Other spokespersons for the humanities argue for their utility by connecting them (in largely unconvincing ways) to the goals of science, technology and the building of careers. Kronman, however, identifies science, technology and careerism as impediments to living a life with meaning. The real enemies, he declares，are “the careerism that distracts from life as a whole” and “the blind acceptance of science and technology that disguise and deny our human condition.” These false idols，he says，block the way to understanding. We must turn to the humanities if we are to “meet the need for meaning in an age of vast but pointless powers,”for only the humanities can help us recover the urgency of “the question of what living is for.”The humanities do this, Kronman explains, by exposing students to “a range of texts that express with matchless power a number of competing answers to this question.” In the course of this program —Kronman calls it “secular humanism”—students will be moved “to consider which alternatives lie closest to their own evolving sense of self?” As they survey “the different ways of living that have been held up by different authors,” they will be encouraged “to enter as deeply as they can into the experiences, ideas, and values that give each its permanent appeal.” And not only would such a “revitalized humanism” contribute to the growth of the self,it “would put the conventional pieties of our moral and political world in question” and “bring what is hidden into the open — the highest goal of the humanities and the first responsibility of every teache r.”Here then is a justification of the humanities that is neither strained (reading poetry contributes to the state’s bottom line) nor crassly careerist. It is a stirring vision that promises the highest reward to those who respond to it. Entering into a conversation with the great authors of the western tradition holds out the prospect of experiencing “a kind of immortality” and achieving “a position immune to the corrupting powers of time.”Sounds great, but I have my doubts. Does it really work that way? Do the humanities ennoble? And for that matter, is it the business of the humanities, or of any other area of academic study, to save us?The answer in both cases, I think, is no. The premise of secular humanism (or of just old-fashioned humanism) is that the examples of action and thought portrayed in the enduring works of literature, philosophy and history can create in readers the desire to emulate them. Philip Sydney put it as well as anyone ever has when he asks (in “The Defense of Poesy” 1595), “Who reads Aeneas carrying old Anchises on his back that wishes not it was his fortune to perform such an excellent act?” Thrill to this picture of42.What does Anthony Kronman oppose in the process to strive for meaningful life?A.Secular humanism.B. Careerism.C. Revitalized humanismD. Cultural capital.43.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this article?A.Sidney Carton killed himself.B.A new reading of Hamlet may not benefit economy.C.Faust was not willing to sell his soul.D.Philip Sydney wrote The Defense of Poesy.44.Which is NOT true about the author?A.At the time of writing, he has been in the field of the humanities for 45 years.B.He thinks the humanities are supposed to save at least those who study them.C.He thinks teachers and students of the humanities just learn how to analyze literary effects and to distinguish between different accounts of the foundations of knowledge.D.He thin ks Kronman’s remarks compromise the object its supposed praise.45.Which statement could best summarize this article?A.The arts and humanities fail to produce well-rounded citizens.B.The humanities won’t save us because humanities departments are too leftist.C.The humanities are expected to train character and nurture those intellectual andmoral habits for living a life with meaning.D.The humanities don’t bring about effects in the world but just give pleasure to those who enjoy them.Passage fourJust over a decade into the 21st century, women’s progress can be celebrated across a range of fields. They hold the highest political offices from Thailand to Brazil, Costa Rica to Australia. A woman holds the top spot at the International Monetary Fund; another won the Nobel Prize in economics. Self-made billionaires in Beijing, tech innovators in Silicon Valley, pioneering justices in Ghana—in these and countless other areas, women are leaving their mark.But hold the applause. In Saudi Arabia, women aren’t allowed to drive. In Pakistan, 1,000 women die in honor killings every year. In the developed world, women lag behind men in pay and political power. The poverty rate among women in the U.S. rose to 14.5% last year.To measure the state of women’s progress. Newsweek ranked 165countries, looking at five areas that affect women’s lives; treatment under the law, workforce participation, political power, and access to education and health care. Analyzing datafrom the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, among others, and consulting with experts and academics, we measured 28 factors to come up with our rankings.Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender discrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined. But there were some surprises. Some otherwise high-ranking countries had relatively low scores for political representation. Canada ranked third overall but 26th in power, behind countries such as Cuba and Burundi. Does this suggest that a woman in a nation’s top office translates to better lives for women in general? Not exactly.“Trying to quantify or measure the impact of women in politics is hard because in very few countries have there been enough women in politics to make a difference,” says Anne-Marie Goetz, peace and security adviser for U.N. Women.Of course, no index can account for everything. Declaring that one country is better than another in the way that it treats more than half its citizens means relying on broad strokes and generalities. Some things simply can’t be measured.And cross-cultural comparisons can t account for difference of opinion.Certain conclusions are nonetheless clear. For one thing, our index backs up a simple but profound statement made by Hillary Clinton at the recent Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. “When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of communities, nations, and the world,”she said. “There’s a simulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries: Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts. More food. More educational opportunity for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people.”46.What does the author think about women’s progress so far?A.It still leaves much to be desired.B.It is too remarkable to be measured.C.It has greatly changed women's fate.D.It is achieved through hard struggle.47.In what countries have women made the greatest progress?A.Where women hold key posts in government.B.Where women’s rights are protected by law.C.Where women’s participation in management is high.D.Where women enjoy better education and health care.48.What do Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada?A.They care little about political participation.B.They are generally treated as equals by men.C.They have a surprisingly low social status.D.They are underrepresented in politics.49.What does Anne-Marie Goetz think of a woman being in a nation's top office?A.It does not necessarily raise women's political awareness.B.It does not guarantee a better life for the nation's women.C.It enhances women's status.D.It boosts women's confidence.50.What does Hillary Clinton suggest we do to make the world a better place?A.Give women more political power.B.Stimulate women's creativity.C.Allow women access to education.D.Tap women's economic potential.Passage fiveThe idea that government should regulate intellectual property through copyrights and patents is relatively recent in human history, and the precise details of what intellectual property is protected for how long vary across nations and occasionally change. There are two standard sociological justifications for patents or copyrights: They reward creators for their labor, and they encourage greater creativity. Both of these are empirical claims that can be tested scientifically and could be false in some realms.Consider music. Star performers existed before the 20th century, such as Franz Liszt and Niccolo Paganini, but mass media produced a celebrity system promoting a few stars whose music was not necessarily the best or most diverse. Copyright provides protection for distribution companies and for a few celebrities, thereby helping to support the industry as currently defined, but it may actually harm the majority of performers. This is comparable to Anatole France's famous irony, "The law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges." In theory, copyright covers the creations of celebrities and obscurities equally, but only major distribution companies have the resources to defend their property rights in court. In a sense, this is quite fair, because nobody wants to steal unpopular music, but by supporting the property rights of celebrities, copyright strengthens them as a class in contrast to anonymous musicians.Internet music file sharing has become a significant factor in the social lives of children, who download bootleg music tracks for their own use and to give as gifts to friends. If we are to believe one recent poll done by a marketing firm rather than social。
09年英语考研试卷真题英语考研，即研究生入学考试中的英语科目，是中国学生为了进入研究生院而必须参加的一项考试。
2009年的英语考研试卷真题是很多准备考研的学生复习的重要资料。
以下是模拟的2009年英语考研试卷真题的一个例子：2009年英语考研试卷真题Part I: Use of English (英语知识运用)Section ADirections: Read the following text. Alter the form, where necessary, to make the sentences coherent and grammatically correct. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.[Text]In the past, the majority of people lived in rural areas. However, with the development of industry and urbanization, the number of people living in cities has been increasing rapidly. This trend has had a profound effect on the social structure and way of life. For instance, the traditional family unit, which was once the cornerstone of society, has been changing. The family is no longer the primary source of support for the elderly. The young people are more likely tomove away from their hometowns to pursue career opportunities. As a result, the social fabric is becoming more complex. The government is now faced with the challenge of providing adequate housing, education, and healthcare for the growing urban population.[Questions]1. In the past, the majority of people lived in rural areas. (No change needed)2. However, with the development of industry and urbanization, the number of people living in cities is increasing rapidly.3. This trend has a profound effect on the social structure and way of life.4. For instance, the traditional family unit, which was once the cornerstone of society, has been changed.5. The family is no longer the primary source of support for the elderly.6. The young people are more likely to move away from their hometowns to pursue career opportunities.7. As a result, the social fabric is becoming more complex.8. The government is now faced with the challenge ofproviding adequate housing, education, and healthcare for the growing urban population.Section BDirections: Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese sentence into English.1. 随着科技的进步，人们的生活方式也发生了巨大的变化。
购买考研、考博历年真题资料，请到 |考研秘籍网 查询清单、购买下载电子版真题626华南理工大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：英语综合水平测试适用专业：英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学共 14 页Part I. Vocabulary (20 marks)Section OneDirections: In each of the following sentences, there is one word underlined, followed bythree possible choices. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to this word. (10 marks)1.Truth in established fields of science can be provisional and can be proven wrong inthe light of later knowledge.a.temporaryb.prudentc.provocative2.The current acting versions of many of Shakespeare’s plays are abridgement.a.expansionb.truncationc.revision3.You probably have heard the charge of plagiarism used in disputes within thepublishing and recording industries.a.intellectual theftb.copyrightc.acknowledgment4.Is human language a genetic endowment?a.talentb.endurancec.faculty5.My memory is exact and circumstantial.a.abridgedpletec.reckless6.On many occasions, the maxims will be breached.a.unified第1页购买考研、考博历年真题资料，请到 |考研秘籍网 查询清单、购买下载电子版真题。
2013年华南理工大学626英语综合水平测试考研真题(总分150,考试时间180分钟)Reading ComprehensionPart ADecide whether each of the following statements is true or false based on the information in the text.Text 1A lot of perfectly respectable small businesses are raking in money from Internet fraud. From identity theft to bogus stock sales to counterfeit prescription drugs, crime is widespread on the Web. But what has become the Wild West for cybercriminals has also developed into major business opportunity for cybersleuths.One of the most well-known is Kroll Ontrack, a technology services provider that Kroll, an international **pany based in New York, set up in 1985. Others include ICG Inc. in Princeton, NJ, Decision Strategies in Falls Church, V A, and Cyveillance in Arlington, V A, all started in 1997. “As more and more crime is committed on the Internet, there will be growth of these services, “said Rich Mogull, research director of information security and risk at Gartner Inc., a technology-market research firm in Stanford, CT.ICG, for example, has grown to thirty-five employees and projected revenues of $7 million this year from eight employees and $1.5 million four years ago, said Michael Allison, its founder and chief executive. ICG, which is a licensed private investigator, uses both technology and more traditional cat-and-mouse tactics to track down online troublemakers for major corporations around the world. These include spammers and disgruntled former employees as well as scam artists. “It’s exciting getting into the hunt,” Mr. Allison, a forty-five-year old British expatriate, said. “You never know what you’re going to find. And when you identify and finally catch someone, it’s a real rush.Mi2g, a computer security firm, said online identity theft cost businesses and consumers more than $5 billion last year worldwide, while spamming drained $3.5 billion dollars from corporate coffers. Those numbers are climbing, experts say. “The Internet was never designed to be secure, “said Alan E. Brill, senior managing director at Kroll Ontrack. “There are no guarantees.”Kroll has seven crime laboratories around the world and is opening two more in the United States. “It’s common to think that we ’ re all former hackers,” Mr. Allison said about the industry, and **pany in particular. “But it’s not true. The people who work here wear ties. Shaving is compulsory. We have former marines, FBI agents, and graduate students. We’re a real white-shoe sort of operation.” ICG’s clients, many of whom he will not identify because of privacy agreements, include **panies, lawyers, financialinstitutions, Internet service providers, digital entertainment groups, and **munications giants.One of the few cases that ICG can talk about is a spamming problem that happened at Ericsson, the Swedish **pany, a few years ago. Hundreds of thousands of e-mail messages promoting a telephone sex service inundated its servers hourly, crippling the system, according to **pany. “They kept trying to filter it out,” said Jeffery Bedser, chief operating officer of ICG “But the spam kept on morphing and getting around filters.”While no solution is exactly the same for online detective cases, a general search for a spammer typically involves thousands of webpages, Usenet groups, and message boards. Sometimes, all the **es up empty. There is no hard-and-fast guarantee to identify everyone, Mr. Allison said. “There were cases that I'd hoped we get a result for and just didn’t.”It is especially difficult these days, he says, because of cloaking software, such as Anonymizer, that is used to hide the movements of a Web user, as well as the “hijacking” of third-**puters that are then used to carry out illicit activity without the owners of **puters knowing what is happening. In the Ericsson case, Mr. Bedser and his team plugged the spam message into search engines and located other places on the Web where it appeared; some e-mail addresses turned up, which led to a defunct e-fax website; that website had in its registry the name of the spammer, who turned out to be a middle-aged man living in the Georgetown section of Washington.Several weeks later, the man was sued. He ultimately agreed to a $100,000 civil settlement, though he didn’t go away, Mr. Bedser said. “The guy sent me an e-mail that said, “I know who you are and where you are,” he recalled. “He also signed me up for all kinds of spam and I ended up getting flooded with e-mail for sex and drugs for the next year.”Over the years, Mr. Allison estimates that ICG has tracked down more than 300 spammers, 75 of which its clients brought to civil court, and 12 of which went to criminal referrals. Mr. Allison says ICG’s detective work is, for the most part, unglamorous—sitting in front of computers and “looking for ones and zeros.” Still, there are some private-eye moments. Computer forensic work takes investigators to corporate offices all over America, sometimes in the dead of night. Searching through suspect hard drives—always with a company lawyer or executive present— they hunt for “vampire data,” or old e-mails and documents that **puter users thought they had deleted long ago.In some cases, investigators have to use subterfuge. Once, an ICG staff member befriended a suspect in a “pump-and-dump” scheme—in which swindlers heavily promote a little-known stock to get the price up, then sell their holdings at artificially high prices—by chatting with him electronically on a chess website. Investigators often adopt pseudonyms when they interact on a message board. “We like to masquerade as women,” Mr. Allison said. “Typically, we’ll use names like Pat, Terry, or Casey so it’s ambiguous.”It is when investigators start coaxing identities and backgrounds out of people under false pretenses that privacy experts start to worry. “There’s a lot of work that involves what is kindly called social engineering and what could just as easily be called fraud,” said Steward A. Baker, head of the technology department at the law firm Steptoe & Johnson. “You have to have evidence that holds up to scrutiny in court.” There are areas that ICG and other leading **panies will not touch, such as celebrities, politics, sex, and matrimonial issues. “It’s dirt digging,” said Mr. Allison.Before Mr. Allison opened ICG, he worked as a public information officer for the British government and also spent time running background checks for Wall Street firms. In 1991,he started International Business Research, which grew into ICG six years later. The Internet boom almost guarantees an unending supply of cybercriminals. “They’ve like mushrooms,” Mr. Allison said.Right now, the most crowded fields of criminal activity are the digital theft of music and movies, illegal prescription-drug sales, and “phishers,” identity thieves who pose as financial institutions like Citibank or Chase and send out fake e-mail messages to people asking for personal account information. The Anti-Phishing Working Group, an industry association, estimates that five to twenty percent of the recipients respond to these messages.In 2003, 215,000 cases of identity theft were reported to the Federal Trade Commission, an increase of thirty-three percent from the year before. Bad news for consumers, a growth opportunity for ICG. “The bad guys will always be out there,” Mr. Allison said. “But we’ve getting better and better. And we’re catching up quickly.”1. Internet fraud has created good business opportunities for cyber detectives.2. Online troublemakers may include people who are unhappy ex-employees of a company.3. Spamming is annoying to a company, and is causing greater financial losses nowadays.4. Ericsson, the Swedish **pany, used to be troubled by an online telephone scandal.5. As long as Internet **panies search hard enough, they always end up successfully finding a spammer.6. Searching for a spammer can be difficult partly due to the existence of software that hides the spammer’s identity.7. The spammer found by Mr. Bedser and his team felt guilty for what he had done.Text 2Trying to map the brain has always been cartography for fools. Most of the other parts of the body reveal their workings with little more than a glance. The heart is self-evidently a pump; the lungs are clearly bellows. But the brain, which does more than any organ, reveals least of all. The 1.4-kg lump of wrinkled tissue—with no moving parts, no joints or valves—not only serves as the motherboard for all the body’s other systems but is also the seat of your mind, your thoughts, your sense that you exist at all. You have a liver; you have your limbs. You are your brain.The struggle of the mind to fathom the brain it inhabits is the most circular kind of search—the cognitive equivalent of M.C. Escher’s lithograph of two hands drawing one another. But that has not stopped us from trying.In the 19th century, German physician Franz Joseph Gall claimed to have licked the problem with his system of phrenology, which divided the brain into dozens of personality organs to which the skull was said to conform. Learn to read those bony bumps, and you could know the mind within. The artificial—and, ultimately, racist—field of craniometry made similar claims, relying on the overall size and shape of the skull to try to determine intelligence and moral capacity.Modern scientists have done a far better job of things, dividing the brain into multiple discrete regions with satisfyingly technical names—hypothalamus, caudate nucleus, neocortex—and mapping particular functions to particular sites. Here lives abstract thought; here lives creativity; here is emotion; here is speech. But what about here and here and here and here—all the countless places and ways the brain continues to baffle us? Here still be dragons.Slowly, that is changing. As 21st century science and technology open the brain to us as never before, accepted truths are becoming less true. The brain, we’re finding, is indeed a bordered organ, subdivided into zones and functions. But the lines are blurrier than we ever imagined. Lose your vision, and the lobe that processed light may repurpose itself for other senses. Suffer a stroke in the area that controls your right arm, and another area may take over at least some of the job.Specialized neurons are beingfound that allow us to mirror the behavior of people around us, helping us learn such primal skills as walking and eating as well as how to become social, ethical beings. The mystery of memory is being teased apart, exposing the way we store facts and experiences in addition to the emotional flavors associated with them. Magnetic resonance imaging is probing the brain as it operates, essentially—if crudely—reading our minds, and raising all the attendant ethical questions.Finally and most elusively, we are learning something about consciousness itself—the ghost in the neural machine that gives you the sense of being in the moment, peering out at the world from the control room behind your eyes. If we can identify that cognitive kernel, can we one day endow a machine with it? But by isolating such a thing, do we in some way annihilate it too?Human beings have always been brash enough to ask such questions but lacked the necessary gifts to answer them. At last, we are acquiring that ability. What we can’t yet know is whether we will wisely use the remarkable things we’re slowly learning.8. It is very obvious when we simply look at the brain that it is responsible for our thoughts and sense of self.9. The brain is divided into segments of responsibility, but the segments can adapt to new responsibilities.10. Scientists are continually making many new discoveries about the brain.11. There used to be similar claims that the size and shape of one’s skull can tell about one’s intelligence and personality.12. Scientists’ new discoveries about the brain raise more new ethical, scientific, and philosophical questions.13. The article does not name any of the specific medical equipment being used to study the brain.Part BChoose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences according to the information given in the texts.Text 3Suddenly the grass before my feetshakes **es alive.The snake twists, almost leaps,graceful even in terror,smoothness leaping back over smoothness,slithers away，disappears 一and the grass is again still.And surely, by whatever means of communicationis available to snakes, the word is passed;Hey，I just met a man, a monster, too;Must have been, oh, seven feet tall.So keep away from the long grass,its dangerous there.14. The poem indicates that the human being who saw the snake was ________.A. surprised by its movementB. terrified of the dangerC. intending to kill itD. fascinated by its beauty15. In the second stanza, the poet shows the reader that ________.A. snakes are really vicious towards humansB. humans are really stupid to be afraid of snakesC. snakes can feel threatened by humansD. snakes use words to communicate, just as humans do16. The whole poem shows that, on this occasion, the human was ________.A. right to be frightened by the snakeB. in no danger from the snakeC. unaware of the snake’s presenceD. mesmerized by the power of the snake17. Which of the following is NOT noticed by the human being who met the snake?A. The snake’s threatening and destructive power.B. The different ways in which snakes can move.C. The speed of the snake’s movements and reactions.D. The beauty of the snake’s movements and reactionsText 4I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if **mon people of the world could meet each other at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.Nearly all sports practiced today **petitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. Even a leisurely game like cricket, demanding grace rather than strength, can cause much ill will as we saw in the controversy over body-line bowling and over the rough tactics of the Australian team that visited England in 1921. Football, a game in which everyone gets hurt and every nation has its own style of play which seems unfair to foreigners, is far worse.Worst of all is boxing. One of the most horrible sights in the world is a fight between white and colored boxers before a mixed audience. But a boxing audience is always disgusting, and the behavior of the women, in particular, is such that the Army, I believe, does not allow them to attend its contests. At any rate, two or three years ago, when Home Guards and regular troops were holding a boxing tournament,I was placed on guard at the door of the hall, with orders to keep the women out.18. The passage and its title indicate that the author consider war to be ________.A. preferable to sportB. similar to sportC. a substitute for sportD. a form of sport19. In paragraph one, the author is amazed by ________.A. the destructive element in most sporting events.B. the way people **petition as naturalC. the false impression most people have about sporD. people who liken war to sporting events20. In the second paragraph, the writer suggests that ________.A. football is the **petitive of all sportsB. football is the most savage of all sportsC. cricket is **petitive than footballD. football is **petitive than cricket21. Which of the following is most strongly suggested in the third paragraph as being the reason for not allowing women into Army boxing matches?A. They are not as good at boxing as men are, and might be injured.B. They might get hurt by the rough behavior of the male soldiers.C. Boxing is not a suitable spectacle for females to view.D. Their behavior as spectators is worse then the men’sText 5Imagine an immensely, speeded-up movie of Manhattan Island during the last hundred years.It would look less like a work of man than like some tremendous natural upheaval. It’s godless, it’s brutal, it’s violent - but one can’t laugh it off because in the energy, strength of will and mental grasp that have gone to make New York, materialism has transcended itself. Dorothy Wordsworth said about the view of London from Westminster Bridge, that “it was like one of Nature’s own grand spectacles.” Well, nature is violent and brutal, and there’s nothing we can do about it.But New York, after all, was made by men. It took almost the same time to reach its present condition as it did to create the Gothic cathedral. At which point a very obvious reflection crosses one’s mind: that the cathedrals were built to the glory of God, while New York was built to the glory of Mammon - money, gain, the new god of the nineteenth century. So many of the same human ingredients have gone into its construction that at a distance it looks like a celestial city. At a distance. Come closer and it’s not so good.22. The passage and its title indicate that the city of New York is ________.A. a place that needs to be appreciated in detail, not from a distanceB. not as beautiful or as wonderful as its appearance suggestsC. needs to be seen up close for people to realize how great it isD. more beautiful than any long-shot photograph might suggest23. Paragraph One likens the building of New York to ________.A. a sudden and destructive earthquakeB. the natural formation of a mountain rangeC. the creation of an animated filmD. a process of Nature rather than human activity24. In the second paragraph, the writer suggests to the reader that ________.A. New York is more wonderful than a Gothic cathedralB. humans are really stupid to build places like New YorkC. New York both looks and is a vile, threatening place for humans to live and work inD. the attractiveness of New York lies on the surface, not in the quality of life there25. Which of the following is NOT suggested in the passage as being a feature of New York?A. its political importanceB. its economic **mercial importanceC. the speed with which New York was createdD. the beauty of the city’s buildingsText 6The two principal ways in which immigrant groups adjust to the dominant culture of the host country are assimilation and acculturation. Some ethnic groups appear to have been **pletely assimilated, but Puerto Ricans remain a clearly identifiable **munity.Puerto Ricans have followed the examples of previous immigrant groups by clustering in their own **munities. They have created islands within a city where Spanish is spoken, native foods are available, Latin music is heard and other elements of the island life style are evident. The cultural familiarity of the barrio keeps many Puerto Ricans from leaving even when they can find better housing elsewhere, and this slows the process of assimilation.Additionally, Puerto Ricans are a short plane trip from their homeland. There is a constant two-way flow between this country and the island that disrupts the assimilation process. And with the trend toward ethnic pride and cultural pluralism, pride in Puerto Rican cultural roots has been strengthened. Had the extreme anti-foreign sentiment of the 1940s persisted, Puerto Ricans may well have had to assimilate sooner, as did many other ethnicgroups.The term acculturation rather than assimilation would be used to describe the Puerto Rican experience on the mainland of the United Stated. Genuine assimilation has not taken place until an immigrant is able to function in the **munity without encountering prejudice or discrimination. The problem of hostility in an alien world does not disappear with acculturation; there remains the painful reality of deprivation of status and social rejection.26. The tone of the passage can best be described as ________.A. impassionedB. prejudicedC. scholarlyD. sarcastic27. According to the passage, the process of assimilation is complete only when an immigrant ________.A. applies for citizenshipB. learns to speak EnglishC. no longer actively preserves the native cultureD. can freely participate in the greater society28. The author is primarily concerned with ________.A. explaining why Puerto Ricans have not been assimilatedB. analyzing the process of acculturation of immigrant groupsC. discussing social problems created by discrimination against Puerto RicansD. comparing the experience of Puerto Ricans with that of other immigrant groups29. Which of the following is true of the development of the passage?A. The author proposes a theory and then rejects it.B. The author bases a general conclusion on a few examples.C. The author uses technical terms without defining them.D. The author suggests a plan for solving a problem.30. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?A. Assimilation eventually eliminates any discrimination against an immigrant group.B. Acculturation cannot be effective so long as an immigrant group persists in maintaining its own ethnic identity.C. Assimilation can never begin if an immigrant group establishes its own **munitiesD. Assimilation is a **plete absorption of an immigrant group by the dominant county than acculturation.Critical ReadingDirections: Read the following paragraphs or passages and answer the questions that follow. (1)When Steven Judy was executed in Indiana [in 1981] America took another step back towards legitimizing murder as a way of dealing with evil in our society.Although Judy was convicted of four of the most horrible and brutal murders imaginable, and his case is probably the worst in recent memory for opponents of the death penalty, we still have to face the real issue squarely: Can we expected a decent society if the state is allowed to kill its own people?In recent years, an increase of violence in America, both individual and political, has prompted a backlash of public opinion on capital punishment, but however much we abhor violence, legally sanctionedexecutions are no deterrent and are, in fact, immoral and unconstitutional...An evil deed is not redeemed [compensated for] by an evil deed of retaliation. Justice is never advanced in the taking of a human life.Morality is never upheld by legalized murder. Morality apart, there are a number of practical reasons which form a powerful argument against capital punishment...Proponents of capital punishment often cited a “deterrent effect” as the main benefit of the death penalty. Not only is there no hard evidence that murdering murderers will deter other potential killers, but even the “logic” of this argument **prehension.Numerous studies show that the majority of **mitted in this country are the acts of the victims’ relatives, friends and acquaintances in the “heat of passion”What this strongly suggests is that rational consideration of future consequences is seldom a part of the killer’s attitude at the **mits a crime.The only way to break the chain of violent reaction is to practice nonviolence as individuals and collectively through our laws and institutions.—Adapted from Coretta Scott King, “On the Death Penalty”31. What is the author’s viewpoint toward the death penalty?32. What is the author's attitude toward the “deterrent effect” of the death penalty? Cite evidence to support your view.33. What is the function of the first two paragraphs?34. What does “this argument” refer to? Explain in your own words the meaning of “but even the ‘logic’ of this argument **prehension”?(2)As those pieces which the painter sketches for his own amusement in his leisure hours, are often superior to the most elaborate productions, so it is that ideas often suggest themselves to us spontaneously, as it were, far surpassing in beauty those which arise in the mind upon applying ourselves to any particular subject. Hence, could a machine be invented which would instantaneously arrange on each idea as it occurs to us, without any exertion on our part, how extremely useful would it be considered! The relation between this and the practice of keeping a journal is obvious. But yet, the preservation of our scattered thoughts is to be considered an object but of minor importance.Everyone can think, **paratively few can write, can express their thoughts. Indeed, how often do we hear **plain of his inability to express what he feels! How many have occasion to make the following remark, “I am sensible that I understand this perfectly, but am not able to find words to convey my idea to others”.But if each one would employ a certain portion of each day in looking back upon the time which has passed, and in writing down his thoughts and feelings, in reckoning up his daily gains, that he may be able to detect whatever false coins have crept into his coffers（金库）and, as it were, in settling accounts with his mind, not only would his daily experience be greatly increased, since his feelings and ideas would thus be more clearly defined, but he would be ready to turn over a new leaf, having carefully perused the preceding one, and would not continue to glance carelessly over the same page, without being able to distinguish it from a new one.—Henry David Thoreau, “On Keeping a Private Journal”35. Explain the analogy that introduces the essay in the first paragraph.36. What reasons does the author give for writing a journal?37. Why does the author value reflection? How does a journal contribute to that goal?(3)A man out of place is like a fish out of water. Its fins mean nothing, they are only a hindrance. The fish can do nothing but flounder out of its element. But as soon as the fins feel the water, they mean something...A man out of place may manage to get a living, but he has lost the buoyancy,energy and enthusiasm which are as natural as to a man in his place as his breath. He is industrious, but he works mechanically and without heart. It is to support himself and family, not because he cannot help it. Dinner time does **e two hours before he realizes it; a man of place is constantly looking at his watch and thinking of his salary.If a man is in his place he is happy, joyous, cheerful, energetic, fertile in resources. The days are all too short for him. All his faculties give their consent to his work; say “yes” to his occupation. He is a man; he respects himself and is happy because all his powers are at play in their natural sphere.To be out of place is demoralizing to all the powers of manhood. We can’t cheat nature out of her aim; if she has set all the currents of your life toward medicine or law, you will only be a mediocrity at anything else.Will-power and application cannot make a farmer of a born painter any more than a lumbering draught horse can be changed into a race horse. When the powers are not used along the line of their strength they become demoralized, weakened, deteriorated. Self-respect, enthusiasm and courage ooze out; we become half-hearted and success is impossible. Man only grows when he is developing along the lines of his own individuality, and not when he is trying to be somebody else...—Adapted from Orison Marden, “Out of Place”38. Summarize in your own words the main idea of this passage.39. How do you define “a man out of place” and “a man in his place”?40. Explain or rewrite the underlined sentenceComposition41. Directions: “Ant Tribe（蚁族）” is a term to describe young graduates with low salary and harsh living conditions in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai or Guangzhou. In order to pursue their dreams in big cities, some would rather have “a single bed in Beijing” than “a house back in hometown”. Do you think “Ant Tribe” should go to smaller cities or hold on to their big-city dreams? Write an essay of about 400 words on the following topic: To be a small fish in a big pond or a big fish in a small pond? You are supposed to write your essay on the Answer Sheet.。
2009年某校硕士研究生入学考试英语专业水平考试试题/gwyjs/article_list.php?id=34&col_parent_id=89&col_idI.Cloze (30 points, 1 point for each)Read the following passage and choose a proper word from the Word List to fill in each of the blanks in the passage. Each word can be used only once. Write the words you choose for each blank on YOUR ANSWER SHEET in the following way: ExampleI. Cloze1. paper2. continuously3. …Now, do the Cloze.WORD LISTMost of Mark Twain‘s books bubbled out 1 him like water out of a fountain.2 of his gifts was the capacity to take a scene and fill it3 every sparkling detail of nature and of human action, to put in every spoken word and accompanying gesture, and to slowly exaggerate the successive moments4 the whole episode reached a climax of joyous, sidesplitting laughter.5 he had trouble weaving his incidents into meaningful plot patterns. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,Mark Twain‘s masterpiece, came into __6 slowly.7 in 1876, immediately after he had dashed off The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, he wrote 400 manuscript pages quickly and8 stalled; in disgust he meditated9 the work. __10 the winter of 1879-1880 he penned further sections; again the spark of enthusiasm died. __11 taking a journey down the Mississippi River in April, 1882, he quickly completed Lift on the Mississippi(1883) and with unabated zest 12 the novel. The trip had reawakened his boyhood memories and suggested new episodes; the two books became 13 , the weaker travel account serving as scaffolding for the great edifice. __14 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was 15 in 1884, it met a mixed reception. A Brooklyn lady protested 16 its presence in the children‘s room of the public library; the librarian reshelved the volume in the adult area to 17 Huck‘s and Tom‘s ―mischievous and deceitful practices which made them poor examples foryouth.‖ Today the novel is among the world‘s 18 and vies with Nathaniel Hawthorne‘s The Scarlet Letter (1850) for the position of American‘s _19 artistic work of fiction.The reader is reminded at the outset that in 1850 Huck Finn had been a playmate of Tom Sawyer in St. Petersburg, Missouri, the 20 name of Mark Twain‘s native village of Hannibal. For three months Huck had lived with the lady 21 life he had saved, the Widow Douglas, ―fair, smart, and forty‖; her hill mansion was ―the only palace in the town, and the most hospitable and much the most lavish in the matter of festivities‖ that the town could boast.The lad 22 had run away from elegance was again a candidate for the major role in a rags-to-riches tale. Huck wanted it otherwise. Like Tom, whose name turns up throughout the __23 . Huck wanted adventure. For six months Huck endured starched clothes and virtual imprisonment within the mansion. When Pap returned on April 1 and took Huck 24 from the Widow, Huck came to prefer his slovenly island home. 25 against Pap‘s cruelty led Huck to plan his own ―murder‖ and to decamp about two months later. H e discovered Jim 26 June 4 and started the rafting trip down the river on June 22. On July 7 he reached the Grangerfords and stayed __27 about a month. On August 10 the Duke and Dauphin came 28 the raft; their shenanigans ended at Pikeville on September 18. The 29 at Aunt Sally‘s lasted twenty-six days, until October 15. Then Huck decided to light out for Indian Territory and forever depart from a ―civilization‖ that he30 .II. Proofreading and Error Correction (30 points, 2 points for each) The following passage contains fifteen errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. Correct the errors and write the answers on YOUR ANSWER SHEET in the following way:For a wrong word, write the correct one on Y our Answer Sheet.For a missing word, write the missing word with a ―∧‖ sign before it on Y our AnswerSheet.For an unnecessary word, write the unnecessary word with a deleting line on it on Y ourAnswer Sheet.ExampleWhen ∧art museum wants a new exhibit, it 31. _____never buys things in finished form and hangs 32. _____them on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it.33. _____Write on your Answer Sheet:II. Proofreading and Error Correction31. ∧an 32. never 33. exhibitNow, do the Proofreading and Error Correction.Scientists claim that air pollution causes a decline in theworld average air temperature. In order to prove that theory, [31] ___ecologists have turned to historical datum in relation to [32] ___especially huge volcanic eruptions. They suspect that volcanoesaffect weather changes that are similar to air pollution. [33]___One source of informations is the effect of the eruption [34]__of Tambora, a volcano in Sumbawa, the Dutch East Indies, inApril 1815. The largest recorded volcano eruption, Tambora [35]___threw 150 million tons of fine ash into the stratosphere. Theash from a volcano spreads around worldwide in a few days [36] ___or remains in the air for years. Its effect is to turn incoming [37] ___solar radiation into the space and thus cool the earth. For [38]___example, records of weather in England shows that between [39] ___April and November 1815, the average temperature had fallen4.5 F. During the next twenty-four months, England sufferedone of the coldest periods of their history. Farmers‘ records [40]___from April 1815 to December 1818 indicate frost throughoutthe spring and summer and sharp decreases at crop and [41]___livestock markets. Since there was a time lag of several yearsbetween cause and effect, by the time the world agriculturalcommodity community had deteriorated, no one realizes the [42]___cause.Ecologists today warn that we face a twofold menace. Theever-present possibility of volcanic eruptions, such as those [43]___of Mt. St. Helens in Washington, added man‘s pollution of [44]___the atmosphere with oil, gas, coal, and other pollutingsubstances, may bring us increasingly colder weather. [45]___III. Gap-filling (30points, 2 points for each)Fill in the following banks with the correct words and the correct forms of the words given according the meanings of the sentences. Write the answers on YOUR ANSWER SHEET in the following way:Example46. prolong, refuse, delay, postpone, lengthenI hope the __________ of the appointment will not cause you much inconvenience.Write on your Answer Sheet:III. Gap-filling46. postponement 47. … 48. …Now, do the Gap-filling.46. affect, influence, effect, impactWe have tried our best to ________ a reconciliation between the two parties. 47. attain, acquire, obtain, gain, secure, procureChrysler, including sales of newly ________ American Motors, delivered 1.01 million cars, down 17.7 percent and amounting to 9.6 percent of the market. 48. ensure, assure, guaranteeThe Labor Department issued guidelines to_________ equal job opportunities for women on work paid for by federal funds.49. ability, capability, competence, capacity, aptitudeResearchers using the new measuring technique found the skull to have a ________ of only about 515 cubic centimeters (about 31 cubic inches).50. take part in, attend, participate in, enter for, joinTo the amazement of the organizing committee, so many professional singers ________ the singing competition to be held next month.51. insist on, persist in, stick/adhere to, persevere inDue to the bankruptcy of the company, they failed to ________ the original agreement.52. stable, secure, steady, firm, durablePolitical ________ and wars in many sub-Saharan countries have also contributed to poverty. As a result of such factors, the number of people living in extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa grew from 217 million in 1987 to more than 300 million in 1998.53. manager, director, headmaster, proprietor, governorAs one of the four ________ of the company, he often had to attend Board meetings.54. permit, allow, approve, accept, consent, endorseEligible paper, as defined in 1951, is a negotiable note, draft, or bill bearing the ________ of the member bank, the proceeds of which have been or are to be usedin producing, purchasing, carrying, or marketing goods in one or more steps of the process of production, manufacture, or distribution55. income, wages, dividend, salary, earnings, pensionNow that he has retired, he lived partly on his ________ and partly on the interest on his post office savings account.56. complain, grieve, reclaim, grumbleThe peasants‘ many ________ resulting from ill-treatment by their landlords led finally to rebellion.57. renew, renovate, refresh, recreateHe had been completely exhausted but felt considerably ________ after a meal and a good rest.58. view, scene, scenery, sight, natureSwitzerland is well-known for its impressive mountainous ________.59. nevertheless, accordingly, however, yet, eventuallyHe has impressed his employer considerably and ________ he is soon to be promoted.60. gap, pause, space, interruption, intervalDuring the ________, the audience strolled and chatted in the foyer.IV. Reading Comprehension （60 points, 2 points for each）In this section, there are six reading passages followed by a total of thirty multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then write your answers on YOUR ANSWER SHEET.ExampleWrite on your Answer Sheet:IV. Reading Comprehension61. A 62. B 63. …Now, do the Reading Comprehension.Text ATommy Albelin, a Devils defenseman, was the team‘s most effective performer the night the Stanley Cup champions played their best game of the young season.Playing left wing instead of defense against the Detroit Red Wings last Thursday night, Albelin scored the second goal of the game and made the pass that set up the fourth one.Albelin played so well in the 4-2 victory that Coach Jacques Lemaire said, ―Tommy, you lost your job.‖―I was kind of surprised,‖ Albelin said today. ―When he saw the look on my face, he said very quickly ‗as a defenseman‘ and I knew then he was joking.‖Lemaire had Albelin right back on defense in the next game, last Saturday‘s 4-1 triumph over the Ottawa Senators. Albelin responded just as well, making the pass for the winning goal.With Brian Rolston leaving today‘s practice because of a foot problem and ready to join Bobby Holik and Bob Carpenter as injured Devils, look for Albelin to return to left wing when New Jersey plays the V ancouver Canucks Wednesday night at the Meadowlands.This season, the 31-year-old Albelin has played left wing three times and defenseman four. In addition, because Albelin is so adept at skating and puck-handling, Lemaire has been using him for penalty killing and the power play.―It‘s a big advantage to have a player like him,‖ Lemaire said after today‘s practice. ―When you don‘t have the necessary player to play against a player, you can use Abbey because he adjusts very well. He listens to all the things I tell the defensemen and all the things I tell the forwards. ―Lemaire‘s decision to shuttle Albelin is not prompted by a desire to find the best position for him. Rather, it is testimony to Albelin‘s versatility.Albelin was used as a left wing for the first time by Herb Brooks, the man whom Lemaire replaced after Brooks resigned three summers ago, but he played only a handful of games in that position.The Devils changed coaches frequently in Albelin‘s early years with the team. As a result, Albelin contemplated returning home to Sweden several times. But he said today he was glad he never did.Albelin came to the Devils from Quebec in 1988 and has been a solid player. Year after year, despite coaching changes, injuries and the presence of marquee names like Scott Stevens, Slava Fetisov, Stephane Richer and Claude Lemeiux, Albelin‘s dedication and consummate professionalism have made him an integral part of the team.―My philosophy has always been to play where the team needs me,‖ Albelin said. ―I don‘t question the decisions by the coaches. As long as I‘m out there on the ice, I don‘t care what position I play.‖Albelin has performed effectively at wing and on defense despite the different responsibilities. Judging by the way Albelin described them, it is clear he prefers to play defense.―There are a lot of adjustments you have to make as a forward,‖ Albelin said, ―Y ou have to be a little more creative, do more things with the puck. Improvise somewhat, but to a point. As a defenseman, you can get by most of the time by givingthe puck to your forwards and support the play.‖Albelin said today that the uncertainty over whether he will play defense or offense on any given night was not much of a concern in terms of preparing himself.―I don‘t mind as long as I know before the warm-ups,‖ he said.61. Tommy Albelin is _______ defenseman.A. Red WingsB. CanucksC. DevilsD. Brooks62. Albelin has played defenseman _______ this season.A. three timesB. four timesC. two timesD. five times63. Coach Lemaire shuttles Albelin because he _______.A. is versatileB. is a solid playerC. is very dedicatedD. is docile64. The Devils changed coaches frequently ________.A. in the late 1980sB. in Albelin‘s years with th e teamC. as many of them resignedD. during Albelin‘s stay in the team65. Albelin prefers to play _________.A. forwardB. left wingC. defenseD. offense66. Among the following titles, ________ is suitable for the article.A. The Defenseman Albelin in Red WingsB. The Best Player in DevilsC. The V ersatile Albelin in CanucksD. V ersatile Albelin Brings Devil VictoriesText BThe effect of any writing on the public mind is mathematically measurable by its depth of thought. How much water does it draw? If it awaken you to think, if it lift you from your feet with the great voice of eloquence, then the effect is to be wide, slow, permanent, over the minds of men; if the pages instruct you not, they will die like flies in the hour. The way to speak and write what shall not go out of fashion is,to speak and write sincerely. The argument which has not power to reach my own practice, I may well doubt, will fail to reach yours. But take Sidney‘s maxim: —―Look in thy heart, and write.‖ He that wr ites to himself writes to an eternal public. That statement only is fit to be made public, which you have come at in attempting to satisfy your own curiosity. The writer who takes his subject from his ear, and not from his heart, should know that he has lost as much as he seems to have gained, and when the empty book has gathered all its praise, and half the people say, ―What poetry! What genius!‖ it still needs fuel to make fire. That only profits which is profitable. Life alone can impart life; and though we should burst, we can only be valued as we make ourselves valuable. There is no luck in literary reputation. They who make up the final verdict upon every book are not the partial and noisy readers of the hour when it appears; but a court as of angels, a public not to be bribed, not to be entreated, and not to be overawed, decides upon every man‘s title to fame. Only those books come down which deserve to last. Gilt edges, vellum, and morocco, and presentation-copies to all the libraries, will not preserve a book in circulation beyond its intrinsic date. It must go with all Walpole‘s Noble and Royal Authors to its fate. Blackmore, Kotzebue, or Pollok may endure for a night, but Moses and Homer stand forever. There are not in the world at any one time more than a dozen persons who read and understand Plato: —never enough to pay for an edition of his works; yet to every generation these come duly down, for the sake of those few persons, as if God brought them in his hand. ―No book,‖ said Bentley, ―was ever written down by any but itself.‖ The permanence of all books is fixed by no effort friendly or hostile, but by their own specific gravity, or the intrinsic importance of their contents to the constant mind of man. ―Do not trouble yourself too much about th e light on your statue,‖ said Michelangelo to the young sculptor; ―the light of the public square will test its value.‖In like manner the effect of every action is measured by the depth of the sentiment from which it proceeds. The great man knew not that he was great. It took a century or two for that fact to appear. What he did, he did because he must; it was the most natural thing in the world, and grew out of the circumstances of the moment. But now, every thing he did, even to the lifting of his finger or the eating of bread, looks large, all-related, and is called an institution.67. T he following statements are wrong EXCEPT _________.A. Only the thing that is profitable profits.B. If the pages do not instruct you, they will not die like flies in the hour.C. Only the statement, which you have come at in attempting to satisfy yourreader‘s curiosity, is fit to be made public.D. He that writes by himself writes to an eternal public.68.―How much water does it draw?‖ means__________.A. How much content does it have?B. How much influence does it exert?C. How much value does it have?D. How important is it?69. A writer‘s fame is decided upon by __________.A. partial and noisy readersB. a court of angelsC. an angel-like public not to be bribedD. a public to be bribed70. At any time in the world Plato‘s work are read and understood by__________.A. less than a dozen personsB. more than a dozen personsC. many peopleD. no one71. The permanence of all books is fixed by__________.A. no effortB. friendly effortC. hostile effortD. their own specific gravityText CPsychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments reviewed here show how short-term memory has been studied.Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors. There was a light in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the rat only at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunters did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it could not remember the correct door. Hunter‘s results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English: beginning, intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether, wither, and wetter are four words that sound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the samemeaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with the same meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance, weather, method, love, result could be used as four unrelated words. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning‘s results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory, and advanced students hold the meaning of words in their shot-term memory.72. In hunter‘s experiment, the rat had to remember_________.A. where the food wasB. how to leave the cageC. how big the cage wasD. which light was turned on73. Hunter found that rats_________.A. can remember only where their food isB. cannot learn to go to the correct doorC. have no short-term memoryD. have a short-term memory of one-sixth a minute74. Henning tested the students‘ memory of _________.A. words copied several timesB. words explainedC. words heardD. words seen75. Henning concluded that beginning and advanced students________.A. have no difficulty holding words in their short-term memoryB. differ in the way they retain wordsC. have much difficulty holding words in their short-term memoryD. hold words in their short-term memory in the same way76. The following statements are wrong EXCEPT_________.A. The rat could find the correct door when the light of the next door was turned offB. The rat could find the correct door to get the food whenever it was released fromits cageC. Each of the three doors had a light that was turned onD. The rat could remember where to find the food if it waited for less than tensecondsText DA Frenchman, the psychologist Alfred Binet, published the first standardized test of human intelligence in 1905. But it was an American, Lewis Terman, a psychology professor at Stanford, who thought to divide a test taker‘s ―mental age‖, as revealed by that score, by his or her chronological age to derive a number that he called the―intelligence quotient‖, or IQ. It would be hard to think of a pop-scientific coinage that has had a greater impact on the way people think about themselves and others.No country embraced the IQ –and the application of IQ testing to restructure society –more thoroughly than the U.S. Every year millions of Americans have their IQ measured, many with a direct descendant of Binet‘s original test, the Standford-Binet, although not necessarily for the purpose Binet intended. He developed his test as a way of identifying public school students who needed extra help in learning, and that is still one of its leading uses.But the broader and more controversial use of IQ testing has its roots in a theory of intelligence – part science, part sociology – that developed in the late 19th century, before Binet‘s work and entirely separate from it. Championed first by Charles Darwin‘s cousin Francis Galton, it held that intelligence was the most valuable human attribute, and that if people who had a lot of it could be identified and put in leadership positions, all of society would benefit.Terman believed IQ tests should be used to conduct a great sorting out of the population, so that young people would be assigned on the basis of their scores to particular levels in the school system, which would lead to corresponding socioeconomic destinations in adult life. The beginning of the IQ-testing movement overlapped with the eugenics movement –hugely popular in America and Europe among the ―better sort‖ before Hitler gave it a bad name – which held that intelligence was mostly inherited and that people-deficient in it should be discouraged from reproducing. The state sterilization that Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes notoriously endorsed in a 1927 Supreme Court decision was done with an IQ score as justification.The American IQ promoters scored a great coup during World War I when they persuaded the Army to give IQ tests to 1.7 million inductees. It was the world‘s first mass administration of an intelligence test, and many of the standardized tests in use today can be traced back to it: the now ubiquitous and obsessed-over SAT (Study Ability Test); the Wechler, taken by several million people a year, according to its publisher; and Terman‘s own National Intelligence Test, originally used in trac king elementary school children. All these tests took from the Army the basic technique of measuring intelligence mainly by asking vocabulary questions (synonyms, antonyms, analogies, reading comprehension).77. According to Terman‘s theory, a twelve-year-old boy‘s mental age is 10, then hisIQ number is about __________.A. 0.8B. 0.9C. 1.0D. 1.278. IQ test is originally used to ___________.A. find out the students who need extra help in learningB. assign young people to different majorsC. select the acceptable recruits for armyD. select the leaders for society79. The viewpoint that intelligence was mostly inherited and people deficient inintelligence should be discouraged from reproducing was held by ___________.A.IQ-testing movementB. Eugenic movementC.HitlerD.both IQ-testing and Eugenic movements80. What does the author probably mean by ―scored a great coup‖ (see Para. 5)?A. FailedB. SucceededC. CriticizedD. AdvocatedText EHistorical developments of the past half century and the invention of modern telecommunication and transportation technologies have created a world economy. Effectively the American economy has died and been replaced by a world economy.In the future, there is no such thing as being an American manager. Even someone who spends an entire management career in Kansas City is in international management. He or she will compete with foreign firms, buy from foreign firms, sell to foreign films, or acquire financing from foreign banks.The globalization of the world‘s capital markets that has occurred in the past 10 years will be replicated right across the economy in the next decade. An international perspective has become central to management. Without it managers are operating in ignorance and cannot understand what is happening to them and their firms.Partly because of globalization and partly because of demography, the work forces of the next century are going to be very different from those of the last century. Most firms will be employing more foreign nationals. More likely than not, you and your boss will not be of the same nationality. Demography and changing social mores mean that white males will become a small fraction of the work force as women and minorities grow in importance. All of these factors will require changes in the traditional methods of managing the work force.In addition, the need to produce goods and services at quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in mass production and the spreading use of participatory management techniques will require a work force with much higher levels of education and skills. Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control; production workers must be able to do just in-time inventories. Managers are increasingly shifting from a ―don‘t think, do what you are told‖ to a ―think, I am not going to tell you what to do‖ style of management.This shift is occurring not because today‘s managers are more enlightened than yesterday‘s managers bu t because the evidence is rapidly mounting that the second style of management is more productive than the first style of management. But this means that problems of training and motivating the work force both become more central and require different modes of behaviour.In the word of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically illiterate regardless of their functional tasks within the firm. They don‘t have to be scientists or engineers inventing new technologies, but they have to be managers who understa nd when to bet and when not to bet on new technologies. If they don‘t understand what is going。
626华南理工大学2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：英语综合水平测试适用专业：英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学共 12 页Part I. Vocabulary (20 marks)Section OneDirections: In each of the following sentences, there is one word underlined, followed by three possible choices. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to this word. (10 marks)1.The appointment of the new director aroused controversy.a. concernb. urgencyc. dispute2.The world economy has proven to be elastic from various kinds of great disasters,such as the two world wars.a. capriciousb. resilientc. destructive3.The Foundation is one of the world’s wealthiest philanthropic organizations intendedto help the needy people.a. prolificb. humanitarianc. multinational4.Anyone over the age of eighteen is eligible to vote.a. reinforcedb. expectedc. entitled5.Diplomatic misunderstanding can often be traced back to blunders in oralinterpretation or written translation.a. insultsb. argumentsc. mistakes6.The draught, which lasted several months, caused famine, diseases and deaths.a. starvationb. malariac. poverty7.Trying to figure out the working of the human mind is like groping in the dark.a. fumblingb. staggeringc. discerning8.Hostilities have broken out between the two countries.a. contactsb. disturbancesc. antagonism9.It is true that during their explorations they often faced incidents of the most perilousnature.a. excitingb. offensivec. dangerous10.A mixture of milk and water is an insipid drink.a. flavorousb. vapidc. healthy11.Heaven’s vengeance is slow but sure.a. abhorrenceb. surrenderc. revenge12.The world recession might curb the demand for and consumption for oil.a. increaseb. restrictc. rebuke13.In ancient civilizations, thunder was believed to be a manifestation of the wrath ofthe gods.a. messageb. soundc. anger14.Abraham Lincoln was a staunch protector of the sovereign rights of citizens..a. devotedb. celebratedc. successful15.The company is trying to repel an unfriendly takeover.a. replicateb. repulsec. restore16.It has been pointed out that walking briskly, daily jogging, or staircase climbingstrengthens the heart and the lung.a. energeticallyb. regularlynguidly17.Despite the fame he gained from his early novels, his later plays were given alukewarm reception by both critics and the public.a. suspiciousb. enthusiasticc. indifferent18.The bombardment obliterated the town.a. leveledb. obligatedc. conquered19.This medicine will dilate the blood vessels and prevent clotting.a. compressb. repairc. expand20.The committee temporized instead of reaching a decision.a. delayedb. executedc. endedSection TwoDirections: Write down the Chinese equivalent for the underlined word or words in the answer sheet. (10 marks)1. A person’s ability to cope with frustration is also an important factor in one’s lifecareer.2.The President reviewed a guard of honour.3.I feel that this youthful experience contributed to a certain growing introspection andcuriosity about the relationship of science to the world about it.4.The men who founded modern science had two merits which are not necessarilyfound together: immense patience in observation, and great boldness in framing hypothesis.5.It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolfremains of a different opinion.6.The toll from strong winds lashing the south coast yesterday includes two menmissing in heavy seas.7.But public outrage over abuse of official privilege continued to mount, fueled byallegations of unpaid bills at luxurious restaurants and extravagant junketeering at taxpayer expense.8.From a wider range, the Peking summit is merely the capstone of a dramaticbridge-building process that has sprung up to embrace all of Asia.9.Such a long rough journey would be very taxing for an old man.10.Despite this backwardness in the communications，China hopes to leapfrog into thedigital era by bypassing many of the costly transitional technologies.11.When the first Boeing 777 rolled off production line, it immediately raised fears thatits enormous size would overwhelm airports, overload passenger terminals and overstress taxiways and runways.12.The cooperative principle alone cannot fully explain how people talk. It explains howconversational implicature is given rise to but it does not tell us why people are often so indirect in conveying what they want to say.13.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they areendowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights.14.Increasingly nations are waking up to the fact that they are unwisely holding arapidly declining US currency which has been the Achilles’ heel of global economy.15.I wish peace could be saved at the eleventh hour.16.The report attempts to whitewash recent events.17.The Environmental Law provides for the implementation and enforcement of thenational air quality standards.18.It is not a difficult task. It should be child’s play for an experienced mountaineer.19.John had called Harry a coward, but the boys made him eat his words after Harrybravely fought a big bully.20.You don’t suppose, do you, that our friends here are in earnest. They have just beenpulling our legs very wittily.Part II. Reading Comprehension (50 marks)Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow.The alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), whose great size is legendary, is one of the two members of the order Crocodilia found in the U.S. The anatomy of the alligator has been studied from the middle of the last century up to the present, and hundreds of papers have been written on the subject. A fairly comprehensive treatise published by Reese in 1915 has been a guide for much of the more recent work, and is still helpful to those using the alligator for research. Neither the physiology nor the biochemistry of thealligator had been studied in much detail prior to the work described here. In the early years of the century when metabolism was being investigated in many different types of animals, several experiments were conducted on reptiles. Benedict, Krehl, and Soetbeer, and others used the alligator, and comparisons were made of the caloric requirements of cold- and warm-blooded animals.1.Krehl and Soetbeer studied ________.a. the size of the alligatorb. the anatomy of the alligatorc. the metabolism of the alligatord. the natural history of the alligator2.The aspect of the alligator that has been studied the longest is ________.a. its anatomyb. its great sizec. its metabolismd. its caloric requirements3.The word “legendary” means ________.a. famousb. enormousc. incredibled. interestingSince the original sections of New Orleans had been built upon a natural levee or embankment, which had been further heightened as the years passed, the natural drainage of all streets was away from the river in the direction of the swamp leading ultimately to Lade Pontchartrain. Whatever may have been the disadvantages of this drainage system, it was possible to flush the gutters by means of hydrants located at the heads of those streets running diagonally from the river. In its aim to keep the streets as clean as possible, the Board of Health ordered that public hydrants on the main streets be opened for one hour each morning and evening. The sixty-inch annual rainfall in New Orleans originally had been sufficient to clean out the gutters, but as the population grew and the dirt and refuse accumulated, the rainwater soon proved inadequate. Whatever impact flushing the gutters may have had on health – and this is a debatable point – the aesthetic results must have justified the practice.4.The city of New Orleans seems ________.a. to have been located in a valleyb. to have been located between a river and a lakec. to have had no natural levee to help in its drainaged. to have been built on land so high that it needed no further heightening5.New Orleans usually had ________.a. little rainfallb. sixty inches of rainfall a monthc. sixty inches of rainfall a yeard. enough rainfall to eliminate completely the need for extra drainage systems6.The flushing of the gutters ________.a. definitely improved the health of the New Orleaniansb. had no real effect on the health of the New Orleaniansc. may have made an improvement in the health of the New Orleaniansd. had some effect on the health of the citizens of New Orleans, but no othernoticeable effectPetroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and lubricating oils, come from one source – crude oil found below the earth’s surface, as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the earth’s interior. Some times crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels.Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance” thin, thick, transparent or opaque, but regardless, their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other produces, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasolines.7.Which of the following is not true?a.Crude oil is found below land and water.b.Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface.c.Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface.d. A variety of petroleum products is obtained from crude oil.8.Many thousands of hydrocarbon compounds are possible because ________.a.the petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearanceplicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structurec.the two atoms in the molecule assume many positionsd.the pressure needed to force it to the surface causes molecular transformation9.Which of the following is true?a.The various petroleum products are produced by filtration.b.Heating and condensation produce the various products.c.Chemical separation is used to produce the various products.d.Mechanical means such as the centrifuge are used to produce the variousproducts.10.How is crude oil brought to the surface?a. Expansion of the hydrocarbons.b. Pressure and pumping.c. Vacuum created in the drilling pipe.d. Expansion and contraction of the earth’s surface.11.Which of the following is not listed as a light oil?a. Distillate oil.b. Lubricating oil.c. Gasoline.d. Keroine.Glands manufacture and secrete necessary substances. Exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts, but endocrine glands, or ductless glands, release their products directly into the bloodstream.One important endocrine gland is the thyroid gland. It is in the neck and has two lobes, one on each side of the windpipe. The thyroid gland collects iodine from the blood and produces thyroxine, and important hormone, which it stores in an inactive form. When thyroxine is needed by the body, the thyroid gland excretes it directly into the bloodstream. Thyroxine is combined in the body cells with other chemicals and affects many functions of the body.The thyroid gland may be underactive or overactive, resulting in problems. An underactive thyroid causes hypothyroidism, while an overactive one causes hyperthyroidism. The former problem, called myxedema in adults and cretinism in children, causes the growth process to slow down. A cretin’s body and mind do not grow to their full potential. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, results in extreme nervousness, an increase in heart action, and other problems.Either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism may result in goiter, or an enlarged thyroid gland. A goiter will appear when the body is not getting enough iodine. Goiter is less common today, since most people use iodized salt.12. The thyroid gland is called an endocrine gland because ________.a. it has ductsb. it has lobesc. it exercises directly into the bloodstreamd. it is located in the neck13. A cretin is ________.a. a child with hyperthyroidismb. an adult with an underperforming thyroid glandc. a young person with hypothyroidismd. an extremely irritable child14. Which of the following is a probable result of myxedema?a. Sluggishness.b. Hyperactivity.c. Overproduction of thyroxine.d. Perspiration.15. A goiter is _________.a. a person with myxedemab. a swollen thyroid glandc. an underactive thyroid glandd. a chemicalAs far as 700 B.C., man has talked about children being cared for by wolves. Romulus and Remus, the well-known twin founders of Rome, were purported to have been cared for by wolves. It is believed that when a she-wolf loses her litter, she seeks a human child to take its place.This seemingly preposterous idea did not become credible until the late nineteenth century when a French doctor actually found a naked ten-year-old boy wandering in the woods. He did not walk erect, could not speak intelligibly, nor could he relate to people. He only growled and stared at them. Finally the doctor won the boy’s confidence and began to work with him. After many long years of devoted and patient instruction, the doctor was able to get the boy to clothe and feed himself, recognize and utter a number of words, as well as write letters and form words.16. The French doctor found the boy ________.a. wandering in the woodsb. at his doorstepc. growling at himd. speaking intelligibly17. In this passage, the word litter most nearly means ________.a. garbageb. masterc. offspringd. hair18. The doctor was able to work with the boy because ________.a. the boy was highly intelligentb. the boy trusted himc. the boy liked to dress upd. the boy was dedicated and patient19. Which of the following statements is not true?a.She-wolves have been said to substitute human children for their lost litters.b.Examples of wolves’ caring for human children can be found only in thenineteenth century.c.The French doctor succeeded in domesticating the boy somewhat.d.The young boy never was able to speak perfectly.20. In this passage, the word preposterous most nearly means ________.a. dedicatedb. scientificc. wonderfuld. absurdAlmost every day the average teenage girl is judged and criticized by other teenage girls, on clothes, complexion, hair, makeup, and figure. But where does the teenage girl’s idea of beauty come from? One of the answers is magazines. Magazines such as Teen, Seventeen, YM (Young and Modern), and Teen People have models on every page, pictures of the perfect body, smoothest hair, and flawless features. When we teenage girls see these flawless faces and gorgeous bodies, an idea of the perfect woman gets placed in our heads, and this idea sticks.The ideal of the 110-pound, size-three, C-cup, five-foot nine-inch blond woman is one that many of us will go to extremes to achieve. We will deprive ourselves of food in pursuit of this image. When we can’t reach this unrealistic goal, too many of us end upbinge eating because we’re depressed. Then, in order not to gain weight, we are likely to purge ourselves of the food we consumed. So the destructive cycle of eating disorders begins. As if disrupting our eating habits is not bad enough, we will wear uncomfortable clothes to look “better,” high-heeled shoes to look taller, too-tight jeans to look smaller, dyed hair to be blond, and uncomfortably revealing outfits to look more like the young women in the magazines. But why exactly do we teenage girls torture ourselves so to change our looks and try to take on the supposed perfection of the models in magazines? What is in these magazines that appeals so much to girls who are becoming young women?Horoscopes, advice, beauty and body tips, questions and answers on all topics, and interesting and informative articles are some of the things you will find in the many magazines targeted at teenage girls. In some of the many articles they have about anorexia, bulimia, and other eating disorders, the magazines tell about the devastating effects—medical and psychological—of those disorders along with firsthand accounts of people who have suffered from them. Yet, on just about every page, there are young women who are so thin they look as if they have those very disorders. Other interesting stories that these magazines sometimes have are firsthand accounts of “shopaholics,” or compulsive buyers, while on just about every page there are advertisements practically screaming, “Buy, buy, buy.” Ads for clothes, bathing suits, makeup, hair care, nail care, and “feminine needs” are everywhere. These ads lead teenage girls to believe that if we manage to obtain all of these products, we will somehow be transformed into the glamorous women in the magazines who, because they are “beautiful,” must also be happy. The advertisements thrust on young women the idea that we need—in fact, that we must have—all of these beautifying products to be socially accepted.Although magazines create impossible desires for young women, there are also many features that will help us through this awkward stage of life. In traditional cultures, there are coming-of-age ceremonies that provide very clear guidelines and rituals for how we are supposed to act as we experience our adolescence; however, American girls in our times are left to fend for ourselves during the stage between childhood and womanhood. Magazines such as Seventeen have articles about some of the life-altering decisions that must be made during this time, decisions such as whether or not to have sex, do drugs, concentrate in school and go to college. These articles are supplemented with advice columns with names like “Beauty,” “Boys,” and “Saying Goodbye,” which go over teenagers’ problems and their solutions.Sometimes teenagers, like all other people, want to forget our problems, even if it means laughing at other people’s misfortunes. Columns that poke fun at other people are “Trauma-rama,” “Most Mortifying Moments,” and “Why Me?” It’s hard for teenage girlsto find our way in life, so we sometimes want to read about someone else who has hadbad or embarrassing experiences. More importantly, however, magazines publish articleson hard-to-deal-with, widespread experiences—divorce, domestic violence, difficult breakups, peer pressure, and even rape. These articles show young women that we are notalone in dealing with these problems and refer us to people who can help. Familymembers are the hardest people to talk to about these problems, and sometimes thesearticles can explain to teen girls some possible ways to inform our families about whatwe’re going through.With parents, friends, teachers, and peers telling the young women of today who tobe and how to act, it is easy for girls to get lost trying to find who we truly are. In the adolescent girl’s search for her identity, the teen magazines can be both bad and good. Onthe one hand, they instill in our minds an unrealistic and unachievable goal of beauty. Onthe other hand, they help us find ourselves and understand better how to accomplish ourgoals in life. If we can find a way to tune out the messages from the models and ads, or ifthe magazines themselves would rule them out, I think these magazines would be mostlybeneficial in allowing young women to take advantage of learning from others’ mistakes.After all, we would all like to learn from mistakes without making them ourselves.21. The author believes that teenage girls’ emphasis on appearance is largely caused by________.a.other teenage girls’ criticism and judgmentb.their desire to look better than other teenage girlsc.their belief that clothes and makeup can create beautyd.influence of magazines with pictures of “perfect” women22. Which of the following sequence describes how eating disorder is caused?a.depression – eating more – gaining weight – eating disorderb.eating more – gaining weight – depression – eating disorderc.depression – eating more – throwing up food we eat – eating disorderd.eating more – depression – throwing up food we eat – eating disorder23. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?a.Wearing uncomfortable clothes is even worse than having eating disorder.b.Some teenagers went through much physical discomfort trying to look good.c.Wearing uncomfortable clothes will worsen the problem of eating disorder.d.The magazine models look perfect since they use many beautifying products.24. By reading stories of other people’s misfortunes, teenagers can ________.a.learn how to seek help and solve some of their own problemsb.forget their own problems since others encounter worse problemsc.understand why it is hard to talk to family members about their problemsd.develop sympathy towards those who have had bad experiences in their lives25. According to the author, teenage magazines can be beneficial to teenagers if they________.a.have a clear goal of life and are determined to achieve itb.learn from others’ mistakes and achieve their own goals in lifec.get the main messages from the models and ads in the magazinesd.read them with their parents, who tell them what to do and who to bePart III. Critical Reading (30 marks)Read the following paragraphs or passages and answer the questions that follow.(1)I make a difference between good manners and good breeding; although, in order to vary my expression, I am sometimes forced to confound them. By the first, I only understand the art of remembering and applying certain settled forms of general behaviour. But good breeding is of a much larger extent; for besides an uncommon degree of literature sufficient to qualify a gentleman for reading a play, or a political pamphlet, it takes in a great compass of knowledge; no less than that of dancing, fighting, gaming, making the circle of Italy, riding the great horse, and speaking French; not to mention some other secondary, or subaltern accomplishments, which are more easily acquired. So that the difference between good breeding and good manners lies in this, that the former cannot be attained to by the best understandings, without study and labour; whereas a tolerable degree of reason will instruct us in every part of good manners, without other assistance.——Jonathan Swift, “A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding”1. Write a short complete sentence in your own words stating the main idea.2. Why does the writer use the word ‘subaltern’?(2)I was yesterday invited by a gentleman to dinner, who promised that our entertainment should consist of a haunch of venison, a turtle, and a great man. I came, according to appointment. The venison was fine, the turtle good, but the great man insupportable. The moment I ventured to speak, I was at once contradicted with a snap. I attempted, by a second and a third assault, to retrieve my lost reputation, but was still beat back with confusion. I was resolved to attack him once more from entrenchment, and turned the conversation upon the government of China: but even here he asserted, snapped, and contradicted as before. Heavens, thought I, this man pretends to know China even better than myself! I looked round to see who was on my side, but every eye was fixed in admiration on the great man; I therefore, at last thought proper to sit silent, and act the pretty gentleman during the ensuing conversation.——Oliver Goldsmith, “A Little Great Man”3. Write a complete sentence in your own words that expresses the main idea.4. Why does the writer use the word ‘entrenchment’?(3)For those who want to develop or use semantical methods, the decisive question is not the alleged ontological question of the existence of abstract entities but rather the question whether the rise of abstract linguistic forms or, in technical terms, the use of variables beyond those for things (or phenomenal data), is expedient and fruitful for the purposes for which semantical analyses are made, viz. the analysis, interpretation, clarification, or construction of languages of communication, especially languages of science. This question is here neither decided nor even discussed. It is not a question simply of yes or no, but a matter of degree. Among those philosophers who have carried out semantical analyses and thought about suitable tools for this work, beginning with Plato and Aristotle and, in a more technical way on the basis of modern logic, with C. S. Peirce and Frege, a great majority accepted abstract entities. This does, of course, not prove the case. After all, semantics in the technical sense is still in the initial phases of its development, and we must be prepared for possible fundamental changes in methods. Let us therefore admit that the nominalistic critics may possibly be right. But if so, they will have to offer better arguments than they have so far. Appeal to ontological insight will not carry much weight. The critics will have to show that it is possible to construct a semantical method which avoids all references to abstract entities and achieves by simpler means essentially the same results as the other methods.——Rudolf Carnap, “Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology”5. What is the main idea of the above paragraph?6. What can you infer from the last sentence?7. Why does the author use the word ‘ontological’?(4)There is some impertinence as well as some foolhardiness in the way in which we buy animals for so much gold and silver and call them ours. One cannot help wondering what the silent critic on the hearthrug thinks of our strange conventions — the mystic Persian, whose ancestors were worshipped as gods whilst we, their masters and mistresses, groveled in caves and painted our bodies blue. She has a vast heritage of experience, which seems to brood in her eyes, too solemn and too subtle for expression; she smiles, I often think, at our late-born civilization, and remembers the rise and fall of dynasties. There is something, too, profane in the familiarity, half contemptuous, with which we treat our animals. We deliberately transplant a little bit of simple wild life, and make it grow beside ours, which is neither simple nor wild. You may often see in a dog’s。
