专题17 完形填空之议论文、说明文类
【2017年高考命题预测】
纵观近几年的高考完形填空的考查走势，全国18套卷中的完形填空中，议论文、说明文类完形填空出现的几率很小。但是，我们也不能马虎，它们作为高考题型的重要补充，还是有可能考的。因此，议论文、说明文类完形填空也要进行少量的练习。
【考点定位】2017考纲解读和近几年考点分布
说明文完形填空
说明文完形填空考查考生通篇把握全文，根据上下文的逻辑关系，综合运用所学语言基础知识,进行分析﹑推理﹑判断的能力和语篇分析理解能力。检测考生在阅读理解的基础上对英语语言知识综合运用的能力。
说明文是以“说明”为主要表达方式，用来说明情况、阐明事理的一种文体。它通过介绍情况、说明事物的特征，给人以正确思想或科学知识。
说明文完形填空一般的结构模式是：提出问题－发现直接原因－分析深层原因－得出结论或找到出路。考查学生对语言材料的理解能力、分析判断能力和逻辑思维能力。说明文的写作目的是授人以知，让人明白，说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识。考生容易摸清文章线索，抓住主题。
议论型完形填空
分析近几年的高考试卷，我们不难看出高考完形填空的体裁以记叙文为主，但也有个别省市考查了议论文。
议论文是一种通过剖析事物或论述事理来提出主张或发表见解的文体。议论文分为两种，一种是夹叙夹议型，另一种是纯议论型。夹叙夹议型完形填空的基本模式是：作者首先叙述一件事，然后就此提出自己的见解或由此事引出一个深刻的社会问题。纯议论型完形填空的基本模式是：提出论点，列举论据，提出看法。
议论型完形填空有以下特点：
1、首句制胜，论点明确
议论型完形填空的首句常常是文章的主旨句。作者一般在文章的首段提出论点，然后在各段的首句提出分论点。
2、结构清晰，脉络有序
议论文的三要素为论点、论据和论证。论点和论据形成一体，相互印证。有时作者为了使文章脉络清楚，行文流畅，会使用一些连接词，如：on the contrary, all in all, in short, generally
speaking, worse still, on the other hand, in conclusion, as a consequence等。
3、按一定的方法论证
议论型完形填空中的论点都是按一定的方法来论证的。常用的论证方法有：归纳法（分析个别事物，进而推断出这类事物的共同点，得出结论）；推理法（从原理出发，个别分析说明，得出结论）；对照法（正反对照，先分析说明，后得出结论）；驳论法（阐述错误观点，逐条批驳，阐明观点）。
二、议论型完形填空的应试技巧
1、叙议有机结合
对于夹叙夹议型的完形填空要把叙和议有机地结合起来。有的考生没有注意到这一点，他们只顾选某一部分的答案，而没有注意到事件与论点之间的关系。
2 、遵循狠抓首句原则
对于议论型完形填空，在掌握全文主旨的情况下抓住每段的首句是做好试题的关键。一项调查表明，英语中60%到90%的议论文的主旨句都是段落的首句。抓住了每段的首句，再理解文章就容易多了。
3、理清文章的论点、论据和结论
议论型完形填空与记叙型完形填空相比，稍微难了一些。一般来说，记叙文是按时间的先后顺序进行描述的，我们只要把握事件发生和发展的过程，就能将文章脉络把握好。然而议论型完形填空就不那么简单了，如果我们不清楚文章的论点、论据和结论，就只能莽撞地答题了，其结果可想而知。所以理清文章的论点、论据和结论是做好议论型完形填空的关键。
【考点pk】名师考点透析
英语完形填空在考查语法、表达法、词语搭配的基础上重点考查对语篇同容的整体理解、前后的逻辑关系的把握。经反复研究完形填空原题后，我们发现主要有以下考点：
考点1. 考查语法规则
考查考生语法知识的运用能力。近年来完形填空中单纯考查语法知识的题一般不考，只是偶尔有个别考题。例如：
“Can I? I don’t think I can,” Tracy said with a laugh. “But l do have ______ when things come to me for no reason.”
A. events
B. chances
C. feelings
D. moments
【解析】由后面的when引导的定语从句可知，前面的先行词应是表时间的词，所以先moments。
考点2. 考查固定搭配
考查考生对常见的英语固定短语和习惯用法的掌握情况。如动词与名词的搭配；动词与介词或副词的搭配；介词与名词的搭配等。这类搭配在完形填空中时有出现。如：
I admired the fact that he would talk to students outside the classroom or talk with them ______ the telephone.
A. with
B. by
C. from
D. on
【解析】表示“通过电话”交谈，说 on the telephone 或 by telephone，这是习惯搭配。
考点3. 考查词语辨析
考查考生在特定语境中区别近义词的能力。四个选项词性相同，意义相近，要求我们在特定的语境中区分它们之间的细微差别。一般说来，其中的两个选项容易排除，难辨的是两个。如：Although I last met this man eight years ago, I have not forgotten his ______ qualities. First of all…
A. basic
B. special
C. common
D. particular
【解析】根据句意很容易排除A和C；难辨是的B和D。special强调“与众不同的”，而particular 指“值得注意的”，故选B。
考点4. 考查行文逻辑
考查考生对上下文逻辑关系的理解，如转折关系、让步关系、因果关系、递进关系、增补关系、比较关系、对比关系等。四个选项都是表示文章的起承转合、上下连贯等逻辑关系的词语。如：Once he ______ sang a song in class in order to make a point clear.
A. also
B. nearly
C. even
D. only
【解析】从上下文看为了使教学有趣易懂，这位哲学教授不仅仅会借助oil paintings, music, and guest lectures等方式，“甚至”(even)在课堂上唱歌也就顺理成章了。递进关系。
考点5. 考查经验常识
考查考生在日常的学习和生活中所积累的经验和基本常识，以及一些基本的科学常识。如：
But we run so much that, afterwards, we had trouble ______.
A. speaking
B. moving
C. sleeping
D. breathing
【解析】跑得太多，其结果当然是上气不接下气，即呼吸困难了，我们一般都会有这样的生活经历。
考点6.考查文章结构
考查考生对文章脉络层次的把握能力。如：
First of all: I respected his devotion to teaching... : I admired the fact that he would talk
to students outside die the classroom or talk.. .Finally, I was attracted by his lively sense of humor.
A. Later
B. Secondly
C. However
D. Therefore
【解析】本文的写作结构很清楚。开篇点题一难忘的哲学教授；诸条陈述----何以难忘：前有First of all提起，后有Finally落脚，那么中间只有用Secondly来过渡了。
考点7. 考查逻辑推理
考查考生根据文意和所掌握的知识经验进行简单的逻辑推理来确定选项的能力。如：
He was reading my words out loud to the class…the whole class was laughing with open-hearted enjoyment. I did my best not to show ______, but what I was feeling was pure happiness…
A. shock
B. wonder
C. worry
D. pleasure
【解析】一个学生的作品被老师选中且在班上宣读时该会是怎样的心情?我们不难判断：愉快！
考点8. 考查前后语境
考查考生根据上下文提供的信息进行分析及推理的能力。完形填空题中绝大多数属这种题型。有的根据上文、有的根据下文、有的要上下文结合，甚至通篇看完并理解才能作出正确的选择。如：“As a matter of fact, I’ve got someone in the office at this very moment who might ______.” She wrote down a number, and held it out to me, saying: “Ring up this lady. She wants a cook immediately. In fact, you would have to start tomorrow by cooking a dinner for ten people.”
A. hire
B. accept
C. suit
D. offer
【解析】根据下文，这个妇女告诉他第二天可以去上班了，可见，她认为作者是适合(suit)的。
【三年高考】 14、15、16高考试题及其解析
2016年高考试题
1.【2016·上海】Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed
the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
61. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. B 54. D 55. C
56. B 57. A 58. D 59. A 60. C
61. B 62. B 63. D 64. A 65. C
52.A 考查上下文串联。短语to the contrary相反的；to the degree在某种程度上；to the extreme走向极端；在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任，宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。
53.B 考查上下文串联。本句中for example表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。
54.D 考查上下文串联。根据后句“...makes for authoritarian managers....”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。
55.C 考查上下文串联。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论，使用本句使用动词“manage管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。
56.B 考查动词短语辨析。短语refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献；导致；object to反对；apply to适用于；亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。
57.A 考查上下文串联。名词agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象；亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。
58.D 考查上下文串联。根据前半句“....women will become more effective managers than men....”可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。
59.A 考查上下文串联。根据前句“... encourage employees to use their own initiative...鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。
60.C 考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing缩小规模的趋势”，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文串联。
61.B 考查短语辨析辨析。动词be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与..相比；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故B正确。
62.B 考查副词辨析。副词economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地；根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management...”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。
63.D 考查动词辨析。动词deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保；授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。
【名师点睛】
本篇完形填空对于上下文串联及词汇的复现进行了集中考查，占到了三分之二。由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，围绕一个话题论述，因此在行文中词语的重复、替代、复现和同现现象是不可避免的。根据这个原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现或同现的相关词，考生可以根据这些词之间的有机联系来确定答案。所以，解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。但由于我们在做题时不可能总是重复地阅读文章，因此，在做完形填空时要培养一种捕捉并记忆相关信息的能力。
如本文57题考查上下文串联。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A项名词“agreement同意、协议”正确。
考点：考查说明文阅读
2015年高考试题
1.【2015·广东】完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is ___1___ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live —— if he or she is ___2___ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce ___3___. They wear out, and as a result, we get old and ___4___ die.
Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a ___5___ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!
When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the ___6___ line between middle age and old age. After all, many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental ___7___ until after age 75.
People are living longer because more people ___8___ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood ___9___. Now that the chances of dying ___10___ are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.
On the whole, our population is getting older. The ___11___ in our population will have lasting
effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see ___12___, not disaster, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in ___13___ if not in age.
As the society grows old, we need the ___14___ of our older citizens. With long lives ahead of them, they need to ___15___ active and devoted.
1. A. designed B. selected C. improved D. discovered
2. A. completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely
3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately
4. A. eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately
5. A. busier B. longer C. richer D. happier
6. A. finishing B. guiding C. waiting D. dividing
7. A. stress B. damage C. decline D. failure
8. A. survive B. enjoy C. remember D. value
9. A. problems B. fears C. worries D. diseases
10. A. poor B. young C. sick D. quiet
11. A. changes B. recovery C. safety D. increases
12. A. dreams B. chances C. strengths D. choices
13. A. mind B. appearance C. voice D. movement
14. A. protection B. suggestions C. contributions D. permission
15. A. sound B. appear C. turn D. stay
1.A考查动词及语境的理解。句意：大多数研究年龄的科学家们认为人体被设计的不会活过120岁。designed 设计；selected 选择，挑选；improved 提高，改善；discovered发现。根据句意可知，科学家们认为人体的结构设计决定了人类最多不会活过120岁，故应选A。
2.D考查副词及语境的理解。句意：然而110岁可能是人们希望能活的最长的寿命-如果他非常的健康和幸
运。completely 完全地；generally 一般地；apparently 显然地；extremely极其，非常。根据句意可知，如果一个人非常的健康而且很幸运，人们希望能活到110岁。故选D。
3.C考查副词及语境的理解。句意：然而我们的细胞不会一直无止境的再生。rapidly 快速地；harmlessly 无害地；endlessly 无止境的；separately 分离地，分开地。根据文意可知，因为人体的细胞不会无止境的再生，因此人的寿命是有限的。因此应选C。
4.A考查副词及语境的理解。句意：他们（细胞）慢慢消耗尽，结果我们就会变老最终死亡。eventually 最终；hopelessly 没有希望地；automatically 自动地；desperately绝望地，自暴自弃地。根据句意可知选A。
5.B考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：尽管我们不能永久的活着，我们的寿命比以前是更长了。busier 更忙的；longer 更长的；richer 更富有的；happier更开心的。根据这一段的内容可知，现在人的寿命比以前更长了。故选B。
6.D考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：作为中年和老年的分界线，65岁可能已经过时了。finishing 完成；guiding 指导，指引；waiting 等待；dividing划分。根据文意可知，把65岁当做中年和老年的分界线，这已经不适合现在的形势了。dividing line分界线，故选D。
7.C考查名词及语境的理解。句意：毕竟，很多老年人直到75岁之后才开始经历身体和精神的衰落。stress 压力，压迫；damage 损坏；decline 衰落，衰弱；failure失败。根据句意可知，现在很多老年人是在75岁之后身体和精神才开始衰弱的，故选C。
8.A考查动词及语境的理解。句意：现在人们活得更长因为更多的人从童年中幸存下来。survive 幸存；enjoy 喜欢，欣赏；remember 记得；value价值，估价。根据这一段的内容和the chances of living long are much higher due to a better diets and health care可知，现在的人平均寿命比以前更长的一个原因是人们从童年的疾病中幸存了下来，故选A。
9.D考查名词及语境的理解。句意：在现代医学改变了自然的法则之前，很多孩子死于常见的儿童疾病。problems 问题；fears 恐惧，害怕；worries 担心；diseases 疾病。根据句意可知，以前的人们因为很多普遍的儿童疾病而死，所以导致平均寿命比较低。故选D。
10.B考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得更长的机会就更高了，因为有了更好的饮食和医学护理。poor 穷的；young 年轻的；sick 病的；quiet 安静的。根据这一段的意思可知，以前人们在小的时候就因为生病死去了，dying young就是年少死去。故选B。
11.A考查名词及语境的理解。句意：人口结构的改变会对我们社会的发展和我们的生活方式有持续的影响。changes 改变；recovery 恢复；safety 安全；increases 增长，增加。根据下文中Some people fear such
changes will…可知，我们现在的人口结构改变了，故选A。
12.B考查名词及语境的理解。句意：一些人担心这个改变将会带来一些坏处，然而还有一些人看到的是机会，而不是灾难。dreams 梦想；chances 机会；strengths 力量；choices 选择。根据句意可知，这句话中的while 表示对比，即跟前一种人不一样的看法，故选B。
13.A考查名词及语境的理解。句意：现在，很多处在“黄金年龄”的男士和女士，身体都非常健康，仍然积极，心态也很年轻。mind 心态；appearance 外表；voice 声音；movement移动。根据句意可知，这里应该是说虽然年龄老了，但是心态依然年轻，故选A。
14.C考查名词及语境的理解。句意：随着我们的社会老龄化，我们需要这些老年公民们的贡献。protection 保护；suggestions 建议；contributions 贡献；permission允许。根据文意可知，现在的社会逐渐老龄化，因此老年人也要继续给我们的社会做贡献，故选C。
15.D考查动词及语境的理解。句意：前面还有很长的寿命，他们需要保持积极的心态和奉献的精神。sound 听起来；appear 好像；出现；turn 转，变成；stay保持。根据文意可知，现在人们的寿命更长了，因此老年人也要继续保持积极心态，为我们的社会做贡献。故应选D。
【考点定位】社会现象类短文。
【名师点睛】这篇短文是一篇议论文，讨论了人类寿命增加这个话题，主要考查学生名词、形容词、动词、副词等实词在具体语言环境下的使用和词义辨析，同时考查学生的语篇理解的能力。学生要在理解短文大意的基础上，对每个题目中设置的选项进行辨析，同时还需要注意上下文的暗示，选出最符合文意的一项。
2.【2015·重庆】B
Imagine the first days in a new time zone. Slow to respond to the 28 , your body clock is confused. Yo u’re sleepy all day, but when it’s time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep. Obviously you are 29 jet lag（时差反应）.
Travelers have traditionally fought this 30 with sleeping pills or alcohol. There are actually healthier ways that can work just as 31.
For example, the moment you get on the airplane, start 32 your biological block to the destination’s time. If it’s daytime in your destination, try to stay 33 . Walking around the cabin（客舱）can be of help. When it’s nighttime, try to sleep. In that c ase, eat before the flight, 34 an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping. These tips will help you start
a new 35of sleep and wakefulness.
28. A. flight B. change C. demand D. climate
29. A. suffering from B. working on C. looking into D. leading to
30. A. danger B. problem C. waste D. fear
31. A. briefly B. slowly C. suddenly D. effectively
32. A. checking B. sending C. adjusting D. stopping
33. A. awake B. alone C. hungry D. calm
34. A. though B. so C. whole D. or
35. A. understanding B. cycle C. research D. trend
30.B 考查名词辨析。Adange 危险性 B problem 问题在于 C waste浪费者 D fear恐惧；句意：游客会用药片和酒精来处理这个问题。根据语境可知对待时差的问题，故选B项。
31.D 考查副词辨析。A briefly 简洁地址 B slowly慢慢地址 C suddenly 突然地址 D effectively有效地；句意：这有几种健康的方法，并且很有效。根据语境可知选D项。
32.C 考查动词辨析。A checking 检查员 B sending送到 C adjusting 调整结构 D stopping停止播送句意：比如，在上飞机前，开始调整你的生物钟到你的目的的的时间。Adjust to 把。。调整到，，故选C 项。
33.A 考查形容词辨析。A awake B alone C hungry D calm句意：如果是白天到目的地，试着保持清醒。Stay awake保持清醒，故选A项。
34.D 考查连词辨析。A Though 虽然如此 B so 因此次 C while虽然如此 D or 否则；句意：在这种情况下，提前吃饭，否则，空腹会让阻止你睡。Or表示转折，故选D项。
35.B 考查名词辨析。A Understanding 明白的 B cycle圈； C research 研究；D trend趋势；句意：这些建议能帮你开始新生物钟。根据语境可知选B项。
【考点定位】日常生活类短文
【名师点睛】本篇完形从日常生活中的细节入手，根据常识能够得出答案如28，33空。29和31根据语境得出答案，做此类题目时，考生可以先根据选项来阅读文章，认真筛选甄别，这样有的放矢，大大提高阅
读的效率，不可盲目地跟着感觉来进行解读，文中的每句话都有其出现的意义，上下文的联系是十分重要的。
3.Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine their meaning, you would not detect interest in romance among the artists. 51 , you would see plenty of animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people’s ea rned to center on hunting and gathering wild foods for meals.
In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more 52 in people’s lives. The 53 is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to do with love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.
Researchers are studying whether love, a highly valued emotional state, can be 54 . They ask, what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teeth go only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that 55 attract, too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone.
First Impression
To help determine the 56 of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each other’s individuality. Then students were asked to 57 what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened.
As it turned out, their 58 judgments often held true. Students seemed to 59 at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.
The 60 Knows
Scientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones —natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling 61 to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as 62 as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human
attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.
Face Value
Being fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for 63 . The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the same faces. The way we 64 attractiveness seem to be somewhat automatic. When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to 65 words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.
51. A. Instead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise
52. A. romantic B. stressful C. central D. artificial
53. A. priority B. proof C. possibility D. principle
54. A. tested B. impressed C. changed D. created
55. A. appearances B. virtues C. similarities D. passions
56. A. illustrations B. implications C. ingredients D. intentions
57. A. predict B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall
58. A. critical B. initial C. random D. mature
59. A. memorize B. distinguish C. negotiate D. question
60. A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand
61. A. open B. alert C. resistant D. superior
62. A. disappointed B. amazed C. confused D. gifted
63. A. emotion B. attractiveness C. individuality D. signals
64. A. enhance B. possess C. maintain D. assess
65. A. familiar B. plain C. positive D. irritating
【解析】
52. C 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 romantic 意为浪漫的，stressful 意为压力的，
central 意为中心的，artificial 意为人工的。根据上一句话“life for ancient people seemed to center on hunting”及本句的“In modern times, finding love is ”，分析语境，知道这两个句子是把古代和现代的情况进行对比。前一句用了center ,后一句用central, 两者的关系是同根重现。
53. B 考查名词以及对语境的理解 priority 意为优先权，proof 意为证明，possibility 意为可能性，principle 意为原则。后两句的意思是：很容易准备一系列的有关爱的现代故事。在当前的流行文化中，无数的故事和电影归类为爱情故事。根据这两句，的意思，结合上下文语境可知道本句的意思就是有很多证明的例子，所以答案为proof.
54. D 考查动词以及对语境的理解 tested 意为测试，imposed意为强加，changed 意为改变，created 意为创造。根据本段的最后一句话“One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone. 确定了一件事情是：爱的真理还不确定”可以知道科学家研究的是爱是否能够创造，而不应该是测试，改变或者是强加。其中set in stone 就像中文里说的“板上钉钉”，表示绝对不变。
55. C 考查名词以及对语境的理解 appearances 意为外表，virtues 意为美德，similarities意为相似，passions 意为激情。根据划线部分前面的连词but 可以判断前后是转折的意思，而opposites意为相反的，所以答案为相似的。
56. C 考查名词以及对语境的理解 illustrations 意为说明，implications 意为含义；暗示；牵连，卷入；可能的结果，影响，ingredients 意为成分，intentions 意为意图，目的。根据小标题First Impression （第一印象）以及后面所描述的实验方法、内容和结果，可以知道实验的目的是决定吸引力的成分。
57. A 考查动词以及对语境的理解 predict 意为预测，investigate 意为调查，diagnose 意为诊断， recall 意为回忆。根据58题后面的judgment (判断)，可以知道此处的答案应该是和判断同义的词。又根据该句后面的句子“after n ine weeks, they reported what happened. 9周之后，报道发生了什么事情？”可以知道这一些是还没有发生的事情，也就是预测到的东西。
58. B 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 critical 意为批评的，initial 意为原始的，
random 意为随意的，mature 意为成熟的。根据第57题预测的东西，那么预测的东西相对而言就是原始的，最初的判断。
59. B 考查动词以及对语境的理解 memorize 意为记忆，distinguish 意为区别，negotiate 意为谈判， question意为疑问。根据前一句话的意思“结果证明他们最初的判断是正确的”，该句要表达的意思和前一句相同，也就是说“学生似乎能够在早期区别适合他们的生活人”。
60. A 考查名词以及对语境的理解Nose 意为鼻子，Eye 意为眼睛，Heart 意为心脏，Hand意为手。空格处的词是小标题，是对本段的高度概括。它往往在句首或句末找答案。在本段的最后两句话都提到了一个词smell（嗅觉），四个选项中和嗅觉有关的词只有A。
61. A 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 open 意为开放的，alert 意为警觉的，resistant 意为抵抗的，superior 意为优越的。根据前面的搭配either… or…要么……，要么，表明此处是一个反义表达。前面使用的是战争，那么后面应该是一种开放，也就是坦诚以对。
62. D 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 disappointed 意为失望的，amazed 意为惊奇的，
confused 意为困惑的，gifted 意为有天赋的。根据In contrast（相反）以及后文“Although we may not be aware of chemicals 尽管我们没有意识到”，结合上下文语境知道在这里表达人类没有像动物那么有天赋。
63. B 考查名词以及对语境的理解 emotion意为情感，attractiveness 意为吸引力，
individuality 意为个人的，signals意为信号。根据上一句话最后一个单词attractive，结合上下文知道此处的答案和这个单词attractive是同根重现，所以答案是attractiveness.
64. D 考查动词以及对语境的理解 enhance 意为加强，possess 意为拥有，maintain 意为维持，assess 意为评定。该句是本段的总结，前面提到的是研究者做的吸引力实验，最后得出的结论就是我们评估吸引力的方法自动的。这是评估的方法，而不能是拥有，维持，或者是加强，所以答案为assess.
65. C 考查形容词以及对语境的理解 familiar 意为熟悉，plain 意为普通的，positive 意为积极的， irritating 意为无礼的。根据最后一句的表达“Seeing something attractiv e seems to cause happy thinking. 看一些吸引力的事情似乎能够导致快乐的思考。”不能得出答案的表达应该是一种快乐思考，所以答案为positive积极的。
【考点定位】这是一篇说明文，阐述什么是爱？
【名师点睛】这是一篇说明文，没有生词，主要是考查上下文理解和单词理解。需要正确理解4个单词的选项，尤其要注意一些一词多义的地方，如test, open, question。也要注意题目与题目直接的关系，如
58题和59题；要关注小标题以及段落的开头和结尾。结合上下文，留意那些涉及到重现的题目。
2014年高考试题
【2014·重庆卷】 B
Cultural differences occur wherever you go. When visiting another country, you should be aware of those differences and 28_______ them. Here are some 29_______ on how to fit in.
Every traveler to a foreign country feels 30_______ at some point. What you do can make locals laugh. Your best defense is a sense of 31_______. If you can laugh off eating with the wrong hand in India, locals will warm to you as “that crazy foreigner.”
Wearing proper cloths is important too, 32_______ locals will judge by what you wear. In some Middle Eastern countries, exposing your flesh is 33_______, especially if you are a woman. So leave your torn jeans at home.
Also be cautious about expressing 34_______. Getti ng angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly. In some countries it is 35_______ to kiss in public.
. A. reject B. recite C. respect D. remove
. A. plans B. tips C. arguments D. choices
. A. unsafe B. excited C. satisfied D. awkward
. A. relief B. belonging C. humor D. direction
. A. but B. for C. so D. or
. A. forbidden B. allowed C. expected D. tolerated
. A. emotions B. concern C. interest D. views
. A. natural B. advisable C. unwise D. unnecessary
【答案】
C
B
D
C
B
A
A
C
【解析】
试题分析：本文就如何适应文化差异提出一些建议。只有尊重差异才能适应差异。具体涉及情感表达、依
着打扮及如何摆脱尴尬，等。
. 考查动词词义及语境运用。去另一个国家，要意识到这个国家的文化与本国文化之间的差异并尊重这种
差异。A. reject排斥；B. recite背诵；C. respect尊重；D. remove去除。C项正确。
. 考查名词词义及语境运用。本文接下来就如可适应化差异提出了一些具体的建议。A. plans：方案、计划；B. tips建议；C. arguments争论；D. choices选择。B项正确。
. 考查形容词词义及语境运用。每一个出国人员都会有尴尬的时候，因为他们的举止可能引发当地人的嘲笑。A. unsafe不安全的；B. excited激动的、兴奋的；C. satisfied满足的、满意的；D. awkward尴尬的。D项正确。
.考查名词词义及语境运用。从下文“一笑了之”可知，自我防卫的最佳手段是幽默感。 A. relief轻松、
放松；B. belonging归属；C. humor幽默；D. direction方向。C项正确。
. 考查连词的语境运用。衣着也很重要，因为当地人会根据衣着来判断一个人。A. but表“转折”；
B. for表“理由”；
C. so表“结果”；
D. or表“选择”。故B项正确。
. 考查动词词义及语境运用。根据宗教习惯，在中东国家衣着暴露是严格禁止的。A. forbidden禁止；B. allowed允许；C. expected期待；D. tolerated容忍。A项正确。
. 考查名词词义及语境运用。在东南亚国家。生气会让自己显得愚蠢，所以表达情感时要谨慎。A. emotions
情感；B. concern担忧；C. interest兴趣；D. views观点。故A项正确。
考点：完形填空。
【2014·广东卷】完形填空
Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers. Then again, teenagers have 1 feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common 2 between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over 3 rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their children’s refusal to help with the 4 . On the other hand, teenagers lose
their patience continually when parents blame them for 5 the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.
The research, conducted by St. George University, shows that different parents have different 6 to these problems. However, some approaches are more 7 than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 8 clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their children’s 9 . On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the 10 of their actions can do better. For example, when teenagers who don’t help their parents with the shopping don’t find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they
are forced to 11 their actions.
Psychologists say that 12 is the most important thing in parent-child relationships. Parents should 13 to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say. Parents may 14 their children when they are untidy but they should also understand
that their room is their own private space. Communication is a two-way process. It is only by listening to and 15 each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.
A. natural
B. strong
C. guilty
D. similar
A. interest
B. argument
C. link
D.knowledge
A. noisy
B. crowded
C. messy
D. locked
A. homework
B. housework
C. problem
D. research
A. washing
B. using
C. dropping
D. replacing
A. approaches
B. contributions
C. introductions
D. attitudes
A. complex
B. popular
C. scientific
D. successful
A. later
B. deliberately
C. seldom
D. thoroughly
A. behavior
B. taste
C. future
D. nature
A. failures
B. changes
C. consequences
D. thrills
A. defend
B. delay
C. repeat
D. reconsider
A. communication
B. bond
C. friendship
D. trust
A. reply
B. attend
C. attach
D. talk
A. hate
B. scold
C. frighten
D. stop
A. loving
B. observing
C. understanding
D. praising
【答案】
D
B
C
B
C
A
D
A
A
C
D
A
D
B
C
B。考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。根据最近的一项研究，父母与青少年之间的最常见的争吵是关于邋遢和每日的例行任务。此处interest兴趣；argument争论，争吵；link联系；knowledge知识。根据下文可知，因为父母不满意孩子不能保持自己房间的干净、整齐、卫生而发生争吵。故选B。
C。考查形容词词义辨析及语境理解。根据：扔在地板上的衣服，可知房间很凌乱。此处noisy喧闹的；crowded拥挤的；messy杂乱的；locked上锁的。故选C。
B。考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。凌乱的房间，扔在地板上的衣服等这些都是家务方面的事。此处 homework 作业；housework家务；problem难题；research 研究，调查。故选B。
说明文阅读常见题型及答题技巧 ★一、指出文章的说明对象或说明内容。 事物说明文一般标题就是说明的对象； 事例说明文找准开头结尾的总结句。 可以从两个方面入手：一看文题，二看首尾段。事物说明文指出被说明事物即可。事理说明文指出说明内容，形成一个短语：介绍了……的……(对象加内容) 。 ★二、指出划线句的说明方法及作用。 1、常见的说明方法有： 分类别、下定义、举例子、作比较、列数字、打比方、引资料、画图表。 2、常见说明方法的作用： ①举例子：通过列举……的事例，具体形象地说明了××的××特点，便于读者理解，使说明更有说服力。 ②列数字：科学、准确、具体而准确地说明××的××特点。使说明更有说服力。 ③打比方：把……比作……，生动形象地说明××的××特点，增强了文章的趣味性。 ④作比较：通过……和……的对比，突出强调了……的……特点。 ⑤引资料：通过引用……，说明了××的什么特点，使说明的内容更具体、更有说服力。 ⑥、分类别：条理清晰地说明了××的××特点。（对××的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。） ⑦．画图表：使读者一目了然，直观形象地说明的××的××特点。 ⑧．下定义：科学，准确，具体的说明了…的…特点，使之与其他事物区别开来。 ⑨．作诠释：对……进一步解释说明，让读者对……有进一步的认识。 ⑩．摹状貌：具体生动形象的说明了……，使文章具有可读性。 ★三：分析文章的说明顺序。 1、时间顺序：说明事物发展、演变，一般都有明确的时间标志。例如介绍工作程序的文章， 2、空间顺序：从上到下，从里到外，总到分，外到内，前到后，左到右，整体到局部，一般都有常用方位词。例如介绍建筑物或实体。 3、逻辑顺序：主——次、原因——结果、现象——本质、特征——用途、一般——个别、概括——具体、整体——局部。等，常用表因果、表事理 顺序的词，如“因为、所以”“首先、其次”。 说明建筑物、景点等通常按照空间顺序说明。介绍事物各阶段的特点或制作过程时，往往采用时间顺序。介绍抽象事理时，则往往需要采用逻辑顺序。近几年说明文选段多为科技类说明文，此类说明文一般是事理说明文居多，故多用逻辑顺序。 ★四：本文使用了什么说明顺序？有何作用？ 标准化答题格式：本文使用了__________的说明顺序，对__________加以说明，作用：使说明更有条理性。（第一空应该填具体的说明顺序，第二空应该填写具体的事物名称或说明的事理。如果是事理性说明文，但又不能准确表述，可用“事理”、“科学事理”等模糊性的语言表述。） ★五：分析说明文的结构。 常见的形式有：“总—分”式（或由总到分，或由分到总，或总分总）、并列式、递进式等。分析文章结构，抓中心句及连接词，如“首先”“其次”“还”“也”“此外”等词语。 ★六：加点字词有何作用？抓住说明文语文准确这一特点答题。 答：××一词的意思是……，在文中的意思是……，××一词体现了说明文语言的准确性。★七：能否替换为另一个词语？并说明理由。 答：（1）不可以。
高考英语指导写作专题：图表说明文 一，图表说明 1，分类：数字表、函数关系图、曲线图(graph)；表格(table)；几何图形(figure)；图形表、饼状图(pie chart)；条状图、柱状图(bar chart)； 平面图、示意图、外形图(diagram)。 2，一般可分三个层次来写： 按照题目要求描述图表反映的总情况，即概括大意。 对数字进行仔细的比较，抓住特点进行分析、归纳并找出产生变化的原因。 读图表后的想法、结论、评论或针对反映出的问题采取的解决措施。 二．表达方式： 1，常用的描述句型The table/chart/diagram/graph shows that ... According to the table/chart/diagram/graph... As is shown in the table/chart/diagram/graph... As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures... We can see from the figures/statistics... It is clear/ apparent from the figures/statistics... 2．图表中数据(data)的具体表达法 数据(data)在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time 在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time 增加：increase/raise/rise/... 减少：decrease/grow down/drop/fall/decline 稳定：remain stable 3．描写变化的形容词及副词 rapid/rapidly，dramatic/dramatically，significant/significantly，sharp/sharply steep/steeply，steady/steadily，gradual/gradually，slow/slowly，slight/slightly 三、写作模板 As (is) shown/indicated by the figure/in the table/graph/pie chart/chart，_____ has been increased/decreased significantly/steadily from _____ to_____. From the sharp decline/rise in the chart，it goes without saying that_____. There are at least two reasons accounting for / contributing to ____. On the one hand, _____ On the other hand, _____. _____is due to the fact that_____. In addition， _____is responsible for_____. Maybe there are other reasons to show. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing/persuasive. As far as I am concerned，I hold the view that_____. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded. 四，作文范例 1，最近你校对中学生的消费情况进行了调查。请根据调查表提供的信息写一篇英语短文，简要介绍调查结果并谈谈你对中学生消费的看法。
Work sheet for reading expository articles说明文阅读理解学案 Reading guide In-class reading Passage 1 ①A Chinese scientist, He Jiankui of Southern University of Science and Technology, claimed in a video on Nov. 25, 2018 that he had used CRISPR-Cas9 to edit embryos for seven couples, with two twin girls resulting so far. He said his goal was to try to make the babies resistant to HIV. What's behind the creation? ②As he said, the tool He Jiankui used to create the babies is called CRISPR-Cas9—a gene-editing tool that has been discovered in recent years. This relatively easy way to edit genes makes it possible to operate on DNA to supply a needed gene or disable one that is causing problems. ③CRISPR is a guide molecule (分子) made of RNA, which targets a specific site on the DNA double helix (双螺旋). CRISPR is attached to Cas9, a bacterial enzyme(酶) that works as a pair of "molecular scissors" to cut the DNA at the exact point required. He Jiankui sought to disable a gene called CCR5 that forms a protein doorway that allows HIV, the virus that causes Aids, to enter a cell. ④He said the gene editing occurred during the following process. First, sperm was “washed” to separate it from semen, in which HIV can hide. Next, a single sperm was placed into a single egg to create an embryo. Then the gene-editing tool was added. Is this helpful? ⑤“I believe this is going to help the families and their children,” He Jiankui said. “Society will decide what to do next in terms of allowing or forbidding such science.” ⑥However, many mainstream scientists think it's too unsafe to try. “If true, this experiment is monstrous,” said Julian Savulescu, a professor of practical ethics at the University of Oxford. “Gene editing is experimental and capable of causing social and ethical problems.” 1. What is the purpose of the passage? 2. What do the underlined "that" in paragraph 3 refer to respectively? 3. What does the word “monstrous” mean in the last paragraph? 4. Which of the following statement is true? A. CRISPR-Cas9 was used in the first step of the creation. B. CRISPR made of a bacterial enzyme is used to edit certain genes. C. CCR5 is a protein that allows HIV to enter a cell. D. The chosen sperm should be processed first to avoid HIV virus. 5. What is the attitude of Professor Julian Savulescu mentioned in the last paragraph towards the claimed creation? 6. What is the author's attitude towards the claimed creation?
2017中考说明文阅读答题格式指导 对于初中学生朋友，学习是一个循序渐进的过程，需要日积月累。查字典语文网提供了中考说明文阅读答题格式，希望对大家学习有所帮助。 一、【中考考点】：说明文的类型 1、【知识要点】： (1)从说明对象的角度划分： ①事物说明文：说明文的说明对象为具体事物的说明文 ②事理说明文：说明文的说明对象为抽象事理的说明文。 2、【常见题型】：①、请说出本文的说明对象是什么? ②、本文的说明文类型是什么? 二、【中考考点】：说明文的说明顺序 1、【知识要点】：时间顺序、空间顺序和逻辑顺序 (1)时间顺序的语言标志是表时间的词语，是说明事物发展、演变如：历史顺序、年代顺序、四季交替顺序、早晚(先后)顺序、程序顺序。 (2)空间顺序的的语言标志是表方位的词，如：从上到下，从里到外，外到内，前到后，左到右，远到近等等，都可相反来。 (3)逻辑顺序是以思维的规律为序，如：、主—次、浅入深、原因—结果、现象—本质、特征—用途、一般—个别、概括—具体、整体—局部。 2、【常见题型】：①本文使用了什么说明顺序?有何作用? 【答题格式】：本文使用了的说明顺序对加以说明，使说明更有条理性。 (第一空应该填具体的说明顺序，第二空应该填写具体的事物名称或说明的事理。如果是事理性说明文，但又不能准确表述可用“事理”、“科学事理”等模糊性的语言表述。) ②、选文的A段和B段能够调换顺序?为什么? 【答题格式】：不能调换：原文采用由( )到( )的顺序介绍事物，调换后不合逻辑。 三、【中考考点】：说明文的说明结构 1、【知识要点】：说明文的结构常见的形式有：“总——分”式(或由总到分，或由分到总，或总分总)、并列式、递进式等。 2、【常见题型】：①本文的说明结构属于结构。 【答题技巧】：分析文章结构，抓中心句及连接词，如“首先”“其次”“还”“也”“此外”等词语。 四、【中考考点】：说明文的说明方法 1、【知识要点】：①、常见的说明方法有：举例子、分类别、下定义、打比方、列数字、作比较。②、不常用的有：摹状貌、作诠释、列图表、引用说明。 2、【常见题型】：①、选文中画线句子运用了哪种说明方法?有什么作用? 【举例子】通过列举具体的实例，真实、准确地说明了事物的( )特征，使说明更具体，更有说服力。 【列数字】运用真实、具体而准确地数字，科学、具体、准确地说明该事物的( )特点。使说明更有说服力，令读者信服。 【作比较】将( )和( )加以比较，突出强调了被说明对象的( )特点。 【打比方】将( )比作( )，生动形象地说明该事物的( )特点，增强了文章的趣味性。 【分类别】条理清晰地说明了事物的( )特点(或是种类)，使说明更有条理性。 【下定义】用简明科学的语言，科学、准确的揭示事物的本质特征。
高考英语作文（完美万能结构）必得高分 对比观点题型 述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 1．有一些人认为... 2．另一些人认为... 3．我的看法... The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二). Moreover, ④---------------(理由三). While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥------------------（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三). From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------（我的观点）. The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice . （2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点 Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一）. For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处). In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二)． Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)． 阐述主题题型 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． １．阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义． ２．分析并举例使其更充实． The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that ----------------(释义). Indeed, we can learn many things form it. First of all,-----------------(理由一). For example, -------------------(举例说明). Secondly,----------------(理由二). Another case is that ---------------(举例说明). Furthermore , ------------------(理由三)． In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点). In short, whatever you do, please remember the say------A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it. 解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 １．问题现状 ２．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点) In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the
2020年高考英语说明文写作 1.阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的概要。 In 1878, when Margaret Wolfe Hungerford wrote “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”, she was stating that there was no consistent（never changing）view on beauty. Standards of beauty change across time and cultural groups. Traditions and fashions, like society itself, change and adapt with time. So it is reasonable that our ideas of beauty change as well. In 19th-century Europe, women used to wear corsets to achieve a body shape that is no longer considered healthy. Men would wear woolen shawls across their shoulders. It is hard to imagine that they would be seen as attractive in the 21st century. Nowadays, in the western world, one in every ten people has a tattoos or a form of body art. In the past, some cultures used tattoos as an addition to costumes, to show family associations or to mark criminals so that they could easily be recognized. In contemporary society, culture remains a major part in determining our ideas of beauty. In some countries, young women follow slimming diets to lose extra kilos in preparation for their wedding day. In other cultures, looking thin for a husband-to-be is not what a woman desires at all—rather, looking a little overweight is considered more attractive. With the influence of history, society and culture, there are no precise criteria which can be used to judge what is beautiful. Life long commitment and, indeed, the survival of society itself rely on people seeing beauty in difference and depth. The human race would soon die out if we could only see beauty within a set of limited criteria. Physical beauty must also be accompanied by an attraction to something deeper within a person. This particular kind of attraction is found in a wide range of personal qualities, e.g. kindness, warmth, a healthy conscience, etc. judging the appeal of a person's inner beauty is much more subjective. It takes more than a casual glance to appreciate and it is much more important than physical beauty. Beauty, therefore, has more than one dimension. We are influenced by our culture, our biology and our time in history to notice physical beauty quickly and easily, but it is inner beauty that requires us to truly see. Beauty is certainly in the eye of the beholder. 2.阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。 Fisherman Salvador was just trying to make a living on the sea with fellow fisherman Cordoba. Two days into the journey, disaster struck, and the two men would begin the greatest challenge of their lives. The boat was loaded with tons of provisions, including 70 gallons of gasoline, 16 gallons of water, 50 Ibs of sar - dines for bait(鱼饵). They also had a mobile phone, kept safe in a plastic bag, a GPS, and a two-way radio. The two had never spoken before or worked together, but they liked fishing and both of them seemed to know what they were doing. Two days later, the weather was getting worse and worse. Salvador was trying to remain calm, but Cordoba was not prepared. He held on to the rail(围栏) for dear life as the waves crashed around them, vomiting(呕吐）and crying. When the storm finally passed, Salvador noticed that they had drifted far away from land. To make matters worse, the motor had stopped working. Salvador called his boss on the radio, but there was no response. Even worse was the fact that the GPS they has brought with them had stopped working.
[高考英语说明文的阅读理解]高考英语说明文的阅读技巧 【--高考祝福语】 高考英语说明文阅读技巧“英语说明文”，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等等做科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度增大了。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。
一、说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其它文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即Who→What→When→Where→How→Why。 1. Who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2. What：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3. When和Where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4. How：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5. Why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 做说明文阅读阅读的时候，一定要记住上面的Wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。 二．说明文阅读理解的类型掌握说明文阅读理解题的类型对考生来说非常有必要。一般来说，高考对阅读理解的命题类型主要有以下几种： 1. 细节理解题 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点。⑴在列举处命题。如用First(1y)、Second(1y)、Third(1y)Finally、not only…but also、then、in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处
语文说明文阅读的答题格式 1、从说明对象的角度：事物性说明文、事理性说明文。 2、从说明文语言特征：平实的说明文、生动的说明文。 题型一：分析说明方法的作用 举例子：形象具体的说明了xx事物的xx特点 列数字：具体准确有说服力的说明了xx事物的xx特点 打比方：生动形象的说明了xx事物的xx特点，增强了文章的表达效果 分类别：条理清晰地说明了（介绍了）xx事物，使文章具有条理性 下定义：简明，周密，科学准确的说明了（介绍了）xx事物，具有权威性 作诠释：对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。 摹状貌：对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹，使说明更具体形象。 列图表：用列图表的方式对事物的特征/事理加以说明，使说明更简明更直观。引用说明：引用说明有以下几种形式—— 引用具体的事例；（作用同举例子） 引用具体的数据；（作用同列数字） 引用名言、格言、谚语；作用是使说明更有说服力。 引用神话传说、新闻报道、谜语、轶事趣闻等。作用是增强说明的趣味性。 （引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。） 题型二：分析某词能否去掉 “大概、八成、差不多、可能、有可能、也许、容易、大约……”等词是起限制的作用，表示（词的具体意思）体现了说明文语言的准确性，如果去掉，所说内容就绝对化了，与事实不符，所以不能去掉 “有研究表明，有资料显示，据专家，学者说…………”等词强调了是经过（研究，调查，权威专家所说）的事实，具有权威性，容易使读者信服，所以不能去掉，体现了说明文语言的准确性、科学性、权威性。
“迄今为止，不久的将来……”等词在时间上加以限制，说明时间（到现在，不会太久……+具体内容），去掉就不符合事实了，所以不能去掉，体现了说明文语言的准确性。 “无论，一旦，都，必然，一定……”说明了（被说明事物的xx特点）是确定的，是无一例外的，突出强调了（被说明对象）的xx特点 题型三：分析说明对象 一般先看题目不少题目都表示说明的对象 若用了比喻，那就要看它的本体是什么，答题时要答本体，不能答喻体 若题目不是说明对象，就要自己总结，介绍性质、形态、用途……之类的是说明事物 介绍概念、原理、规律、……是事理说明 题型四：分析说明顺序 时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序 逻辑顺序的具体分数：主——次、原因——结果、现象——本质、特征——用途、一般——个别、概括——具体、整体——局部。 典型考题：本文使用了什么说明顺序有何作用 标准化答题格式：本文使用了__________的说明顺序对__________加以说明，使说明更有条理性。（第一空应该填具体的说明顺序，第二空应该填写具体的事物名称或说明的事理。如果是事理性说明文，但又不能准确表述，可用“事理”、“科学事理”等模糊性的语言表述。） 在段首句有明确的方位，时间的词就是空间顺序、时间顺序 若是层层递进、关联紧密的就是逻辑顺序 逻辑顺序有从整体到部分、从原因到结果、从特点到用途、从主要道次要、从概括到具体、从现象到本质，具体用了哪一种或哪几种要具体分析 题型五：分析说明文的结构 总分式：总分，分总和总分总 递进式，用于现象到本质的事理说明 连贯式，并列式，用于时间、空间的说明 题型六：分析文章中添加xx传说（神话）的作用
高考英语作文说明文常用高级句型 导读：本文高考英语作文说明文常用高级句型，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 1简要说明图表内容的句型： 从图表可以看出 The table/chart shows that …… As can be seen from the chart…… From the table/chart/forms we can see… The table tells us that…… 2表示变化/比较的句型： There was a great / slight increase/rise in …… There has been a sudden /slow/rapid fall/ drop in…… It is 20% lower /higher than…… The number/rate has nearly doubled, as against that of last year. The number is … times as much as that of…… It increases/rises/decreases/reduces by ……times/ ……percent/ 2/3. 3说明原因的句型：
The reason for ……is that…… One may think of the change as a result of…… The change in…… largely results from the fact that…… There are several causes for this significant growth in …… First…… This brings out the important fact that…… 4 结尾句型： In summary, it is important…. From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that… Obviously, if we want to…., it is necessary …. There is no doubt that attention must be paid……
2019高考英语阅读理解说明文答题方法 1.文体概述 说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说，或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、科学小品等。 2.说明文题材 题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如：介绍科学领域的最新成果、机器的制造过程、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程项目的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、生物的生存状况、自然或社会现象产生的原因和解决办法、人文地理知识等。 3.说明顺序 时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(如因果、现象与本质)。 4.说明方法 为了把事物的本质特征说清楚，或者把事理阐述明白，常用下列说明方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似等。
5.结构特点 1)总体叙述+细节或过程说明+概括评述； 2)现象或变化+细节或原因阐述+引发的后果和相关启示。 6.语言特点 高考英语阅读理解中的说明文多为科普知识方面的题材，文中常包含有结构复杂、句意深奥的长句难句。因学术性强、抽象度高，解题的难度相对较大。7.说明文阅读理解的特征 英语说明文与其它文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即Who →What→When→Where→How→Why。 1) Who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2) What：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3) When和Where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4) How：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5) Why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 8.阅读方法 阅读说明文的关键是：抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时须注意： 1) 注意说明的顺序，了解文章的结构，把握文章的脉络。
写作指导(7) 说明文 1．说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁明了的语言来解说事物、阐明事理，从而给读者提供知识的一种文体。 2．在高考书面表达中，其主要命题形式为图表式作文，有时也以图画式和提纲式作文来呈现写作材料。 3．它要求语言要简明扼要，通俗易懂，说明过程讲究层次性和条理性。 4．这种文体通常用第三人称，时态以一般现在时为主。 根据以下图画，写一篇英语短文，描述今昔通讯方式的变化，以及这些变化给人们生活带来的影响。
注意：1.词数：100左右； 2．参考词汇：通讯communicate (with sb.)vi.，communication n．；互联网the Internet n．。 案例分析⊙ 从材料的呈现方式(两幅图对比)及材料所提出的要求“描述变化及影响”可知，本文应该用说明文体来写作。时态的把握是本文的一大难点，一般情况下，说明文应用一般现在时，但本文描述的是今昔通讯方式的变化，所以在描写过去通讯方式的时候要用一般过去时，例如：In the past，people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone及 It used__to__take several days to hear from each other.在描写过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响时，谓语动词要用现在完成时，例如本文的起始句可用“Great changes have__taken__place in the
way of communication in people’s life in recent years”及讲述影响的过渡句“With these changes，people’s pace of life has__been__quickened__and people’s work has__been__made more efficient ”。相对来说，本文用第三人称容易把握。 Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in people’s life in recent years. In the past，people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone.But now almost everyone has his own mobile phone.People can communicate with each other almost at any place and at any time.What’s more，people have easy access to the Internet，which enables them to send and receive emails whenever they like.With these changes，people’s pace of life has been quickened and people’s work has been made more efficient.It used to take several days to hear from each other，but now it takes only
2012高考英语写作系列事物说明说明文 事物说明（说明文） 优秀范文 The Chinese People’s Dream中国人的梦想 The Chinese people have been dreaming of going into space for a long time. In the years 1999 to 2002 China launched three unmanned spacecrafts successfully. On Dec. 31th, 2002, the launch of the fourth spacecraft “Shenzhou Ⅴ” was another big success and the spacecraft returned to the earth safe on January 5th, 2003. During its flight, seven scientific experiments were carried out. The purpose of the flight is to make preparations for the launch of a manned spacecraft next time. The successful launch and return shows that China is able to send a person into space soon. In 2003, the first manned spacecraft is expected to be sent into space. By then the Chinese dream has come true. have been dreaming of going into space. 一直梦想进入太空。 unmanned spacecraft 无人驾驶飞船 during its flight 在飞行期间 carry out 开展，进行make preparations for 为……作准备 be able to send a person into space 有能力载人进入太空 by then 到那时 Mobile Phones 手机 Great changes have been taking place in the ownership of mobile phones in China. At the end of 2002, there were 20 million mobile phone users. By the year 2005, the number will reach up to 30 million.