1. What significance does the novel’s title, Great Expectations, have for the story? In what ways does Pip have “great expectations”?
2. For much of Great Expectations, Pip seems to believe in a stark division between good and evil, and he tends to classify people and situations as belonging to one extreme or the other: for instance, despite their respective complexities, he believes that Estella is good and the convict is evil. Yet, both socially and morally, Pip himself is often caught between extremes; his own situation rarely matches up to his moral vision. What is the role of moral extremes in this novel? What does it mean to be ambiguous or caught between extremes?
For much of Great Expectations, Pip seems to believe in a stark division between good and evil, and he tends to classify people and situations as belonging to one extreme or the other: for instance, despite their respective complexities, he believes that Estella is good and the convict is evil. Yet, both socially and morally, Pip himself is often caught between extremes; his own situation rarely matches up to his moral vision. What is the role of moral extremes in this novel? What does it mean to be ambiguous or caught between extremes?
his great expectation to raise his status and improve himself.
Pip expects himself to become a gentleman. In doing so, he hopes to be wealthy, scholarly, mannerly, and deserving of Estella's love and admiration.
In another sense, others place great expectations upon Pip. Magwitch sponsors Pip's education in London because he expects Pip to learn to be a better gentleman than Compeyson who was born a gentleman. Likewise, Joe has great expectations for Pip because he tries to raise him to be hard working and kind. Biddy, at first, expects Pip to be able to do great things with his intelligence, until she sees him begin influenced by Miss Havisham and Estella.
Other characters in the book have expectations for Pip, but not necessarily "great" or "good" ones for the innocent protagonist.
1. Pip: In Ch18, Jaggers announces,
`I am instructed to communicate to him,' said Mr Jaggers, throwing his finger at me sideways, `that he will come into a handsome property. Further, that it is the desire of the present possessor of that property, that he be immediately removed from his present sphere of life and from this place, and be brought up as a gentleman -- in a word, as a young fellow of great expectations.'
Pip mistakenly believes that it is Miss Havisham who has decided to transform him into a gentleman so that he will be able to marry Estella (Ch. 38). This is the source of all of Pip's problems and when he realises who his real benefactor is in Ch.39 he is too stunned to react:
I could not have spoken one word, though it had been to save my life. I stood, with
a hand on the chair-back and a hand on my breast, where I seemed to be suffocating -- I stood so, looking wildly at him, until I grasped at the chair, when the room began to surge and turn.
The title of Dickens' novel "Great Expectations" is so obviously ironic. Pip's so called 'expectations' are exposed as being so empty and futile when he realizes that its a convict who has been providing for him so that he could pass off superficially as a
'gentleman' and that he has actually been infatuated all these years with a murderess' [Molly] daughter!
This was Dickens' original purpose in writing the novel. In a letter to his official biographer John Forster in October 1860 Dickens remarks about the "tragi-comic conception" of the novel. We are able to readily sympathize with Pip's 'expectations' not being fulfilled because all of us have high hopes and 'great expectations' which are often never fulfilled.
To underscore this general feeling and theme of 'unfulfillment of great expectations' other characters in the novel also have 'great expectations' which are not fulfilled: 1. Miss Havisham has 'great expectations' of marrying Compeyson which are not fulfilled. In her bitterness in Ch. 11 she tells Pip who visits her on her birthday that she 'expects' to die on her birthday and hopes that by doing so an eternal curse will be laid upon Compeyson:
`When the ruin is complete,' said she, with a ghastly look, `and when they lay me dead, in my bride's dress on the bride's table -- which shall be done, and which will be the finished curse upon him -- so much the better if it is done on this day!'
But these "expectations" of hers are also not fulfilled (Chs. 49, 54).
2. All the relations of Miss Havisham have "great expectations" of receiving a lot of money after her death which as 'expected' are not fulfilled (Ch.57).
3. Similarly in Ch.9 soon after Pip has returned from his first visit to Miss Havisham's house, his sister and Pumblechook have their own 'expectations,' which are never fulfilled:
while they sat debating what results would come to me from Miss Havisham's acquaintance and favour. They had no doubt that Miss Havisham would `do something' for me; their doubts related to the form that something would take. My sister stood out for `property.' Mr Pumblechook was in favour of a handsome premium for binding me apprentice to some genteel trade -- say, the corn and seed trade, for instance. Joe fell into the deepest disgrace with both, for offering the bright suggestion that I might only be presented with one of the dogs who had fought for the veal-cutlets. `If a fool's head can't express better opinions than that,' said my sister, `and you have got any work to do, you had better go and do it.' So he went.
3) Many of the characters other than Pip have their own expectations as well. Discuss both Herbert Pocket and Pip's expectatons. Compare and contrast.
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Comments from readers:
Herbert's expectations are different to Pips in that he does not raise his expectations, like Pip does. He wants simple things, like for Clara to marry him; a good life; no complications or distractions.
How about the irony of the title?
Who expects what in Great Expectation s? Are the expectations really "great"?
Pip is the main character that has expectations in this novel. After he meets Miss Havisham and Estella, he becomes discontented with his station in life. Estella describes his hands as "rough," and her learning and beauty intimidates him. He realizes, for the first time, that there could be other things out there in the world, and he aspires to them. He is embarassed by his lowly station. He develops expectations in regards to his life; he wants to rise above his circumstances and become a gentleman. The expectations refer to both money, and his station in life. They are tied together, hand-in-hand. His expectations are also tied to Estella herself--he feels that if he can rise to her expectations of what a gentleman should be, then he can have her love. He expects to be with her, to marry her, and to love her. He expects to earn her love in return through raising his own station in life. Pip
feels that if he can't have these things, he can't be happy; happiness is his end goal, and he feels that he knows how to attain it.
Upon the receipt of money, Pip does indeed step into circumstances that allow him to become educated, refined, and a "gentleman." However, he learns that those things that he had been expecting were not that great after all. Having money alienates him from his true friends and family, brings out people who want to take advantage of him, and doesn't, in the end, get him Estella. Pip thought that money could help him to attain his expectations of happiness, but they didn't. If happiness is indeed the end goal, Dickens asserts that money is not the way to get it.
I hope that those thoughts helped; good luck!
At the beginning of the book, Pip does not have many expectations. He expects to be a blacksmith like Joe since that is what is available to him. However, his encounter in the graveyard with the convict changes things. He promises to bring food, a file, etc. and not to tell what he's seen. He keeps his promise, and then suddenly he is told he has a sort of trust fund. This will allow him to go to the city, become educated, work in a business that doesn't leave him covered in ashes and soot, and dress like a gentleman. He is able to live with dignity--even though Joe's tenderness and ability to connect with people prove to be more dignified than what Pip becomes as a man of means.
A "young fellow of great expectations" simply means he has the money to do something more than what was originally planned for him. He has risen a rung or two on the social ladder.
The reason Charles Dickens titled it so was because Pip had had a hard life in so short a lifetime, and when he supposedly came into good fortune, he had high hopes of a better life--an education, a good home, plenty to eat, nice clothes to wear. But the greatest hope of all was the love of Estella, who spurned him constantly. It was always his greatest dream that she could love him and in the end, after much suffering, she final I would say that Pip gets some of his great expectation, but not all of it.
The main part of Pip's great expectation is that he will become a gentleman and a man with money. This part of his expectation comes true as he becomes much more (economically and socially) than he was at the start of the book.
However, Pip does not get this in the way he expects. He gets it because of the help of a convict, not Miss Havisham.
In addition, Pip does not get Estella the way he thinks he will at the beginning of the book. He starts out thinking they will marry, but that does not happen.
ly did.
When they first meet, Estella treats Pip horribly. She makes fun of his appearance, his stature (social status) and how he speaks. She mentions his clothing and his thick-soled shoes. She repeats the phrase "common boy" when referring to him or even speaking directly to him. Then she teases him for calling the Jacks (in a deck of cards) Knaves.
In fact, she seems eager to make him cry. Miss Havisham raised her to be cruel and reject any form of love. She herself was never taught to love or how to feel loved. So her first encounter and many more after that with Pip are all very hard on him. He so badly wants to win her over, only to finally realize that she will never have him.
The moral theme of “Great Expectations” is very basic. It is an old moral theme that has been around as long as man has walked on this earth. Pip, and the reader, learns that affection, loyalty, and conscience are more important than social advancement, wealth, and class. Charles Dickens creates this theme and the novel is
based on Pip learning this very lesson. Pip spends the novel exploring ideas of ambition and self-improvement. Pip is an idealist and if he can think it up, and if it is better than what he has, he wants it. When he first sees Satis House, he decides he wants to be a wealthy gentleman; when he thinks of his immorality, he tries to be better; when he realizes that he cannot read, he longs to learn how. Pip's desire for self-improvement c reates “great expectations” about his future.
There are many moral lessons in this novel. The main one is that wealth cannot bring happiness. and that appearances can misrepresent reality. When Pip visit the Satis House, everything contradicts what Pip's definition of rich. It is a worn-old house and sunshine never comes in the house. Estella has been raised to led an unhappy life, cruel and incapable of love. In later chapters, Pip will meet a convict, Magwitch. During that time, convicts are regard as being bad. However, Magwith turns out to be a compassionate man who works hard to give "expectations" to Pip in return for his kindness Pip shown when Pip give food to him many years ago.
In Pip, the reader sees several of the themes of the novel: obsession, desire, greed, guilt, ambition, wealth, and good and evil. Pip leaves his state of childish innocence and "grace" and descends into sin on his quest to gain his desires. He wants it all and he wants no costs. Yet Dickens does not make him totally bad, instead leaving the truly good qualities asleep underneath. They surface as his guilt over his snobbery to Joe and Biddy, over dragging Herbert into debt, and about trading Joe for a convict's money. Even during his worst moments, Pip manages to show some good, as, for example, when he sets Herbert up in business. His road back to grace starts when Magwitch reveals himself as the source of Pip's rise in social stature. The irony that the source of his gentility is from a creature more socially detestable than the uneducated Joe is not lost on Pip. It is the slap in the face that brings Pip out of the fantasy world he has been living in. His dream has suddenly been seen in the light of day, and now he knows what it has cost him.
Pip, brought up by his sister “by hand”, is a poor but kind orphan with a sensitive and timid heart of tenderness. One arranged trip to Satis House makes great changes in Pip, which forges the first memorable link on the long chain of his life. Since then, his dignity is tramped and his heart is attracted by Estella, the adopted daughter of Miss Havisham (the owner of Satis house), who is marvelously charming, completely attractive and terribly arrogant. In Pip’s eye, she is well educated and noble, while Pip himself is poor and coarse. T herefore, in Pip’s mind, a great expectation to be higher and richer is necessarily needed to stuff the great gap existed there as the stumbling block of his romantic desire and the shameful source of humbleness. By accident, supported by a man unexpected and unknown, he is able to live in London as a gentleman. However, all these promising points don’t promise him a fulfillment of his expectation. Finally, waking up from dreams and reality of mistakes, he only finds his burning affections receive nothing but pains, his life in London gives him no more than a habit of squandering money and a lot of debt, and a piece of guilty to Joe for his moral depravation./k expectation as gloomy and frustrating. There are both inner factors and reasons from the outside. This passage will try to discovery them.
Pip’s first trip to Satis House is memorable to him. It leaves many heavy and dark marks in his young soul of nothingness, as well as numerous influences on his life that lasts long and affects him deeply. This trip opens his mind to the knowledge of another living different from his. The former is richness and nobleness; while the latter of his own is poverty and humbleness. He gets a glimpse of the richness beyond poverty, and suffers disdain from the noble. And his actual experience that he, as a symbol of poverty, is terribly trampled by Estella, the emblem of richness, leads him into an unhealthy morality that poverty is a state to be despised and
humbleness is a natural product before richness. Therefore, he f alls into Estella’s way of thinking and implants it into his mind. This imparts a fresh belittling opinion (actually one kind of pure prejudice) on what he is and what he has. Just like Estella’s despising words, he also despises himself as a common boy with “coarse hands and thick boots”, and regards his life as a low—lived, bad way. He “began at heart to hate his trade and to be ashamed of his home”, (P101) and even extends this kind of hate to Mr. Joe (his best companion and supporter) by wondering why
he is not a gentleman.
Basically, it is not his poverty that makes him humble, but his newly developed morality attaches prejudice to poverty. He looks down upon himself because his
mind has been richness-orientated while his body is still in poverty. From then on, He has been in the way that Estella thinks, and tries best to be in the way that Estella lives. From then on, he feels humble, and tries best to displace this feeling of humbleness with another feeling of superiority from richness.
With this imitated way of thinking implanted in mind, Pip, of course, wants to change all of these, to stave off any trace of poverty and to establish himself as a gentleman. Here his hate and belittling himself just due to poverty, as well as his expectation to be out of poverty and into richness avails us of a clear and close look into his inner mind: to be poor is to be humble, while to command money is to command superiority.
Moreover, his rejection of what he is and what he has is also a negation of himself, is also a producer of inferiority and a killer of confidence. Therefore, the more he cares about his poverty and coarseness, the more inferior and less confident he is. That’s why when he stands before Estella, firstly he feels shy and humble, and later is humble enough to fell submissive to her and trembles nervously. The once poverty in body labels poverty in mind for all. And the lack of confidence and the obsession of inferiority lead to the deadly shortage of the key mental support for his expectation. It’s hard to imagine or believe that a heart of weakness can make its expectation fulfilled. In this sense, Pip’s expectation to be higher and richer is also a mental process to make himself more inferior and less confident. On one hand, he shapes a dream to be higher, while on the other, he gradually slips into mental impotence. On one hand, his dream becomes bigger, on the other, his heart gets weaker. Therefore, under these values, his expectation is an external self—improvement, while his feeling inferior is nothing but internal self—destruction. He unconsciously and inevitably sows the seeds of self-destruction at the very beginning of his self-improvement.
In a word, darkness brings people a pair of dark eyes to search for light, while poverty renders Pip a pair of poor eyes to be little himself. Life, besides status, entails so many other aspects. But Pip, just for his poverty, negates what he is and despises what he has completely. He regards poverty as enemy, and at the same time he glorifies the richnes s, putting them separately on the two extremes of life’ value, with one in the hell, the other in the heaven. And his soul is just wandering between the hell and the heaven. Virtually, these values to abhor poverty seriously
on one hand and to consecrate richness on the other is a kind of unbalance, is a distortion of reality. And accordingly leads Pip’s mind into a status of unbalance and distortion.
who treats him coldly and contemptuously
tremendous grief and remorse. Several years go by, until one night a familiar figure barges into Pip’s room—the convict, Magwitch, who stuns Pip by announcing that he, not Miss Havisham, is the source of Pip’s fortune. He tells Pip that he was so moved
by Pip’s boyhood kindness that he dedicated his life to making Pip a gentleman, and he made a fortune in Australia for that very purpose.
Pip is appalled, but he feels morally bound to help Magwitch escape London, as the convict is pursued both by the police and by Compeyson, his former partner in crime. Pip’s idealism oft en leads him to perceive the world rather narrowly, and his tendency to oversimplify situations based on superficial values leads him to behave badly toward the people who care about him. When Pip becomes a gentleman, for example, he immediately begins to act as he thinks a gentleman is supposed to act, which leads him to treat Joe and Biddy snobbishly and coldly.
On the other hand, Pip is at heart a very generous and sympathetic young man, a fact that can be witnessed in his numerous acts of kindness throughout the book (helping Magwitch, secretly buying Herbert’s way into business, etc.) and his essential love for all those who love him. Pip’s main line of development in the novel may be seen as the process of learning to place his innate sense of kindness and conscience above his immature idealism.
Ambition and self-improvement take three forms in Great Expectations—moral, social, and educational; these motivate Pip’s best and his worst behavior throughout the novel. First, Pip desires moral self-improvement. He is extremely hard on himself when he acts immorally and feels powerful guilt that spurs him to act better in the future. When he leaves for London, for instance, he torments himself about having behaved so wretchedly toward Joe and Biddy. Second, Pip desires social self-improvement
Significantly, Pip’s life as a gentleman is no more satisfying—and certainly no more moral—than his previous life as a blacksmith’s apprentice.
Throughout the novel, social class provides an arbitrary, external standard of value by which the characters (particularly Pip) judge one another. Because social class is rigid and preexisting, it is an attractive standard for every character who lacks a clear conscience with which to make judgments—Mrs. Joe and Pumblechook, for instance. And because high social class is associated with romantic qualities such as luxury and education, it is an immediately attractive standard of value for Pip. After he is elevated to the status of gentleman, though, Pip begins to see social class for what it is: an unjust, capricious standard that is largely incompatible with his own morals. There is simply no reason why Bentley Drummle should be valued above Joe, and Pip senses that fact. The most important lesson Pip learns in the novel—and perhaps the most important theme in Great Expectations—is that no external standard of value can replace the judgments of one’s own conscience. Characters such as Joe and Biddy know this instinctively; for Pip, it is a long, hard lesson, the learning of which makes up much of the book.
摘要:本文深入细致的分析了狄更斯《远大前程》一文中的主要人物皮普的生活经历与心路历程,揭示了英国维多利亚时代人与人之间赤裸裸的金钱关系,展现了生活在那个时代的底层民众的生存状态。 关键词:狄更斯远大前程皮普人物性格 《远大前程》是查尔斯·狄更斯艺术生涯后期最具代表性的长篇小说。小说描述了一个名为皮普的孤儿的生活经历和心路发展历程,艺术的揭示了这位孤儿从对幸福生活的期望到幻想破灭的整个过程。在这本书中“,远大前程”是一句反话,并不是真的指孤儿皮普有什么远大的前程,而恰恰是指的一种“幻灭”,一种幻想的幻灭。但如果读者只是把本书理解成一本描写孤儿幻想破灭的书,那就误解也低估了作者的本意,作者是要在对孤儿皮普的描述中展现19世纪英国维多利亚时代的社会生活,揭露了资产阶级金钱世界的种种罪恶。主人公皮普自幼就失去了父母,作者在小说的开始以第一人称的口吻这样叙述着主人公的身世“:我说皮利普是我父亲的姓,那是有根据的,因为我父亲的墓碑上刻着他的姓,而且我姐姐也这么说。我姐姐嫁给了铁匠乔·葛奇里,现在是葛奇里夫人了。至于我,从来没有见到过父亲和母亲,也没有看到过他们两位的照片。”从这里我们可以了解到,这样一个自幼由嫁给铁匠的姐姐抚养长大的孤儿,在那个时代是不可能获得什么太好的教育的。教育的缺失和家境的情况使得幼年的皮普把姐夫当做理想的奋斗目标。而事实上,在这个由姐姐掌握大权的家里,姐夫也是唯一可以“以诚相待,推心置腹”的人。而“一手”抚养他长大的姐姐呢“,我的姐姐乔·葛奇里夫人比我要年长二十多岁。她一直说我是由她一手带大的,因此在左邻右舍享有很大名气,倍受夸奖。从小我就想了解这里的“一手”究竟是什么含义。我所知道的她的手,是结实笨重而又冷酷严厉的,因为她特别喜欢把她的巴掌打在她丈夫的身上,当然也喜欢打在我的身上。我想乔·葛奇里和我就是这样由她一手带大的吧。”读者可以在字里行间读出作者的良苦用心,但即使在这样充满了暴力的家庭里长大,皮普依然保持着天真、质朴的性格,文中作者还特意用一段对吃面包的描述来展示皮普的天真可爱“:在吃晚餐时,我们有个习惯,要比较一下吃面包的速度,不时地悄悄拿起所啃的面包比一下,并且相互会心地表示赞美。这样,我们啃面包就越啃越有劲。”幼年的皮普也是善良的,这一点即使是在面对逃犯时也未曾改变,也正是这种善良为他日后的命运埋下了伏笔。哈维莎姆小姐的出现,彻底改
The story is divided into three phases of Pip's life expectations. The first "expectation" is allotted 19 chapters, and the other two 20 chapters each in the 59-chapter work. In some editions, the chapter numbering reverts to Chapter One in each expectation, but the original publication and most modern editions number the chapters consecutively from one to 59. At the end of chapters 19 and 39, readers are formally notified that they have reached the conclusion of a phase of Pip's expectations. In the first expectation, Pip lives a humble existence with his ill-tempered older sister and her strong but gentle husband, Joe Gargery. Pip is satisfied with this life and his warm friends until he is hired by an embittered wealthy woman, Miss Havisham, as an occasional companion to her and her beautiful but haughty adopted daughter, Estella. From that time on, Pip aspires to leave behind his simple life and be a gentleman. After years as companion to Miss Havisham and Estella, he spends more years as an apprentice to Joe, so that he may grow up to have a livelihood working as a blacksmith. This life is suddenly turned upside down when he is visited by a London attorney, Mr. Jaggers, who informs Pip that he is to come into the "Great Expectation" of a handsome property and be trained to be a gentleman at the behest of an anonymous benefactor. The second stage of Pip's expectations has Pip in London, learning the details of being a gentlemen, having tutors, fine clothing, and joining cultured society. Whereas he always engaged in honest labour when he was younger, he now is supported by a generous allowance, which he frequently lives beyond. He learns to fit in this new milieu, and experiences not only friendship but rivalry as he finds himself in the same circles as Estella, who is also pursued by many other men, especially Bentley Drummle, whom she favours. As he adopts the physical and cultural norms of his new status, he also adopts the class attitudes that go with it, and when Joe comes to visit Pip and his friend and roommate Herbert to deliver an important message, Pip is embarrassed to the point of hostility by Joe's unlearned ways, despite his protestations of love and friendship for Joe. At the end of this stage, Pip is introduced to his benefactor, again changing his world. The third and last stage of Pip's expectations alters Pip's life from the artificially supported world of his upper class strivings and introduces him to realities that he realizes he must deal with, facing moral, physical and financial challenges. He learns startling truths that cast into doubt the values that he once embraced so eagerly, and finds that he cannot regain many of the important things that he had cast aside so carelessly. The current ending of the story is different from Dickens's original intent, in which the ending matched the gloomy reverses to Pip's fortunes that typify the last expectation. Dickens was prevailed upon to change the ending to one more acceptable to his readers'
Great Expectations Charles Dickens Pip,a young orphan lives a humble existence with his ill-tempered older sister and her strong but gentle husband,Joe a Christmas Eve,Pip helps a convict who escaped from a prison ship by giving him some food and a day,Pip gets invited unexpectedly to the house of a rich old woman in the village named Miss Havisham is an old woman who was abandoned on her wedding day , so she raise her adoped daughter Estella as a cruel-hearted girl who will break men's is beautiful, and Pip develops a strong crush on her, but she treats him coldly and that time on, Pip aspires to leave behind his simple life and be a one day Pip is given a large fortune from a secret benefactor and get a chance of education to become a many years Pip has led a fairly undisciplined life in London, enjoying themselves and running up debts,and finally becomes a selfish and peacockery lasts until one day,Pip learns the true identity of his benefactor——it is not Miss Havisham (who has made many misleading comments indicating it was her) but rather a petty criminal named Magwitch who is the convict Pip helped in his is he that left all his money to Pip in gratitude for that kindness and also because young Pip reminded him of his own is appalled, but he feels morally bound to help Magwitch escape London, as the convict is pursued both by the police and by his former partner in Magwitch’s escape attempt, Estella marries an upper-class lout. Also,they are discovered by the police and captured to the jail, because of their convict partner's tipping by now is devoted to Magwitch and recognizes in him a good and noble man and Pip has discovered that Magwitch is actually Estella's money or expectations, Pip, after a period of bad illness during which Joe cares for decides to go abroad in the mercantile trade. Returning many years later, he encounters divorced Estella in the ruined garden at Satis House. Pip finds that Estella’s coldness and cruelty have been replaced by a sad kindness, and the two leave the garden hand in hand, Pip believing that they will never part again. Plot summary: Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens Philip Pirrip, who is known as Pip because, not surprisingly, he finds it difficult to pronounce his name, has a terrifying childhood experience in a
the Great Expectation story is divided into three phases of Pip's life expectations. Now i will introduce you the second phase and then have a brief study of the Bible’s influence on the characterization of two people in the book - havisham and Joe gargery. The second stage of Pip's expectations has Pip in London, learning the details of being a gentlemen, having tutors, fine clothing, and joining cultured society. Whereas he always engaged in honest labour when he was younger, he now is supported by a generous allowance given by the attorney Mr.Jaggers, which he frequently lives beyond. He learns to fit in this new milieu, and experiences not only friendship but rivalry as he finds himself in the same circles as Estella, who is also pursued by many other men, especially Bentley Drummle, whom she favours. As he adopts the physical and cultural norms of his new status, he also adopts the class attitudes that go with it, and when Joe comes to visit Pip and his friend and roommate Herbert to deliver an important message, Pip is embarrassed to the point of hostility by Joe's unlearned ways, despite his protestations of love and friendship for Joe. During this time, He learns that 20 years ago, havisham was swindled a large amount of money by brother Arthur and her fiance compeyson, thus became dispirited and dwell on the past memories. Pip asks why the fiance didn’t marry her to get the assets instead of choosing to obtain the half wealth sharing with her brother,Herbert explains that it is perhaps because the fiance was a married man,if he married havisham,his wife and arthur would conspire to expose his deceit,which would make him lose the trust and assets from havisham,so he has to give in.At the end of this stage, Pip is introduced to his benefactor, again changing his world. He turns out to be the outlaw who pip once helped and offers the story from a different perspective:he is another accomplice of the tragedy.under the guidance of compeyson,he and compeyson’s wife killed arthur and grabbed his assets to do some illegal trade. Later they got arrested imprisoned. The outlaw’s wife who was charged with a murder just delivered the daughter estella, the attorney of miss havisham helped her to escape the imprisonment , in return , estella was sent to havisham.threatened with the future of the outlaw and their daughter ,the wife had to be the attorney’s slave for over 20 years. 在希伯来圣经中所讲述的早期的以色列文化中，“女性从属”的普遍性已经是一个不争的事实。它不仅存在于社会和经济安排的各个地方，同时也渗透在社会发展的各个阶段。“女性从属”不仅指她们的价值观和地位是从属的，次等的，而且她们的生命和身体也是被男人们所控制的。在这种文化背景中，女性生来就在性格上处于弱势，而且当遇到困难时，她们缺乏抗争和自救的能力。这就是为什么她们要么屈服，要么采取一些极端的行为。但不管结果如何，她们并没有真正报复到她们要报复的人，相反地，却伤害了自己。 In the israeli culture of early stage described by hebrew Bible ,women’s subordinate status is a very obvious fact , it not only exists in all aspects of social and economic arrangements, but also permeates into each phase of social development. Female inferiority means their value and status are subordinate,second-rated ,as well as that their bodies and lives are controlled by men. Under such cultural circumstance, women were born to be weak in personality.when in trouble, they lack the ability to fight back and save themselves. That is why they either give in or take some extreme actions to revenge. But however the result is they don’t revenge against the true enemy, hurting themselves instead. 狄更斯作为一个虔诚的基督徒，他的小说也深受这种思想的影响。“女性不是以自己的价值而存在，而是成为男性的附属品，成为男性价值的一种标志。”[7] 《远大前程》的郝薇香小姐的例子极好地表明了狄更斯的宗教观在小说创作中的影响。小说中郝薇香小姐因怪异的服装、不同寻常的生活方式以及独特的经历深深地吸引着读者。她是一位处在上层阶级中的单纯而又傲慢的女士。她疯狂地爱上了温培森，但她又如何能知道温培森真正在意的是她的财产。因此在结婚当晚，当她被抛弃时，她根本无法接受这一沉重的打击，从而过着痛苦的生活。多年后，当匹普第一次看到郝薇香小姐时，她仍然穿着结婚当天所穿的衣服，
匹普的姐夫乔，村里的铁匠。心地善良，是《远大前程》小说中为数不多的几个完全正面的人物之一。虽然乔是个没有受过教育的粗人，但是他做任何事都是为了自己所爱的人．他默默地承受着匹普对他的冷漠。 匹普的姐姐，乔的妻子，在小说中一直被称为"乔大嫂"。在匹普和乔的眼里，她严厉苛刻、横行霸道。她总是把家里打扫得一尘不染，经常拿起被她称为"抓痒棍"的手杖威胁自己的丈夫和弟弟。她还强迫他们喝一种叫柏油水的气味难闻的药水。她心胸狭隘、野心勃勃，最大的愿望就是成为更有身份和地位的人，而不仅仅是乡村铁匠的妻子。 贾格斯，一位颇有势力、令人生畏的律师。作为伦敦最有名气的刑事律师之一，他参与了一些肮脏的交易。他与邪恶的罪犯串通，甚至连这些罪犯也惧怕他。但他不仅只是拥有难以捉摸的外表。他似乎很关心匹普，并且在小说中的故事开始前，帮助郝薇香收养了孤儿艾丝黛拉。在他身上，总有一股很浓的香皂味儿：他一遍又一遍地洗手，想从心理上使自己免受罪恶的玷污。 赫伯特，匹普第一次见到赫伯特是在沙堤斯庄园的花园里。当时他是个面色白净的少年，他向匹普挑衅，俩人打了一架。许多年后，他们在伦敦再次相遇。匹普成为绅士后，赫伯特成了他最好的朋友和主要的伙伴，他亲切地叫匹普"汉德尔"。他是郝薇香小姐的表兄马修·赫伯特的儿子，渴望成为商人，以便能有足够的钱迎娶克莱拉·巴利。 威米克，贾格斯律师事务所的职员，匹普的朋友。他是《远大前程》中最匪夷所思的人物之一。在工作时，他勤奋努力、玩世不恭、好挖苦人，特别喜欢"动产"；而在沃尔鄂斯家中，他快活、幽默，细心照料他的"老爹爹"。 比蒂，一个性格单纯、心地善良的乡村女孩。她是在与匹普一同上学时成为他的朋友的。乔大嫂被袭击并瘫痪后，毕蒂搬到匹普家帮助乔照顾她。在小说的大多数章节中，她代表的是艾丝黛拉的对立面：她相貌平平，待人友好，做事遵守道德，与匹普属于同一社会阶层。 奥立克，乔铁匠铺里的帮工，他懒散、愚笨，是邪恶的化身。奥立克恶毒、狡黠，以伤害别人为乐趣。他袭击了乔大嫂，后来又险些把匹普置于死地。 艾丝黛拉，由郝薇香小姐监护的一位漂亮姑娘，是匹普一直追求但却难以实现的梦想。匹普深爱着她，尽管有时艾斯黛拉偶尔也会把匹普当做朋友，但通常对他都是冷漠无情、不感兴趣的。随着他们一起长大，艾斯黛拉一次又一次地警告匹普，说自己是个没有心的人。 郝薇番小姐，一位富有而性情古怪的女人，住在匹普家村子附近一个叫沙堤斯庄园的大房子里。她性格狂躁，常常使人觉得她精神不正常。她总是穿着一件褪了色的结婚礼服在屋子里走来走去，桌上摆放着早已腐烂的宴席，屋里所有的钟表都停在8点40分。年轻时，郝薇香小姐在结婚当天被未婚夫抛弃。从此，她对所有的男人都充满仇恨。她有意把艾丝黛拉培养成报复男人的工具，训练这位漂亮的被监护人去伤男人们的心。 马格韦契，那个从监狱逃出来，中墓地恐吓匹普的可怕的罪犯。但是匹普善良的行为给他留下深刻印象。随后他拼命赚钱，用赚来的钱帮助匹普进入上流社会。他通过贾格斯律师暗中资助匹普，让匹普在伦敦接受教育，过上富有的生活。他是艾丝黛拉的父亲。 潘波趣，匹普自负傲慢．的舅舅。(实际上，他是乔的舅舅，匹普的"舅公"，但匹普和姐姐都叫他"潘波趣舅舅"。)他是个视钱如命的商人。他安排了匹普与郝薇香小姐的第一次
The great expectation of Pip and Magwitch We all know that chapter 39 is the turning point of the whole novel. Pip knows that his sponsor is not Miss Havisham, but the escaped prisoner Magwitch, who is saved by Pip. This truth makes Pip’s great expectation shattered. From the context, we can see that “the great expectation” is a kind of ambition from both Pip and Magwitch. It is such an ambition that hold up the life of both two people and bring a lot of change to their character. And the ambition is also the indication of one’s life. First, let’s see Pip’s ambition. Although the text don’t illustrate it clearly, we can infer from several details. At the beginning of the text, Pip states that “I had a taste for reading, and read regularly so many hours a day.” This state can fully demonstrate that Pip has a strong eager to learn knowledge, which means that he wants to become a real gentleman in the upper class. And when Pip is told that his benefactor is Magwitch, rather than Miss Havisham. He is shocked, disappointed as well as heart-broken. He repeats “Estella, Estella”, which tells us that his intention to become a gentleman was because of Estella, he wants to be able to match with her. From the above, we can conclude that Pip’s ambition
Social class played a major role in the society depicted in Charles Dickens's Great Expectations. Social class determined the manner in which a person was treated and their access to education. Yet, social class did not define the character of the individual. Many characters were treated differently because of their social class in Great Expectations. Seeing the contrast between how the poor and the rich were treated will give a clearer understanding of how much social class mattered. In chapter 27 when Joe comes to see Pip, he treats Joe in a different manner than before because Joe was now in a lower social class. His feelings about Joe's arrival were "Not with pleasure... I had the sharpest sensitiveness as to his being seen by Drummle." (p. 203). He was afraid that Drummle will look down on him because of Joe's lower class. Not only does Pip treat Joe differently, Joe also treats Pip differently because of their difference in social class. He begins to call Pip "sir" which bothered him because "sir" was the title given to people of higher class. Pip felt that they were still good friends and that they should treat each other as equals. Joe soon leaves and explains his early parting, "Pip, dear old chap, life is made of ever so many partings welded together, as I may say, and one man's a blacksmith, and one's a whitesmith, and one's a goldsmith, and one's a coppersmith. Diwisions among such must come...." (p. 209). He creates this metaphor than he is a common blacksmith and Pip is a goldsmith. This difference in social class had brought upon their separation. Other characters that were also judged by their social class were Magwitch and Compeyson. They were both on trial for the same crime but Compeyson got off easier than Magwitch because of his higher social class. Magwitch describes Compeyson's defense speech, ."..here you has afore you, side by side, two persons as your eyes can separate wide; one, the younger, well brought up... one; the elder, ill brought up... which is the worst one?" (p. 325). The decision of the trial was solely based upon social class appearance. These cases show how much social class really mattered. In Great Expectations, a person's social class determined the amount of education they had. It is important to perceive this relationship between education and social class to clearly understand the importance of social class. A person like Joe who was a common blacksmith had no education at all. Pip, in the early days when he was low class, had a poor education at a small school. The school was not the best of schools, but it's all that the lower class had. The teacher spent more time sleeping than teaching and Pip had learned more from Biddy than from the actual teacher. Even though he had an education when he was low class, his education as a gentleman with Mr. Pocket was much greater. Another example of how social class affects education is the difference of education between the two convicts. Magwitch, born poor and low class had no education at all while Compeyson, born rich was high class and a gentleman with an education. Education is a factor in showing how social class greatly determined people's lives. Even though social class determined many things, it did not establish a person's true inner
论文大纲 一、序论 （一）、中心论题：分析小说《远大前程》中女性人物的形象、地位及她们悲惨命运的成因。 （二）、写作意图：狄更斯小说《远大前程》旨在开导、教化人们从善，本文通过对小说中女性人物分析，进一步引导女性朋友正确选择自己的人生道路。 二、本论 （一）、引言 1、简述小说《远大前程》中主人公的人生经历，并阐明小说是紧紧围绕人道主义思想来写。 2、引出两部文献中分别对《远大前程》作出的点评，并概述自己的观点。 3、阐明本文写作意图及中心论题。 （二）、主题 1、小说中女性的形象分析。 （1）、分别对小说中主要女性人物形象进行分析点评。 （2）、引用文献资料进行全面阐述。 （3）、通过对比文献资料阐明自己的观点。 2、小说中女性的地位。 （1）、引出文献王新春在作品《笼中鸟》中对小说女性地位的总评。 （2）、阐明自己的观点，对女性地位进行分析。 （3）、引出许多读者对狄更斯是否对女性地位持有偏见的质疑，分析对比阐述自己观点。 3、小说中女性人物对主人公的影响。 （1）、引出文献李宇荣指出狄更斯小说是以人物为中心写作，因此《远大前程》中的几位主要女性都是围绕主人公皮普展开描写的。 三、结论 总结本文所写主题，再次归纳所有评论家的观点，阐述自己的主见，并呼应开头，再次点题。 浅析《远大前程》中的女性人物 一、引言： 《远大前程》是英国小说家狄更斯的晚年作品，小说主要讲述了主人公皮普人生的三个阶段，从小的时候对上层阶级生活的憧憬、羡慕开始，到他成为“上等人”，最后又恢复到下层阶级淳朴劳动者的身份。小说中劳动者的淳朴形象与当时英国上流阶级人们的自私形象形成鲜明的对比，作者狄更斯抓住人道主义的观点来批判当时的社会，其中女性所遭受的磨难，她们对爱情、婚姻的绝望以及她们道德的沦丧与最终远大前程的破灭有着密切的关系。作家王新春在试析《远大前程》的女性形象中点评狄更斯的小说是以深刻的笔触去揭示资本主义社会的各种弊端，强烈刻画了下层人民的悲惨生活。郭春林却点评说：“狄更斯之所以生动
Reflection on Great Expectation -----My Reading Report of Great Expectation Class one Student No.10 Name: Anna Wang Great Expectation was written by Charles Dickens (1812-1870), one of the most popular writers of all the time, who created some of the best-known characters in English literature. Great Expectation is similar to David Copperfield in that it is the story of a boy growing up. Pip has lost his parents when he was fifteen years old. He was brought up by his sister and her husband--Joe Gargery, a blacksmith who takes Pip on as an apprentice, teaches him his trade and makes friends with him. One day before Christmas, when Pip went to the churchyard where his parents were buried, he met an escaping convict-- Abel Magwitch. Pip brought cakes for the hungry man, which touched Abel deeply, although he was caught by police. After the Christmas, Pip was invited to play with Estella, a beautiful girl adopted by Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham was the richest man in the village. But she was very strange. She was dressed a bridal veil all the whole life after her fiancé left her at the wedding day, taking her a large amount of property. So she lived in the revenge and hated all the men. She treated Estella as a tool to take revenge on all man. When Pip met Estella, he loved her, so did Estella. But Estella knew she was just a tool to carry out the revenge plan of Miss Havisham, so she pretended to be proud, indifferent and look down upon Pip- a relative of a poor blacksmith, which broke Pip’s heart. As a consequence, Pip was determined to become a real gentleman who is in possession of money, good manners, luxurious life and a great expectation for Estella’s sake. Under the help of a stranger who donated a lot of money to him, Pip left Joe and the village, and went to London to live a luxurious life to learn to how to become a real gentleman. Pip started to waste money, look down upon other poor people, even including Joe, his brother-in-law and best friend! Gradually, Pip lost himself in the whirlpool of money, although he has had a large number of debts. As the same time, Estella has become more and more beautiful, graceful and brilliant. She walked in the crowd of men and married one of them as the Miss Havisham’s wish, which really tore Pip into pieces. And, as the same time, the mysterious benefactor of Pip came out. He is Abel- the escaping convict whom Pip has helped. When he escaped from the prison again, he earned much money and wanted to pay back Pip in that way. But Abel soon was caught by police and died. The properties he gave to Pip