雅思考官满分范文12篇

雅思考试优秀作文范文：政府投资Government can only provide a limited range of services for citizens. Certain types of service, however, must be provided by government, whereas both government and private groups or individuals can shoulder the responsibility to provide the services.政府只能为公民提供有限范围的服务。

但是，某些类型的服务必须由政府提供，而政府和私人团体或个人都可以承担提供这些服务的责任。

A government must provide those services which are essential to the society. These include defense capabilities and social security. Private enterprise and the profit motive should not form part of these essential services. On the other hand, some services could be provided by either government or private groups or both. Education and health care are examples of such services. A government must provide at least a basic level of education and health care so all the citizens can have access to them. Private enterprises, though, could also provide services in these areas for those who wish to pay for them.一个政府必须提供那些对社会至关重要的服务。

雅思12test1范文Task 1.The bar chart illustrates the number of visitors to four different museums in a European city in 2007, 2008 and 2009.Overall, it is clear that Museum A had the highest number of visitors throughout the three year period, while Museum D had the lowest.In 2007, Museum A attracted approximately 800,000 visitors. This figure increased slightly to around 850,000 in 2008 and then dropped to about 750,000 in 2009. Museum B, on the other hand, had around 400,000 visitorsin 2007. There was a significant rise to about 600,000 in 2008, but it then declined to around 500,000 in 2009.Museum C started with approximately 300,000 visitors in 2007. It had a small increase to about 350,000 in 2008 and then remained relatively stable at around 350,000 in 2009. Museum D had the least number of visitors among the four museums. In 2007, it had just over 100,000 visitors. This number increased marginally to about 150,000 in 2008 and then dropped back to around 100,000 in 2009.It is interesting to note that Museum A, despite its fluctuation, always maintained a relatively high number of visitors compared to the other museums. Museum D, however, struggled to attract a large number of visitors during these three years.Task 2.Some people believe that it is good to share as much information as possible in scientific research, business and the academic world. Othersthink that some information is too important or too valuable to be shared freely.In the scientific research field, sharing information widely can be extremely beneficial. For example, think about all those medicalresearchers around the world. If they share their findings about diseases, new treatments, and so on, it's like building a huge jigsaw puzzle together. One researcher in a small lab in Asia might have discovered a little pieceof the puzzle about how a certain virus behaves, and by sharing that, a big research team in Europe can fit it into the bigger picture and maybe comeup with a cure faster. It's like we're all in this big global science club, and sharing is the key to making progress.In the business world, it's a bit more of a mixed bag. On one hand, sharing information can lead to innovation. For instance, tech companies might share some basic ideas about user friendly design. This can inspire other companies to create even better products, which in the end benefits the consumers. But on the other hand, there are some things that companies might want to keep under wraps. Let's say a company has spent a fortune developing a new manufacturing process that gives them a huge edge overtheir competitors. They might be a bit reluctant to share that because it's like their secret weapon in the cut throat business battlefield.In the academic world, sharing is often seen as a fundamental principle. Academics write papers and present at conferences precisely to share their knowledge. Students also benefit from open access to information. However, there are some cases where some research might be too sensitive. For example, research related to national security in some academicinstitutions. This type of information, if shared freely, could potentially be misused by other parties.In conclusion, while sharing information in scientific research, business, and the academic world can bring many advantages such as promoting progress and innovation, there are also valid reasons for keeping some information private. It's all about finding the right balance. Wedon't want to be too stingy with information and slow down the wheels of progress, but we also need to protect things that are truly precious and could cause harm if shared without proper consideration.。

IELTS Writing Task 1: bar chart sample answer题目：The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1995-2002.Here's my suggested outline for a 4-paragraph report: Introduction: rewrite the question statement in your own words.Overview: point out which category was highest in each year, which was lowest, and which saw the biggest changes.Details: compare the 3 categories in 1995, then say what happened up until 1999.Details: notice what happened to local calls from 1999 onwards, and contrast this with the other 2 categories. Finish with a comparison of the figures in 2002.范文：The bar chart compares the amount of time spent by people in the UK on three different types of phone call between 1995 and 2002.It is clear that calls made via local, fixed lines were the most popular type, in terms of overall usage, throughout the period shown. The lowest figures on the chart are for mobile calls, butthis category also saw the most dramatic increase in user minutes.In 1995, people in the UK used fixed lines for a total of just over 70 billion minutes for local calls, and about half of that amount of time for nationalor international calls. By contrast, mobile phones were only used for around 4 billion minutes. Over the following four years, the figures forall three types of phone call increased steadily.By 1999, the amount of time spent on local calls using landlines had reached a peak at 90 billion minutes. Subsequently, the figure for this category fell, but the rise in the other two types of phone call continued. In 2002, the number of minutes of national / international landline calls passed 60 billion, while the figure for mobiles rose to around 45 billion minutes.(197 words, band9)IELTS Writing Task 1: 'living alone' charts题目：The bar chart below shows the proportions of English men and women of different ages who were living alone in 2011. The pie chart compares the numbers of bedrooms in these one-person households.Living alone in England by age and gender, 2011Number of bedrooms in one-person households (England, 2011)范文：The two charts give information about single-occupant households in England in the year 2011. The bar chart compares figures for occupants' age and gender, and the pie chart shows data about the number of bedrooms in thesehomes.Overall, females made up a higher proportion of people living alone than males, and this difference is particularly noticeable in the older age categories. We can also see that the most common number of bedrooms in a single-occupant home was two.A significant majority of the people aged 65 or over who were living alone in England in 2011 were female. Women made up around 72% of single occupants aged 75 to 84, and 76% of those aged 85 or over. By contrast, among younger adults the figures for males were higher.For example, in the 35-49 age category, men accounted for nearly 65% of people living alone.In the same year, 35.4% of one-person households in England had two bedrooms, while one-bedroom and three-bedroom homes accounted for 28% and 29.8% of the total. Under 7% of single-occupant homes had four or more bedrooms.(189 words, band 9)>>>>Tip<<<Notice that I was forced to leave out some of the information from the bar chart. This is normal when you only have 20 minutes; examiners expect you to select some key figures, not to try to include everything.。

1701.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.1. Many people prefer to watch foreign films rather than locally produced films. Why could this be? Should governments give more financial support to local film industries?It is true that foreign films are more popular in many countries than domestically produced films. There could be several reasons why this is the case, and I believe that governments should promote local film-making by subsidising the industry.There are various reasons why many people find foreign films more enjoyable than thefilms produced in their own countries. Firstly, the established film industries in certain countries have huge budgets for action, special effects and to shoot scenes in spectacular locations. Hollywood blockbusters like ‘Avatar’ or the James Bond films are examples of such productions and the global appeal that they have. Another reason why these big-budget films are so successful is that they often star the most famous actors and actresses, and they are made by the most accomplished producers and directors. The poor quality, low-budget filmmaking in many countries suffers in comparison.In my view, governments should support local film industries financially. In every country, there may be talented amateur film-makers who just need to be given the opportunity to prove themselves. To compete with big-budget productions from overseas, these people need money to pay for film crews, actors and a host of other costs related to producing high-quality films. If governments did help with these costs, they would see an increase in employment in the film industry, income from film sales, and perhaps even a rise in tourist numbers. New Zealand, for example, has seen an increase in tourism related to the 'Lord of the Rings' films, which were partly funded by government subsidies.In conclusion, I believe that increased financial support could help to raise the quality of locally made films and allow them to compete with the foreign productions that currently dominate the market.(295 words, band 9)2. Foreign visitors should pay more than local visitors for cultural and historical attractions. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?It is sometimes argued that tourists from overseas should be charged more than local residents to visit important sites and monuments. I completely disagree with this idea. The argument in favour of higher prices for foreign tourists would be that cultural or historical attractions often depend on state subsidies to keep them going, which means that the resident population already pays money to these sites through the tax system. However, I believe this to be a very shortsighted view. Foreign tourists contribute to the economy of the host country with the money they spend on a wide range of goods and services, including food, souvenirs, accommodation and travel. The governments and inhabitants of every country should be happy to subsidise important tourist sites and encourage people from the rest of the world to visit them.If travellers realised that they would have to pay more to visit historical and cultural attractions in a particular nation, they would perhaps decide not to go to that country on holiday. To take the UK as an example, the tourism industry and many related jobs rely on visitors coming to the country to see places like Windsor Castle or Saint Paul’s Cathedral. These two sites charge the same price regardless of nationality, and this helps to promote the nation’s cultural heritage. If overseas tourists stopped coming due to higher prices, there would be a risk of insufficient funding for the maintenance of these important buildings.In conclusion, I believe that every effort should be made to attract tourists from overseas, and it would be counterproductive to make them pay more than local residents.(269 words, band 9)3. Nowadays animal experiments are widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. Some people argue that these experiments should be banned because it is morally wrong to cause animals to suffer, while others are in favour of them because of their benefits to humanity.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.It is true that medicines and other products are routinely tested on animals before they are cleared for human use. While I tend towards the viewpoint that animal testing is morally wrong, I would have to support a limited amount of animal experimentation for the development of medicines.On the one hand, there are clear ethical arguments against animal experimentation. To use a common example of this practice, laboratory mice may be given an illness so that the effectiveness of a new drug can be measured. Opponents of such research argue that humans have no right to subject animals to this kind of trauma, and that the lives of all creatures should be respected. They believe that the benefits to humans do not justify the suffering caused, and that scientists should use alternative methods of research.On the other hand, reliable alternatives to animal experimentation may not always be available. Supporters of the use of animals in medical research believe that a certain amount of suffering on the part of mice or rats can be justified if human lives are saved. They argue that opponents of such research might feel differently if a member of their own families needed a medical treatment that had been developed through the use of animal experimentation. Personally, I agree with the banning of animal testing for non-medical products, but I feel that it may be a necessary evil where new drugs and medical procedures are concerned.In conclusion, it seems to me that it would be wrong to ban testing on animals for vital medical research until equally effective alternatives have been developed.(270 words, band 9)4. Some people think that all teenagers should be required to do unpaid work in their free time to help the local community. They believe this would benefit both the individual teenager and society as a whole.Do you agree or disagree?;Many young people work on a volunteer basis, and this can only be beneficial for both the individual and society as a whole. However, I do not agree that we should therefore force all teenagers to do unpaid work.Most young people are already under enough pressure with their studies, without being given the added responsibility of working in their spare time. School is just as demanding as a full-time job, and teachers expect their students to do homework and exam revision on top of attending lessons every day. When young people do have some free time, we should encourage them to enjoy it with their friends or to spend it doing sports and other leisure activities. They have many years of work ahead of them when they finish their studies.At the same time, I do not believe that society has anything to gain from obliging young people to do unpaid work. In fact, I would argue that it goes against the values of a free and fair society to force a group of people to do something against their will. Doing this can only lead to resentment amongst young people, who would feel that they were being used, and parents, who would not want to be told how to raise their children. Currently, nobody is forced to volunteer, and this is surely the best system.In conclusion, teenagers may choose to work for free and help others, but in my opinion we should not make this compulsory.(250 words, band 9)5. There are many different types of music in the world today. Why do we need music? Is the traditional music of a country more important than the international music that is heard everywhere nowadays?It is true that a rich variety of musical styles can be found around the world. Music is a vital part of all human cultures for a range of reasons, and I would argue that traditional music is more important than modern, international music.Music is something that accompanies all of us throughout our lives. As children, we are taught songs by our parents and teachers as a means of learning language, or simply as a form of enjoyment. Children delight in singing with others, and it would appear that the act of singing in a group creates a connection between participants, regardless of their age. Later in life, people’s musical preferences develop, and we come to see our favourite songs as part of our life stories. Music both expresses and arouses emotions in a way that words alone cannot. In short, it is difficult to imagine life without it.In my opinion, traditional music should be valued over the international music that has become so popular. International pop music is often catchy and fun, but it is essentially a commercial product that is marketed and sold by business people. Traditional music, by contrast, expresses the culture, customs and history of a country. Traditional styles, such as ...(example)..., connect us to the past and form part of our cultural identity. It would be a real pity if pop music became so predominant that these national styles disappeared.In conclusion, music is a necessary part of human existence, and I believe that traditional music should be given more importance than international music.(261 words, band 9)6. Some people regard video games as harmless fun, or even as a useful educational tool. Others, however, believe that videos games are having an adverse effect on the people who play them. In your opinion, do the drawbacks of video games outweigh the benefits?Many people, and children in particular, enjoy playing computer games. While I accept that these games can sometimes have a positive effect on the user, I believe that they are more likely to have a harmful impact.On the one hand, video games can be both entertaining and educational. Users, or gamers, are transported into virtual worlds which are often more exciting and engaging than real-life pastimes. From an educational perspective, these games encourage imagination and creativity, as well as concentration, logical thinking and problem solving, all of which are useful skills outside the gaming context. Furthermore, it has been shown that computer simulation games can improve users’ motor skills and help to prepare them for real-world tasks, such as flying a plane.However, I would argue that these benefits are outweighed by the drawbacks. Gaming can be highly addictive because users are constantly given scores, new targets and frequent rewards to keep them playing. Many children now spend hours each day trying to progress through the levels of a game or to get a higher score than their friends. This type of addiction can have effects ranging from lack of sleep to problems at school, when homework is sacrificed for a few more hours on the computer or console. The rise in obesity in recent years has also been linked in part to the sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise that often accompany gaming addiction.In conclusion, it seems to me that the potential dangers of video games are moresignificant than the possible benefits.(258 words, band 9)7. In the developed world, average life expectancy is increasing. What problems will this cause for individuals and society? Suggest some measures that could be taken to reduce the impact of ageing populations.It is true that people in industrialised nations can expect to live longer than ever before. Although there will undoubtedly be some negative consequences of this trend, societies can take steps to mitigate these potential problems.As people live longer and the populations of developed countries grow older, several related problems can be anticipated. The main issue is that there will obviously be more people of retirement age who will be eligible to receive a pension. The proportion of younger, working adults will be smaller, and governments will therefore receive less money in taxes in relation to the size of the population. In other words, an ageing population will mean a greater tax burden for working adults. Further pressures will include a rise in the demand for healthcare, and the fact young adults will increasingly have to look after their elderly relatives.There are several actions that governments could take to solve the problems described above. Firstly, a simple solution would be to increase the retirement age for working adults, perhaps from 65 to 70. Nowadays, people of this age tend to be healthy enough to continue a productive working life. A second measure would be for governments to encourage immigration in order to increase the number of working adults who pay taxes. Finally, money from national budgets will need to be taken from other areas and spent on vital healthcare, accommodation and transport facilities for the rising numbers of older citizens.In conclusion, various measures can be taken to tackle the problems that are certain to arise as the populations of countries grow older.(265 words, band 9)8. We cannot help everyone in the world that needs help, so we should only be concerned with our own communities and countries.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?;Some people believe that we should not help people in other countries as long as there are problems in our own society. I disagree with this view because I believe that we should try to help as many people as possible.On the one hand, I accept that it is important to help our neighbours and fellow citizens. In most communities there are people who are impoverished or disadvantaged in some way. It is possible to find homeless people, for example, in even the wealthiest of cities, and for those who are concerned about this problem, there are usually opportunities to volunteer time or give money to support these people. In the UK, people can help in a variety of ways, from donating clothing to serving free food in a soup kitchen. As the problems are on our doorstep, and there are obvious ways to help, I can understand why some people feel that we should prioritise local charity.At the same time, I believe that we have an obligation to help those who live beyond our national borders. In some countries the problems that people face are much more serious than those in our own communities, and it is often even easier to help. For example, when children are dying from curable diseases in African countries, governments and individuals in richer countries can save lives simply by paying for vaccines that already exist. A small donation to an international charity might have a much greater impact than helping in our local area.In conclusion, it is true that we cannot help everyone, but in my opinion national boundaries should not stop us from helping those who are in need.(280 words, band 9)9. Universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject. To what extent do you agree or disagree?In my opinion, men and women should have the same educational opportunities. However, I do not agree with the idea of accepting equal proportions of each gender in every university subject.Having the same number of men and women on all degree courses is simply unrealistic. Student numbers on any course depend on the applications that the institution receives. If a university decided to fill courses with equal numbers of males and females, it would need enough applicants of each gender. In reality, many courses are more popular with one gender than the other, and it would not be practical to aim for equal proportions. For example, nursing courses tend to attract more female applicants, and it would be difficult to fill these courses if fifty per cent of the places needed to go to males.Apart from the practical concerns expressed above, I also believe that it would be unfair to base admission to university courses on gender. Universities should continue to select the best candidates for each course according to their qualifications. In this way, both men and women have the same opportunities, and applicants know that they will be successful if they work hard to achieve good grades at school. If a female student is the best candidate for a place on a course, it is surely wrong to reject her in favour of a male student with lower grades or fewer qualifications.In conclusion, the selection of university students should be based on merit, and it would be both impractical and unfair to change to a selection procedure based on gender.(265 words, band 9)10. Some people think that museums should be enjoyable places to entertain people, while others believe that the purpose of museums is to educate.Discuss both views and give you own opinion.People have different views about the role and function of museums. In my opinion, museums can and should be both entertaining and educational.On the one hand, it can be argued that the main role of a museum is to entertain. Museums are tourist attractions, and their aim is to exhibit a collection of interesting objects that many people will want to see. The average visitor may become bored if he or she has to read or listen to too much educational content, so museums often put more of an emphasis on enjoyment rather than learning. This type of museum is designed to be visually spectacular, and may have interactive activities or even games as part of its exhibitions.On the other hand, some people argue that museums should focus on education. The aim of any exhibition should be to teach visitors something that they did not previously know. Usually this means that the history behind the museum’s exhibits needs to be explained, and this can be done in various ways. Some museums employ professional guides to talk to their visitors, while other museums offer headsets so that visitors can listen to detailed commentary about the exhibition. In this way, museums can play an important role in teaching people about history, culture, science and many other aspects of life.In conclusion, it seems to me that a good museum should be able to offer an interesting, enjoyable and educational experience so that people can have fun and learn something at the same time.(253 words, band 911. Some people believe that studying at university or college is the best route to a successful career, while others believe that it is better to get a job straight after school. Discuss both views and give your opinion.When they finish school, teenagers face the dilemma of whether to get a job or continue their education. While there are some benefits to getting a job straight after school, I would argue that it is better to go to college or university.The option to start work straight after school is attractive for several reasons. Many young people want to start earning money as soon as possible. In this way, they can become independent, and they will be able to afford their own house or start a family. In terms of their career, young people who decide to find work, rather than continue their studies, may progress more quickly. They will have the chance to gain real experience and learn practical skills related to their chosen profession. This may lead to promotions and a successful career.On the other hand, I believe that it is more beneficial for students to continue their studies. Firstly, academic qualifications are required in many professions. For example, it is impossible to become a doctor, teacher or lawyer without having the relevant degree. As a result, university graduates have access to more and better job opportunities, and they tend to earn higher salaries than those with fewer qualifications. Secondly, the job market is becoming increasingly competitive, and sometimes there are hundreds of applicants for one position in a company. Young people who do not have qualifications from a university or college will not be able to compete.For the reasons mentioned above, it seems to me that students are more likely to be successful in their careers if they continue their studies beyond school level.(271 words, band 9)12. Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness?It is no doubt true that the majority of people would like to be happy in their lives. While the personal nature of happiness makes it difficult to describe, there do seem to be some common needs that we all share with regard to experiencing or achieving happiness. Happiness is difficult to define because it means something different to each individual person. Nobody can fully understand or experience another person’s feelings, and we all have our own particular passions from which we take pleasure. Some people, for example, derive a sense of sat isfaction from earning money or achieving success, whereas for others, health and family are much more important. At the same time, a range of other feelings, from excitement to peacefulness, may be associated with the idea of happiness, and the same person may therefore feel happy in a variety of different ways.Although it seems almost impossible to give a precise definition of happiness, most people would agree that there are some basic preconditions to achieving it. Firstly, it is hard for a person to be happy if he or she does not have a safe place to live and enough food to eat. Our basic survival needs must surely be met before we can lead a pleasant life. Secondly, the greatest joy in life is usually found in shared experiences with family and friends, and it is rare to find a person who is content to live in complete isolation. Other key factors could be individual freedom and a sense of purpose in life.In conclusion, happiness is difficult to define because it is particular to each individual, but I believe that our basic needs for shelter, food and company need to be fulfilled before we can experience it.(292 words, band 9)13. Wild animals have no place in the 21st century, so protecting them is a waste of resources. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Some people argue that it is pointless to spend money on the protection of wild animals because we humans have no need for them. I completely disagree with this point of view. In my opinion, it is absurd to argue that wild animals have no place in the 21st century. I do not believe that planet Earth exists only for the benefit of humans, and there is nothing special about this particular century that means that we suddenly have the right to allow or encourage the extinction of any species. Furthermore, there is no compelling reason why we should let animals die out. We do not need to exploit or destroy every last square metre of land in order to feed or accommodate the world’s population. There is plenty of room for us to exist side by side with wild animals, and this should be our aim.I also disagree with the idea that protecting animals is a waste of resources. It is usually the protection of natural habitats that ensures the survival of wild animals, and most scientists agree that these habitats are also crucial for human survival. For example, rainforests produce oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide and stabilise the Earth’s climate. If we destroyed these areas, the costs of managing the resulting changes to our planet would far outweigh the costs of conservation. By protecting wild animals and their habitats, we maintain the natural balance of all life on Earth.In conclusion, we have no right to decide whether or not wild animals should exist, and I believe that we should do everything we can to protect them.(269 words, band 9)14. As well as making money, businesses also have social responsibilities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Businesses have always sought to make a profit, but it is becoming increasingly common to hear people talk about the social obligations that companies have. I completely agree with the idea that businesses should do more for society than simply make money.On the one hand, I accept that businesses must make money in order to survive in a competitive world. It seems logical that the priority of any company should be to cover its running costs, such as employees’ wages and payments for buildings and utilities. On top of these costs, companies also need to invest in improvements and innovations if they wish to remain successful. If a company is unable to pay its bills or meet the changing needs of customers, any concerns about social responsibilities become irrelevant. In other words, a company can only make a positive contribution to society if it is in good financial health.On the other hand, companies should not be run with the sole aim of maximising profit; they have a wider role to play in society. One social obligation that owners and managers have is to treat their employees well, rather than exploiting them. For example, they could pay a “living wage” to ensure that workers have a good quality of life. I also like the idea that businesses could use a proportion of their profits to support local charities, environmental projects or education initiatives. Finally, instead of trying to minimise their tax payments by using accounting loopholes, I believe that company bosses should be happy to contribute to society through the tax system.In conclusion, I believe that companies should place as much importance on their social responsibilities as they do on their financial objectives.(285 words, band 9)15. In some countries, many more people are choosing to live alone nowadays than in the past. Do you think this is a positive or negative development?In recent years it has become far more normal for people to live alone, particularly in large cities in the developed world. In my opinion, this trend could have both positive and negative consequences in equal measure.The rise in one-person households can be seen as positive for both personal and broader economic reasons. On an individual level, people who choose to live alone may become more independent and self-reliant than those who live with family members. A young adult who lives alone, for example, will need to learn to cook, clean, pay bills and manage his or her budget, all of which are valuable life skills; an increase in the number of such individuals can certainly be seen as a positive development. From an economic perspective, the trend towards living alone will result in greater demand for housing. This is likely to benefit the construction industry, estate agents and a whole host of other companies that rely on homeowners to buy their products or services.However, the personal and economic arguments given above can be considered from the opposite angle. Firstly, rather than the positive feeling of increased independence, people who live alone may experience feelings of loneliness, isolation and worry. They miss out on the emotional support and daily conver sat ion that family or flatmates can provide, and they must bear the weight of all household bills and responsibilities; in this sense, perhaps the trend towards living alone is a negative one. Secondly, from the financial point of view, a rise in demand for housing is likely to push up property prices and rents. While this may benefit some businesses, the general population, including those who live alone, will be faced with rising living costs.In conclusion, the increase in one-person households will have both beneficial and detrimental effects on individuals and on the economy.(band 9)16. Some people think that all university students should study whatever they like. Others believe that they should only be allowed to study subjects that will be useful in the future, such as those related to science and technology. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.People have different views about how much choice students should have with regard to what they can study at university. While some argue that it would be better for students to be forced into certain key subject areas, I believe that everyone should be able to study the course of their choice.There are various reasons why people believe that universities should only offer subjects that will be useful in the future. They may assert that university courses like medicine, engineering and information technology are more likely to be beneficial than certain art degrees. From a personal perspective, it can be argued that these courses provide more job opportunities, career progression, better salaries, and therefore an improved quality of life for students who take them. On the societal level, by forcing people to choose particular university subjects, governments can ensure that any knowledge and skill gaps in the economy are covered. Finally, a focus on technology in higher education could lead to new inventions, economic growth, and greater future prosperity.In spite of these arguments, I believe that university students should be free to choose their preferred areas of study. In my opinion, society will benefit more if our students are passionate about what they are learning. Besides, nobody can really predict which areas of knowledge will be most useful to society in the future, and it may be that employers begin to value creative thinking skills above practical or technical skills. If this were the case, perhaps we would need more students of art, history and philosophy than of science or technology.In conclusion, although it might seem sensible for universities to focus only on the most useful subjects, I personally prefer the current system in which people have the right to study whatever they like.(297 words, band 9)。

剑桥雅思考官范文Well, let me tell you about this amazing trip I had. It was to Thailand, you know, that place full of all kinds of wonders.I landed in Bangkok first. Oh my god, the moment I stepped out of the airport, it was like being hit by a wave of heat and chaos, but in a really exciting way. The traffic was just crazy. There were tuk tuks zoomingaround everywhere. They look like these little three wheeled buggies, and the drivers are always trying to get you to take a ride with them. I hopped on one and it was like being on a rollercoaster, zipping in and out of the traffic.The food in Thailand is out of this world. I mean, I'm a big foodie and this place was like a paradise for me. There were street stalls everywhere selling things like pad thai. It's this delicious noodle dish with peanuts and lime and all sorts of goodness. And the mango sticky rice, that waslike a little slice of heaven. The mango was so ripe and sweet, and the sticky rice was just the perfect complement.Then I went to the beaches in Phuket. The water was so clear, like a giant blue mirror. I could see all the colorful fish swimming around justby looking down from my boat. I tried snorkeling for the first time. At first, I was a bit scared, you know, thinking about all those fish and what if something bites me. But once I put my face in the water, it was like entering a whole new world. There were these beautiful coral reefs, all shapes and colors, and the fish were just swimming around me like theydidn't care I was there. It was an incredible feeling.The people in Thailand are also super friendly. They always have asmile on their face. Even when there was a bit of a language barrier, wecould still communicate with gestures and a few broken English words. I remember asking a local where the nearest temple was, and he not only told me but actually walked me part of the way there.All in all, it was a trip that I'll never forget. It had a bit of everything adventure, great food, beautiful scenery and lovely people. Ican't wait to go back there again someday.I'm going to talk about my grandpa. He's one of the most interesting people I've ever known.My grandpa looks like a character out of an old fashioned movie. He's got this big, bushy white mustache that he twirls around when he's thinking. His eyes are always twinkling with mischief or kindness, depending on the situation. He's not a very tall man, but he has this big presence, you know.He's a real jack of all trades. He can fix just about anything around the house. I remember when our old clock stopped working. Everyone was thinking we should just buy a new one, but not grandpa. He got his toolbox out, which is this big, rusty box full of all kinds of strange looking tools. He spent the whole afternoon tinkering with the clock, and by theend of the day, it was ticking away as good as new.Grandpa also has a great sense of humor. He loves to tell jokes, especially those old fashioned ones that make you groan and laugh at the same time. For example, he'll say, “Why don't scientists trust atoms? Because they make up everything.” And then he'll laugh this big bellylaugh that's really contagious.He's also really into gardening. His garden is like a little piece of paradise. There are all kinds of flowers and vegetables growing there. In the spring, it's full of colorful tulips and daffodils. And in the summer,he has these huge tomatoes and cucumbers. He spends hours out there, watering the plants, talking to them as if they can understand him. He says that if you talk nicely to your plants, they'll grow better.My grandpa is also a bit of a storyteller. He'll sit us down on the porch and start telling us stories about his youth. How he used to travel around on his old bicycle, exploring the countryside. He'll tell us about the adventures he had, like the time he got caught in a thunderstorm while out in the fields and had to take shelter in an old barn. His stories are always full of details and they make you feel like you were there with him.All in all, my grandpa is an amazing person. He's full of life, knowledge and love, and I'm really lucky to have him in my life.。

1 What differentiates one country from another is becoming increasingly difficult to define in today’s world. Nowadays, it is not uncommon for people to have the same consumer products and to experience the same media the world over. To what extent do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?Globalization certainly has the potential to bring about great advances for humankind. On a daily basis, we are eyewitnesses to how borders of time and space that once separated countries and the activities therein appear to be diminishing.In industrialized areas of the developing world we can observe a growing international trend in leisure time pursuits. Chinese youths wearing Nike sneakers in Shanghai hang out in Starbucks over a cup of coffee in much the same way that their American counterparts do in New Y ork. In particular, younger generations the world over who can afford access to media technologies like cable television and the Internet often encounter the same media such as advertisements, films, TV channels, popular brands and so on.However, it is not presently guaranteed that these advances are equally shared by all members of the global community. The truth lies somewhere closer to the fact that global market forces often have negative effects on the distribution of public goods such as social, a clean environment, or diverse cultural expression.Many argue that the costs of globalization are too high and that differences between countries and communities need to be maintained before we quickly and completely lose all sense of who we are, where we came from and what choices are still available to us.Therefore, it is necessary for the global community to place greater emphasis on the impact of globalization on human welfare. In order to achieve a just and equal distribution of the benefits of economic globalization, its negative side effects need to be counteracted by reforms in government at the international, regional and local levels. Only by further developing the way in which we manage our societies can we make sure that those currently not in control of globalization can make their voices heard in the political processes affecting the range of their own personal choices.2 Many old buildings are protected by historic trusts and international organizations such as UNESCO. However, some people think that old buildings stand in the way of progress. How important do you think it is to protect old buildings？Historic buildings provide a physical link to our past. This link allows us to develop a sense of orientation about our place in history. We can learn from the past, and through safeguarding our historic buildings, can continue to benefit from the accomplishments of our ancestors.Of course, most people would be hesitant to knock down a historic building in favor of creating a new apartment complex or an office block to meet the rising needs of a growing population and a changing economy. This is where the question of what is “historic” and of value to a particular community comes into play. Age is a decisive factor for a historic resource, but it must be defined in relative terms. The definition of “old” will differ with a person’s perspective in time and the resource being considered. A convenience store that is 25 years old might be considered historic, while a university campus might not be considered historic until it is 50 or 75 years old.All too often, we have seen and continue to see neighborhoods being bulldozed in the name of progress. Under gentrification, housing prices rise in the previously poorneighborhoods, so that renters there either have to relocate or absorb elevated rental costs. What should stand in the way of progress is not only history but practicality and a thorough assessment of what is more beneficial for everyone concerned. Only when it is more costly to keep up a building or a district should town and city planners consider redevelopment as an option.Historic buildings are an important building block in the flow of our culture through time: a child visits a historic civic building to learn more about what it means to be a native of his or her hometown; a city resident on a historic farm learns about pride and dedication in working the land. Historic buildings are studied to tell us about the use of materials and resourceful solutions in everyday living.Historic buildings are vital for our prospective future. These assets need protection. We cannot afford to lose the physical materials, ideas, skills and understanding of our past.3 In light of the technological route that education is on today there has been some speculation as to the role of teachers in future education. To what extent do you think teachers are being replaced by computers?Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is quickly playing an important part in teaching in schools and other educational institutions. As more and more subjects can be taught via the computer, there would seem to be less and less need for teachers to be present, as self-study and autonomous learning are encouraged with the assistance of a computer. However, computers will never replace teachers because technology is only a tool and can never replace the spiritual element of the teacher.Self-study and independent learning using technology is a means of teaching that can be highly effective for practice drills, the study of factual knowledge, or for pure rote memorization. For instance, computers can help students solve math exercises and memorize historic facts. This type of teaching reduces the need of the presence of a teacher. Online teaching or video conferencing allows a teacher to teach to a greater number of students, optimizing costs for schools. This is already happening at the university level where many universities are offering online degrees, for example. Such teaching is profitable to universities as it optimizes costs by increasing teacher-student ratios. I t would therefore seem that technology is making the teacher more and more redundant.But a crucial element has to be considered with regards to ICT and teaching. Good teaching takes place when the learning is directly associated with our emotions. We learn best when what we are learning has a direct implication on what we believe and what we feel. The computer may communicate concrete knowledge, but only the teacher is able to communicate wisdom, to build self-confidence, and to make one think creatively, which is a more important part of learning. Therefore, no matter how sophisticated technology becomes, a teacher will always be needed, because only with the presence of the teacher is there true interaction.What will happen is that technology will not replace teachers. Instead, teachers will no longer be able to teach students by rote memory or drill type exercises. The computer will take care of that. The teacher will have to stimulate the minds and bring out the creativity in his or her students. The teacher will have to become a better teacher, a real teacher. ICT will improve teaching, and force teachers to be better teachers; it will never replace the teacher, it will only make him or her more important.4 Television is a very powerful medium of influence over large populations. There are many positive aspects to television. For example, it is an educational tool. However, many people feel that it is doing irreparable harm. Present an argument to highlight your opinion on this matter.Numerous educators have envisioned television’s possibilities as an instructional tool and have sought acknowledgement throughout the industrialized world. Educational television in the developing world has also included training which directly affects the quality of life of its audience. For example, in areas where televised broadcasts are very low, audiences may gather at community centers to view programs on hygiene, literacy, child care and farming practices. In this respect, educational television equips the group with matter-of-fact information to improve living standards. Such broadcasts best exemplify the global aims of educational television.However, television broadcasting evolved as a profit-making entity. Within this system, efforts to employ the medium for educational purposes have always struggled to stay alive, nearly besieged by the overflow of entertainment intended to attract audiences to commercials that have educated viewers in another way---to become active consumers.Television does not have to be violent or offensive to have a negative effect. Excessive television viewing of any kind has obvious psychological and physiological effects on spectators. We refer to this as the “couch potato” syndrome. Several studies have recorded that even benign television content lessens our creativity and imagination, decreases physical activity, and increases obesity. In the case of young viewers, lowered grades, decreased ability to handle stress and conflict, and higher levels of aggressive behavior with peers have also been clearly documented.The most studied issue that points to the irreparable harm of television has been the impact of media violence on children. Over a thousand academic studies have been completed, with remarkably consistent results: media violence makes our kids more hostile, less tolerant, and more frightened of the world around them. Watching violence desensitizes children to genuine acts of violence.Despite its apparent possibilities and the early visions of pioneer broadcasters, educational television has never reached it fullest capacity as an instructional medium and the negative effects of TV viewing continue to outweigh the benefits.5 As a result of countries becoming more and more industrialized, pollution has become a serious problem. Discuss some ways that can mitigate the pollution problems.To ensure the protection of our scenic global village from environmental degradation by mass-production and mass-consumption (mostly in developed and partially in developing countries) for ourselves and for future generations, it is the obligation of every individual and people to take an active part in environmental protection.We have often heard that here are dangerous levels of air pollution in major cities of the world all the way form Los Angeles to Seoul. Yet little has been done to solve to solve this problem worldwide. Researchers are telling us that it will certainly cost money to clean up overcrowded cities, but if we do not, there will be a greater price to pay---the price of shortening our own life expectancy.As a result of continued pollution, we can anticipate higher outlays in health care in the future, not to mention the extra costs of cleaning up our water, and protecting our food supply. Scientists are trying to inform us that in the long run, we will save money and ournatural resources by doing what it takes to wipe out trends in pollution now.It seems to me that it is really a matter of having a sufficiently long term vision so that the activities of societies take into account any damages to the environment. In particular, it is for those economists in government to incorporate the costs of harming the environment. Once we do that, it will be clearer to everyone that it will pay to change the way we currently go about functioning in society.To make one final point, technologies exist now, clean technologies that produce a lot less pollution. It is just a matter of cost. This is why I think it will be very important for the industrialized world to collaborate very closely with the developing world so that the rich countries do not just export old, obsolete, and dirty technologies.6 Salaries paid to employees are an accurate reflection of their value to society. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?Equal pay for equal work has long been an issue debated mainly in industrialized nations around the world. People argue that varying pay scales for workers in different employment sectors are not a true reflection of their work’s value to society. So, why is it that nurses who work around the clock in hospitals the world over earn staggeringly less than doctors who put in much the same hours? Again, why is it that movie stars and professional sports players like David Beckham earn more money than anyone else whereas those in farming who are essentially feeding the world earn less than most?Reasons why the wage gap exists could be accountable to differences in education, work experience or time in the labor force. Nonetheless, some argue that the wage gap is attributable to discrimination. It is quite evident that certain low-paid jobs in most societies are reserved for women, people of color, and those with limited education. One example is that nursing is primarily carried out by women and when we compare the salaries received by nurses with those of doctors who are primarily men, we are made aware that nursing is among the lowest-paid jobs that present more flexibility. Teaching, for example, has always been considered to be a more flexible profession allowing women to work and have time off for raising children because of the ample vacations that come with the job.Advocates for pay equity do not always applaud the choices that some people make and they do not want people to have to face the consequences of those choices. As far as I can see, the real issue seems to lie with the choices an individual is presented with when he or she ventures into the world of work. More importantly, what choices are available when one wants to change his or her profession later on in life?As most of us would agree, it is often very difficult to break the poverty cycle when all that is on offer are the same jobs that were done by our parents and close neighbors before us. It remains therefore, that through education and a constant re-evaluation of the types of work we do that we will be able to find the trick to balance any disparities in pay.7 Although many benefits may result from space exploration, the costs involved are enormous. There is some debate as to whether this money could be more wisely spent to provide for the basic needs of mankind such as food, clean water, contraception etc. For this reason space exploration should be restricted. What is your opinion?One giant step forward for mankind: there were the words of American astronaut, Neil Armstrong, the first man to land on the moon.Space exploration is considered by most developed countries and those aspiring tocompete in the race for development as the last frontier known to mankind. However, there are many people who belong to nations which have space programs who question the expenditure involved in continued space exploration when it is apparent that money is needed to deal with many of the world’s existing problems, for example, pandemic situations like AIDS and poverty that are always on the increase.A trip to the moon was an incredible success in 1969; however we have plainly taken a step backwards in the last 30 years or so. The dreams of travel to outer lying planets like Mars and Pluto remain as distant as ever, not forgetting the dream of interstellar voyages and exploring new solar systems. A big part of the problem is that our current technology is simply unable to realize these dreams. Even our best chemical rocket would take somewhere between one and two years to reach the closer planets and this is largely due to the fact that before reaching the desired destinations rocket fuel is likely to run out.The amount of money required to fuel space exploration programs of such large proportions begs the question of just how feasible all this spending is. It is clearly prohibitively high and a key objective for the years ahead will be to lower the cost to a fraction of today’s value. In the meantime however, we need to realistically face the problems existing on our earth which are far more pressing and far more concerned with true development.Making dreams come true on this planet, of a better world for everyone to live in, is surely more achievable for mankind than reaching outer lying galaxies which are light years beyond our existing capabilities.8 Technology is making it possible to stay at home and work. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this and present your opinion on this issue.There is a revolution going on in the developed world whereby the work-from-home dream is becoming more and more of a reality for millions of workers wishing to save time, see their families more, and achieve overall work-life equilibrium. This is made possible for many by advances in information and communications technology, namely with the advent of the Internet and mobile telecommunications such as broadband phone connections.In the following paragraphs I will examine both the potential benefits and downsides of this new phenomenon which allows high-speed transmission of data from your personal computer at home to your clients and work colleagues in different locales.It is true that computers these days have greater processing power than they did just a few years ago, but working from home is not just an issue of cost-saving. People are tired of commuting and the time spent on trains and subways is a precious commodity that could be spent more effectively on work. In many cases working from home is not actually a choice for most business executives who are accountable for business transactions around the clock.For those people with young children, working from home has many incentives. Indeed, one could argue that a lot of flexi-working has evolved around parents’child-rearing responsibilities. However, those parents who are working from home are now experiencing new pressures in the work-from-home setting. In spite of the paybacks from less travel and more flexibility, there is downside with increased working hours. The reality is that all home workers with children feel that balancing home and work responsibilities is easier said than done.To make one final point, it is important when considering this growing trend in workingfrom home that we do not see it as an easy option.9 With the development of modern science and technology, some aspects of traditional culture being lost, and some people now believe that traditional cultures will eventually be replaced by modern science and technology such as computers and the Internet. What is your opinion on this matter?Digital information technologies are symbolic of the dominant global culture that is currently taking our world by storm. Due to developments in modern science and technology, traditional ways of earning a living, learning something new and even that of existing are rapidly transforming. This transformation in the way we communicate and live is as significant as the invention of writing which altered the course of ancient cultures before us.Nevertheless, up-to-the-minute technologies have the capacity to preserve many aspects of traditional culture. Indeed, if we are to employ information and communications technologies effectively, traditional values and ethics can help us make decisions for the proper use of these new technologies, In this essay I will explore how the negative impact of the Internet on traditional cultures and values can be lessened through awareness-raising exchanges and education.In most parts of the world governments authorities reacted to the introduction of the World Wide Web by prohibiting unlimited access to all Internet sites. They argued that some content found on the Internet would jeopardize traditional cultural and religious values. In the last few years, however, although this issue is still hotly debated among the powers that be, we are now seeing bans lifted on Internet access in all corners of the world.The Internet is changing traditional cultures by offering users new means for voicing their opinions about everything, including politics, religion, and love. For example, in the United Arab Emirates where the two sexes are firmly segregated, the Internet is enabling men and women to communicate in new ways that were not permissible before. Additionally, as a communications medium the Internet is allowing traditional values to be heard alongside more unconventional values as users face up to different ideas and hear other people’s opinions.The networking and awareness-raising potential offered by computers and the Internet about different cultures and values is unlimited. Now that we have people from more traditional cultures communicating online it is almost assured that their values and beliefs will be more readily heard and respected by the all-encompassing global Internet community.10 Some people think that if one wants to succeed in life, then one must have a formal university education. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?The ancient Chinese sage, Confucius, is renowned for his adages and he had many things to say about living and learning. The following quotation from Confucius may shed light on this essay question:”Study without thinking and you are blind; think without studying and you are in danger.”Most people would agree that everyone receive a general education through the experiences that life offers them. Some of us--- the more privileged---engage in formal schooling which is one of the many ways of gaining an education. In its ideal form, formal education imparts knowledge and contextual understanding of the world we live in. Through courses of study we can be exposed to ideas that we may not have come across ourselves; formore often than not, the culture of learning has been created by individuals and cultures that have proceeded us or by those who are situated far from our present location.In this increasingly global world, standards are being set for education whereby those who hold university degrees often receive greater privileges in life in terms of the status they are given, the work they can perform and the money they can earn. In no other time in history have we witnesses such a drive toward higher learning by countries the world over achieve economies of knowledge.This emphasis on formal schooling also serves as a great frustration for some students enrolled in higher education, as the courses of study they are on do not always arouse their true passions and curiosity for learning. The quandary of how to best educate students has always rested on the matter of giving students the freedom to discover knowledge for themselves versus the controlled transmission of knowledge received on taught courses.In order truly succeed in life, formal education is important for getting ahead but so is your ability to be able to share what you know with others who can benefit from your lived and learned experience.11 Should developing countries only concentrate on improving industrial skills and modern technology or should they promote education first? Present your opinion.When we look at education in many developing parts of the world we can discern that it is at a difficult crossroads. This is especially true in the least developed countries. There exists a two-pronged pressure on the education sector to meet economies’ growing demands for highly skilled and trained workers, along with the need to continue the expansion of knowledge.More often than not, a litany of problems faces educational institutions in the developing world including inadequate budgeting from governments, spiraling resource costs, rapidly increasing student numbers, and large illiterate populations. Due to the scale of these problems, many governments are trying to weigh up the apparent advantages and disadvantages of improving literacy rates against the need to increase industrial productivity.Access to the latest technology is usually what divides developed nations from their developing sister nations. Interestingly, while the burden of mounting public spending on education is a fact of life in many developing countries; on-line distance education is becoming an important way to address many of the concerns confronting the majority of mankind. New Information and communication technologies (ICT) are creating remarkable shifts in societies all over the world. Ironically, it will be through increased computer literacy which in turn aids linguistic literacy that the developing world will see its largest returns in education and industry.In many aspects, if developing countries were to promote education first, then several of the objectives of computer-based distance education could be realized. Online education would help widen overall access to education, raise the value of education through training and by making resources available, and bring about new methods and approaches for teaching learning. Through this new and improved computerized route in education at a fraction of the cost of traditional education, developing countries will be able to achieve and sustain considerable gains in their overall welfare.12 Does modern technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology wassimpler? What is your opinion?It is difficult to think how we managed our lives before the widespread use of everyday technologies such as the Internet and mobile phones which we now take for granted. Despite this, how often do we stop to question ourselves, before going online to check our email accounts, whether modern technology has really made our lives more convenient? Some people may actually answer to the contrary, that modern technology has made their lives more complicated and even more difficult.The obvious advantages of modern-day technologies are many. For example, if I do not want to go home and wash my laundry and wait for the weather to clear so I can hang it outside to dry, I simply invest in a machine that can both wash and dry my clothes. In addition, I would feel safer in the knowledge that because my clothes are not hanging up outside the possibility of them being stolen is greatly reduced.Inventors throughout the ages have thought of practically every device imaginable to assist humans in conducting their everyday affairs, from baby strollers to life-support machines. In fact, we are inundated with technological contraptions in this modern world and there is no sign of a reversal in this trend occurring.Imagine for a moment, if there were no television or computers. How would you know who had won the latest soccer match? Or what was going on in the news? What would the weather be like tomorrow? The problem with modern technology is not the unlimited choices in gadgetry now made available to us; but instead, it is our increasing inability to tune out from an overload in information and our growing reliance on machines that perform midless taskes which we could simply do for ourselves.The use of modern technology does inspire inventors, designers and engineers to speculate on what technology will be like in the future and how it could further mankind’s survival and development. However, before we turn around and say technology is the best thing that ever happened to us, it is vital that we remember who is in control of technology in order for it not to take over our lives completely.。

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The line graph below shows the number of annual visits to Australia by overseas residents. The table below gives information on the country of origin where the visitors came from.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given.Sample Answer:The given line graph and table give data on the number of overseas visitors traveling to Australia in millions of people from the year 1975 to xx and shows the number of travellers from 6 different parts of the world.As is presented in the illustration, the number of visitors traveling to Australia raised steadily and the majority of these visitors came from Japan, South Korea and Europe. Almost 10 million people visited Australia in the year 1975 and this amount increased to over 15 million after 10 years. In the year 1995, the total visitor traveled Australia was approximately 24 million and finally in xx well over 30 million.The second table gives data on the number of visitors from 6 different regions who came to visit Australia in 2 different years with a 30 years interval. Both in 1975 and in xx, Australia had the largest number of Japanese tourists followed by South Korea. In xx, tourists from these 2 countries who came to visit Australia were about 20 million while 4.5 million tourists came from Europe and only 1.1 million from USA. The least number of tourists came to Australia during this period are from China which was only 0.3 million in 1975 and 0.8 million in xx. The statistics of the table shows that the total tourist visited Australia from 6 different parts of the world increased significantly in 300 years amounting well over 30 million in 1xx pared to the total number of 8.8 million 30 years earlier.(Approximately 250 words)Alternative Answer:The provided graphs and table shows data on the number of overseas travelers visited Australia from the year 1975 till xx and their origin where they came from. As is observed in the line graph, in 1975 8.8 million of foreign travelers visited Australia and this numberincreased steadily each year. In xx, this visitor’s number reached to 30.4 million which is almost double than the visitors’number in 1985.The highest number of tourists came from Japan. In 1975, more than 3 million tourists came from Japan which is more than the total tourists came from Europe, Britain, China and USA. This number reached to 12 million in xx which contributed one third of the total tourist of this year. Second largest tourist came to Australia from South Korea both in 1975 and in xx. From Chinese tourist are the lowest in number among the 6 regions.In short, the number of total tourist who came to visit Australia increased steadily and the highest number of tourist came from Asia, specifically from Japan and SouthKorea.(Approximately 177 words)雅思写作Task2考官范文：政府类(4)本文收集了雅思写作Task2考官范文：政府类(4)。

Trade and travel would be a lot easier with a single， global currency that we all use.Do you agree or disagree with this statement？ Would a single currency cause any problems？It is clear to me that the idea of a single global currency is an excellent ideal to work towards. There can be no doubt that trade and travel would be vastly easier. On the other hand I believe that it would cause problems today.The benefits of a single currency can be seen with the use in Europe of the Euro. Whenever you are travelling between countries using the Euro， the problems of currency changing and exchange rates are history. Similarly business between countries using the Euros is so much easier； no more worrying about exchange rate risk and pricing. Everyon e‛s money is the same. The same thing is true with the US dollar. Most countries do not use the US dollar but it is accepted in many places. There are many countries that you can travel to and just take US dollars to use.At present though a global currency would be impossible. Firstly most countries would not accept the idea. Secondly all countries are in different economic states. Some are economically very strong and some are in a state of collapse with inflation ruining the economy. Such countries could not be brought into a world currency as it would cause massive financial instability worldwide. So it is clear that a global currency would indeed cause some serious problems.So， in conclusion I see a global currency as a future ideal but it will not happen in my lifetime. It would make trade and travel much easier but the problems it would cause nowadays would be insurmountable.我很清楚，一个单一的全球货币的想法是一个理想的工作。

WritingTask2Topics2-2“Prevention isbetterthan cure.”OutofacountrR’s healthbudget,alargeproportionshould bedivertedfromtreatmenttospendingonhealtheducationandpreventativemeasures.Towh ateRtentdoRouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement?3-2WhenacountrRdevelopsitstechnologR,thetraditionalskillsandwaRsoflifedieout.Itisp ointlesstotrRandkeepthemalive.TowhateRtentdoRouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion? 6-GBUsingacomputereverRdaRcanhavemorenegativethanpositiveeffectsonRoungchil dren.DoRouagreeordisagree?5-2InsomecountriesRoungpeopleareencouragedtoworkortravelforaRearbetweenfinishi nghighschoolandstartinguniversitRstudies.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesfor Roungpeoplewhodecidetodothis.4-GBSomepeoplebelievethatchildrenshouldbeallowedtostaRathomeandplaRuntiltheRa resiRorsevenRearsold.OthersbelievethatitisimportantforRoungchildrentogotoschoolas soonaspossible.WhatdoRouthinkaretheadvantagesofattendingschoolfromaRoungage? 6-2SuccessfulsportsprofessionalscanearnagreatdealmoremoneRthanpeopleinotherimp ortantprofessions.SomepeoplethinkthisisfullRjustifiedwhileothersthinkitisunfair.Discu ssboththeseviewsandgiveRourownopinion.6-4Somepeopleprefertospendtheirlivesdoingthesamethingsandavoidingchange.Others, however,thinkthatchangeisalwaRsagoodthing.DiscussboththeseviewsandgiveRourown opinion.3-3InmanRcountrieschildrenareengagedinsomekindofpaidwork.Somepeopleregardthis ascompletelRwrong,whileothersconsideritasvaluableworkeRperienceimportantforlear ningandtakingresponsibilitR.WhatareRouropinionsonthis?4-2HappinessisconsideredverRimportantinlife.WhRisitdifficulttodefine?Whatfactorsa reimportantinachievinghappiness?4-4InmanRcountriesschoolshavesevereproblemswithstudentsbehavior.WhatdoRouthin karethecausesofthis?WhatsolutionscanRousuggest?5-GBNowadaRsweareproducingmoreandmorerubbish.WhRdoRouthinkthishappening ?Whatcangovernmentsdotohelpreducetheamountofrubbishproduced?2-2“Prevention isbetterthan cure.”OutofacountrR’s healthbudget,alargeproportio nshouldbedivertedfromtreatmenttospendingonhealtheducationandpreventativem easures.TowhateRtentdoRouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement? OfcourseitgoeswithoutsaRingthatpreventionisbetterthancure.ThatiswhR,inrecentRears ,therehasbeenagrowingbodRofopinioninfavorofputtingmoreresourcesintohealtheducati onandpreventivemeasures.Theargumentisthatignoranceof,foreRample,basichRgieneort hedangersofanunhealthRdietorlifestRleneedstobecombatedbRspecialnationwidepublic itRcampaigns,aswellaslong-termhealtheducation.ObviouslR,thereisastronghumanargumentforcatchinganRmedicalconditionasearlRasp ossible.Thereisalsoaneconomicargumentfordoingso.Statisticsdemonstratethecost-effec tivenessoftreatingaconditionintheearlRstages,ratherthandelaRinguntilmoreeRpensivea ndprolongedtreatmentisnecessarR.Then,therearesocialoreconomiccosts,perhapsinterm soflossofearningsforthefamilRconcernedofunemploRedbenefitpaidbRthestate. Sofarsogood,butthedifficultiesstartwhenwetrRtodefinewhatthe“proportion”ofthebudge tshouldbe,particularlRifthefundswillbe“diverted from treatment”.DecisionsoneRactlRhowmuchofthetotalhealthbudgetshouldbespentinthiswaRarenotamatterforthenon-specia list,butshouldbemadeonthebasisofanacceptedhealthservicemodel. Thisisthepointatwhichrealproblemsoccur----theformulationofthemodel.Howdoweaccu ratelRmeasurewhichhealtheducationcampaignsareeffectiveinbothmedicalandfinancialt erms?HowdoweagreeaboutthemedicalefficacRofvariousscreeningprograms,foreRampl e,whenthemedicalestablishmentitselfdoesnotagree?AverRrigorousprocessofevaluation iscalledfor,sothatwecanmakeinformeddecisions.3-2WhenacountrRdevelopsitstechnologR,thetraditionalskillsandwaRsoflifedieout .ItispointlesstotrRandkeepthemalive.TowhateRtentdoRouagreeordisagreewiththi sopinion?Overall,IdisagreewiththeopinioneRpressed.IwouldliketobeginbRpointingoutthattraditi onalskillsandwaRsoflifearenotautomaticallRofonecountrR,butofacultureorcommunitR .InmanRwaRs,thehistorRofcivilizationisthehistorRoftechnologR:fromthediscoverRoffi retotheinventionofthewheeltothedevelopmentoftheInternet,wehavebeenmovingonfrom previouswaRsofdoingthings.Sometechnologies,suchasweaponsofmassdestruction,areo fnegativeimpact.Others,suchasmedicaladvances,positivelRhelppeopletolivebetterorlon ger,andsoverRmuchhelptraditionalwaRsoflife.SurelR,fewpeoplewouldseektopreserves uchtraditionsaslivingincaves!InterestinglR,technologRcanpositivelRcontributetothekeepingaliveoftraditionalskillsa ndwaRsoflife.ForeRample,thepopulationsofsomeislandsaretoosmalltohavenormalscho ols.RatherthanbreakingupfamiliesbRsendingchildrentothemainland,educationauthoriti eshavebeenabletousetheInternettodeliverschoolingonline.Inaddition,theInternet,andmo dernrefrigerationtechniques,arebeingusedtokeepalivethetraditionalskillsofproducingsa lmon;itcannowbeorderedfrom,anddeliveredto,anRwhereintheworld. Inconclusion,withoutsuggestingthatalltechnologRisnecessarilRgood,IthinkitisbRnome ans“pointless”,inanRwaR,totrRtokeeptraditionsalivewithtechnologR.Weshouldnotign oretechnologR,becauseitcanbeourfriendandsupportourwaRoflife.6-GBUsingacomputereverRdaRcanhavemorenegativethanpositiveeffectsonRoun gchildren.DoRouagreeordisagree? ItendtoagreethatRoungchildrencanbenegativelRaffectedbRtoomuchtimespentontheco mputereverRdaR.ThisispartlRbecausesittinginfrontofascreenfortoolongcanbedamagin gtoboththeeResandthephRsicalpostureofaRoungchild,regardlessofwhattheRareusingth ecomputerfor.However,themainconcernisaboutthetRpeofcomputeractivitiesthatattractchildren.These areoftenelectronicgamesthattendtobeverRintenseandratherviolent.TheplaRerisusuallRt he“hero”ofthegameandtoomucheRposurecanencouragechildrentobeself-centeredandin sensitivetoothers.Evenwhenchildrenuseacomputerforotherpurposes,suchasgettinginformationoremailing friends,itisnosubstituteforhumaninteraction.Spendingtimewithotherchildrenandsharingnon-virtualeRperienceisanimportantpartofa child’s developmentthatcannotbeprovidedb Racomputer.Inspiteofthis,theobviousbenefitsofcomputerskillsforRoungchildrencannotbedenied.Th eiradultworldwillbechangingconstantlRintermsoftechnologRandtheInternetisthekeRto alltheknowledgeandinformationavailableintheworldtodaR.Therefore,itisimportantthatc hildrenlearnatanearlRagetousetheequipmententhusiasticallRandwithconfidenceastheR willneedtheseskillsthroughouttheirstudiesandworkinglives. IthinkthemainpointistomakesurethatRoungchildrendonotoverusecomputers.Parentsmu stensurethattheirchildrenlearntoenjoRotherkindsofactivitRandnotsimplRsitathome,lear ningtoliveinavirtualworld.5-2InsomecountriesRoungpeopleareencouragedtoworkortravelforaRearbetweenf inishinghighschoolandstartinguniversitRstudies.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadv antagesforRoungpeoplewhodecidetodothis. ItisquitecommonthesedaRsforRoungpeopleinmanRcountriestohaveabreakfromstudRin gaftergraduatingfromhighschool.Thetrendisnotrestrictedtorichstudentswhohavethemo neRtotravel,butisalsoevidentamongpoorerstudentswhochoosetoworkandbecomeecono micallRindependentforaperiodoftime. ThereasonforthistrendmaRinvolvetherecognitionthataRoungadultwhopassesdirectlRfr omschooltouniversitRisratherrestrictedintermsofgeneralknowledgeandeRperienceofth eworld.BRcontrast,thosewhohavespentsometimeearningalivingortravellingtootherplac es,haveabroaderviewoflifeandbetterpersonalresourcestodrawon.TheRtendtobemoreind ependent,whichisaverRimportantfactorinacademicstudRandresearch,aswellasgivingth emanadvantageintermsofcopingwiththechallengesofstudentlife.However,therearecertainlRdangersintakingtimeoffatthatimportantage.Roungadultsma Rendupneverreturningtotheirstudiesorfindingitdifficulttoreadapttoanacademicenviron ment.TheRmaRthinkthatitisbettertocontinueinaparticularjob,ortodosomethingcomplet elRdifferentfromauniversitRcourse.Butoverall,IthinkthisislesslikelRtodaR,whenacade micqualificationsareessentialforgettingareasonablecareer. MRviewisthatRoungpeopleshouldbeencouragedtobroadentheirhorizons.Thatisthebest waRforthemtogetaclearperspectiveofwhattheRarehopingtodowiththeirlivesandwhR.St udentswithsuchaperspectiveareusuallRthemosteffectiveandmotivatedonesandtakingaR earoffmaRbethebestwaRtogainthis.4-GBSomepeoplebelievethatchildrenshouldbeallowedtostaRathomeandplaRuntil theRaresiRorsevenRearsold.OthersbelievethatitisimportantforRoungchildrentog otoschoolassoonaspossible.WhatdoRouthinkaretheadvantagesofattendingschoolf romaRoungage?InmanRplacestodaR,childrenstartprimarRschoolataroundtheageofsiRorseven.However ,becauseitismorelikelRnowthatbothparentswork,thereislittleopportunitRforchildrentost aRintheirownhomeuptothatage.Instead,theRwillprobablRgotoanurserRschoolwhenthe RaremuchRounger.WhilesomepeoplethinkthismaRbedamagingtoa child’s development,ortoa child’s relation shipwithhisorherparents,infacttherearemanRadvantagestohavingschooleRperienceata Roungage.FirstlR,achildwilllearntointeractwithalotofdifferentpeopleandsomechildrenlearntocom municateverRearlRbecauseofthis.TheRaregenerallRmoreconfidentandindependenttha nchildrenwhostaRathomewiththeirparentsandwhoarenotusedtostrangersornewsituation s.SuchchildrenfindtheirfirstdaRatschoolattheageofsiRverRfrighteningandthismaRhave anegativeeffectonhowtheRlearn. AnotheradvantageofgoingtoschoolatanearlRageisthatchildrendevelopfastersociallR.Th eRmakefriendsandlearnhowtogetonwithotherchildrenofasimilarage.Thisisoftennotposs ibleathomebecausetheRaretheonlRchild,orbecausetheirbrothersorsistersareolderorRou nger.Sooverall,Ibelievethat,attendingschoolfromaRoungageisgoodformostchildren.TheRstil lspendplentRoftimeathomewiththeirparents,sotheRcanbenefitfrombothenvironments. 6-2SuccessfulsportsprofessionalscanearnagreatdealmoremoneRthanpeopleinothe rimportantprofessions.SomepeoplethinkthisisfullRjustifiedwhileothersthinkitisu nfair.DiscussboththeseviewsandgiveRourownopinion. Asaresultofconstantmediaattention,sportsprofessionalsinmRcountrRhavebecomestarsa ndcelebrities,andthoseatthetoparepaidhugesalaries.Justlikemoviestars,theRliveeRtrava gantlifestRleswithhugehousesandcars. ManRpeoplefindtheirrewardsunfair,especiallRwhencomparingthesesupersalarieswitht hoseoftopsurgeonsorresearchscientists,orevenleadingpoliticianswhohavetheresponsibi litRofgoverningthecountrR.However,sportssalariesarenotdeterminedbRconsideringthe contributiontosocietRapersonmakes,orthelevelofresponsibilitRheorsheholds.Instead,th eRreflectthepublicpopularitRofsportsingeneralandthelevelofpublicsupportthatsuccessf ulstarscangenerate.Sothenotionof‘fairness’isnottheissue. Thosewhofeelthatsportsstar s’salariesarejustifiedmightarguethatthenumberofprofession alswithrealtalentisverRfew,andthemoneRisarecognitionoftheskillsanddedicationaperso petitionisconstantandaplaReristestedeverRtimetheRperfor mintheirrelativeshortcareer.ThepressurefromthemediaisintenseandthereislittleprivacR outofthespotlight.SoallofthesefactorsmaRjustifRthehugeearnings.PersonallR,IthinkthattheamountofmoneRsuchsportsstarsmakeismorejustifiedthantheh ugeearningsofmoviestars,butatthesametime,itindicatesthatoursocietRplacesmorevalue onsportthatonmoreessentialprofessionsandachievements.6-4Somepeopleprefertospendtheirlivesdoingthesamethingsandavoidingchange.Ot hers,however,thinkthatchangeisalwaRsagoodthing.Discussboththeseviewsandgive Rourownopinion. OverthelasthalfcenturRthepaceofchangeinthelifeofhumanbeingshasincreasedbeRondo urwildesteRpectations.ThishasbeendrivenbRtechnologicalandscientificbreakthroughst hatarechangingthewholewaRweviewtheworldonanalmostdailRbasis.ThismeansthatchangeisnotalwaRsapersonaloption,butaninescapablefactoflife,andweneedtoconstantlRad apttokeeppacewithit. ThosepeoplewhobelievetheRhaveachievedsomesecuritRbRdoingthesame,familiarthin gsarelivingindenial.EvenwhenpeoplebelievetheRareresistingchangethemselves,theRca nnotstoptheworldaroundthemfromchanging.Soonerorlater,theRwillfindthatthefamiliarj obsnolongereRist,orthatthe“safe”patternsofbehaviorarenolongerappropriate. However,reachingtheconclusionthatchangeisinevitableisnotthesameasassumingthat“ch angeisalwaRsforthe better”.UnfortunatelR,itisnotalwaRsthecasethatnewthingsareprom otedbecausetheRhavegoodimpactsforthemajoritRofpeople.Alotofinnovationsaremade withtheaimofmakingmoneRforafew.Thisisbecauseitistherichandpowerfulpeopleinours ocietRwhoareabletoimposechanges(suchasinworkingconditionsorpropertRdevelopme nts)thatareintheirowninterests.Inconclusion,IwouldsaRthatchangecanbestimulatingandenergizingforindividualswhen theRpursueitthemselves,butthatallchange,includingthatwhichisimposedonpeople,does notnecessarilRhavegoodoutcomes.3-3InmanRcountrieschildrenareengagedinsomekindofpaidwork.Somepeoplerega rdthisascompletelRwrong,whileothersconsideritasvaluableworkeRperienceimpor tantforlearningandtakingresponsibilitR.WhatareRouropinionsonthis? TheissueofchildrendoingpaidworkisacompleRandsensitiveone.ItisdifficulttosaRwhoha stherighttojudgewhetherchildrenworkingiswrongorvaluable.Opinionswillalsodifferast olearningbenefits:nodoubtteachersandfactorRowners,foreRample,wouldhavevarRingc oncerns.Animportantconsiderationisthekindofworkundertaken.Roungchildrendoingarduousand repetitivetasksonafactorRproductionline,foreRample,arelesslikelRtobelearningthanold erchildrenhelpinginanold people’s home.TherearehealthandsafetRissuestobeconsidered aswell.ItisanunfortunatefactthatmanRemploRersmaRprefertousetheservicesofchildren simplRtosavemoneRbRpaRingthemlessthanadultsanditisthistRpeofeRploitationthatsh ouldbediscouraged.However,inmanRcountrieschildrenworkbecausetheirfamiliesneedtheadditionalincome, nomatterhowsmall.ThiswascertainlRthecaseinthepastinmanRindustrializedcountries,a nditisverRdifficulttojudgethatitiswrongforchildrentodaRtocontributetothefamilRincom einthiswaR.Nevertheless,inbettereconomiccircumstances,fewparentswouldchoosetosendtheirchild renouttofull-timepaidwork.IfleaningresponsibilitiesandworkeRperienceareconsideredt obeimportant,thenchildrencanacquirethesebRhavinglight,part-timejobsorevendoingtas kssuchashelpingtheirparentsaroundthefamilRhome,whichareunpaid,butundoubtedlRof valuein children’s development.4-2HappinessisconsideredverRimportantinlife.WhRisitdifficulttodefine?Whatfac torsareimportantinachievinghappiness? HappinessisverRdifficulttodefine,becauseitmeanssomanRdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Whilesomepeoplelinkhappinesstowealthandmaterialsuccess,othersthinkitliesinemo tionsandlovingpersonalrelationships.Retothersthinkthatspiritualpaths,ratherthaneithert hematerialworldorrelationshipswithpeople,aretheonlRwaRtotruehappiness. BecausepeopleinterprethappinessforthemselvesinsomanRdifferentwaRs,itisdifficulttog iveanRdefinitionthatistrueforeverRone.However,ifthereareanRdifferentkindsofhappine ssfordifferentindividualsthenthefirststepinachievingitwouldbetohaveadegreeofself-kno wledge.Apersonneedstoknowwhoheorsheisbeforebeingabletoknowwhatitisthatmakesh imorherhappR.Ofcourse,factorssuchaslovingrelationships,goodhealth,theskillstoearnalivingandapeac efulenvironmentallcontributetoourhappinesstoo.Butthisdoesnotmeanthatpeoplewithou ttheseconditionscannotbehappR.Overall,IthinkanabilitRtokeepclearperspectivesinlifeisamoreessentialfactorinachieving happiness.BRthatImeananabilitRtohaveaclearsenseofwhatisimportantinourlives(thewe lfareofourfamilies,thequalitRofourrelationships,makingotherpeoplehappR,etc.)andwha tisnot(aproblematwork,gettingannoRedabouttrivialthings,etc.)Likeself-awareness,thisisalsoverRdifficulttoachieve,butIthinkthesearethetwofactorstha tmaRbethemostimportantforachievinghappiness.4-4InmanRcountriesschoolshavesevereproblemswithstudents’behavior.WhatdoR outhinkarethecausesofthis?WhatsolutionscanRousuggest? PoorstudentbehaviorseemstobeanincreasinglRwidespreadproblemandIthinkthatmoder nlifestRlesareprobablRresponsibleforthis.InmanRcountries,thebirthrateisdecreasingsothatfamiliesaresmallerwithfewerchildren. Thesechildrenareoftenspoilt,notintermsofloveandattentionbecauseworkingparentsdono thavethetimeforthis,butinmorematerialwaRs.TheRareallowedtohavewhatevertheRwan t,regardlessofprice,andtobehaveastheRplease.Thismeansthatthechildrengrowupwithou tconsiderationforothersandwithoutanRunderstandingofwheretheirstandardoflivingcom esfrom. WhentheRgettoschoolagetheRhavenotlearntanRselfcontrolordiscipline.TheRhavelessr espectfortheirteachersandrefusetoobeRschoolrulesinthewaRthattheirparentsdid. TeacherscontinuallRcomplainaboutthisproblemandmeasuresshouldbetakentocombatth esituation.ButIthinkthesolutiontotheproblemliesinwiththefamilies,whoneedtobemorea wareofthefutureconsequencesofspoilingtheirchildren.IftheRcouldraisethemtobeconsid erateofothersandtobesocial,responsibleindividuals,thewholecommunitRwouldbenefit. Perhapsparentingclassesareneededtohelpthemtodothis,andhighqualitRnurserRschoolsc ouldbeestablishedthatwouldsupportfamiliesmoreintermsofraisingtheneRtgeneration.T hegovernmentshouldfundthiskindofparentalsupport,becausethisisnolongeraproblemfor individualfamilies,butforsocietRasawhole.5-GBNowadaRsweareproducingmoreandmorerubbish.WhRdoRouthinkthishapp ening?Whatcangovernmentsdotohelpreducetheamountofrubbishproduced? IthinkitistruethatinalmosteverRcountrRtodaReachhouseholdandfamilRproducesalargeamountofwasteeverRweek.Mostofthisrubbishcomesfromthepackagingfromthethingsw ebuR,suchasprocessedfood.ButevenifwebuRfreshfoodwithoutpackaging,westillproduc erubbishfromtheplasticbagsusedeverRwheretocarrRshoppinghome. ThereasonwhRwehavesomuchpackagingisthatweconsumesomuchmoreonadailRbasist hanfamiliesdidinthepast.ConvenienceisalsoverRimportantinmodernlife,sowebuRpacka gedorcannedfoodthatcanbetransportedfromlongdistancesandstoreduntilweneedit,firsti nthesupermarket,andthenathome.However,IthinktheamountofwasteproducedisalsoaresultofourtendencRtousesomething onceandthrowitawaR.Weforgetthateventhecheapestplasticbaghasusedupvaluableresour cesandenergRtoproduce.Wealsoforgetthatitisasourceofpollutionanddifficulttodisposeof .Ithink,therefore,thatgovernmentsneedtoraisethisawarenessinthegeneralpublic.Children canbeeducatedaboutenvironmentalissuesatschool,ernm entscanencouragesuchactionbRputtingtaResonpackaging,suchasplasticbags,bRprovidi ngrecRclingservicesandbRfininghouseholdsandshopsthatdonotattempttorecRcletheirw aste.Withthepoliticalwill,suchmeasurescouldreallRreducetheamountofrubbishweproduce.C ertainlRnobodRwantstoseeourresourcesusedupandourplanetpoisonedbRwaste.5-4Researchindicatesthatthecharacteristicswearebornwithhavemuchmoreinfluen ceonourpersonalitRanddevelopmentthananReRperienceswemaRhaveinourlife. WhichdoRouconsidertobethemajorinfluence? TodaRthewaRweconsiderhumanpsRchologRandmentaldevelopmentisheavilRinfluenc edbRthegeneticsciences.Wenowunderstandtheimportanceofinheritedcharacteristicsmo rethaneverbefore.Retwearestillunabletodecidewhetheran individual’s personalitRandde velopmentaremoreinfluencedbRgeneticfactors(nature)orbRtheenvironment(nurture). Research,relatingtoidenticaltwins,hashighlightedhowsignificantinheritedcharacteristic scanbeforand individual’s life.Butwhetherthesecharacteristicsareabletodevelopwithinth epersonalitRofanindividualsurelRdependsonwhetherthecircumstancesallowsuchadevel opment.ItseemsthattheeRperienceswehaveinlifearesounpredictableandsopowerful,thatt heRcanboostorover-rideotherinfluences,andthereseemstobeplentRofresearchfindingsto confirmthis.MRownviewisthatthereisnoonemajorinfluenceina person’s life.Instead,thetraitsweinheri tfromourparentsandthesituationsandeRperiencesthatweencounterinlifeareconstantlRint eracting.Itistheinteractionofthetwothatshapesa person’s personalitRanddictateshowthatp ersonalitRdevelops.Ifthiswerenottrue,thenwewouldbeabletopredictthebehaviorandchar acterofapersonfromthemomenttheRwereborn.Inconclusion,Idonotthinkthateithernatureofnurtureisthemajorinfluenceonaperson,butth atbothhavepowerfuleffects.HowthesefactorsinteractisstillunknowntodaRandtheRremai nlargelRunpredictableina person’s life.。