2021-2022年高三英语大一轮复习讲义 语法知识 专题五 动词的时态和语态 新人教版
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实用文档 2021年高三英语大一轮复习讲义 语法知识 专题五 动词的时态和语态
新人教版
一、动词时态的用法
1.一般现在时
(1)由连词if,unless,however等引导的时间(条件、让步)状语从句,需用一般现在时表将来。
However much advice you give him,he will do exactly what he wants.
(2)安排或计划要做的动作(有时间状语)限于begin,e,leave,go,arrive等一类动词。
I arrive in Beijing at 3∶00 p.m. tomorrow.
2.一般过去时
过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的行为,常与every day,often,sometimes等时间状语连用。
I used to play football when I was young.
3.一般将来时
(1)will+do表示将来的动作或状态,常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用;或表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。
Fish will die without water.
注意:临时决定做某事,只能用此时态。
—The lights in the classroom are still on.
—Sorry,I’ll go and turn them off.
(2)be going to+do表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。此外还表示根据现在的迹象,对未来进行推测。 实用文档 Look at the clouds.It is going to rain.
(3)be about to+do表示即将发生的动作,意为“正要;很快,马上”。后面一般不跟具体的时间状语,但是可以由when连接一个并列句。
We are about to leave.
(4)be to+do表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情;还表示可能性、必要、责任、义务、禁止等。
She is to get married next month.
(5)用现在进行时表示将来。表示位置转移的动词(go,e,leave,start,arrive等),可用现在进行时表示将来。
Uncle Wang is ing.
4.现在进行时
表示说话人对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等感情色彩,常与always,constantly,continually等副词连用。
She is always asking the same question.
5.现在完成时
现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态,或者还要延续下去,句中常有since,for,yet,already等表示一段时间的状语。
Great changes have taken place in China since 1980.
6.过去进行时
过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或存在的过去某个阶段正在做的事情。
He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.
7.过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某个时刻前已经发生的动作或存在的状态,或者从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态。
My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here.
(2)表示希望或打算的动词(如hope,want,expect,think,suppose,plan,mean,intend等)的过去完成时,后接不定式to do时,表示未曾实现的愿望或打算,即“本来希望或打算做某事(但却没做)”。
I had planned to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so.
(3)用于下列特殊句型中:
①hardly/scarcely/barely had...done...when...;no sooner
had...done...than...。从句中用一般过去时,表示“刚刚……就……”。
Hardly had I opened the door when he told me.
②It/That/This was the first/second...time+that从句。that从句要用过去完成实用文档 时态。
It was the second time he had been out with her.
8.过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态,这种时态常用于宾语从句中,主句常是一般过去时。
He always said that he would study hard at that time.
二、被动语态的用法
1.不知道动作的执行者是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。
Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.
2.当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关注而需要加以强调时,要用被动语态。
This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.
3.含有双宾语的句子,主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语,另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语,间接宾语前则需加介词to或for。
The pianist gave the pupils(间接宾语) some advice (直接宾语).
→The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
→Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.
4.在主动语态句中,动词make,have,let,see,watch,hear,feel等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时,动词不定式不加to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都需加上to。
The boss made them work ten hours a day.
→They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.
三、注意事项
1.现在进行时用法注意点
(1)状态性动词不用进行时态。
(2)进行时态和副词always,forever等连用时,往往带有一定的感情色彩,如赞扬、批评、不满、抱怨等。
2.过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性,着眼于动作的过程;一般过去时表示动作的完成,即动作发生过,且已结束,着眼于结果。
She was writing a report last night and I don’t know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在写)
She wrote a report last night.(表示昨晚写了,并且写好了)
3.语态
(1)动词sell,write,read等与well,smoothly,easily等连用时,说明主语内在的实用文档 “性能”、“特点”,用主动表示被动。
(2)表示状态特征的连系动词如smell,taste,feel,sound,look,prove等无被动语态,用主动形式表示被动意义。
(3)不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态:e up,run out,give out等。
(4)以被动的形式表主动意义:有些动词devote,surprise,seat,hide,station,dress等,由于能接反身代词,因此,可用被动形式表主动意义。
时态答题技巧
技巧1 熟练掌握常见的固定句型
在一些固定句型中,对谓语动词的时态有特别的规定,我们可以把这作为判断时态的一个依据。如下面的常见句型:
1.This/It/That is the first/second/last...time+that...如主句中动词用is,则that从句中动词用现在完成时;如主句中动词用was,则that从句动词用过去完成时。
This is the first time I have visited China.
这是我第一次参观中国。
It was the first time I’d had visitors since I’d moved to London.那是我搬到伦敦以后第一次有人来看我。
2.主句+since +从句。在该句型中,主句常用现在完成时,(若主句主语是it或表示时间的词时,还可用一般现在时),since从句常用一般过去时(偶尔会出现用现在完成时的情况)。
Cath hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin.
Cath自从去了柏林还没有打来过电话。
It is three years since I joined the army.
我参军3年了。
3.It is (high) time that...在that从句中常用动词过去时或should do。
It’s time that we went to school.
到我们上学的时间了。
4.It + be...before...这种结构意为“要……时间才……”或“在……时间以后才……”。若be动词用一般过去时,则before从句中常用一般过去时;若be动词用将来时,则before从句中常用一般现在时。
It will be a long time before we meet again.
要过很久我们才能重逢。 实用文档 It was half a year before I heard from him.
半年之后我才收到他的信。
5.hardly/scarcely...when...;no sooner...than...在这两个句型中,when从句和than从句中常用一般过去时,主句常用过去完成时。意为“一……就……”。
No sooner had I left than he came.
他一来我就离开了。
6.was/were about to do...when...在when从句中常用一般过去时。
I was about to leave when he came.
我正要离开这时他来了。
[考题印证]
The book has been translated into thirty languages since it________on the market
in 1973. (xx·重庆,24)
A.had e B.has e
C.came D.es
答案 C
解析 句意为:自从1973年上市以来,这本书已经被翻译成了30种语言。主句是现在完成时,since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时,表示动作发生在过去。
技巧2 利用试题中提供的时间状语确定时态
时态往往和一些特定的时间状语连用。如:every..., sometimes, at..., on Sunday等常和一般现在时连用;...ago, the other day, in xx, last week, just now等常和一般过去时连用;now, at present, at this time等常和现在进行时连用;tomorrow, next
week, in +时间段等常和一般将来时连用;by the end of last week, before I went there等常标志着过去完成时。同时要注意,像副词always, forever, constantly等常与进行时连用,表示说话者的赞扬、批评、生气等语气。
[考题印证]
—Why do you know the pany so well?
—Oh,I________there for three years.
A.worked B.would work
C.had worked D.was working
答案 A
解析 有些考生认为“for three years”是完成时的标志,于是误选C。其实,过去完成