— —
On Not-Topicalization: Toward a Fragment-Based Dynamic Analysis
AMANUMA Minoru
1 B A
A 1A2 not Culicover 1999 Not Not-topicalization Not Not-topic
(1) A1: Where do you think you’re going?
B1: I do not think, sir. I know where I am going. I’m going to the recreation area.
A2: Not like thàt you’re nót.
B2: What was that you said?
A3: I said you’re not going to the recreation area like that.
A Shot in the Dark 1A2 e.g., I did not say nothing. 1A3 e.g., There ain’t no nothing. Not 1A2 retort Huddleston and Pullum 2002: 846
Quirk et al. 1985 Huddleston and Pullum 2002 Lawler 1973 Culicover 1999 Kajita 1977 1983 1997 2004
Not
+ Not to mè, you háven’t. Quirk et al. 1985: 1418 1 Not Huddleston and Pullum 2002: 846
1A2 1A3 Not Not 2 (2) *You’re not going to the recreation area not like that.
Not 3a 3b
(3) a. Not to me, you haven’t/*have.
b. To me, you haven’t/have.
Not PP NP AP S’
(4) a. Not that one you won’t. (NP) Culicover 1999: 183
b. Not that tall he isn’t. (AP) ibid.: 183
c. Not while I’m paying for it, it’s not. (S’)
AdvP 5 ly Not Not
(5) Not that quickly you won’t. (AdvP) ibid.: 183
cf. *Quickly, he was/wasn’t walking.
VP Not 7
(6) a. *Not eat the cake you won’t.
b. *Not eating the cake he isn’t.
c. *Not eaten the cake he hasn’t.
ibid.: 183 (7) Eat the cake you will/won’t.
Not 8
(8) a. I thought they did that everywhere, but she told me that (*not) in France they don’t.
b. In England, they do, but (*not) in France they don’t.
Lawler 1973: 363
Not Culicover 1999 9 sui generis conservative attentive learning
(9) not-XP IP[+NEG]
Culicover conservative attentive learning
Lawler 1973 Huddleston and Pullum 2002 negative concord
Kajita 1977 1983 1997 10
(10) a. Every adult grammar must have property P.
b. Every adult grammar may have property P.
c. Every adult grammar must have at least one of a set of properties, P1, ..., P n.
(Kajita 1997: 380) P cf. Chomsky 1975, 1986, etc. Kajita 10 11
(11) I f G(L,i) has property P, then G(L,i+1) may, though need not, have property P’, and if G(L,i) does not have P,
then G(L,i+1) cannot have P’ unless some other constraint in the system makes P’ possible in G(L,i+1).
[G(L,i): the grammar of a language L at an arbitrary stage Si; G(L,i+1): the grammar at the next stage of that language]
Kajita 1997: 384 11 dynamic constraint positive intensional interactive cross-modular probabilistic
cumulative thresholded 2004 P P’ Kajita 1983
12 G(L,i) R1/C1 R2/C2 R’/C’ G(L,i+1) model-dependent extension
(12) basic rule/construction (R1/C1)
> derived rule/construction (R’/C’)
model (R2/C2)
Not 12
Not Culicover 1999 Lawler 1973 Quirk et. al. 1985 1418 They’re all the same, these politicians. ampli? catory tagging Not Not Not tag Not I won’t tag to save you from hanging for murder
(13) A: Drop it, Eli. Drop it!
B: You won’t shoot, Cort. Not to save the life of this bloody-handed cattle man.
A: N ot for him, I won’t, but to save you from hanging for murder. I’ll bust your knee caps if I have to.
Drop it. Now.
Rawhide Not
Not 14B tag Not
(14) A: I think you should leave.
B: Not without my money.
Not-XP Not Not-XP Not Not
Not-XP anaphoric not 15Ba not
(15) A: Is he coming?
B: I think not. // It seems not. // Apparently not. // Why not?
Not-XP not XP 16B 17 18
(16) A: When are you going to be able to go out?
B: Not for a while.
(17) I’m not leaving. Not without my daughter! According to Jim
(18) A: Don’t worry about me. I’m a robot. I’m just a machine.
B: No, you’re not. Not to me.
Friends Not-XP 14 19
(19) A: I think you should leave.
B: Not without my money.
not Not-XP not XP
(20) A: Why, your mother is not allowed to have a friend?
B: Not a male friend. No. She’s my mother.
Everybody Loves Raymond (21) A: Trouble?
B: Not if I leave this instant, no.
Cheers B A Not-XP no Not-XP
Not-XP Not-XP Not S i G i Kono 1997 22 Insuf? cient Representation m i f n+1 Rules of spelling out
(22) Insuf? cient Representation
(i) Meaning M is composed of semantic elements m1, m2, ..., m n.
(ii) Form F is composed of formal elements f1, f2, ..., f n.
(iii) F is used to represent M.
(iv) F overtly represents m1-m n except m i (1≤i≤n)
Kono 1997: 425 Not-XP M Not-XP 22
No No, you’re not. short answer Not No not-XP ? at structure similarity semantic/ functional similarity short answer No, you’re not. short answer
(23) (i) G(L,i) includes a certain set of rules R that generate a construction C1, which is characteristically
associated with a certain functional property P F.
(ii) P F is potentially associated with a construction C2, which is related to C1 in a certain special way.
(iii) C2 only insuf? ciently represents P F .
G(L,i+1) C2 R’ R P F
P F short answer
Not -XP C 2
short answer No short answer R Not -XP Not -XP P F short answer Quirk el atl 1985
ampli ? catory tag R ’
G i
22 23 G i+1 Not -XP short answer Not
(24)Basic : Fragmentary Not -XP (as retort)
of spelling out)
Derived : Not -Topicalizaion
Not like that you ’re not.Possible Model : Negative Short Answer No. No, you ’re not.
Not Not -XP short answer 2 Not Not -XP short answer
Not not -XP short answer quickly 5 25a Not -XP Not VP 25b Not -XP
(25) a. Not that quickly. cf. 5
b. *Not eat the cake. cf. 6
Not 8
Not-XP Not
Not
(26) a.*Not, this week, before lunch you won’t. Culicover 1999: 183
b. *Not, this week, before lunch.
27a Not Not-XP e.g., Not in my car with anything like that. Not 27b won’t
(27) a. Not in my car with anything like that you won’t.
b. *Not in my car you won’t with anything like that. ibid.: 183 Not-XP XP 27b Not
Not-XP short answer Lawler 1973 Culicover 1999 31B
(28) a. Not in January, I don’t (*go skinny-dipping in Lake Michigan too often). Lawler 1973:364
(29) A: I hope I can relax and be myself.
B: Not in my room you can’t (*smoke a cigarette).
(30) A: I think I’ll smoke a cigarette.
B: De? nitely not in my car you won’t (smoke a cigarette).
(31) A: I love you, and I wanna marry you. [Hits a punching bag.] And if I wanna get married, I can get
married, and nobody can tell me I can’t. [Hits the bag again.]
B: Not with a right like that, they ain’t gonna tell you.
Family Ties Not-XP short answer Not 32 not short answer
(32) Not in my car you never/hardly ever/*scarcely/*rarely will. Culicover 1999: 185
33 Culicover 1999 no 34a 34b short answer not
(33) a. Not in my car I don’t think you will.
b. *Not in my car I think you won’t.
ibid.:185
(34) a. Not Eddie no one found any pictures of.
b. *Not Eddie I found no pictures of.
ibid.:185
35B1 Not
(35) A: For Dad’s birthday, can I give him the tie I bought at the mall?
B1: *Not at the pawnshop, you can’t.
B2: *Not at the pawnshop. (=you cannot give him the tie you bought at the pawnshop)
Not-XP XP 35B2 35B1 Not-XP Not XP
Progovac et al. 2006 Not
Chomsky, Noam (1975) Re? ections on Language, Pantheon Books, New York.
Chomsky, Noam (1986) Knowledge of Language, Praeger, New York.
Culicover, Peter W. (1999) Syntactic Nuts: Hard Cases, Syntactic Theory, and Language Acquisition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey Pullum (2002) The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kajita, Masaru (1977) “Towards a Dynamic Model of Syntax,” Studies in English Linguistics 5, 44-76.
Kajita, Masaru (1983) “Grammatical Theory and Language Acquisition,” paper presented at the 1st General Meeting of the English Linguistic Society of Japan.
Kajita, Masaru (1997) “Some Foundational Postulates for the Dynamic Theories of Language,” Ukaji et al.
(eds.), 378-393.
2004 4.2, 3-22.
Kono, Tsuguyo (1997) “A Derivative Nominal Construction in English,” Ukaji et al. (eds.), 422-430
Lawler, John M. (1973) “Ample Negatives,” CLS 10:357-377.
Progovac, Ljiljana, Kate Paesani, Eugenia Casielles, and Ellen Barton, eds. (2006) The Syntax of Nonsententials: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Quirk, Randolph, Sydney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, Longman, London.
Ukaji, Masatomo, Toshio Nakao, Masaru Kajita, and Shuji Chiba (eds.) (1997) Studies in English Linguistics: A Festschrift for Akira Ota on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday, Taishukan, Tokyo
TV
Cheers, Seasons 1-11, produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures, Hollywood. DVD. 2003-2009. Everybody Loves Raymond, produced and distributed by Home Box Of? ce, Inc. New York. DVD. 2004-2007. Family Ties, Seasons 1-5, produced and distributed by CBS Studios Inc., Paramount Pictures, and Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Hollywood. DVD. 2007-2009.
Rawhide, Seasons 1-3, produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures, Hollywood. DVD. 2006-2008.
A Shot in the Dark, the Pink Panther Film Collection, produced and distributed by MGM Home Entertainment
LLC., Santa Monica. DVD. 2004.
23 10 3
世界大学生英语辩论赛辩题库（部分） 摘自：人人网 作者：Jade WUDC Berlin 2013 Motions Round 1 THW create public housing for the poor in wealthy areas Round 2 THBT Japan should acquire nuclear weapons Round 3 THW only imprison individuals who pose a direct and continuing threat to society Round 4 THBT International development institutions (such as the World Bank) should not finance natural resource extraction projects in corrupt states Round 5 THBT self described progressive males of dominant ethnicities are morally obliged to refrain from taking positions of responsibility where there is a qualified alternative candidate from a historically disadvantaged group who would otherwise receive the post Round 6 THW legally permit soldiers to refuse to participate in military actions or missions on the basis of conscience Round 7 THBT European Union nations should forgive Greece?s sovereign debt
英语辩论赛 话题：当代社会男人压力大还是女人压力大 主持：主持词：Good morning everyone, today, we will bring you a small but brilliant debate. I hope all of you would enjoy the time.（介绍来宾）The judges of today's debate are our teacher and everybody here! Welcome! The topic for our debate today is "whether the pressure of men is more than women?" First please let me introduce the contestants of both sides. Those on the pros are Liu Junyi and me. Those on the cons are Gao Tianli and Lei Feiyan. As everybody is ready now, here starts the debate. The first session: Statement of their arguments: ----the For-side, please 正方一辩：我方观点是当今社会男人的压力比女人的压力大。在当今社会事实是男人承受的 压力远大于女人的压力，不仅从社会角度，从工作角度，从家庭角度都对男人有更多的要求，男人被要求能够很好的处理社会交际，能够出色的工作，能够赚取更多的钱，能够很好的照顾家庭和孩子。因此，在当代社会，男人承受了比女人更多的心理压力。 Our view is that the pressure of men is more than women in today's society. The fact is that the men’s pressure is far greater than women, not only fro m a social point of view, from the working point of view, from the families point of view , the society has more demands on men, men are required to have good social communication, excellent work, to earn more money, to take care of their families. Therefore, in contemporary society, men suffer more psychological pressure than women. 主持----the Against-side, please 反方一辩:我方的观点是当今社会女人的压力比男人压力大，随着社会的发展，女人在社会中
Topics for Oral test 1. Which great leader do you admire most? What qualities did/does he/she have? bill gates 2. Which do you cherish more, your friendship with a good friend or your romantic relationship? obviously, friend is easy to make, but lover is kind of hard to seek for. Since relationship between friends might be not that close compared to romantic relationship, I will probably take it serious and cherish this sweet relationship. Also, I believe that my friends will support me and our relationship won’t be tense and freezing because of this. As the Chinese saying goes, once you got a boyfriend or a girlfriend, you may leave your friends out of your mind. I partly agree this, and when I fall in love, especially at the very beginning, I think I will cherish it more than friendship. 3. What factors would you consider first if you were to find a job (even a part-time job)? I will first consider whether this company and the offered position is high potential. I think high potential is a quality that is vital for the company’s future development and its personnel’s self improvement. Every one need a room to promote and realize one’s self-value. Another factor I concern is—its location. I’d like to work and live in big cities because big cities offer so many opportunities and a higher salary while small cities can’t. 4. Whom do you usually turn to when in trouble, vour parents or your friends? They know me better than anyone else and their vision is wide, their thoughts are mature.
附件2 中国农业大学2018-2019学年本科生奖学金项目统计表
有突出表现学生申请国家奖学金的具体标准。突出表现是指学生在道德风尚、学术研究、学科竞赛、创新发明、社会实践、社会工作、体育竞赛、文艺比赛等某一方面表现特别优秀。具体标准如下： 1．在社会主义精神文明建设中表现突出，具有见义勇为、助人为乐、奉献爱心、服务社会、自立自强的实际行动，在本校、本地区产生重大影响，在全国产生较大影响，有助于树立良好的社会风尚； 2．在学术研究上取得显著成绩，以第一作者发表的论文被SCI、EI、ISTP、SSCI全文收录，以第一、二作者出版学术专著（须通过专家鉴定）； 3．在学科竞赛方面取得显著成绩，在国际和全国性专业学科竞赛、课外学术科技竞赛等竞赛、中国“互联网+”大学生创新创业大赛、全国职业院校技能大赛等竞赛中获一等奖（或金奖）及以上奖励； 4．在创新发明方面取得显著成绩，科研成果获省、部级以上奖励或获得通过专家鉴定的国家专利（不包括实用新型专利、外观设计专利）； 5．在体育竞赛中取得显著成绩，为国家争得荣誉。非体育专业学生参加省级以上体育比赛获得个人项目前三名，集体项目前二名；高水平运动员（特招生）参加国际和全国性体育比赛获得个人项目前三名、集体项目前二名；集体项目应为主力队员； 6．在艺术展演中取得显著成绩，参加全国大学生艺术展演获得一、二等奖，参加省级艺术展演获得一等奖；艺术类专业学生国际和全国性比赛获得前三名；集体项目应为主要演员； 7．获全国十大杰出青年、中国青年五四奖章、中国大学生年度人物等等全国性荣誉称号。 上述七方面之外，如在其他方面有同等级别的特别优秀表现，在国家奖学金评审过程中也可作为突出表现提交相关材料，由学校推荐，教育部审定。
2018-2019-大学英语辩论话题-范文模板 本文部分内容来自网络，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议请及时联系，本司将予以删除 == 本文为word格式，简单修改即可使用，推荐下载！ == 大学英语辩论话题 1. is tv a malign influence on society? 2. is career more important than family? 3. can people make true friends on the internet? 4. do you prefer to marry before you have a successful career or after you have a successful career? 5. should physical education in schools be compulsory? 6. should parents have the right to educate their children privately? 7. does reading makes a full man? 8. do we need to show 100% honesty to our beloved? 9. does pure friendship exist between men and women? 10. does the younger generation know better? 11. is it better to enjoy money currently or save it for the future? 12. is human nature good or evil? 13. are we living for ourselves or for others? 14. which do you prefer, freedom or responsibility in your marriage life? 15. a person should never make an important decision alone.y/n 16. should movies are designed only to amuse and entertain?
Oral Test Form: Debate Time: 5 minutes (minimum) Directions: In this part, two students work together to debate on one of the following issues. Procedures: 1) Each candidate gives an opening statement to illustrate your viewpoint clearly. (1 minute each) 2) Two candidates debate on the issue by asking and responding to the opponent for more details. Each candidate should have an adequate background of the positions and arguments that you will be proposing. (3-4minutes) 3) Each candidate gives a final conclusive argument/statement at the end of the debate. (1 minute) 1.Examination is a common means to evaluate a student’s academic achievement. But some people think universities should assess students by other ways. Candidate 1: Examinations do more harm than good. Candidate 2: Examinations do more good than harm. Statement: In my opinion I think examination does more good to the recent situation. As we can see , the exam is a common way to evaluate a student, teacher and others. Why it is commonly used not only at home but also at aboard? The reasons are as follows. First, it is the easiest way up to now. you can’t find a better way now. you can judge a person in a short time. It only need two or three hours. Second, it is the fairest way. The candidate have the same access to the test, they have the same time to prepare the exam, in case of some people get in from the back door. What’s more, so many talented was selected by the exam in china, for example , hujitao a student of tinghua university. Free debating: First of all , I want to say that , if there isn’t a exam , what will you do ? you can almost get nothing after a semester, because you don’t have to take a exam, so you don’t have to remember and practice, which is not good for a student to rise their ability. We work on the subject for a semester, exam is the most efficient way to test the students who really paid much effort. Second , the exam do make much pressure to the students , but if their do not have pressure , how can the students make program? Sum up: To sum up, I still hold the point that the exam does more good than harm. All coins in the word has two sides, I do agree some point of you, but as you can see , in current days , this is the most scientific way ,not only from time or space , exam is still a way that can operate, you can’t come up with a better idea except this.. As for some point you just mentioned. I don’t agree. For ……….. So I still a defender of my idea 2.Which is more important for you in your life: knowledge from books you read, or personal experiences in reality? Candidate 1: Knowledge from books is more important than experiences. Candidate 2: Experiences is more important than knowledge from books. 开头：In my opinion I think【Experiences is more important than knowledge from books.】…………A s we can see 1.All books are in a good order, they are ordered by chapters. This could make your brain a computer, you just think in a fixed way. You will don’t have your own idea. 2.Almost all the company offer few salary to the newly graduate students, as time goes by, the boss will pay more the worker. Why they can get more payment? the experience played a very important role. 3.What’s more , all the books is based on the experience. If one don’t have much expe rience , I guess there is no possibility that he can make a book. Let us see some of you relatives , even they are not well educated , they may only know few word , they even cant read, but they still make money. Sometimes they even make more than the one who get educated. What’s more , all the book are not all right at all . some are even wrong. If you just take in , and have no experience, you may make wrong. And some situation are not for your case, you have to experience and get a new way of yourself. Last , if you only read books and never practice , the effort is in vain. A man can live on his own experience , but can’t live on books.
编号：_____ 中学生英语辩论赛题目大全 学校：_________ 教师：_________ ____年___月___日 （此文内容仅供参考，可自行修改） 第1 页共4 页
中学生英语辩论赛题目大全 topics 1. advertising plays a negative role in our society 2. the hukou policy is still relevant in china. 3. the cigarette industry brings more advantages than disadvantages to china. 4. environmental protection is more important than economic development in china. 5. information technology dominates rather than facilitates people’s lives. 6. the cloning of human beings should be banned by law. 7. the opportunity cost of attending graduate school is too high for college students. 8. the benefits of mercialization of sport outweigh the negative effects. 9. hardship experience is necessary for young students to mature. 10. overseas returnees should have preferential access to employment. 11. this house believes that urbanization helps improve the quality of life. 12. this house believes that cities should tear down old areas to promote urban renewal. 第 2 页共 4 页
上海应用技术学院2015—2016 学年第二学期 《大学英语2B 》期末考试口语评分记录单 课程代码: B11101E2 课程序号: 学分: 2 考试时间: 考试地点: 测评教师签名： Spoken English Test Part Ⅰ 10% Directions: In this part, you are going to make a 2-minute dialogue with your partner. Pick one of the following situational topics and create the dialogue with as many useful expressions you’ve learnt as possible. Situation 1 My roommate is driving me crazy! A You roommate loves shopping. Every month she buys new clothes, shoes and designer bags using a credit card. Her room is full
of clothes she never wears. She spends more money than she has and borrows money from you to pay her rent. And she hasn’t paid you back for two months. Explain your problem to B. Then listen and respond to B’s advice. B Listen to A’s problem. Give A some advice. Situation 2 Inviting a friend to a movie A You are calling student B to invite him/her to a movie this evening. Say the name and time of the movie. B Answer the phone. Listen and respond to the invitation. But you don’t get the name of the theater, so you ask Student A to repeat that. Situation 3 Changing a reservation A You are calling Brandon’s Restaurant. You want to change your reservation from 7:00 p.m. on Tuesday to 8:00 p.m. next Wednesday. There will now be 10 people, not five, so you need a bigger table.
中国农业大学生物化学习题集 第一章蛋白质化学 一、单项选择题 1．测得某一蛋白质样品的氮含量为0．40g，此样品约含蛋白质多少？ A．2．00g B．2．50g C．6．40g D．3．00g E．6．25g 2．下列含有两个羧基的氨基酸是： A．精氨酸B．赖氨酸C．甘氨酸D．色氨酸E．谷氨酸 3．维持蛋白质二级结构的主要化学键是： A．盐键B．疏水键C．肽键D．氢键E．二硫键 4．关于蛋白质分子三级结构的描述，其中错误的是： A．天然蛋白质分子均有的这种结构 B．具有三级结构的多肽链都具有生物学活性 C．三级结构的稳定性主要是次级键维系 D．亲水基团聚集在三级结构的表面biooo E．决定盘曲折叠的因素是氨基酸残基 5．具有四级结构的蛋白质特征是： A．分子中必定含有辅基 B．在两条或两条以上具有三级结构多肽链的基础上，肽链进一步折叠，盘曲形成 C．每条多肽链都具有独立的生物学活性 D．依赖肽键维系四级结构的稳定性 E．由两条或两条以上具在三级结构的多肽链组成 6．蛋白质所形成的胶体颗粒，在下列哪种条件下不稳定： A．溶液pH值大于pI B．溶液pH值小于pI C．溶液pH值等于pI D．溶液pH值等于7．4 E．在水溶液中 7．蛋白质变性是由于：biooo A．氨基酸排列顺序的改变B．氨基酸组成的改变C．肽键的断裂D．蛋白质空间构象的破坏E．蛋白质的水解 8．变性蛋白质的主要特点是： A．粘度下降B．溶解度增加C．不易被蛋白酶水解 D．生物学活性丧失E．容易被盐析出现沉淀 9．若用重金属沉淀pI为8的蛋白质时，该溶液的pH值应为： A．8B．＞8C．＜8D．≤8E．≥8 10．蛋白质分子组成中不含有下列哪种氨基酸？ A．半胱氨酸B．蛋氨酸C．胱氨酸D．丝氨酸E．瓜氨酸 二、多项选择题 （在备选答案中有二个或二个以上是正确的，错选或未选全的均不给分） 1．含硫氨基酸包括： A．蛋氨酸B．苏氨酸C．组氨酸D．半胖氨酸 2．下列哪些是碱性氨基酸： A．组氨酸B．蛋氨酸C．精氨酸D．赖氨酸 3．芳香族氨基酸是： A．苯丙氨酸B．酪氨酸C．色氨酸D．脯氨酸 4．关于α-螺旋正确的是： A．螺旋中每3．6个氨基酸残基为一周 B．为右手螺旋结构 C．两螺旋之间借二硫键维持其稳定 D．氨基酸侧链R基团分布在螺旋外侧 5．蛋白质的二级结构包括： A．α-螺旋B．β-片层C．β-转角D．无规卷曲 6．下列关于β-片层结构的论述哪些是正确的： A．是一种伸展的肽链结构 B．肽键平面折叠成锯齿状 C．也可由两条以上多肽链顺向或逆向平行排列而成 D．两链间形成离子键以使结构稳定 7．维持蛋白质三级结构的主要键是： A．肽键B．疏水键C．离子键D．范德华引力 8．下列哪种蛋白质在pH5的溶液中带正电荷？ A．pI为4．5的蛋白质B．pI为7．4的蛋白质C．pI为7的蛋白质D．pI为6．5的蛋白质9．使蛋白质沉淀但不变性的方法有： A．中性盐沉淀蛋白B．鞣酸沉淀蛋白C．低温乙醇沉淀蛋白D．重金属盐沉淀蛋白10．变性蛋白质的特性有： A．溶解度显著下降B．生物学活性丧失C．易被蛋白酶水解D．凝固或沉淀 三、填空题
大学英语辩论话题 1. Is TV a malign influence on society? 2. Is career more important than family? 3. Can people make true friends on the internet? 4. Do you prefer to marry before you have a successful career or after you have a successful career? 5. Should Physical Education in schools be compulsory? 6. Should parents have the right to educate their children privately? 7. Does reading makes a full man? 8. Do we need to show 100% honesty to our beloved? 9. Does pure friendship exist between men and women? 10. Does the younger generation know better? 11. Is it better to enjoy money currently or save it for the future? 12. Is human nature good or evil? 13. Are we living for ourselves or for others? 14. Which do you prefer, freedom or responsibility in your marriage life? 15. A person should never make an important decision alone.Y/N 16. Should movies are designed only to amuse and entertain? 17. Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human activity. Y/N? 18. Is it better for people to show off or be modest?
1. stating an opinion 陈述观点 a. in my opinion… 我的意见是…… b. personally I think…… 我个人认为…… c. I believe that…… 我相信…… d. I think that…… 我觉得…… e. the point is that…… 我的观点是…… f. if you ask me…… 如果你问我…… g. I’d like to say this：…… 我会这样说…… h. I’d like to point o ut that 我想指出的是…… i. speaking for myself 站在自己的立场上说…… j. as far as I’m concerned，… 就我而言，…… k. in my experience… 根据我的经验…… 2. challenging an opinion 质疑某种观点 a. that can’t be true 那不可能是真的。 b. but what about…？但关于……方面呢？ 3. clarifying a point 阐述观点 a. what I said was… 我刚才说的是…… b. what I mean to say was… 我的意思是说…… c. let me repeat what I sai d. 让我重复我刚才所说的。 d. let me rephrase what I said. 让我重申刚才所说的。 4. agreeing with an opinion 同意观点 a. of course 当然。 b. right. 是的。 c. exactly. 对。 d. that’s tru e. 是那样。 e. so do I. （neither do I.）我也这样认为。（不这样认为。） f. I agree completely. 我完全赞同。 g. I agree with you entirely. 我完全同意你所说的。 h. you’re absolutely right. 显然你是对的。 i. that’s a good point. 这个看法不错。 j. I couldn’t agree with you more. 我绝对赞成你。 k. that’s just what I think. 我就是那样认为的。 l. I feel the same way. 我也持同样的想法。 5. disagreeing with an opinion 反对意见。 a. however，… 然而…… b. I’m afraid i disagree. 恐怕我是持反对意见的。 c. I don’t think so. 我不那样认为。 d. I don’t think… 我认为……不是那样的。 e. on the other hand… 另一方面…… f. on the contrary. 相反的。 g. that’s not （entirely）true. 那不（完全）正确。
2011年生物学考研专业方向和院校推荐 21世纪被称为生物世纪，可见生物学技术对人类的影响是巨大的。生物学技术渗透于社会生活的众多领域，食品生产中的转基因大豆、啤酒、瘦肉型肉猪，用于制衣的优质棉料和动物皮革，医学上疫苗、药品的生产和开发以及试管婴儿技术的应用，逐渐流行推广起来的生物能源如沼气、乙醇等，都包含生物学技术的应用。 作为一门意义重大、极富发展潜力的学科，生物学下属的二级学科包括微生物学、生物化学与分子生物学、植物学、细胞生物学、生物制药学等主要传统学科。同时，随着生物科技的发展，又新兴起了一些新的分支学科，如生物信息学、基因工程学、海洋生物学等。 微生物学：微生物制药最热门 微生物学是生物学中最早出现的分支学科之一，其研究大方向可以分为基础微生物学和应用微生物两类。在基础微生物学的培养中，要求学生掌握扎实的理论功底，具备创新性思维、良好的英语阅读能力和文献查阅能力，同时还要有良好的写作能力。该方向的毕业生可到科研院所、学校等单位从事研究与教学工作。而在应用微生物学的培养中，除了上述培养要求外，有些专业还要求学生掌握生物工程设备的使用原理。 微生物学是生物学里的一个大学科，就读于不同方向的学生在就业上所处的境遇会不同。就读于偏向于基础理论研究的学科，在工作选择上，一般只能选择到大学或研究所工作，而这些单位对招聘对象的要求也很高，一般要求应聘者拿到博士学位。如果所学专业偏向于应用的领域，就业的选择面要广得多，可到企业、政府部门、学校从事生产、检测和教学等工作。目前在微生物专业中，比较热门的研究方向是生物能源和微生物制药，尤其在制药方面，就业率一直都比较高。 在微生物方面有良好声誉和不俗实力的院校较多，从往年的情况来看，各院校在微生物专业上的招生人数也比较多。 以山东大学为例，山东大学1952年就设立了微生物专业，是国内大学中最早开设微生物专业的院校。山大的微生物专业是国家重点学科，拥有微生物国家重点实验室，以生物资源转化、环境保护为主要研究方向，科研水平在国内处于领先水平。山大生命科学院院长曲音波教授，主要研究纤维素酶和可再生资源微生物转化技术。 推荐院校： 中国科学院微生物研究所、 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所、 山东大学、 武汉大学、
大学英语辩论赛策划 以下是策划书网为大家的【大学英语辩论赛策划】，供大家参考！ 时间:12月2号,星期六7:00—9:30 地点:大学生活动中心206(初定)由班长联合团支书借用 人物:生技062生技061生科061生工061全体同学(参赛选手每班各15人) 主持人: 邀请嘉宾:各班辅导员和英语教师外语系学生系团总支李老师 准备工作: 1,定好论题,分组(已安排) 2.通知各班参赛选手积极准备,增加比赛的精彩性(包括写阐述官观点,自由辩论论据,提问环节的问题,总结陈词
3,奖品:奖项(1)团体奖(2)辩手奖男女各一个(3)互动环节奖品(保密) 各奖品有各班班费分摊, 4. ___:三份宣传海报,具体分配给两班的宣传委员23#9#5# 5.现场布置:各队用两张桌子,对放(侧向观众).播放放灯片:三页.每页包括辩论时,论题,辩手名字,各队所持观点,任务交给有能力做好的同学. 6.组织::各班组织委员及纪保委员负责监督全班人员到场并保持现场秩序(辩论时不要虚声,喧哗,吵闹,发泄情绪等) 7.互动环节的题目 8.计时员:主持人负责,外加一个助理比赛流程及评分细则: 双方分别总体阐述自己的观点,每队2', 自由辩论10分钟(双方互相辩论,不允许使用过激语言,不能过于情绪化,否则扣一分)
相互提问与回答,每队共3个问题.一问一答2',总结陈词,每队各用2' 评委4人,收分员1员,统分员1人,总分的为一等奖,总分其次的.为二等奖,然后由评委共同协商决定出男女辩手 互动环节:1.辩论赛正式开始前由生技062班同学演唱一首英文歌 2.第一轮结束后进行"猜猜猜"游戏,具体规则: (1)现场选出几位观众答题,答对题目者方可参加游戏,选出6-8位观众自由分配为3-4组, (2)由一人看物品并用英语描述出该物品的特征,(不可用肢体语言),由另一个来猜,猜对则两人各得一份该物品,猜不对就了留给下一组(猜题的同学只允许猜三次),描述的同学不可以用该物品所出现的任一单词,如toothbruth就不可以用tooth或brush.倘若违反规则,则需要演一段节目,时间为1-2分钟,方可拿奖品
新编大学英语综合教程三期末英语话题口语讨论Unit 1 What are the causes of shyness, the way to overcome? 1.Their way of thinking is different from others. Shy people have low self-esteem; they are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing the right thing. They are sensitive to criticism, which they believe confirms their inferiority. However, when meet with compliments, they are difficult to be pleased because they believe they are unworthy of praise. 2.It also has something to do with their family as well as their growing environment. On the process of their growth, they are constantly criticized and overcommitted by various regulars and boundaries that may be the reason why they are so timid to express their own thoughts and needs. change their way of looking at life. 1.The defining characteristic of pessimists is that they tend to believe bad events will last a long time, will undermine everything they do, and are their own fault. 2.The optimists, who are confronted with the same hard knocks of this world, think about misfortune in the opposite way. They tend to believe defeat is just a temporary setback, that its causes are confined to this one case. The optimists believe defeat is not their fault: Circumstances, bad luck, or other people brought it about. Such people are not bothered by defeat. Confronted by a bad situation , they perceive it as a challenge and try harder. Unit 2 Share your favorite myth or legend with the other members in your group. Once upon a time, there was a rich man who had a beautiful daughter called Ella. His wife has died long ago, and he had married again. However, Ella’s stepmother is unkind to her. When evening came, Ella would sit down by the fire in the ashes and cinders to rest and keep warm, that’s the reason why she got the name “Cinderella”. Then one day, an invitation to join in the Grand Ball hold by the prince came, which is for all the girls in that city. Both of her two step sisters are so excited that they can’t wait to demand Ella to prepare elegant gowns for them, while Ella is not allowed to step out of her room. When that evening came, tears began to rolled down from her face, then a Fairy Godmother came to her and helped her get dressed quickly to attend the ball. On that evening, the prince fell in love with Ella, and the next morning Ella was found and proposed a marriage by the prince, they live happily ever after without Ella’s step sisters’ disturb.