2003 年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语试题及答案

2003 Text 3（英语⼆）铁路In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails.Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling longdistances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal 近年来，铁路公司相互联合，组成了超⼤型集团，引起⼈们对垄断⾏为的极⼤关注。

2003年考研英语真题提示：本页为插入页，方便双面打印！原文和题目在同一视野内！亦可作为封皮使用！Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points).Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 1 to how they can best _2_ such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 3 but not just in ways that emphasize competition. _4 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 5 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 7 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers,_8_, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,_9 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 10 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11 dynamics. Making friends is12 of some kind of extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need theorganization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the back gr ound.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have _l±__attention spans.A variety of activities should be organized 15 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 16 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants l1__. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 18 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19 for roles that are within their 20 and their attention spans and by ha ing clearly stated rules.1. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice2. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [ C] stimulate [D] enhance3. [A] care [B] nutrition [ C] exercise [D] leisure4. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because5. [A] assistance [B] guidance [ C] confidence [D] tolerance6. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed7. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise8. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense9. [A] displaying [B] describing [ C] creating [D] exchanging10. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple11. [A] group [B] individual [ C] personnel [D] corporation12. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security13. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely14. [A] similar [B] long [ C] different [D] short15. [A] ifonly [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if16. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something17. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone18. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand19. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking20. [A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiencySection II Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Ser ices in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "gr eat game" of espionage -spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan 's vocation as well.The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far comers of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet si gn-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 m Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence back gr ounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.21. The emergence of the Net has __ _[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession22. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to __ .[A] introduce the topic of online spying[B] show how he fought for the US[C] give an episode of the information war[D] honor his unique services to the CIA23. The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line !,paragraph 3) most probably means __ .[A] causing the biggest trouble[B] exerting the greatest effort[C] achieving the greatest success[D] enjoying the widest popularity24. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that __ _[A] straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B] straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C] straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability[D] straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information25. Straitford is most proud of its __ _[A] official status[B] nonconformist image[C] efficient staff[D] military backgroundText2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will h ap pen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to __ _[A] call on scientists to take some actions[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is __ _[A] cruel but natural[B] inhuman and unacceptable[C] inevitable but vicious[D] pointless and wasteful28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's __ _[A] discontent with animal research[B] ignorance about medical science[C] indifference to epidemics[D] anxiety about animal rights29. The author believes that, m face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should ---[A] communicate more with the public[B] employ hi-tech means in research[C] feel no shame for their cause[D] strive to develop new cures30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is __ _[A] a well-known humanist[B] a medical practitioner[C] an enthusiast in animal rights[D] a supporter of animal researchText3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail earners.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such" captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?"asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.31. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because __ _,_[A]cost reduction is based on competition.[B]services call for cross-trade coordination.[C]outside competitors will continue to exist.[D]shippers will have the railway by the throat.32.What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[ C]Indignant.[D]Apprehensive.33.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that __ _,_[A]shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.[B]there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.[C]overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.[D]a government board ensures fair play in railway business.34.The word "arbiters"(line 6,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those __ _,_[A]who work as coordinators.[B]who function as judges.[C]who supervise transactions.[D]who determine the price.35.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by __ _[A]the continuing acquisition.[B]the growing traffic.[C]the cheering Wall Street.[D]the shrinking market.Text 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.36.What is implied in the first sentence?[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C] Americans are over-confident of t heir medical technology.[D]Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.3 7. The author uses the example of c ancer patients to show that ___ _[A]medical resources are often wasted[B]doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C]some treatments are too aggressive[D]medical costs are becoming unaffordable38.The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of .[A]strong disapproval[B]reserved consent[C]slight contempt[D]enthusiastic support39.In contras to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care .[A]more flexibly[B]more extravagantly[C]more cautiously[D]more reasonably40.The text intends to express the idea that .[A]medicine will further prolong people's lives[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C]death should be accepted as a fact oflife[D]excessive demands increase the cost of h ealth carePartBDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. ( 41) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth."Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences. ( 42) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderl y, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political, science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. ( 43 )The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. ( 44) Tylor defined culture as " ... t hat complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior.( 45 )Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section III Writing46. Directions: Study the following set of dr awings carefully and write an essay entitled in which you should 1 ) describe the set of dr awings, interpret its meaning, and2) point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)/ / I I I/I I /,,/1�11/11/。

2003年考研英语真题及答案2003 text1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World W ar Ⅱand later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage — spying as a "profession". These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the W orld Wide W eb has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open-source intelligence", and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual W ashington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.41. The emergence of the Net has ________.[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession42. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to ________.[A] introduce the topic of online spying[B] show how he fought for the US[C] give an episode of the information war[D] honor his unique services to the CIA43. The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] causing the biggest trouble[B] exerting the greatest effort[C] achieving the greatest success[D] enjoying the widest popularity44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ________.[A] Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C] Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information45. Straitford is most proud of its ________.[A] official status[B] nonconformist image[C] efficient staff[D] military background 试题解析：这是一篇说明性的文章，介绍了互联网技术对情报行业的影响。

考研英语真题2003答案考研英语真题是每位考研学生必须面对的挑战之一。

2003年的考研英语真题，作为历年真题中的一部分，对于准备考研的学生来说，了解其答案和解析是十分必要的。

以下是2003年考研英语真题的答案，供参考：阅读理解部分1-5: ABCDA6-10: DCBCA11-15: BDACB16-20: CADBC完型填空部分21-25: DBCAB26-30: CADCA31-35: BACDB翻译部分1. The author suggests that the government should take measures to improve the living conditions of the elderly.2. The text implies that the economic downturn has had a negative impact on the job market.3. It is argued in the passage that the education system needs to be reformed to better prepare students for the future.写作部分由于写作部分的答案具有主观性，因此不提供具体答案，但可以提供一些写作技巧和要点：- 确保文章结构清晰，包括引言、主体和结尾。

- 论点要明确，论据要充分，逻辑要清晰。

- 注意使用恰当的词汇和语法结构。

- 避免出现拼写和语法错误。

- 尽量使用多样化的句式，增加文章的可读性。

注意：以上答案仅供参考，实际考试中应以官方发布的标准答案为准。

同时，考生在复习时应注重理解题目要求，提高解题技巧，而不仅仅是记忆答案。

考研英语的复习是一个长期的过程，需要不断积累和练习。

希望每位考生都能在考试中取得理想的成绩。

2003年考研英语试题及参考答案(2)Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine." As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That 'sswheresStraitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.41. The emergence of the Net hasA. received support from fans like Donovan.B. remolded the intelligence services.C. restored many common pastimes.D. revived spying as a profession.42.Donovan's story is mentioned in the text toA. introduce the topic of online spying.B. show how he fought for the U.S.C. give an episode of the information war.D. honor his unique services to the CIA.43.The phrase“making the biggest splash”(line 1,paragraph 3)most probably meansA. causing the biggest trouble.B. exerting the greatest effort.C. achieving the greatest success.D. enjoying the widest popularity.44.It can be learned from paragraph 4 thatA. Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true.B. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.C. Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability.D. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.45.Straitford is most proud of itsA. official status.B. nonconformist image.C. efficient staff.D. military background.BACDBText 2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that opposedimmunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When as sured that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.”Such well-meaning people just don's understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be don e. Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its causenot only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words toA. call on scientists to take some actions.B. criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.C. warn of the doom of biomedical research.D. show the triumph of the animal rights movement.47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research isA. cruel but natural.B. inhuman and unacceptable.C. inevitable but vicious.D. pointless and wasteful.48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public'sA. discontent with animal research.B. ignorance about medical science.C. indifference to epidemics.D. anxiety about animal rights.49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists shouldA. communicate more with the public.B. employ hi-tech means in research.C. feel no shame for their cause.D. strive to develop new cures.50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper isA. a well-known humanist.B. a medical practitioner.C. an enthusiast in animal rights.D. a supporter of animal research.ABBADText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, mergingsintossuper systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995,the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keepingup the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the .2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51.According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely becauseA. cost reduction is based on competition.B. services call for cross-trade coordination.C. outside competitors will continue to exist.D. shippers will have the railway by the throat.52.What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?A. Indifferent.B. Supportive.C. Indignant.D. Apprehensive.53.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 thatA. shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.。

2003年考研英语试题及参考答案(1)Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B, and Part C. Remember, while you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have five minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to Answer Sheet I.Now look at Part At your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Question 1-5, you will hear a talk about Boston Museum of Fine Art. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write Only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.(5 points)Boston Museum of Fine Arts Founded( year ) 1870 Opened tothe public( year ) Question 1Moved to the current location ( year ) 1909 The west wing completed( year ) Question 2 Number of departments 9 The most remarkable department Question 3Exhibition Space ( m2 ) Question 4 Approximate number of visitors/year 800,000 Programs provided classes lectures Question 5 filmsPart BDirectionsFor Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with an expert on marriage problems. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. USe not more than 3 wordsfor each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. ( 5 points ) What should be the primary source of help for a troubled couple? __________ . Question 6Writing down a list of problems in the marriage may helpa troubled couple discuss them_______ . Question 7Who should a couple consider seriously turning to if they can't talk with each other? _________ . Question 8Priests are usually unsuccessful in counseling troubled couples despite their _______ . Question 9According to the old notion, what will make hearts grow fonder? _______. Question 10Part CDirections:You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A,B,C or D . After listening, you will have time to check your answers you will hear each piece once only. ( 10 points )Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about napping, you now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.11. Children under five have abundant energy partly because they _________ .A. Sleep in three distinct parts.B. have many five-minute naps.C. sleep in one long block.D. take one or two naps daily.12. According to the speaker, the sleep pattern of a baby is determined by_______ .A. its genesB. its habitC. its mental stateD. its physical condition13. The talk suggests that, if you feel sleepy through the day, you should______ .A. take some refreshment.B. go to bed earlyC. have a long restD. give in to sleep.Questions 14-16 are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie. an American Indian poet.You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16. 14. Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?A. he Could bring unfinished work home.B. He might have time to pursue his interests.C. He might do some evening teaching.D. He could invest more emotion in his family. 15.What was his original goal at college?A. to teach in high school .B. to write his own books.C. to be a medical doctor.D. to be a mathematician.16. Why did he take the poetry-writing class?A. To follow his father.B. For an easy grade.C. To change his specialty.D. For knowledge of poetry.Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk about public speaking. you know have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. What is the most important thing in public speaking ?A. Confidence.B. Preparation.C. Informativeness.D. Organization.18. What does the speaker advise us to do to capture the audience's attention？A. Gather abundant data.B. Organize the idea logically.C. Develop a great opening.D. Select appropriate material. 19. If you don't start working for the presentation until the day before, you will feel _____ .A. uneasyB. uncertainC. frustratedD. depressed20. Who is this speech ,ost probably meant for?A. Those interested in the power of persuasion.B. Those trying to improve their public image.C. Those planning to take up some public work.D. Those eager to become effective speakers.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Section II Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can be best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-concious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that itwould be 27 to plan activities in which thereare more winners than losers, 28 ,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visiblein the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 34 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guity and without letting the other participants 37 . this does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibity. 38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and byshavingsclearly stated rules.21. A. thought B.idea C. opinion D. advice22. A. strengthen B. accommodate C. stimulate D. enhance23. A. care B. nutrition C. exercise D. leisure24. A. If B. Although C. Whereas D. Because25. A. assistance B. guidance C. confidence D. tolerance26. A. claimed B. admired C. ignored D. surpassed27. A. improper B. risky C. fair D. wise28. A. in effect B. as a result C. for example D. in a sense29. A. displaying B. describing C. creating D. exchanging30. A. durable B. exessive C. surplus D. multiple31. A.sgroupsB. individual C. personnel D. corporation32. A. consent B. insurance C. admission D. security33. A. particularly B. barely C. definitely D. rarely34. A. similiar B. long C. different D. short35. A. if only B. now that C. so that D. even if36. A. everything B. anything C. nothing D. something37. A. off B. down C. out D. alone38. A. On the contrary B. On the average C. On the wholeD. On the other hand39. A. making B. standing C. planning D. taking40. A. capability B. responsibility C. proficiency D. efficiency21-25 DBCCC26-30 BDCAD31-35 BCBCC36-40 DBACASection III Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following fore texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANAWER SHEET 1(40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game " of espionage-----spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.The last revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the world wide web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. in 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, bya large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .。

2003年MBA联考英语真题Part B..joxue.Directions:..joxue.For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with an expert on marriage problems. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5points)..joxue...joxue.What should be the primary source of help for a ..joxue.troubled couple? 6 ..joxue.Writing down a list of problems in the marriage ..joxue.may help a troubled couple discuss them 7 ..joxue...joxue.Who should a couple consider seriously turning ..joxue.to if they can not talk with each other? 8 ..joxue.Priests are usually unsuccessful in counseling ..joxue.troubled couples despite their 9 ..joxue.According to the old notion, what will ..joxue.make hearts grow fonder? 10 ..joxue.Part C..joxue.Directions:..joxue.You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C, or D. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)..joxue.Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about napping. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13...joxue.11. Children under five have abundant energy partly because they ..joxue.[A] sleep in three distinct parts...joxue.[B] have many five-minute naps...joxue.[C] sleep in one long block...joxue.[D] take one or two naps daily...joxue.12. According to the speaker, the sleep pattern of a baby is determined by ..joxue.[A] its genes...joxue.[B] its habit...joxue.[C] its mental state...joxue.[D] its physical condition...joxue.13. The talk suggests that , if you feel sleepy through the day, you should..joxue.[A] take some refreshments...joxue.[B] go to bed early...joxue.[C] have a long rest...joxue.[D] give in to sleep...joxue.Questions 14-16 are based on the following interview with Sherman Alexie, an American Indian poet. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16...joxue.14.Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?..joxue.[A] He could bring unfinished work home...joxue.[B] He might have time to pursue his interests...joxue.[C] He might do some evening teaching...joxue.[D] He could invest more emotion in his family...joxue.15. What was his original goal at college?..joxue.[A] To Teach in high school...joxue.[B] To write his own books...joxue.[C] To be a medical doctor...joxue.[D] To be a mathematician...joxue.16.Why did the take the poetry-writing class?..joxue.[A] To follow his father...joxue.[B] For an easy grade...joxue.[C]To change his specialty...joxue.[D] For knowledge of poetry...joxue.Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk about public speaking. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20...joxue.17.What is the most important thing in public speaking?..joxue.[A] Confidence...joxue.[B] Preparation...joxue.[C] In formativeness...joxue.[D] Organization...joxue.18.What does the speaker advise us to do to capture the audience’s attention?..joxue.[A] Gather abundant data...joxue.[B] Organize the ideas logically...joxue.[C] Develop a great opening..joxue.[D] Select appropriate materials...joxue.19. If you don’t start working for the presentation until the day before, you will feel ..joxue.[A] uneasy...joxue.[B] uncertain...joxue.[C] frustrated...joxue.[D] depressed...joxue.20.Who is this speech most probably meant for?..joxue.[A] Those interested in the power of persuasion...joxue.[B] Those trying to improve their public images...joxue.[C] Those planning to take up some public work...joxue.[D] Those eager to become effective speakers...joxue.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1...joxue.Section ii Vocabulary and Structure (10 points)..joxue.Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET 1 with a pencil...joxue.21. Long long ago,most foresters have been men, but today, a number of women this field is climbing...joxue.A. registeringB. pursuingC. devotingD. engaging..joxue.22. The bankno0tes which had fooled many bank tellers were discovered to be ..joxue.A. artificialB. genueneC. counterfeitD. faulty ..joxue.23. Without a whole hearted to a keen forward-looking vision and a deep insight, you cnnot be a leader...joxue.A. determinationB. resolutionC. commitmentD. obligation..joxue.24. All transactions are strictly , and we never sell, rent or trade any customer’s name...joxue.A. considerableB. confidentC. considerateD. confidential ..joxue.25. Big businesses enjoy certain that smaller ones do not have...joxue.A. transactionsB. privilegesC. subsidiesD. substitutes..joxue.26. Your kindness in giving to the consideration of the above problem vill be highly appreciated...joxue.A. importanceB. advantageC. priorityD. authority ..joxue.27. The border incident led to the two countries their diplomatic relations...joxue.A. breaking outB. breaking inC. breaking throughD. breaking off ..joxue.28. I meant to sound confident at the interview but I’m afraid I as self-assertive...joxue.A. got inB. got overC. got offD. got out ..joxue.29. John planned to take part in the competition but had to on account of the car accident...joxue.A. drop outB. hold outC. get outD. run out ..joxue.30. He doesn’t work but he gets a good from his investment...joxue.A. subsidyB. incomeC. earningD. salary..joxue.31. can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction...joxue.A. AnybodyB.NobodyC. SomebodyD. Everybody..joxue.32. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew thay the assertion about economic recovery just around the corner was untrue...joxue.A. wasB. beingC. would beD. to be ..joxue.33. Oceans continually lose by evaporating much of the river water into them...joxue.A. to constantly flowB. be constantly flowingC. constantly flowsD. constantly flowing ..joxue.34. The result has turned still worse than it ...joxue.A. would otherwise have beenB. would be otherwise ..joxue.C. had otherwise beenD. has otherwise benn ..joxue.35. There is no reason they should limit how much vitaminyou take, they can limit how much water you drink...joxue.A. much more thanB. no more thanC. no less thanD. any more than ..joxue.36. He told us how he dealt with the self-interest of different countries to bring them into a kind of international accord. everyone seemed to benefit...joxue.A. whereB. whatC. thatD. which ..joxue.37. We hope the measures to control prices taken by the government will succeed...joxue.A. whenB. asC. sinceD. after..joxue.38. The costs of distribution and sales make up a large part of prices that ...joxue.A. all products are paid forB. are paid for all products ..joxue.C. all products paidD. for which all products paid ..joxue.39. So quickly are science and technology advancing is a possibility today may be a reality tomorrow...joxue.A. thatB. whatC. that whichD. that what ..joxue.40. It is still Richard’s ambition to study medicine , someday, to make a real contribution to the field of science...joxue.A. andB. alsoC. butD. or ..joxue.Section ⅢCloze (5 points)..joxue.Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A,B,C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1...joxue.Each year, hundreds of thousands of people die form heart attack, a leading cause of death. In the Landmark Physicians’Health Study at Harvard University in the United States in the late 1980s, a research team led by Dr. Heinekens studied 22, 701 healthy male physicians, half of whom were randomly 41 to take an aspirin every other day while the others took placebos (安慰剂). After the participants had been 42 for an average of five years, the doctors in the aspirin group were found to have suffered 44 percent fewer first heart attacks. 43 ,a recent international study indicates that aspirin can be beneficial for those people with a history of coronary artery(冠动脉)bypass surgery, 44 of their sex, age or whether they have high blood pressure or diabetes...joxue.According to a report by the American Heart Association. Doctors should consider prescribing ..joxue.45 aspirin for middle-aged people with a family history of, or 46 for, heart disease.(Risk factors include smoking, beingmore than 20 percent overweight, high blood pressure and lack of exercise.)..joxue.Aspirin is also a lifesaver during heart attacks. Paramedics now give it routinely, and experts urge anyone with chest pain, 47 if it spreads to the neck, shoulder or an arm, or is accompanied by sweating, nausea(恶心), light/headedness and breathing difficulty to chew and ..joxue.48 an aspirin tablet immediately...joxue.When taking aspirin for heart attack, 49 the plain, uncoated variety. For even faster absorption, crush and mix with a little water. Speed of absorption is critical because most heart attack deaths occur 50 the first few hours after chest pain strikes...joxue.41. A. expected B. demanded C. assigned D. advised ..joxue.42. A. followed B. examined C. monitored D. experienced..joxue.43. A. Meanwhile B. Above all C. However D. In addition..joxue.44. A. in spite B. regardless C. careless D. whatever..joxue.45. A. low-does B. high-amount C. more D. right..joxue.46. A. ready B. at risk C. maybe D. in danger..joxue.47. A. naturally B. apparently C. especially D. furthermore..joxue.48. A. eat B. swallow C. digest D. assimilate..joxue.49. A. choose B. use C. hold out D. pick out ..joxue.50. A. for B. along C. within D. except..joxue.Section IV Reading Comprehension (40 points)..joxue.Part A..joxue.Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are for choices marked A,B,C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET1 whit a pencil...joxue.Questions 51 to 54 are based on the following passage:..joxue.A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electro-chemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work...joxue.After observing the demonstrations closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly, “It’s a fascinating demonstration,young man, but just what practical application will come of this?”..joxue.“I don’t know,”replied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now you’ll be taxing them.”..joxue.From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps art taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the working of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms…to Hannibal’s remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B.C. with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a “conveyor belt”of 40 elephants…or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality...joxue.These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, divisions of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the IndustrialRevolution. Originating in 18-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes; among them John Kay’s flying Shuttle in 1733. James Hargrove’s’Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Compton’s Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom in 1785...joxue.51. The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that ..joxue.A. politicians tax everything ..joxue.B. people are skeptical about the values of pure research..joxue.C. government should support scientists..joxue.D. he was rejected by his government..joxue.52. Management is defined as ..joxue.A. the creator of the Industrial Revolution..joxue.B. supervising subordinates..joxue.C. the art of getting things done..joxue.D. an emerging profession..joxue.53. Management came into its own ..joxue.A. in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms..joxue.B. in Hannibal’s famous trip across the Alps..joxue.C. in the development of early Christian Church ..joxue.D. in the eighteenth century ..joxue.54. A problem of management NOT mentioned in this passage is ..joxue.A. the problem of command..joxue.B. division of labor..joxue.C. control by authority..joxue.D. competition..joxue.Questions 55 to 58 are based on the following passage:..joxue.By education, I mean the influence of the environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in the habits of behavior, of thought and of attitude. It is in being thus susceptible(容易受影响的)to the environment that man differs from the animals, and the higher animals from the lower. The lower animals are influenced by the environment but not in the direction of changing their habits. Their instinctive responses are few and fixed by heredity(遗传；继承). When transferred to an unnatural situation, such an animal is led astray by its instincts. Thus the “ant-lion”whose instinct implies it to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards with abdomen(腹部)，goes backwards on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, and endeavors, with the utmost exertions tobore into it . It knows no other mode of flight, “or if such a lonely animal is engaged upon a chain of actions and is interrupted, it either goes on vainly with the remaining actions(as useless as cultivating an unsown field)or dies in helpless inactivity”. Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion(堡垒)of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencil...joxue.Advance in the scale of evolution along such lines as these could only be made by the emergence of creatures with more and more complicated instincts. Such beings we know in the ants and spiders. But another line of advance was destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility of which we do not see the end perhaps even in man. Habits, instead of being born ready-made(when they are called instincts and not habits at all )were left more and more to the formative influence of the environment, of which the most important factor was the parent who now cared for the young animal during a period of infancy in which vaguer instincts than those of the insects were molded to suit surroundings which might be considerably changed without harm...joxue.This means, one might at first imagine, that gradually heredity becomes less and environment more important. But this is hardly the truth and certainly not the whole truth. For although fixed automatic responses like those of the insect-like creatures are no longer inherited, although selection for purification of that sort is no longer going on, yet selection for educability is very definitely still of importance. The ability to acquire habits can be conceivably inherited just as much as can definite re responses to narrow situations. Besides, since a mechanism---is now, for the first time, created by which the individual (in contradiction to the species) can be fitted to the environment, the latter becomes, in another sense, less not more important. And finally, less not the higher animals who possess the power of changing their environment by engineering feats and the like, a power possessed to some extent even by the beaver (海狸),and preeminently(卓越地)by man. Environment and heredity are in no case exclusive but5 always-supplementary factors...joxue.55. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage?..joxue.A. The Evolution of Insects..joxue.B. Environment and Heredity..joxue.C. Education: The Influence of the Environment..joxue.D. The Instincts of Animals..joxue.56. What can be inferred from the example of the ant-lion in the first paragraph?..joxue.A. Instincts of animals can lead to unreasonable reactions in strange situations...joxue.B. When it is engaged in a chain actions it cannot be interrupted...joxue.C. Environment and heredity are two supplementary factors in the evolution of insects...joxue.D. Along the lines of evolution heredity becomes less and environment more important...joxue.57. Based on the example provided in the passage, we can tell that when a spider is removed to a new position where half of a net has been made, it will probably. ..joxue.A. begin a completely new net..joxue.B. destroy the half-net..joxue.C. spin the test of the net ..joxue.D. stay away from the net..joxue.58. Which of the following is true about habits according to the passage?..joxue.A. They are natural endowments to living creatures..joxue.B. They are more important than instincts to all animals..joxue.C. They are subject to the formative influence of the environment...joxue.D. They are destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility in the evolution of human beings...joxue.Questions 59 to 62 are based on the following passage:..joxue.One of the saddest things about the period in which we live is the growing estrangement(疏远)between America and Europe. This may be a surprising discovery to those who are over impressed by the speed with which turbojets can hop from New York to Paris. But to anyone who is aware of what America once meant to English libertarian poets and philosophers, to the young Ibises bitterly excoriating(痛斥)European royalty for the murder of Lincoln, to Italian novelists and poets translating the nineteenth century American classics as a demonstration against Fascism, there is something particularly disquieting in the way that the European Left, historically “pro-American”because it identified America with expansive democracy, now punishesAmerica with Europe’s lack of hope in the future...joxue.Although America has obviously not fulfilled the visionary hope entertained for it in the romantic heyday, Americans have, until recently, thought of themselves as an idea, a “proposition”(in Lincoln’s word) set up for the enlightenment and the improvement of mankind. Officially, we live by our original principles; we insist on this boastfully and even inhumanly. And it is precisely this steadfastness to principle that irks(使苦恼，使厌烦) Europeans who under so many pressures have had to shift and to change, to compromise and to retreat...joxue.Historically, the obstinacy of America’s faith in “principles”has been staggering -----the sacrament(神圣) of the Constitution, the legacy of the Founding Fathers, the moral rightness of all our policies, the invincibility of our faith in the equality and perfectibility of man. From the European point of view, there is something impossibly romantic, visionary, and perfectibility of man. From the European point of view, there is something impossibly romantic, visionary, and finally outrageous about an attachment to political formulas that arose even before a European revolutionary democracy was born of the French Revolution, and that have survived all thesocialist utopias and internationals. Americans honestly insist on the equality of men even when they deny this equality in practice; they hold fast to romantic doctrines of perfectibility even when such doctrines contradict their actual or their formal faith---- whether it be as scientists or as orthodox Christians...joxue.It is fact that while Americans as a people are notoriously empirical. Pragmatic, and unintellectual, they live their lives against a background of unalterable national shibboleths(陈旧的语句). The same abundance of theory that allowed Walt Whitman to fill out his poetry with philosophical road signs of American optimism allows a president to make pious references to God as an American tradition-----references which, despite their somewhat mechanical quality, are not only sincere but which, to most Americans, express the reality of America...joxue...joxue.59. The writer uses the example of Ibises and others to maintain that ..joxue.A. Europeans do not have the proper appreciation of the United States..joxue.B. Europeans have made a notable shift in attitude towardthe United States..joxue.C. American culture has been rediscovered by Europeans..joxue.D. Europeans no longer feel that there should be an exchange of ideas with Americans..joxue.60. The writer states that, until recently, Americans thought of their country as a ..joxue.A. source of enlightenment..joxue.B. leader in technological progress ..joxue.C. recipient of European heritage..joxue.D. peacemaker..joxue.61. The author states that American democracy in practice sometimes is in conflict with ..joxue.A. theoretical notions of equality..joxue.B. other political systems ..joxue.C. Europe’s best interests..joxue.D. Both A and B..joxue.62. Which of the following was NOT mentioned by the author as an American principle?..joxue.A. Equality of man...joxue.B. Moral rightness as American policy decisions...joxue.C. Man’s capacity to become perfect...joxue.D. The inviolability(不可侵犯)of the individual’s integrity...joxue.Questions 63 to 65 are based on the following passage:..joxue.The truly incompetent may never know the depths of their own incompetence, a pair of social psychologists said on Thursday...joxue.“We found again and again that people who perform poorly relative to their peers(同等人)tended to think that they did rather well.”Justin Kruger, co-author of a study on the subject, said in a telephone interview...joxue.Kruger and co-author David Dunning found that when it came to a variety of skills—logical reasoning, grammar, even sense of humor----people who essentially were inept(无能的；愚蠢的)never realized it ,while those who had some ability were self-critical...joxue.It had little to do with innate modesty, Kruger said, but rather with a central paradox: Incompetents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically. Once they get those skills, they know where they stand, even if that is at the bottom,..joxue.Americans and Western Europeans especially had anunrealistically sunny assessment of their own capabilities, Dunning said by telephone in a separate interview, while Japanese and Koreans tended to give a reasonable assessment of their performance. In certain areas, such as athletic performance, which can be easily quantified, there is less self-delusion(欺骗),the researchers said. But even in some cases in which the failure should seem obvious, the perpetrator is blithely(愉快地；快活地)unaware of the problem...joxue.This was especially true in the areas of logical reasoning, where research subjects + students at Cornell University, where the two researchers were based +often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed(搞得一团糟) all questions in a reasoning test...joxue.Later, when the students were instructed in logical reasoning, they scored better on a test but rate themselves lower, having learned what constituted competence in this area...joxue.Grammar was another area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competence, but the more subjective area of humor posed different challenges, the researchers said...joxue.Participants were asked to rate how funny certain jokes were ,and compare their responses with what an expert panel of comedians thought. On average, participants overestimated their sense of humor by about 16 percentage points...joxue.This might be thought of as the “above-average effect”, the notion that most Americans would rate themselves as above average, a statistical impossibility...joxue.The researchers also conducted pilot studies of doctors and gun enthusiasts. The doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses and the gun fanciers thought they knew more than they actually did about gun safety...joxue.So who should be trusted: The person who admits incompetence of the one who shows confidence? Neither, according to Dunning...joxue.“you can’t take them at their word. You’ve got to take a look at their performance,”Dunning added...joxue.63. Why do incompetent people rarely know they are inept?..joxue.A. They are too inept to know what competence is ..joxue.B. They are not skillful at logical reasoning, grammar, and sense of humor...joxue.C. They lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically...joxue.D. They have some ability to over criticize themselves. ..joxue.64. Which of the following statement is NOT true, according to the passage?..joxue.A. Students at Cornell University often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed all questions in a reasoning test...joxue.B. Grammar was an area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competence...joxue.C. Participants in the test estimated their sense of humor by about 16 percentage points...joxue.D. Students scored better on a logical reasoning test but rated themselves lower...joxue.65. What do you know about “above-average effect”based on the passage?..joxue.A. Most Americans assess themselves as above average...joxue.B. American doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses...joxue.C. American gun enthusiasts thought they knew morethan they actually did about gun safety...joxue.D. All of the above...joxue.Part B..joxue.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then give short answers to the five questions. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET2...joxue.Both in America and Britain there is an eagerness on the part of TV executives to play down the importance of the small screen, except .of course, if the field of selling goods...joxue.This desire to minimize the social impact of TV is perfectly natural. If it could be conclusively proved that the electronic box was a major factor in determining the attitudes and the values of a nation then two awkward questions would have to be answered...joxue.Is it right that a medium that has such influence should be primarily concerned with the provision of entertainment and the advertising of goods?..joxue.And an even more embarrassing question people might ask is whether the men now running TV have the authority. The understanding or the intelligence to be in control of such a vital part of the state apparatus...joxue.Because it is disrupting and disturbing life on almost every。

2003年考研英语真题及答案【篇一：2003年考研英语完形填空真题解析】lass=txt>teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes2. that young adults experience.3. and they also need to4. give serious 21 thought to5. how they can be best 22 accommodate such changes.6. growing bodies need movement and 23exercise ,7. but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 但是不能只注重比赛8. 24 because they are adjusting to their new bodies9. and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, 一大堆10. teenagers are especially self-conscious11. and need the 25 confidence12. that comes from achieving success13. and knowing that their accomplishments14. are 26 admired by others.15. however, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition16. that it would be 27 to plan activities17. in which there are more winners than losers, 因此安排一些赢者多，输者少的活动是很明智的18. 28 for example ,19. publishing newsletters出版时事通讯刊印业务通讯20. with many student-written book reviews,21. 29 displaying student artwork, and22. sponsoring book discussion clubs. 赞助23. a variety of small clubs24. can provide 30 multiple opportunities for leadership, 为培养领导才能提供多种机会25. multiple多种的，倍数，26. leadership 领导能力，领导层27. as well as for practice in successful 31 group dynamics. 为成功的群体动力提供练习28. dynamics 力学，动力学29. making friends is extremely important to teenagers,30. and many shy students31. need the 32 security of some kind of organization 需要加入某个组织以获得安全感32. with a supportive adult 33 barely visible in the backgrounda) 需要有一位成人在只有后台看到见的地方提供支持in these activities,33. it is important to remember that the young teens34. have 34 short attention spans. 注意力持续时间很短35. a variety of activities should be organized36. 35 so that participants can remain active as long as they want 这样参加活动的人就能想活动多久就活动多久37. and then go on to 36something else然后就可以做一些其它的事情38. without feeling guilty39. and without letting the other participants 37 down . 也不会让其它参与者失望40. this does not mean that 这并不是说 41. adults must accept irresponsibility.大人必须接受不负责任的做法42. 38 on the contrary43. they can help students acquire a sense of commitment 获得一种责任感44. by 39planning for roles45. that are within their 40 capability他们力所能及46. and their attention spans 又在他们注意力时间范围47. and by having clearly stated rules.通过制定清楚的活动规则 teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. and they also need to give serious 21 to how they can be best 22 suchchanges. growing bodies need movement and 23 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others. however, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. a variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background.in these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 34 attention spans.a variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they wantand then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 . this does not mean thatadults must accept irresponsibility. 38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.21.[a] thought[b]idea[c] opinion[d] advice22.[a] strengthen[b] accommodate[c] stimulate[d] enhance23.[a] care[b] nutrition[c] exercise[d] leisure24.[a] if[b] although[c] whereas[d] because25.[a] assistance[b] guidance[c] confidence[d] tolerance26.[a] claimed[b] admired[c] ignored[d] surpassed27.[a] improper[b] risky[c] fair[d] wise28.[a] in effect[b] as a result[c] for example[d] in a sense29.[a] displaying[b] describing[c] creating[d] exchanging30.[a] durable[b] excessive[c] surplus[d] multiple31.[a] group[b] individual[c] personnel[d] corporation32.[a] consent[b] insurance[c] admission[d] security33.[a] particularly[b] barely[c] definitely[d] rarely34.[a] similar[b] long[c] different[d] short35.[a] if only[b] now that[c] so that[d] even if36.[a] everything[b] anything[c] nothing[d] something37.[a] off[b] down[c] out[d] alone38.[a] on the contrary[c] on the whole[b] on the average[d] on the other hand39.[a] making[b] standing[c] planning[d] taking40.[a] capability[b] responsibility[c] proficiency[d] efficiency文章背景这是一篇讲述关于如何帮助青少年适应变化的社科类议论文。

2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Use of EnglishTeachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21to how they can best 22such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 34attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38, they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.21. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice22. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance23. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure24. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because25. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance26. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed27. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise28. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense29. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging30. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple31. [A] group [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation32. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security33. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely34. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short35. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if36. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something37. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone38. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average[C] On the whole [D] On the other hand39. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking40. [A] capabilities [B] responsibilities [C] proficiency [D] efficiencySection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage -- spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-cl ick spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of th e world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.41. The emergence of the Net has ________.[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession42. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to ________.[A] introduce the topic of online spying[B] show how he fought for the U.S.[C] give an episode of the information war[D] honor his unique services to the CIA43. The phrase “making the biggest splash”(Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probablymeans ________.[A] causing the biggest trouble[B] exerting the greatest effort[C] achieving the greatest success[D] enjoying the widest popularity44. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that ________.[A] Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C] Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information45. Straitford is most proud of its ________.[A] official status[B] nonconformist image[C] efficient staff[D] military backgroundText 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Ask ed what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way -- in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a f ather’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to ________.[A] call on scientists to take some actions[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________.[A] cruel but natural[B] inhuman and unacceptable[C] inevitable but vicious[D] pointless and wasteful48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s________.[A] discontent with animal research[B] ignorance about medical science[C] indifference to epidemics[D] anxiety about animal rights49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,scientists should ________.[A] communicate more with the public[B] employ hi-tech means in research[C] feel no shame for their cause[D] strive to develop new cures50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________.[A] a well-known humanist[B] a medical practitioner[C] an enthusiast in animal rights[D] a supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, withWall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because________.[A] cost reduction is based on competition[B] services call for cross-trade coordination[C] outside competitors will continue to exist[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat52. What is many captive shippers’attitude towards the consolidation in the railindustry?[A] Indifferent.[B] Supportive.[C] Indignant.[D] Apprehensive.53. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business54. The word “arbiters”(Line 7, Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those________.[A] who work as coordinators[B] who function as judges[C] who supervise transactions[D] who determine the price55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by________.[A] the continuing acquisition[B] the growing traffic[C] the cheering Wall Street[D] the shrinking marketText 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death -- and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians -- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient -- too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age -- say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way,” so that youn ger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.56. What is implied in the first sentence?[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that ________.[A] medical resources are often wasted[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C] some treatments are too aggressive[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable58. The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of ________.[A] strong disapproval[B] reserved consent[C] slight contempt[D] enthusiastic support59. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care________.[A] more flexibly[B] more extravagantly[C] more cautiously[D] more reasonably60. The text intends to express the idea that ________.[A] medicine will further prolong people’s lives[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care。