风险投资常用术语中的英文解释(3)
来源：??日期：2008-07-04 00:00:00??阅读62 次??作者:NB
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CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate. The year over year growth rate applied to an investment or other aspect of a firm using a base amount.
Call Option: The right to buy a security at a given price （or range）within a specific time period.
Capital （or Assets） Under Management: The amount of capital available to a fund management team for venture investments.
Capital Call: Also known as a draw down - When a venture capital firm has decided where it would like to invest, it will approach its investors in order to "draw down" the money. The money will already have been pledged to the fund but this is the actual act of transferring the money so that it reaches the investment target.
Capital Gains: The difference between an asset's purchase price and selling price, when the selling price is greater. Long-term capital gains （on assets held for a year or longer） are taxed at a lower rate than ordinary income.
Capitalization Table: Also called a "Cap Table", this is a table showing the total amount of the various securities issued by a firm. This typically includes the amount of investment obtained from each source and the securities distributed —— . common and preferred shares, options, warrants, etc. —— and respective capitalization ratios.
Capitalize: To record an outlay as an asset （as opposed to an Expense）, which is subject to depreciation or amortization.
Captive funds : A venture capital firm owned by a larger financial institution, such as a bank.
Carried Interest: The portion of any gains realized by the fund to which the fund managers are entitled, generally without having to contribute capital to the fund. Carried interest payments are customary in the venture capital industry, in order to create a significant economic incentive for venture capital fund managers to achieve capital gains.
Cash Position: The amount of cash available to a company at a given point in time. Claim Dilution A reduction in the likelihood that one or more of the firm's claimants will be fully repaid, including time value of money considerations.
Catch-up: This is a common term of the private equity partnership agreement. Once the general partner provides its limited partners with
their preferred return, if any, it then typically enters a catch-up period in which it receives the majority or all of the profits until the agreed upon profit-split, as determined by the carried interest, is reached.
Chapter 11: The part of the Bankruptcy Code that provides for reorganization of a bankrupt company's assets.
Chapter 7: The part of the Bankruptcy Code that provides for liquidation of a company's assets.
Chinese wall: A barrier against information flows between different divisions or operating groups within banks and securities firms. Examples include a policy barrier between the trust department from making investment decisions based on any substantive inside information that may come into the possession of other bank departments. The term also refers to barriers against information flows between corporate finance and equity research and trading operations.
Clawback: A clawback obligation represents the general partner's promise that, over the life of the fund, the managers will not receive a greater share of the fund's distributions than they bargained for. Generally, this means that the general partner may not keep distributions representing more than a specified percentage （., 20%） of the fund's cumulative profits, if any. When triggered, the clawback will require that the general partner return to the fund's limited partners an amount equal
to what is determined to be "excess" distributions. Click here for more detail
Closed-end Fund: A type of fund that has a fixed number of shares outstanding, which are offered during an initial subscription period, similar to an initial public offering. After the subscription period is closed, the shares are traded on an exchange between investors, like a regular stock. The market price of a closed-end fund fluctuates in response to investor demand as well as changes in the values of its holdings or its Net Asset Value. Unlike open-end mutual funds, closed-end funds do not stand ready to issue and redeem shares on a continuous basis.
Closing: An investment event occurring after the required legal documents are implemented between the investor and a company and after the capital is transferred in exchange for company ownership or debt obligation.
Co-investment: The syndication of a private equity financing round or an investment by an individuals （usually general partners） alongside a private equity fund in a financing round.
Co-Sale Provisions or Rights : Allows investors to sell their shares of stock in the same proportions and for the same terms as the founders, managers, or other investors, should any of those parties receive an offer.
Collar Agreement: Agreed upon adjustments in the number of shares offered in a stock-for-stock exchange to account for price fluctuations before the completion of the deal.
Committed Capital: The total dollar amount of capital pledged to a private equity fund.
Committed Funds or Raised Funds : Capital committed by investors. Cash to the maximum of these commitments may be requested or drawn down by the private equity managers usually on a deal-by-deal basis. This amount is different from invested funds for three reasons. First, most partnerships will initially invest only between 80% and 95% of committed funds （possibly even less）. Second, it may be necessary in early years to deduct the annual management fee that is used to cover the cost of operation of a fund. Third, payback to investors usually begins before the final draw down of commitments has taken place. To the extent that capital invested does not equal capital committed, limited partners will have their private equity returns diluted by the much lower cash returns earned on the uninvested portion. Avoiding this situation is the main reason for the Partners Group over-commitment model, which aims to keep Partners Group products as close 100% invested as possible.
Common Stock: A unit of ownership of a corporation. In the case of a public company, the stock is traded between investors on various exchanges. Owners of common stock are typically entitled to vote on the selection of
directors and other important events and in some cases receive dividends on their holdings. Investors who purchase common stock hope that the stock price will increase so the value of their investment will appreciate. Common stock offers no performance guarantees. Additionally, in the event that a corporation is liquidated, the claims of secured and unsecured creditors and owners of bonds and preferred stock take precedence over the claims of those who own common stock.
Company buy-back: The redemption of private of restricted holdings by the portfolio company itself. In essence the company is buying out the VC's interest.
Consolidation: Also called a leveraged rollup, this is an investment strategy in which a leveraged buyout （LBO） firm acquires a series of companies in the same or complementary fields, with the goal of becoming a dominant regional or nationwide player in that industry. In some cases, a holding company will be created to acquire the new companies. In other cases, an initial acquisition may serve as the platform through which the other acquisitions will be made.
Conversion Ratio: The number of shares of stock into which a convertible security may be converted. The conversion ration equals the par value of the convertible security divided by the conversion price.
Conversion Rights: Rights by which preferred stock "converts" into common stock. Usually, one has this right at any time after making an
investment. Company may want rights to force a conversion upon an IPO; upon hitting of certain sales or earnings' targets, or upon a majority or supermajority vote of the preferred stock. Conversion rights may carry with them anti-dilution protections.
Convertible Security: A bond, debenture or preferred stock that is exchangeable for another type of security （usually common stock） at a pre-stated price. Convertibles are appropriate for investors who want higher income, or liquidation preference protection, than is available from common stock, together with greater appreciation potential than regular bonds offer. （See Common Stock, Dilution, and Preferred Stock）.
Corporate Charter: The document prepared when a corporation is formed. The Charter sets forth the objectives and goals of the corporation, as well as a complete statement of what the corporation can and cannot do while pursuing these goals.
Corporate Venturing: Venture capital provided by [in-house investment funds of] large corporations to further their own strategic interests.
Corporation: A legal, taxable entity chartered by a state or the federal government. Ownership of a corporation is held by the stockholders. Two forms: "C Corp." and "S Corp." - the latter of which provides flow-through taxation.
Covenant: A protective clause in an agreement.
Cumulative Dividends: Dividends that accrue at a fixed rate until paid
are "Cumulative Dividends" which are payments to shareholders made with respect to an investor's Preferred Stock. Generally, holders of Preferred Shares are contractually entitled to receive dividends prior to holders of Common Stock. Dividends can accumulate at a fixed rate （for example 8%） or simply be payable as and when determined by a company's Board of Directors in such amount as determined by the board. Because venture backed companies typically need to conserve cash, the use of Cumulative Dividends is customary with the result that the Liquidation Preference increases by an amount equal to the Cumulative Dividends. Cumulative Dividends are often waived if the Preferred Stock converts to Common Stock prior to an IPO but may be included in the aggregate value of Preferred Stock applied to the Conversion Ratio for other purposes. Dividends that are not cumulative are generally called "when, as and if declared dividends."
Cumulative Preferred Stock: A stock having a provision that if one or more dividend payments are omitted, the omitted dividends （arrearage）must be paid before dividends may be paid on the company's common stock.
Cumulative Voting Rights: When shareholders have the right to pool their votes to concentrate them on an election of one or more directors rather than apply their votes to the election of all directors. For example, if the company has 12 openings to the Board of Directors, in statutory voting, a shareholder with 10 shares casts 10 votes for each opening （10x12= 120 votes）. Under the cumulative voting method however, the shareholder may
opt to cast all 120 votes for one nominee （or any other distribution he might choose）. Compare Statutory Voting.
蒙牛风险投资案例分析
蒙牛风险投资案例分析 小组成员：许倩倩 何佳飞 田琳琳 王萍萍 翟利娟 胡娟 孙飞
这时，风险注资还未开始，壳公司架构搭建已经完成，壳公司的结构和预计注资完成后的股权结构如下图。 这样设置壳公司结构的目的一方面是为了避税，一方面是为蒙牛将来上市做准备 ②风险投资的进入 2002年9月24日，在完成了壳公司结构搭建后，风险投资正式开始。 第一步，股本结构准备：中国乳业开曼公司扩大股本1亿倍，即从原来的1美元扩大到1亿美元，共计1亿股，并将股本分为A类股5200股和B类股99999994800股。其中，A类股每股拥有十票投票权，B类股每股拥有一票投票权，另外规定了AB类股票的分红权，中国乳业同时规定，金牛公司和银牛公司原先持有的1000股为A类股。这些关于投票权和分红权的规定为双方之后的对赌协议提供了条件。 第二步，注资过程开始：摩根士丹利、鼎辉和英联三家风险投资机构以530美元/股的价格，分别投资17332705美元、5500000美元、3141007美元，认购了中国乳业公司32685股、10372股、5923股的B类股票，合并持有B类股票48980股。三家金融机构总计为中国乳业开曼公司注入资金2597.3712万美元。 第三步，注入蒙牛公司资产：中国乳业将得到的全部资金以增资的方式，转移给毛里求斯公司，毛里求斯公司使用这笔资金（2597.3712万美元）购入内蒙古蒙牛66.7%的股份。中国乳业是毛里求斯公司的母公司，因此，中国乳业间接成为了蒙牛乳业最大的股东 第四步，股权分配，金牛公司与银牛公司以1美元/股的价格，分别投资1134美元、2968美元认购了1134股和2968股的A类股票，加上以前各自持有的500股旧股，“金牛”与“银牛”合计持有A类股票5102股。第一轮注资后，蒙牛股份的股权结构如下
外销员辅导物流货运费英文术语大全 海运费 ocean freight 集卡运费、短驳费 Drayage 订舱费 booking charge 报关费 customs clearance fee 操作劳务费 labour fee or handling charge 商检换单费 exchange fee for CIP 换单费 D/O fee 拆箱费 De-vanning charge 港杂费 port sur-charge 电放费 B/L surrender fee 冲关费 emergent declearation change 海关查验费 customs inspection fee 待时费 waiting charge 仓储费 storage fee 改单费 amendment charge 拼箱服务费 LCL service charge 动、植检疫费 animal & plant quarantine fee 移动式其重机费 mobile crane charge 进出库费 warehouse in/out charge 提箱费 container stuffing charge 滞期费 demurrage charge 滞箱费 container detention charge 卡车运费 cartage fee 商检费 commodity inspection fee 转运费 transportation charge 污箱费 container dirtyness change 坏箱费用 container damage charge 清洁箱费 container clearance charge 分拨费 dispatch charge 车上交货 FOT ( free on track ) 电汇手续费 T/T fee 转境费/过境费 I/E bonded charge 空运方面的专用术语 空运费 air freight 机场费 air terminal charge 空运提单费 airway bill fee FSC (燃油附加费) fuel surcharge SCC（安全附加费） security sur-charge 抽单费 D/O fee 上海港常用术语 内装箱费 container loading charge(including inland drayage) 疏港费 port congestion charge 他港常用术语
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英） What’s International Trade? The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. EXPORTING Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells. EXW EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FAS Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment. FOB Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment CIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium. FCA, Free carrier (…Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrie r, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.
国际贸易术语英文缩写
国际贸易术语英文缩写 A AA制自动许可制 AAC 亚非会议 A.A.R 保综合险(一切险) ABCコ－ド ABC商业密码ac. 英亩 a/c(或A/C) 银行往来存款acpt 承兑;接受 a/cs pay. 应付帐款 a/cs rec. 应收帐款ACU 亚洲清算同盟 A/D 出票后 ADB 亚洲开发银行a.f. 预付运费 AFA 自动外汇分配制度AFDB 非洲开发银行 A.F.E. B. 核准的外汇银行agcy 代理公司 agt. 代理人 AIQ制自动进口配额制A.M. 互相保险
A.N. 到货通知 A/P 委托付款证 A/P 委托购买证 A/P 附加保险费 A/P 付讫 APO 亚洲生产率组织 APU 亚洲支付同盟 A/R 综合险,一切险 A/S 销货帐单 A/S 见票后 A/S 见票即付 ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟 ASP 美国销售价格 ATAカルネ暂时许可簿册,临时过境证A.T.L. 实际全损 A/V 从价 A/W 实际重量 A.W. B. 空运单 B B/Aレ－ト银行承兑利率 B/B 买入汇票 B/C 托收汇票
B/D 银行贴现 B/D 银行汇票 B/E 入港申报单 B/E 汇票 BETRO 英国出口贸易研究组织BIS 国际清算银行 B/G 保税货物 B/L 提单 B/N 钞票 B/N 交货记录 B.O. 分公司 B.P. 应付票据 B.R. 应收票据 B/S 再进口免税证 B/St 即票 BTN 布鲁塞尔税则分类 B.T.T. 银行电汇 C C.A. D. 凭单付款
C.B. D. 交货前付款 C.B.S. 装船前预付货款 C/C 商会 C.C. 时价 CCC 关税合作理事会 CCCN 关税合作理事会税则分类表 C.F.S. 集装箱货运站 C.H. 货舱 C.H. 票据交换所 C.H. 海关 Chq. 支票 C.I. 领事签证发票 C/I 保险证书 CIF関税込条件成本,保险费,运费加关税条件 CIF条件成本,保险加运费条件 CIF通関費用込条件成本,保险费,运费和一切进口费用条件 CIF＆C条件成本,保险费,运费加佣金条件 CIFに関する国際統一規則 CIF买卖契约统一规则
2000年《国际贸易术语解释通则》－－FOB（中英文版） FOB 船上交货 （……指定装运港） “船上交货（……指定装运港）"是当货物在指定的装运港越过船舷，卖方即完成交货。这意味着买方必须从该点起承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。FOB术语要求卖方办理货物出口清关手续。 该术语仅适用于海运或内河运输。如当事各方无意越过船舷交货，则应使用FCA术语。 A 卖方义务 B 买方义务 A1 提供符合合同规定的货物 卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票或有同等作用的电子讯息，以及合同可能要求的、证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。 B1 支付价款 买方必须按照销售合同规定支付价款。 A2 许可证、其他许可和手续 卖方必须自担风险和费用，取得任何出口许可证或其他官方许可，并在需要办理海关手续时，办理出口货物所需的一切海关手续。 B2 许可证、其他许可和手续 买方必须自担风险和费用取得任何进口许可证或其他官方许可，并在需要办理海关手续时，办理货物进口和在必要时从他国过境的一切海关手续。 A3 运输合同和保险合同 a）运输合同 无义务。 b）保险合同 无义务。 B3 运输合同和保险合同 a）运输合同 买方必须自付费用订立从指定的装运港运输货物的合同。 b）保险合同 无义务。 A4 交货 卖方必须在约定日期或期限内，在指定的装运港，按照该港习惯方式，将货物交至买方指定的船只上。 B4 受领货物 买方必须在卖方按照A4规定交货时受领货物。 A5 风险转移 除B5规定外，卖方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险，直至货物在指定的装运港越过船舷为止。 B5 风险转移 买方必须按照下述规定承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险： ●自货物在指定的装运港越过船舷时起；及 ●由于买方未按照B7规定通知卖方，或其指定的船只未按时到达，或未接收货物，或较按照B7通知的时间提早停止装货，则自约定交货日期或交货期限届满之日起，但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下，即清楚地划出或以其他方式确定为合同项下之货物为限。 A6 费用划分 除B6规定者外，卖方必须支付
国际贸易名词解释 1.象征性交货：是指卖方按合同规定装运货物后，向买方提交包括物权 凭证在内的有关单证，就算完成交货义务，无需保证到货。实际交货：是指卖方按合同规定将货物实际交给买方 2.询盘：是指为了试探对方对交易的诚意和了解其对交易条件的意见。 因多数是询问价格，故通常称之为询价。 3.发盘：是指交易一方即发盘人向另一方即受盘人提出购买或出售某种 商品的各项交易条件，并表示愿意按这种条件与对方达成交易订立合同的行为。 4.还盘：是指受盘人不同意或不完全同意发盘人在发盘中提出的条件， 为进一步协商对发盘提出修改意见。 5.接受：是指受盘人接到对方的发盘或还盘后，同意对方提出的条件， 愿意与对方达成交易并及时以声明或行为表示出来。这在法律上称作承诺。 6.品质机动幅度：是指允许卖方所交货物的质量指标在一定的幅度内有 所机动。 7.品质公差：是指在工业制成品中，国际同行业公认的产品品质误差。 8.对等样品的含义是：当买卖双方采用凭样成交时，卖方为了减少交货 时的风险可根据买方提供的样品，加工复制出一个类似的商品交买方确认，这种经确认后的样品，称为对等样品，也有的称其为确认样品或回样。 9.以毛作净：指的是以毛重作为计算价格和交付货物的计量基础，这种
计重方法在国际贸易中被称为“以毛作净”。 10.标准回潮率：纤维材料及其制品在标准温度、湿度条件下达到吸湿 平衡时的回潮率。 11.公量：是指用科学方法抽干商品中所含水分，然后再上一定标准的 水分所得出的重量。 12.溢短装条款——卖方在交货时，可按合同中的数量多交或少交一定 的百分比，他一般是在数量条款中加订的。（散装货：粮食、矿砂等）13.运输标志又称（Shipping Mark），它通常是由一个简单的几何图形 和一些英文字母、数字及简单的文字组成 14.FAQ是FarAverageQuality的简称，它表示一定时期内某地出口货 物的平均品质水平，习称“良好平均品质”，一般是指中等货或大路货而言。 15.中性包装——即不标明生产国别、地名、厂商名称，也不标明商标 或者品牌的包装。（无牌中性包装、定牌中性包装） 16.滞期费：是指在规定的装卸期限内，租船人未完成装卸作业，给 船方造成经济损失，租船人对超过的时间向船方支付一定的罚金。17.速遣费：如果按约定的装卸时间和装卸率提前完成装卸任务，使船 方节省了船舶在港的费用开支，船方将其获利的一部分给租船人作为奖励，叫速遣费。 18.划拨：货物正式划归合同项下的行为。 19.装运合同：利用贸易术语表示交货发生在装运时间前或装运时间的 合同。 20.到岸合同：利用贸易术语表示交货发生在货物到达目的地时的合
国际贸易（International Trade） 国际贸易惯例（International Trade Practice） 《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERM 2000） FOB ( Free On Board ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/a42067385.html,d port of shipment FOB 也称“离岸价”，实践中的使用通常为“FOB……港（出发地）按FOB成交，由买方负责派船接运货物，卖方应在合同规定的装运港和规定的期限内，将货物装上买方指定的船只，并及时通知买方。货物在装船时越过船舷，风险即由卖方转移至买方。 成员图片(4张) FAS ( Free Alongside Ship ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/a42067385.html,d port of shipment FAS(Free Alongside Ship)是国际贸易术语之一，《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERMS2000）对其规定如下：“船边交货（……指定装运港）”是指卖方在指定的装运港将货物交到船边，即完成交货。买方必须承担自那时起货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。 FCA ( Free Carrier ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/a42067385.html,d place FCA是国际贸易术语之一，《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERMS 2000）free carrier“货交承运人对其规定如下：需要说明的是，交货地点的选择对于在该地点装货和卸货的义务会产生影响。若卖方在其所在地交货，则卖方应负责装货，若卖方在任何其他地点交货，卖方不负责卸货。 该术语可用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。 “承运人”指任何人在运输合同中，承诺通过铁路、公路、空运、海运、内河运输或上述运输的联合方式履行运输或由他人履行运输。若买方指定承运人以外的人领取货物，则当卖方将货物交给此人时，即视为已履行了交货义务。 CFR ( Cost and Freight ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/a42067385.html,d port of destination 在《2000年通则》中，明确规定CFR术语只能适用于海运和内河航运。如合同当事人不采用越过船舷交货，则应使用CPT术语。 CIF ( Cost Insurance and Freight ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/a42067385.html,d port of destination CIF到岸价即"成本、保险费加运费"是指在目的港当货物越过船舷时卖方即完成交货。 FOB、CFR和CIF三种术语的换算： 1.FOB价换算为其他价CFR价=FOB价+国外运费CIF价=(FOB价+国外运费)/(1-投保加成×保险费率) 2.CFR价换算为其他价FOB价=CFR价－国外运费CIF价=CFR价/(1-投保加成×保险费率) 3.CIF价换算为其他价FOB价=CIF价×(1-投保加成×保险费率)－国外运费CFR价=C IF价×(1-投保加成×保险费率) 4. CFR计算报价 1．净价CFR=FOB+F 2．含佣价CFRC=CFR/(1-Rc)=FOB+F/(1-Rc）
蒙牛风险投资案例分析 叶长燮 2010-12-9 一、 宏观背景、乳业的状况 图1城镇居民基本情况 ■从图1可知，城镇居民的收入和食品支出在不断增加，并且消费结构不断由低档商品向中高档发展。2003年我国人均GDP 一举突破1000美元大关，2006年则越过了2000美元的关口，2008年，我国人均GDP 突破了3000美元，当一个国家或地区的人均GDP 超过3000美元的时候，其城镇化、工业化的进程将出现加速发展，而产业结构、消费类型也将发生重大转变。 图2牛奶人均消费量对比 图3奶类人均年消费量 ■从图2可知，2000年我国人均年消费量仅7.2公斤，仍处于很低的水平。不但低于欧美发达国家，而且远远低于亚洲的一些国家和地区，是发展中国家的20%。然而，滞后中蕴藏着发展的潜力。当前我国乳制品业发展正处于历史上最难得的机遇之中。从图3可知，世界人均年消费奶类93公斤，而我国只有7.2公斤，我国的人均消费仅为世界平均水平的1/14，在180个国家的排名中排在100位之后。从图2、图3对比可知，就固态、液态奶而言，液态牛奶更具有市场潜力。（事实是，蒙牛起来后，占据了液态奶市场第一，20.8%，而固态奶类制品由伊利长期占据第一。） 20 40 60 80 100 世界人均亚洲人均中 国人均
图4奶牛的生产和消费 图5蒙牛成立初的乳业企业状况 ■从图4可知，乳品生产仍然满足不了消费市场的需求，市场未来发展潜力非常大。从图5也可以看出，乳业企业的生产经营存在着很大的风险（从图5中看出，1999年蒙牛成立之初，有接近1/3的乳业企业亏损）。 二、蒙牛简介 1999年，在中国乳业老大伊利当了10年生产经营副总裁的牛根生被开除了。他东拼西筹了900万，成立蒙牛，蒙牛最初的启动资金来自至爱亲朋，承载着亲情、友情和信任。创立之时，面临的是"三无状态"：一无奶源，二无工厂，三无市场。但是包括牛根生在内的10位创业者有5位是来自伊利，可谓经验丰富、往绩彪炳。牛根生团队对乳品行业的运营规律有着的深刻认识和把握，他们拥有广泛的人脉关系和可资利用的市场渠道。蒙牛在第一个年头剩下的3个半月就实现了3730万元的销售收入。2000年是2.467亿元，2001年升至 7.24亿元、2002年再升至16.687亿元，2003年跃过40亿元！ 仅仅5年，蒙牛在全国乳制品企业中的排名由第1116位上升至第一位。截至2009年拥有总资产300多亿元，仍以28%的年增长率在不断成长。 三、蒙牛融资背景 2002年已驶入快车道的蒙牛对资金十分渴求，要开拓市场、建立自己的产业链条，在
风险投资案例分析： 软银投资阿里巴巴狂赚7l倍 年级：08 系别：经济系专业：金融学 班级: 2 姓名: 黄将锋学号: 120080801226
阿里巴巴的总裁马云这样看待企业家和投资家的关系：投资者可以炒我们.我们当然也可以换投资者，这个世界上投资者多得很。我希望给中国所有的创业者一个声音——投资者是跟着优秀的企业家走的.企业家不能跟着投资者走 投融资始末 创业伊始，第一笔风险投资救急 1999年年初，马云决定回到杭州创办一家能为全世界中小企业服务的电子商务站点。回到杭州后，马云和最初的创业团队开始谋划一次轰轰烈烈的创业。大家集资了50万元，在马云位于杭州湖畔花园的100多平方米的家里，阿里巴巴诞生了。 这个创业团队里除了马云之外，还有他的妻子、他当老师时的同事、学生以及被他吸引来的精英。比如阿里巴巴首席财务官蔡崇信，当初抛下一家投资公司的中国区副总裁的头衔和75万美元的年薪，来领马云几百元的薪水。 他们都记得，马云当时对他们所有人说：“我们要办的是一家电子商务公司，我们的目标有3个：第一，我们要建立一家生存102年的公司；第二，我们要建立一家为中国中小企业服务的电子商务公司；第三，我们要建成世界上最大的电子商务公司，要进入全球网站排名前十位。”狂言狂语在某种意义上来说，只是当时阿里巴巴的生存技巧而已。 阿里巴巴成立初期，公司是小到不能再小，18个创业者往往是身兼数职。好在网站的建立让阿里巴巴开始逐渐被很多人知道。来自美国的《商业周刊》还有英文版的《南华早报》最早主动报道了阿里巴巴，并且令这个名不见经传的小网站开始在海外有了一定的名气。 有了一定名气的阿里巴巴很快也面临到资金的瓶颈：公司账上没钱了。当时马云开始去见一些投资者，但是他并不是有钱就要，而是精挑细选。即使囊中羞涩，他还是拒绝了38家投资商。马云后来表示.他希望阿里巴巴的第一笔风险投资除了带来钱以外，还能带来更多的非资金要素，例如进一步的风险投资和其他的海外资源。而被拒绝的这些投资者并不能给他带来这些。 就在这个时候，现在担任阿里巴巴CFO的蔡崇信的一个在投行高盛的旧关系为阿里巴巴解了燃眉之急。以高盛为主的一批投资银行向阿里巴巴投资了500万美元。这一笔“天使基金”让马云喘了口气。 第二轮投资，挺过互联网寒冬 更让他意料不到的是，更大的投资者也注意到了他和阿里巴巴。1999年秋，日本软银
国际贸易术语中英文标准化管理部编码-[99968T-6889628-J68568-1689N]
外销员辅导物流货运费英文术语大全 海运费oceanfreight 集卡运费、短驳费Drayage 订舱费bookingcharge 报关费customsclearancefee 操作劳务费labourfeeorhandlingcharge 商检换单费exchangefeeforCIP 换单费D/Ofee 拆箱费De-vanningcharge 港杂费portsur-charge 电放费B/Lsurrenderfee 冲关费emergentdeclearationchange 海关查验费customsinspectionfee 待时费waitingcharge 仓储费storagefee 改单费amendmentcharge 拼箱服务费LCLservicecharge 动、植检疫费animal&plantquarantinefee 移动式其重机费mobilecranecharge 进出库费warehousein/outcharge 提箱费containerstuffingcharge 滞期费demurragecharge 滞箱费containerdetentioncharge 卡车运费cartagefee 商检费commodityinspectionfee 转运费transportationcharge 污箱费containerdirtynesschange 坏箱费用containerdamagecharge 清洁箱费containerclearancecharge 分拨费dispatchcharge 车上交货FOT(freeontrack) 电汇手续费T/Tfee 转境费/过境费I/Ebondedcharge
DELIVERED DUTY PAID 完税后交货 DDP (insert named place of destination) Incoterms_ 2010 完税后交货（…指定目的地） GUIDANCE NOTE 序言 This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used wher e more than one mode of transport is employed. “Delivered Duty Paid” means that the seller deli vers the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer, cleared for import on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination. The seller bea rs all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the place of destination and has an obli gation to clear the goods not only for export but also for import, to pay any duty for both export and import and to carry out all customs formalities. DDP represents the maximum obligation for the seller. The parties are well advised t o specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs and r isks to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of car riage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage relat ed to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agree d between the parties. The parties are well advised not to use DDP if the seller is unable directly or indirectly to obtain import clearance. If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of import clearance, the DAP rule should be used. Any VAT or other taxes payable upon import are for the seller’s account unless expressly agreed otherwise in the sales contract. 该术语适用于所选择的任一运输方式，也可被用于多式联运。“Delivered Duty Paid”是指当卖方在指定目的地将已办理进口清关手续的在运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置时，即完成交货。卖方承担将货物运送到指定地点的一切费用和风险。卖方要负责办理货物出口和进口清关，负担任何出口和进口关税和一切相关海关手续。DDP是卖方承担责任最大的术语。当事人应尽可能精准地指定约定目的地中的具体交货地点，因为货物运送至该地点的一切费用和风险由卖方负担。建议卖方订立与上述决定适宜的运输合同。除当事人事先另有约定外，如果卖方根据其运输合同负担了有关货物在指定目的地卸载的费用，其无权要求买方偿还相关费用。如果卖方不能直接或间接办理进口手续，建议当事人不要使用DDP术语。如果当事人希望买方承担进口清关的一切风险和费用，应使用DAP术语。除在销售合同中另有明确约定，任何增值税或其他进口所需税款应由卖方负担。 A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS 卖方义务 A1 General obligations of the seller 卖方基本义务 The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document r eferred to in A1- A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or custo mary. 卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票以及按照合同约定必需的有同等作用的其他任何凭证。以及经当事人同意或根据交易习惯在A1-A10中提到的任何有同等作用的电子记录或程序的凭证。 A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities 许可，授权，安全许可和其他正式手续 Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import lice nce and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export
分析证书certificate of analysis 一致性证书certificate of conformity 质量证书certificate of quality 测试报告test report 产品性能报告product performance report 产品规格型号报告product specification report 工艺数据报告process data report 首样测试报告first sample test report 价格／销售目录price ／sales catalogue 参与方信息party information 农产品加工厂证书mill certificate 家产品加工厂证书post receipt 邮政收据post receipt 重量证书weight certificate 重量单weight list 证书ceitificate 价值与原产地综合证书combined certificate of value and origin 移动声明Ａ．ＴＲ．１movement certificate Ａ．ＴＲ．１ 数量证书certificate of quantity 质量数据报文quality data message 查询query 查询回复response to query 订购单purchase order 制造说明manufacturing instructions 领料单stores requisition 产品售价单invoicing data sheet 包装说明packing instruction 内部运输单internal transport order 统计及其他管理用内部单证statistical and oter administrative internal docu-ments 直接支付估价申请direct payment valuation request 直接支付估价单direct payment valuation 临时支付估价单rpovisional payment valuation 支付估价单payment valuation 数量估价单quantity valuation request 数量估价申请quantity valuation request 合同数量单contract bill of quantities-BOQ 不祭价投标数量单unpriced tender BOQ 标价投标数量单priced tender BOQ 询价单enquiry 临时支付申请interim application for payment 支付协议agreement to pay 意向书letter of intent 订单order 总订单blanket order
13种国际贸易术语解释 一、E组 1：EXW---工厂交货（---指定地点）。是指卖方将货物从工厂（或仓库）交付给买方，除非另有规定，卖方不负责将货物装上买方安排的车或船上，也不办理出口报关手续。买方负担自卖方工厂交付后至最终目的地的一切费用和风险。如买方不能直接或间接的办理货物出口报关手续时，则不宜采用此贸易方式。EXW是卖方责任最小的贸易术语。 二、F组 2：FCA，即货交承运人(……指定地点)。此术语是指卖方必须在合同规定的交货期内在指定地点将货物交给买方指定的承运人监管，并负担货物交由承运人监管前的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。 需要说明的是，交货地点选择对于在该地点装货和卸货的义务会产生影响。若卖方在其所在地交货，则卖方应负责装货；若卖方 了其交货义务。 3：FAS---装运港船边交货（--- 4：FOB-装运港船上交货（---指定装运港）。 用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。 三、C组 5：CFR(-成本加运费（--- 6：CIF--- 负担货物越过船舷以前为止的一切费用和货物7：CPT 8：CIP- 四：D组 9：DAF 10：DES-目的港船上交货（---指定目的港）。是指卖方将货物运至买方指定目的港的船上，并交给买方，但不办理进口清关手续，卖方负担将货物运抵指定卸货港为止的一切费用和风险，买方负担货物从船上开始卸货期的一切费用和风险。 11：DEQ-目的港码头交货（---指定目的港）。是指将货物交付给买方，但不办理货物进口清关手续，卖方负担将货物运抵卸货港并卸至码头为止的一切费用与风险。买方则负担随后的一切费用和风险。 12：DDQ进口国未完税交货（---指定目的地）。 是指卖方将货物运至进口国指定的目的地交付给买方，不办理进口手续，也不从交货的运输工具上将货物卸下，即完成交货。卖方应该承担货物运至指定目的地为止的一切费用与风险，不包括在需要办理海关手续时在目的地进口应缴纳的任何“税费”（包括办理海关手续的责任和风险，以及交纳手续费、关税、税款和其他费用）。买方必须承担此项“税费”和因其未能及时办理货物进口清关手续而引起的费用和风险。
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英t o英） What’s International Trade? The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. EXPORTING Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells. EXW EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FAS Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment. FOB Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment CIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium. FCA, Free carrier (…Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the
Free Carrier 货交承运人 FCA (insert named place of delivery) Incoterms 2010 货交承运人（…指定地点） GUIDANCE NOTE 序言 This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. “Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the seller’s premises or anothe r named place. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the n amed place of delivery, as the risk passes to the buyer at that point. If the parties intend to delive r the goods at the seller’s premises, they should identify the address of those premises as the na med place of delivery. If, on the other hand, the parties intend the goods to be delivered at anoth er place, they must identify a different specific place of delivery. FCA requires the seller to clear t he goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities. 该术语适用于所选择的任一运输方式，也可被用于多式联运。“Free Carrier”是指卖方只要将货物在其所在地或指定交货地点交给买方指定的承运人，即完成交货。当事人应尽可能精准地指定交付地点，因为到达指定地点后风险由买方承担。如果当事人计划在卖方所在地交货，则应指明卖方所在地的地址为指定的交付地点。如果当事人计划在另一地点交货，则应指明另一明确的交货地点。FCA要求在需要办理海关手续时由卖方负责货物出口清关。然而，卖方并没有义务办理货物进口清关、负担任何进口关税或办理任何进口海关手续。 A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS 卖方义务 A1 General obligations of the seller 卖方基本义务 The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document r eferred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary. 卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票以及按照合同约定必需的有同等作用的其他任何凭证。以及经当事人同意或根据交易习惯在A1-A10中提到的任何有同等作用的电子记录或程序的凭证。 A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities 许可，授权，安全许可和其他正式手续 Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods. 在需要办理清关手续时，卖方必须承担风险和费用获得任何出口许可或其他官方授权，办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续。 A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance 运输合同和保险合同 a) Contract of carriage 运输合同The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage. However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer’s risk and expense. I n either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptl y notify the buyer. 卖方没有义务为买方订立运输合同。但若买方要求，或者如果是商业惯例而买方未适时给予卖方相反指示，则卖方可按照通常条件订立运输合同，费用和风险由买方承担。在任何一种情况下，卖方都可以拒绝订立此合同；如果拒绝，则应立即通知买方。