武汉大学英语专业考研MTI真题

武汉大学MTI真题Multiple Choice (30 points, 1 point for each)1. The American approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many people because there is lessemphasis on learning facts than _______ true in the systems of any other countries.a) is b) it is c) it being d) to be2. Cinema-goers hate _______long queues before all cinemas.a) there being b) there to be c) there is d) there are3. _______ had a passion for walking, we started off by car.a) when b) as c) after d) while4. The opposition parties are planning to bring _______ a No-Confidence Motion against the Prime Minister.a) up b) forward c) out d) about5. India is one of the several countries which are _______ affected by widespread deforestation and steady destruction of natural watersheds.a) critically b) remarkably c) superficially d) strongly6. If you take care of the pence, the _______ will take care of themselves.a) dollars b) cents c) pounds d) money7. Over the course of centuries, the river Ganges has _______ its course many a times.a) altered b) deviated c) recovered d) adjusted8. A notable patriot and revolutionary _______ lost-to India in the death of Subhash Chandra Bose.a) was b) were c) had d) have9. The dacoits attacked the village and every man, woman and child _______ put to death.a)was b) were c) is d) are10 They tried to reassure me but I was still not able to _______ my fears.a) annul b) prevent c) reduce d) curtail11. always preferred the _______ of the big city.a) anonymity b) obscurity c) distinctiveness d) none of these12. The opposition _______ the Minister by furious criticism.a) ascribed b) hailed c) treated d) assailed13. His jokes failed to ________ even the faintest of smites from her.a) invoke b) elicit c) attract d) make14. Credit card crime is reaching _______ proportions.a) endemic b) epidemic c) unbelievable d) great15. The visitor was welcomed _______ and introduced to the Governor.a) ceremoniously b) ceremonially c) affectionately d) perfectly16. She showed great _______ and finesse in dealing with the troublesome situation.a) tact b) trick c) ability d) power17. She _______ her disapproval of the show by leaving the auditorium.a) engaged b) saw c) envisaged d) evinced18. Coaching classes often act as the _______ to success in competitive examinations.a) way b) means c) door d) window19. The poor woman has _______ many hardships after her husband died many years ago.a) born b) bore c) borne d) boar20. We partook _______ the humble meal provided by the villagers.a) with b) of c) at d) from21. This is similar to the other tune, but quite _______ from it.a) distinctive b) distinct c) diverge d) divergent22. A leading chemist believes that many scientists have difficulty with stereochemistry because much of the relevant nomenclature is _______ . in that it combines concepts that should be kept a) obscure. . . interrelated b) specialized. . . intactc) imprecise. . . discrete d) descriptive. . . separate23. A misconception frequently held by novice writers is that sentence structure mirrors thought: the more convoluted the structure, the more _______ the ideas.a) complicated b) inconsequential c) elementary d) fanciful24. A war, even if fought for individual liberty and. democratic rights, usually requires that these principles be _______ , for they are _______ the regimentation and discipline necessary for military efficiency.a) rejected. . . inherent in b) suppressed fulfilled throughc) suspended. . . incompatible with d) followed. . . disruptive of25. A number of writers who once greatly _______ the literary critic have recently recanted, substituting _______ for their former criticism.a) lauded. . . censure b) influenced. . . analysisc) simulated. . . ambivalence d) honored. . . adulation26. A human being is quite _______ creature, for the gloss of rationality that covers his or her fears and _______ is thin and often easily breached.a) a logical. . . problems b) a ludicrous. . . laughterc) a valiant. . . phobias d) an ambitious. . . morality27. The diplomat, selected for her demonstrated patience and skill in conducting such delicate negotiations, ________ to make a decision during the talks because any sudden commitment at thattime would have beena) resolved. . . detrimental b) refused. . . aproposc) declined. . . inopportune d) struggled. . . unconscionable28. Because the monkeys under study are _______ the presence of human beings, they typically _______ human observers and go about their business.a) ambivalent about . . . welcome b) habituated to . . . disregardc) pleased with . . . snub d) unaware of avoid29 He had expected gratitude for his disclosure, but instead he encountered _______ bordering on hostility.a) patience b) discretion c) indifference d) ineptitude30. Nonviolent demonstrations often create such tensions that a community that Inns constantly refused to_______ its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be _______ .a) acknowledge. . . ignored b) decrease. . . verifiedc) tolerate. . . accepted d) address. . . eliminated?. Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points for each)Read the following passages carefully and choose one best answer for each question in Passage 1, 2and 3, and answer the questions in passage 4 based on your understanding of the passage. (1) Scattered around the globe are more than one hundred regions of volcanic activity known as hot spots (hot spot: a place in the upper mantle of the earth at which hot magma from the lower mantle upwells to melt through the crust usually in the interior of a tectonic plate to form a volcanic feature; also: a place in the crust overlying a hot spot). Unlike most volcanoes, hot spots are rarely found along the boundaries of the continental and oceanic plates that comprise the Earth's crust; most hot spots lie deep in the interior of plates and are anchored deep in the layers of the Earth's surface. Hot spots are also distinguished from other volcanoes by their lavas, which contain greater amounts of alkali metals than do those from volcanoes at plate margins.In some cases, plates moving past hot spots have left trails of extinct volcanoes in much the same way that wind passing over a chimney carries off puffs of smoke. It appears that the Hawaiian Islands were created in such a manner by a single source of lava, welling up from a hot spot, over which the Pacific Ocean plate passed on a course roughly from the east toward the northwest, carrying off a line of volcanoes of increasing age. Two other Pacific island chains梩he Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge梡arallel the configuration of the Hawaiian chain; they are also aligned from the east toward the northwest, with the most recent volcanic activity near their eastern terminuses. That the Pacific plate and the other plates are moving is now beyond dispute; the relative motion of the plates has been reconstructed in. detail. However, the relative motion of the plates with respectto the Earth's interior cannot be determined easily. Hot spots provide the measuring instruments for resolving the question of whether two continental plates are moving in opposite directions or whether one is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. The most compelling evidence that a continental plate is stationary is that, at some hot spots, lavas of several ages are superposed instead of being spread out in chronological sequence. Of course, reconstruction of plate motion from the tracks of hot-spot volcanoes assumes that hot spots are immobile, or nearly so. Several studies support such an assumption, including one that has shown that prominent hot spots throughout the world seem not to have moved during the past ten million years. Beyond acting as frames Of reference, hot spots apparently influence the geophysical processes that propel the prates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, material welling up from deeper layers forms abroad dome that, as it grows, develops deep fissures. In some instances, the continental plate may rupture entirely along some of the fissures so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus, just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of thecontinental plates, so hot-spot activity may suggest a theory to explain their mutability.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______ .(A) describe the way in which hot spots influence the extinction of volcanoes(B) describe and explain the formation of the oceans and continents(C) explain how to estimate the age of lava flows from extinct volcanoes(D) describe hot spots and explain how they appear to influence and record the motion of plates2. According to the passage, hot spots differ from most voicanoes in that hot spots _____ .(A) can only be found near islands(B) have greater amounts of alkali metals in their tarns(C) are situated closer to the earth's surface(D) can be found along the edges of the plates3. It can be inferred from the passage that evidence for the apparent course of the Pacific plate has been provided by the ______ .(A) configurations of several mid-ocean island chains(B) dimensions of ocean hot spotsC) concurrent movement of two hot spots(D) pattern of fissures in the ocean floor4. The passage suggests which of the following about the Hawaiian Islands, the Austral Ridge, and the Tuamotu Ridge?(A) The three chains of islands are moving eastward.(B) The three island chains are a result of the same plate movement.(C) The Hawaiian Islands are receding from the other two island chains at a relatively rapid rate.(D) The Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu Ridge chains have moved closer together whereas the Hawaiian Islands have remained stationary.5. Which of the following, if tree, would best support the author's statement that hot-spot activitymay explain the mutability of continental plates?(A) Hot spots move more rapidly than the continental and oceanic plates.(B) Hot spots are reliable indicators of the age of continental plates.(C) Hot spots are regions of volcanic activity found only in the interiors of the continental plates(D) The coastlines of Africa and South America suggest that they may once have constituted a single continent that raptured along a line of hot spots.(2)"They treat us like mules," the guy installing my washer tells me, his eyes narrowing as he wipes his hands. I had just complimented him and his partner on the speed and assurance of their work. He explains that it's rare that customers speak to him this way. I know what he's talking about. My mother was a waitress all her life, in coffee shops and fast-paced chain restaurants. It was hard work, but she liked it, liked "being among the public," as she would say. But that work had its sting too--the customer who would treat her like a servant or, her biggest complaint, like she was not that bright. There's a lesson here for this political season: the subtle and not-so-subtle insults that blue-collar and service workers endure as part of their working lives. And those insults often have to do with intelligence.We like to think of the United States as a classless society. The belief in economic mobility is central to the American Dream, and we pride ourselves on our spirit of egalitarianism. But we also have a troubling streak of aristocratic bias in our national temperament, and one way it manifests itself is in the assumptions we make about people who work with their hands. Working people sense this bias and react to it when they vote. The common political wisdom is that hot-button social issues have driven blue-collar voters rightward. But there are other cultural dynamics at play as well, And Democrats can be as oblivious to these dynamics as Republicans梩hough the Grand Old Party did appeal to them in St. Paul.Let's go back to those two men installing my washer and dryer. They do a lot of heavy lifting quickly梞ine was the first of 15 deliveries梐nd efficiently, to avoid injury. Between them there is ongoing communication, verbal and nonverbal, to coordinate the lift, negotiate the tight fit,move inrhythm with each other. And all the while, they are weighing options, making decisions and solvingproblems梐s when my new dryer didn't match up with the gas outlet.Think about what a good waitress has to do in the busy restaurant: remember orders and monitorthem. attend to a dynamic, quickly changing environment, prioritize tasks and manage the flow ofwork, make decisions on the fly. There's the carpenter using a number of mathematical concepts ymmetry proportion, congruence, the properties of angles梐nd visualizing these concepts while building a cabinet, a flight of stairs, or a pitched roof.The hairstylist's practice is a mix of technique, knowledge about the biology of hair, aesthetic judgment and communication skill. The mechanic, electrician, and plumber are troubleshooters andproblem solvers Even the routinized factory floor calls for working smarts. When has any of this madeits way into our political speeches? From either party. Even on Labor Day. Last week, the GOP masterfully invoked some old cultural suspicions: country folk versus city and east-coast versusheartland education. But these are symbolic populist gestures, not the stuff of true engagement. Judgments about intelligence carry great weight in our society, and we have a tendency to make sweeping assessments of people's intelligence based on the kind of work they do.Political tributes to labor over the next two months Will render the muscled arm, sleeve rolled tight against biceps. But few will also celebrate the thought bright behind the eye, or offer an imagethat links hand and brain. It would be fitting in a country with an egalitarian vision of itself to have atruer, richer sense of all that is involved in the wide range of work that surrounds and sustains us. Those politicians who can communicate that sense will tap a deep reserve of neglected feeling. And those who can honor and use work in explaining and personalizing their policies will find a welcome reception.6. To illustrate the intelligence of the working class, the author cites the examples of all of the following EXCEPT ______ .(A) hairstylist and waitress (B) carpenter and mechanic(C) electrician and plumber (D) street-cleaner and shop-assistant7. In the sentence "we pride ourselves on our spirit of egalitarianism" (para. 3), the word "egalitarianism" can be replaced by ______ .(A) individualism (B) enlightenment(C) equality (D) liberalism8. We can conclude from the passage that ______ .(A) in America, judgments about people's intelligence are often based on the kind of work they do(B) the subtle and not so subtle insults towards, blue-collars are a daily phenomenon in America(C) the United States is a. classless society(D) the old cultural suspicions, of country folk versus city and east-coast versus heartland education show the Republican's true engagement9. One of the major groups of targeted readers of the author should be ______ .(A) blue-collar American workers(B) middle-class American businessmen(C) American politicians(D) American company leaders10. Which of the following summarizes the main idea of the passage?(A) The Democratic Party and the Republican Party should stop symbolic populist gestures.(B) Political tributes should mind the subtle bias against the intelligence of the working class.(C) The ruling party should acknowledge the working smarts of blue-collars.(3)Joy and sadness, are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that-the expression of many emotions may beuniversal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger.As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facialexpressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach ofenemies (or friends) in the absence of language.Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. Inclassic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust,fear happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions werebeing depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore,a tribe that dwells in the New. Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost nocontact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The For also displayed familiar facialexpressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called forbasic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a studyof ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multipie emotions were shown byfacial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown andwhich emotion was more intense.Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles andin the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship betweenemotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so aperson's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words: "Thefree expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as faras possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. " Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will,for example, and frowning to anger?Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which isthe level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism, intense contraction of facial muscles,such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal thenleads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and therelease of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses. ) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-calledDuchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles-around the eyes and a subtle drop inthe eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead topleasant feelings.Ekman's observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response 梐slong as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening thelip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.11. The word "despondent" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______ .(A) curious(B) unhappy(C) thoughtful(D) uncertain12. The author mentions "Baring the teeth in a hostile way" in order to ______ .(A) differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it(B) upport Darwin's theory of evolution(C) provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood(D) contrast a facial expression that is-easily understood with other facial expressions13. The word "concur" in the passage is closest in meaning to ______ .(A) estimate(B) agree(C) expect(D) understand14. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Eore people of New Guinea?(A) They did not want to be shown photographs.(B) They were famous for their story telling skills.(C) They knew very little about Western culture.(D) They did not encourage the expression of emotions.15. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?(A) They would become less intense.(B) They would last longer than usual.(C) They would cause problems later.(D) They would become more negative.(4)BANKS mimic other banks. They expose themselves to similar risks by making the same sorts of loans. Each bank's appetite for lending rises and falls in sync. What is safe for one institution becomesdangerous if they all do the same, which is-often how financial trouble starts. The scope for nasty spillovers is increased by direct linkages. Banks lend to each other as well as to customers, so one firm's failure can quickly cause others to fall over, too.Because of these connections, rules to ensure the soundness of each bank are not enough to keepthe banking system safe. Hence the calls for "macroprudential" regulation to prevent failures of thefinancial system as a whole. Although there is wide agreement that macropmdential policy is neededto limit systemic risk, there has been very little detail about how it might work. Two new reports helpfill this gap. One is a discussion paper from the Bank of England, which sketches out the elements of amacroprudential regime and identifies what needs to be decided before it is put into practice. Theother paper by the Warwick Commission, a group of academics and experts on finance from aroundthe world, advocates specific reforms.The first step is to decide an objective for macroprudential policy. A broad aim is to keep the financial system working well at all times. The bank's report suggests a more precise goal: to limit thechance of bank -failure to its "social optimum". Tempering the boom-bust credit cycle and taking some air out of asset, price bubbles may be necessary to meet these aims, but both reports agree thatshould not be the main purpose of regulation. Making finance safer is ambitious enough. Policymakers then have to decide on how they might achieve their goal. The financial system is too willing to provide credit in good times and too shy to do so in bad times. In upswings banks arekeen to extend loans because write-offs seem unlikely. The willingness of other banks to do the sameonly reinforces the trend. Borrowers seem less likely to default because with lots of credit around, thevalue of their assets is rising. As the boom gathers pace, even banks that are wary of making fresh loans carry on for fear of ceding ground to rivals. When recession hits, each bank becomes fearful ofmaking loans partly because other banks are also reluctant. Scarce credit hurts asset prices and leavesborrowers prey to the cash-flow troubles of customers and suppliers.Since the cycle is such an. -influence on banks, macroprudential regulation should make it harder for all banks to lend so freely in booms and easier for them to lend in recessions. It can do this by tailoring capital requirements to the credit cycle. Whenever overall credit growth looks too frothy, themacroprudential body could increase the minimum capital buffer that supervisors make each bankhold. Equity capital is relatively dear for banks, which benefit from an implicit state guarantee on theirdebt finance as well as the tax breaks on interest payments enjoyed by all firms. Forcing banks to holdmore capital when exuberance reigns would make it costlier for them to supply credit. It would alsoprovide society with an extra cushion against bank failures.Each report adds its own twist to this prescription. The Bank of England thinks extra capital may be needed for certain sorts of credit. If capital penalties are not targeted, it argues, banks may simplycut back on routine loans to free up capital for more exotic lending. The Warwick report says eachbank's capital should also vary with how long-lived its assets are relative to its tunding. Firms withbigmaturitiy mismatches are more likely to cause systemic problems and should be penalised. The ease ofraising cash against assets and of rolling over debt varies over the cycle, and capital rules need to reflect this. Regulators should also find ways to match different risks with the firms which can bestbear them. Ranks are the natural bearers of credit risk since they know about evaluating borrowers.Pension funds are less prone to sudden withdrawals of cash and are the best homes for illiquid assets.The Warwick group is keen that macroprudential policy should be guided by rules. if credit, assetprices and GDP were all growing above their long-run average rates, say, the regulator would be forced to step in or explain why it is not doing so. Finance is a powerful lobby. Without such a triggerfor intervention, regulators may be swayed by arguments that the next credit boom is somehow different and poses few dangers. The bank frets about regulatory capture, too, but doubts that any rulewould be right for all circumstances. It favours other approaches, such as frequent public scrutiny, tokeep regulators honest.When banks attack, no regulatory system is likely to be fail-safe. That is why Bank of England officials stress that efforts to make bank failures less costly for society must he part of regulatory reform. That includes making banks' capital structures more flexible, so that some kinds of debt turninto loss-bearing equity in a crisis. Both reports favour making systemically important banks hold extra capital, as they pose bigger risks when they fail.The Warwick group also thinks cross-border banks should abide by the rules of their host countries, so that macroprudential regulation fits local credit conditions. That would require that foreign subsidiaries be independently capitalised, which may also be necessary for a cross-border bank to have a credible "living will", a guide to its orderly resolution. This. advice will chafe most inthe European Union, where standard rules are the basis of the single market. But varying rules on capital could also be used as a macroeconomic tool in the euro area, where monetary policy cannot betailored to each country's needs. Regulation to address negative spillovers that hurt financial stabilitymight then have a positive spillover for economic stability.Answer the following questions in your own words according to the requirements. The answers should be as clear and relevant as possible.16. What is the situation facing banks and why?17. Based on your understanding of the passage, what might be the meaning of "boom-bust credit cycle" and "asset price bubbles" in the 3rdparagraph?18. How do The Bank of England and the Warwick group respond to the "macroprudential"。