词汇
Ray Optics射线光学Refraction 折射Reflection 反射Index of Refraction 折射率Optical spectrum 光谱
Dispersion 色散lens 透镜Total Internal Reflection全内反射Prisms棱镜right isosceles triangles正等腰三角形Spherical refracting surface 球面折射面
sign convention符号法则
paraxial approximation近轴近似aberration像差
chromatic aberration色差collimated平行的；使平行critical angle临界角defect缺点，缺陷
incident入射的inclination倾斜角；偏向magnitude数量级virtual image 虚像
Diffraction 衍射Interference 干涉aperture 孔径complex exponential function复指数函数
complex conjugate复共轭monochromatic单色的
optical path difference 光程差polarization 偏振
resonator谐振器resolution分辨率Holography 全息术wavelength 波长microscope 显微镜
beam splitter 分束器Rainbow holography彩虹全息术
Volume holograms 体全息图
Computer-generated holography 计算机全息术
Spatial Filtering空间滤波gratings光栅
harmonics interferogram谐波干涉图
pupil function 光瞳函数principal maxima 主极大值Mode Locking 波模锁定；振荡型同步Transverse modes 横向模式Laser rangefinder激光测距仪navigation 导航Photodetector光电检测器photomultiplier光电倍增管Photon 光子Optical Fiber Communication 光纤通信
fiber 纤维Optical Loss 光学损失
Group集体velocity 速度nonlinearity非线性anomalous-dispersion反常色散
Stimulated Raman Scattering 受激拉曼散射Self-Phase Modulation 相位调制效应
Cross-Phase Modulation 交叉相位调制
bandwidth 带宽optical switches光开关Photodetectors光电探测器crystal 晶体Birefringence 双折射electron 电子
Mechanical and thermal strength 机械和热强度surface 表面Bandgap 能带carrier concentration 载体浓度discharge 放电photovoltaic 光伏
Optical Thin Film Technology光学薄膜技术
Photolithography 光刻, biophotonics生物光子学,
3D Display Technology 3 d显示技术,
Infrared Detection Technology红外探测技术
exposure 曝光irradiation 辐照nanoparticle纳米颗粒
句子
We treat light beams as rays that propagate along straight lines, except at interfaces between dissimilar materials, where the rays may be bent or refracted. This approach, which had been assumed to be completely accurate before the discovery of the wave nature of light, leads to a great many useful results regarding lens optics and optical instruments.
我们将光束处理为沿着直线传播的光线，除了在不同材料之间的界面处，其中光线可以被弯曲或折射。这种方法被认为在发现光的波特性之前是完全准确的，导致产生许多关于透镜光学和光学仪器的有用结果。
When a light ray strikes a smooth interface between two transparent media at an angle, it is refracted.
当光线以一个角度撞击在两个透明介质之间的平滑界面时，其为折射。
The refractive index of a given material is not independent of wavelength, but generally increases slightly with decreasing wavelength.
给定材料的折射率并非与波长无关，但通常随着波长减小而略微增加。
A word of warning with regard to the signs in algebraic expression: Because of the sign convention adopted here, derivations based solely on geometry will not necessarily result in the correct sign for a given term. There are two ways to correct this defect. The first, to carry a minus sign before the symbol of each negative quantity, is too cumbersome and confusing for general use. Thus, we adopt the second, which is to go through the final formula and change the sign of each negative quantity. This procedure has al ready been adopted in connection with the “len” equation and is necessary, as noted, to make the formula algebraically correct. It is important, though, not to change the signs until the final step, lest some signs be altered twice.
关于代数表达式中的符号的警告词：由于这里采用的符号法则，仅基于几何的导出不一定导致给定术语的正确符号。有两种方法来纠正此缺陷。第一，在每个负数量的符号之前携带减号，对于一般使用来说太麻烦和混乱。因此，我们采用第二个，即通过最后的公式，并改变每个负数量的符号。这个程序已经结合“len”方程被采用，并且如上所述是必要的，以使公式在代数上是正确的。然而，重要的是，不要改变迹象，直到最后一步，以免一些迹象改变两次。
When conditions are such that the light is incoherent, it is not possible to detect interference effects. A discussion of wave optics is incomplete without considering the conditions that must exist for an interference experiment to be performed successfully. 当条件使得光不相干时，不可能检测干涉效应。波光学的讨论是不完整
的，没有考虑必须存在的条件，以便干扰实验成功地执行。
Light is a transverse, electromagnetic wave characterized by time-varying electric and magnetic fields. The fields propagate hand in hand; it is usually sufficient to consider either one and ignore the other. It is conventional to retain the electric field, largely because its interaction with matter is in most cases far stronger than that of the magnetic field.
光是以时变的电场和磁场为特征的横向电磁波。在领域里携手共进; 通常足以考虑一个而忽略另一个。通常保持电场，主要是因为其与物质的相互作用在大多数情况下远远强于磁场的相互作用。
A transverse wave, like the wave on a plucked string, vibrates at right angles to the direction of propagation. Such a wave must be described with vector notation, because its vibration has a specific direction associated with it. For example, the wave may vibrate horizontally, vertically, or in any other direction; or it may vibrate in a complicated combination of horizontal and vertical oscillations. Such effects are called polarization effects. A wave that vibrates in a single plane (horizontal, for example) is said to be plane polarized.
横波，类似于拾取弦上的波，以与传播方向成直角振动。这样的波必须用矢量符号来描述，因为它的振动具有与其相关联的特定方向。例如，波可以水平地，垂直地或在任何其它方向上振动; 或者其可以以水平和垂直振荡的复杂组合振动。这种效应称为偏振效应。在单个平面（例如水平）中振动的波被称为平面偏振。Spectral filters are devices used to modify the (spectral) transmittance of an optical system. They may be made of a homogeneous material with appropriate spectral absorption characteristics, or use other optical phenomenon, such as multiple-beam interference or optical anisotropy, to effect the modification.
光谱滤光器是用于修改光学系统的（光谱）透射率的装置。它们可以由具有适当光谱吸收特性的均匀材料制成，或者使用其它光学现象，例如多光束干涉或光学各向异性，以实现修改。The fifth generation of lightwave systems employs erbium-doped fiber amplifiers for amplifying the transmitted optical signal periodically to compensate for fiber loss.
第五代光波系统采用掺铒光纤放大器来周期性地放大传输的光信号，以补偿光纤损耗。
As optical media, crystals are much less popular than glasses for the obvious reason that they are far more difficult to manufacture in large size. Their use is invariably motivated by the need for characteristics not readily obtainable in glass. Among these characteristics are the following: (1) Spectral transmittance characteristics extending beyond those obtainable with the usual glasses; (2) Special shape of the dispersion curve; (3) Birefringence, electro-, and magnetooptical characteristics; (4) Mechanical and thermal strength.
作为光学介质，由于明显的原因，晶体比玻璃更不受欢迎，因为它们在大尺寸下难以制造。它们的使用总是由对玻璃中不容易获得的特性的需要所驱动。这些特性如下：（1）超过用通常的玻璃获得的光谱透射率特性; （2）分散曲线的特殊形状; （3）双折射，电光和磁光特性; （4）机械和热强度。
For these potential advantages to be realized, ways must be found to produce highly compact components: (1) Optical waveguides whose cross-sectional dimensions are indeed of the order of magnitude of an optical wavelength. (2) Light sources and detectors of similar dimensions. (3) Light modulation and steering devices of a size consistent with (1) and (2).
为实现这些潜在优势,必须找到方法来产生高度紧凑的组件:(1)光波导的横截面尺寸数量级的确实是一个光学波长。(2)光源和探测器类似的维度。(3)光调制和操舵装置的大小与(1)和(2)一致。
However, to obtain high efficiencies, a low work function does not suffice; the cathode must be such that useful photoexitation can take place also within the material up to the depth of several tens of nanometers.
然而，为了获得高效率，低功函数不足; 阴极必须使得有用的光激发也可以在材料内发生达到几十纳米的深度。
Photoconductive detectors fall into two major categories: (1) Homogeneous detectors where a carrier, freed anywhere inside the material is drawn out by an externally applied field. (2) Junction detectors, where the carriers are generated in the neighborhood of a p-n junction to be separated by an internally generated field.
光电导检测器分为两个主要类别：（1）均匀检测器，其中在材料内任何地方释放的载体由外部施加的场引出。（2）结检测器，其中载流子在p-n结附近产生以由内部产生的场分离。
The thermal detectors respond due to a change in temperature which is a function of the absorbed energy and independent of its wavelength; their spectral response is determined solely by their spectral absorptivity and is therefore generally much more uniform than that obtained with a simple photon detector.
热检测器由于温度变化而响应，该温度变化是吸收能量的函数并且与其波长无关; 它们的光谱响应仅由它们的光谱吸收率确定，因此通常比用简单的光子检测器获得的光谱响应更均匀。
Optical thin films are widely used today in many diverse applications to control the way light is reflected, transmitted, or absorbed as a function of wavelength. They can be grouped into two major categories based on the application. In the first, the light travels parallel to the plane of the substrate with the films acting as wave guides in the emerging field of integrated optics. Here light signals could replace electrical signals in applications such as communications and computers. In the second application, the light travels perpendicular to the film plane for use as antireflection coatings, edge filters, high efficiency mirrors, beam splitters, etc.
光学薄膜目前在许多不同的应用中广泛使用，以控制光作为波长的函数被反射，透射或
吸收的方式。根据应用，它们可以分为两大类。在第一种情况下，光平行于衬底的平面传播，其中膜用作集成光学器件的出射场中的波导。这里，光信号可以替代诸如通信和计算机的应用中的电信号。在第二应用中，光垂直于膜平面行进，用作抗反射涂层，边缘滤光器，高效率反射镜，分束器等。
The term “thin” is used to indicate a layer whose thickness (perpendicular to the substrate) is the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of interest, and the extent (parallel to the substrate) is a very large number of wavelengths. Typical layers might range in thickness from 80nm in the visible to twenty times that in the infrared. Filters are composed of a stack of such layers, alternating between high and low refractive indices, with typically 20~40 layers, although in some cases they may have one hundred layers or more. Thin film filters operate by interference of the light reflected from the various layers as the light passes through perpendicular to the substrate.
术语“薄”用于表示其厚度（垂直于衬底）与感兴趣的波长具有相同数量级的层，并且（与衬底平行）的程度是非常大量的波长。典型的层的厚度可以在从可见光的80nm到红外的20倍的范围内。滤光器由这样的层的堆叠组成，在高折射率和低折射率之间交替，通常具有20?40层，但是在一些情况下，它们可以具有一百层或更多层。当光垂直于衬底通过时，薄膜滤波器通过从各个层反射的光的干涉来操作。
Photolithography, or optical lithography is a process used in microfabrication to selectively remove parts of a thin film or the bulk of a substrate. It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photo mask to a light-sensitive chemical photoresist, or simply resist, on the substrate.
光刻或光学光刻是在微加工中使用以选择性地移除薄膜的一部分或基板的主体的工艺。它使用光将几何图案从光掩模转移到基底上的光敏化学光致抗蚀剂或简单地抗蚀剂。
英语句子翻译大全 导读：本文是关于英语句子翻译大全的文章，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 01、I never stopped loving you，I just stopped showing it。 我对你的爱从来没有停止，只是我不再让别人知道而已。 02、Standing in a corner of the world，watching the sunrise and sunset。 站在世界某一个角落，看着日出日落。 03、Waiting is painful。Forgetting is painful。But not knowing which to do is the worse kind of suffering。 等待是一种痛，忘掉也是一种痛，但不知道该怎么办，是一种更折磨人的痛。 04、That formerly how to pick，time flies straight forward。 那段从前怎么去捡，光阴似箭一直向前。 05、Are you turn a walk，do not see my sad。Am I too wayward，regardless of your feelings。 是你转头就走，没看见我的难过。是我太任性，不顾你的感受。 06、Start everyday with a new hope，leave bad memories behind & have faith for a better tomorrow。 用新的希望开启每一天，释放掉不好的回忆，相信明天会更
好。 07、Who’s who of the hook，and who is who of redemption。 谁是谁的劫，谁又是谁的救赎。 08、They say after losing only treasure，in fact，after losing most painful treasure。 她们都说失去以后才懂得珍惜，其实珍惜后的失去最痛。 09、Love warms more than a thousand fires。 爱情的炽热胜过千万团的火。 10、It is good if you begin crying，that is the sign of cure。 能够哭就好，哭是开始痊愈的象征！ 11、Life is too short for us to wake up in the morning with regrets。 人生苦短，所以每天不要带着遗憾醒来。 12、Because of loving you so much that I stood aside。Although myfigure left you away，my heart didn’t。Today I have made up my mind to say “I love you。” 正是因为爱才悄悄的躲开，躲开的是身影，躲不开的是默默的情怀；今天我终于鼓起勇气，向你表达我的爱。 13、As long as people do not lose their direction，they will not lose themselves。 人只要不失去方向，就不会失去自己。
精读翻译 1. 经理先生，明天我可以不来上班吗？我母亲要来看我 Mr. Manager, may I take a day off tomorrow? My mother is coming to see me. 2. 警察悬赏捉拿抢劫银行罪犯的线索 The police offered a reward for clues about the bank robbers. 3. 上周我生病时，她主动提出来帮助我照顾孩子。 When I was ill last week, she offered to look after my child. 4. 除了厨房以外，这套公寓应该说是非常令人满意的了 Except for the kitchen, the flat is very satisfactory. 5. 她去年被提升为部门经理。 She was promoted to branch manager last year. 6. 人人都累极了，只有约翰没事。 Everyone was exhausted except John. 7. 谁在经营这家公司？ Who's running this company? 8. 他伸手到口袋里去拿钱包。 He reached into his pocket for the wallet 1.我想在镇上买幢房子，但现在买不起 I want to buy a house in town, but can't afford it now. 2.今年生意很好，我们可以买一辆新汽车了。 We can afford a new car this year because of good business/thanks to good business. 3.他把房子照料得很好，每两年粉刷一次 He took good care of the house and painted it every second year/every other year/once in two years 4.她每隔三天回家一次，帮母亲打扫房间。 She went home to help mother to clean the rooms every fourth day/every four days/once in four days. 5.他把家具搬进了另一个房间。 He moved the furniture into another room. 6.他们不喜欢住在这个地区，所以想搬到别处去。 They don't like this place, and have decided to move house to another residential area. 7.李明和其他四位同学合住一个房间。 Li Ming shares the dormitory with four other students. 8.他们俩合买了一台电视机。 They shared the payment for a TV. 1.对不起，我们不招聘学生。 I'm afraid that the position is not open to students. 2.前两天我突然看到一封法国的来信。 I came across a letter from France the other day. 3.他把手放在胸口，显得十分诚恳。 He put his hand on his chest as if to show sincerity. 4.我已经填好了申请表 I've filled in the application form. 5.她身上穿了件外套。
如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2 。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3 。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4 。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5 。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情??在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8 。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像 一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。每一个沐浴在 爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对 我而言意味着什么。distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更 近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让 我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。
太阳光伏能源系统名词术语（中英问对照） 令狐采学 本标准规定了太阳光伏能源系统的名词术语。其中包括：一般术语，光伏特性和光伏转换术语，结构和系统术语，标定和测试术语以及工艺术语等五部分。 一般术语 1、太阳光伏能源系统 solar photovoltaic energy system 系指利用太阳电池的光生伏特效应，将太阳能直接转换成电能的发电系统。 1．2 大气质量（AM） Air Mass (AM) 直射阳光光束透过大气层所通过的路程，以直射太阳光束从天顶到达海平面所通过的路程的倍数来表示。 当大气压力P=1.013巴，天空无云时，海平面处的大气质量为1。在任何地点，大气质量的值可以从以下公式算出： P 1 大气质量= ———— X ———— Po sinθ 其中，P为当地的大气压力，以巴表示。 Po 等于1.013巴 θ为太阳高度角
1．3 太阳电池 solar cell 通常是指将太阳光能直接转换成电能的一种器件。 1．4 硅太阳电池 silicon solar cell 硅太阳电池是以硅为基体材料的太阳电池。 1．5 单晶硅太阳电池 single crystalline silicon solar cell 单晶硅太阳电池是以单晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。 1．6 非晶硅太阳电池（a—si太阳电池） amorphous silicon solar cell 用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池称为非晶硅太阳电池，亦称无定形硅太阳电池，简称a—si太阳电池。 1．7 多晶硅太阳电池 polycrystalline silicon solar cell 多晶硅太阳电池是以多晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池。 1．8 聚光太阳电池组件 photovoltaic concentrator module 系指组成聚光太阳电池，方阵的中间组合体，由聚光器、太阳电池、散热器、互连引线和壳体等组成。 1．9 聚光太阳电池方阵场 photo-voltaic concentrator array field
1 1.这一监控体系最终将取代美国政府对古巴雪茄进口的上限。. ’s . 2.墨西哥和美国之间的争执不会有任何作用，并可能导致北美自由贸易协定中关税解除的中断。. . 3.在召开部长级会议之前，将举行一次经济合作商业论坛，重点探讨如何减小全球经济失衡的纠正对中国的冲击。, , . 4.只有少数美国人将此问题归咎于这些明显的因素，即美元贬值或经济周期。 a . 5.最新的科学研究揭示了这样的事实，即为减少温室气体排放所采取的必要措施会带来沉重的经济和政治成本。. 6.有传言称上个月政府和这家公司的总裁秘密达成一笔交易。 a 's . 7.反对派对美国政府施加压力，让他们改变对纺织品进口的政策。. . 8.自从签署双边自由贸易协定以来，这个新兴经济体一直处于科技的前沿。, . 9.一般来说，浮动汇率应该使国家免受与贸易伙伴在通货膨胀上的持续差异的影响。, . 10.据保守预测，到2010 年中国与北美和欧盟的进出口贸易堂将分別超过4000 亿美元，与10个东盟国家的进出口贸易堂将超过2000 亿美元。, 2010, 's $400 , $200 . 2 1)政府出资1亿美元用于农村地区再生能源的开发和利用。$ 0.1 . 。 2) 开发西部不能以破坏环境为代价，因此政府一直走经济开发建设和生态环境保护并进的可持续发展之路。. a . 3) 作为一个负责任的大国，中国将严格遵守世贸组织的规则，履行我们所做的承诺。 a , . 4) 中国粮食生产的快速增长主要是由于中国政府在农村实施的一系列改革措施，如较大幅度提高粮食收购价格等. ’s a , . 5) 在全球化中，不是所有的国家都在平等竞争，一些发展中国家有时不得不遵守一些市场规则，甚至答应一些政府的不公平要求。, . , . 6)在过去的一年里，全球投资需求下滑，国际主要货币汇率大幅度动荡，一些新兴市场出现金融危机。, ; . 7) 不论时间和距离的限制，网络彻底改变了竞争的性质，还使得竞争更为公平，特别是对于一些小企业。, . 8) 通过“小额信贷项目”，农民们在需要时得到所需资金，并要在预定期限内还清本息。, , . 9) 中国经济的蓬勃发展表明中国已成为世界上经济增长最快的国家之一。’s . 10) 随着国有独资商业银行的体制改革，一些符合条件的商业银行开始上市，越来越多的银行也将加入这个行列。, , 。 3 1) 专家们认为导致这家公司表现不佳的主要原因是人力资源，尤其是高层管理人员任命不
B5M1(句子翻译) 1.It_doesn’t_matter_whether you will attend the party or not. 你来不来参加派对并不重要。 2.Many students are hot on playing computer games, while Wang Chen likes playing Weiqi. 许多学生热衷于电脑游戏，而王琛却喜欢下围棋。 .They have a lot in common and get along well with each other. 3.他们有很多相同之处，相处得很融洽。 .They are twin sisters, yet they have_little_in_common in their hobbies. 4.她们是孪生姐妹，但是她们的业余爱好几乎没有相同之处。 .In_common_with other companies, they advertise widely as well. 5.和其他公司一样，他们也广泛地做广告。 .One false step will make a great difference. 6.失之毫厘，谬以千里。 .The twins look so similar that you can hardly tell_the_difference_between them. 7.这对双胞胎看起来太像了，你简直无法把他们区分开来。 .It might be obvious to you, but it isn’t to me. 8.这对你来说也许很容易理解，但对我却并非如此。 .It_is_obvious_that the two Englishes have much in common. 9.很显然，这两种英语有很多共同之处。 .Obviously (obvious), American spelling is simpler than British spelling. 10很显然，美式拼写要比英式拼写简单。
太阳能光伏系统专业词汇中英对照顺德中山大学太阳能研究院罗宇飞孙韵琳 一、太阳电池相关词汇 太阳电池 solar cell 将太阳辐射能直接转换成电能的器件 单晶硅太阳电池 single crystalline silicon solar cell 以单晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池 多晶硅太阳电池 multi crystalline silicon solar cell 以多晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池 非晶硅太阳电池 amorphous silicon solar cell 用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池。
薄膜太能能电池 Thin-film solar cell 用硅、硫化镉、砷化镓等薄膜为基体材料的太阳电池。这些薄膜通常用辉光放电、化学气相淀积、溅射、真空蒸镀等方法制得。 多结太阳电池multijunction solar cell 由多个p‐n 结形成的太阳电池。 化合物半导体太阳电池compound semiconductor solar cell 用化合物半导体材料制成的太阳电池 带硅太阳电池silicon ribbon solar cell 用带状硅制造的太阳电池 光电子photo-electron 由光电效应产生的电子。 太阳电池的伏安特性曲线 I-V characteristic curve of solar cell
受光照的太阳电池，在一定的辐照度和温度以及不同的外电路负载下，流入的电流I 和电池端电压V 的关系曲线。 短路电流short-circuit current （Isc） 在一定的温度和辐照度条件下，光伏发电器在端电压为零时的输出电流。 开路电压open-circuit voltage （Voc） 在一定的温度和辐照度条件下，光伏发电器在空载（开路）情况下的端电压。最大功率maximum power (Pm) 在太阳电池的伏安特性曲线上，电流电压乘积的最大值。 最大功率点maximum power point 在太阳电池的伏安特性曲线上对应最大功率的点，亦称最佳工作点。 最佳工作点电压optimum operating voltage (Vn) 太阳电池伏安特性曲线上最大功率点所对应的电压。 最佳工作点电流optimum operating current (In) 太阳电池伏安特性曲线上最大功率点所对应的电流。 填充因子fill factor(curve factor) 太阳电池略去串联电阻和并联电阻之后，最大功率与开路电压和短路电流乘积之比。评估太阳电池负载能力的重要参数。FF=(Im×Vm)/(Isc×Voc) 其中：Isc—短路电流，Voc—开路电压，Im—最佳工作电流，Vm—最佳工作电压；曲线修正系数curve correction coefficient 测试太阳电池电池时，由于温度的不同而引起伏安特性曲线的变化，修正此项变化的系数称曲线修正系数。 太阳电池温度solar cell temperature 太阳电池中势垒区的温度。 串联电阻series resistance 太阳电池内部的与p‐n 结或MIS 结等串联的电阻，它是由半导体材料体电阻、薄层电阻、电极接触电阻等组成。 并联电阻shunt resistance 太阳电池内部的、跨连在电池两端的等效电阻。 转换效率cell efficiency 受光照太阳电池的最大功率与入射到该太阳电池上的全部辐射功率的百分比。暗电流dark current 在光照情况下，产生于太阳电池内部与光生电流方向相反相成的正向结电流。
U1 1. 飞机乘务员应对所有旅客的安全负责。be responsible for The crew of an airliner should be responsible for the safety of all the passengers. 2. 请尽快把这些英文报纸和杂志分送给每位订阅者。distribute to Please distribute these English newspapers and magazines to every subscriber as soon as possible. 3. 学院决定举办系列讲座,商务英语专业的学生必须出席。decide on The college has decided on a lecture series and Business English majors must be present. 4. 若需进一步的补充解释,请参阅教师参考书第58页。refer to For additional explanation, please refer to page 58 of the teacher’s reference book. 5. 大多数人都会关注与自己有关的事。relate to Most people will be interested in what relates to themselves. 6. 最近,下海经商的人越来越多。go into business Recently, more and more people have gone into business. 一个大批量出售货物的商人被称作批发商。in bulk 7. A businessman who sells goods in bulk is called a wholesaler. 8. 据报道,目前工资水平在某种程度上仍稍稍领先于物价水平。to a certain extent, ahead of It’s reported that nowadays wages are, to a certain extent, still one step ahead U2 1. 总经理将重要文件分发给部门经理。hand out The general manager handed out the important documents to the department managers. 2. 欺骗顾客和逃税构成了他们那个时期的商业政策。make up Cheating customers and evading taxes made up their business policy in those days. 3. 在英语中,数学可以简称作maths或math。for short Mathematics can be called maths or math for short in English. 4. 这座城市被认为是此经济合作区的龙头。be known as This city is known as leading the economic cooperative zone. 5. 虽然这对夫妇对所要买的家具的价格没有异议,但对式样意见不一。agree on Although the couple agreed on the price of the furniture they wanted to buy, they disagreed about the style. 6. 我上个月买了台笔记本电脑,不过花了大价钱。at a price I bought a laptop last month but only at a price. 7. 一个大a批量出售货物的商人被称作批发商。pay for The parents work hard to pay for their children’s tuition. 8. 你的不诚实是我最终与你断绝往来的原因。in the end Your dishonesty was the reason why I had to break off our relationship in the end. 9. 他叔父决意在乡下定居, 而不住在城里。choose to
中英句子翻译-定语从句的翻译 中英句子翻译-定语从句的翻译 定语从句的翻译 1.将下列含有限制性定语从句的复合句译成汉语： 1). Everything that is around us is matter. 我们周围的一切都是物质 2). He is the only one among us that knows French. 他是我们 中唯一懂法语的人。 3). I know the reason why he came late. 我知道他来迟的原因。 4). Certain ideas, principles, and laws often form the foundation on which other ideas, principles and laws of a science are constructed. 一些思想、原则和法律往往会成为其他思想、原则和法律赖以形成的基础。 5). Stainless steels must contain a minimum of 10% chromium. This is the reason why they are stainless. 不锈钢至少要含有10%的铬，这就是不锈钢不生锈的原因。 6). Electrical energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy. 供照明的电能可以转化为光能。 7). An electric field is a space where an electric force exists. 电场就是电力存在的空间。 8). The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.
太阳电池 solar cell 将太阳辐射能直接转换成电能的器件 单晶硅太阳电池 single crystalline silicon solar cell 以单晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池 多晶硅太阳电池 so multi crystalline silicon solar cell 以多晶硅为基体材料的太阳电池 非晶硅太阳电池 amorphous silicon solar cell 用非晶硅材料及其合金制造的太阳电池。 薄膜太能能电池 Thin-film solar cell 用硅、硫化镉、砷化镓等薄膜为基体材料的太阳电池。这些薄膜通常用辉光放电、化学气相淀积、溅射、真空蒸镀等方法制得。 多结太阳电池multijunction solar cell 由多个p‐n 结形成的太阳电池。 化合物半导体太阳电池compound semiconductor solar cell 用化合物半导体材料制成的太阳电池 带硅太阳电池silicon ribbon solar cell 用带状硅制造的太阳电池 光电子photo-electron 由光电效应产生的电子。 太阳电池的伏安特性曲线 I-V characteristic curve of solar cell 受光照的太阳电池，在一定的辐照度和温度以及不同的外电路负载下，流入的电流I 和电池端电压V 的关系曲线。 短路电流short-circuit current （Isc） 在一定的温度和辐照度条件下，光伏发电器在端电压为零时的输出电流。 开路电压open-circuit voltage （Voc） 在一定的温度和辐照度条件下，光伏发电器在空载（开路）情况下的端电压。 最大功率maximum power (Pm) 在太阳电池的伏安特性曲线上，电流电压乘积的最大值。 最大功率点maximum power point 在太阳电池的伏安特性曲线上对应最大功率的点，亦称最佳工作点。 最佳工作点电压optimum operating voltage (Vn) 太阳电池伏安特性曲线上最大功率点所对应的电压。 最佳工作点电流optimum operating current (In) 太阳电池伏安特性曲线上最大功率点所对应的电流。 填充因子fill factor(curve factor) 太阳电池略去串联电阻和并联电阻之后，最大功率与开路电压和短路电流乘积之 比。评估太阳电池负载能力的重要参数。FF=(Im×Vm)/(Isc×Voc)
英汉互译翻译句子三篇 1、因为学生们的积极参与，这次足球赛实行得很顺利。 (thanks to) Thanks to the active participation of the students, the football match went on very smoothly. 2、这部电影描写了一位中国老人的幸福时光。 (happy moments) This film describes the happy moments of an old Chinese man. 3、因特网的普及改变了人们以往寻找新朋友和新观点的方式。(wide use of) The wide use of Internet has changed the way we used to discover new friends and new ideas. 4、就在众多的网址中，有很多是非盈利的网址。 (non-profit site) Among the great number of websites, many are non-profit ones. 5、老年网为美国的一些老年人提供了表达自己情感的机会。(express one's feelings) SeniorNet provides the opportunity for some American seniors to express their feelings. 6、学生们谈论的话题涉及文化和政治。 (range from) The conversation topics of the students range from culture to politics. 7、这位老人甚至在患病期间还经常安慰他人。 (in times of sickness) The old man often comforted others even in time of sickness. 8、看来我们不能回避一些少量的难题。 (a handful; avoid)
Unit 1 翻译： 1、这位网络销售主管调查研究后开始实行自己的计划。(put ... into practice) The network sales executive began to put his plans into practice after research and investigation. 2、由于母亲没有养老金，姐妹俩每人每月出资500 美元赡养她。(contribute ... to) Because their mother didn't have her pension, the two sisters each contributed $500 a month to support her. 3、杰姆大叔认为市价上涨，他就可以赚到一笔钱。(cash in) Uncle Jim thought that a rise in the market would enable him to cash in. 4、罗宾逊奋斗多年，先后当过会计、代理商和项目经理。(in turn) For years Robinson struggled hard, working in turn as an accountant, an agent, and a project manager. 5、昨天，博物馆中一幅价值50万美元的绘画被盗窃。(worth of) Yesterday, a $500,000 worth of painting was stolen from the museum. 6、参加华交会的客商从全国各地纷至沓来。（roll in） The businessmen who came to take part in the East China Fair rolled in from all parts of the country. 7、他们很自然地把这件事与促销计划联系在一起。(associate ... with) They naturally associated the matter with the promotional plan. 8、这本书着重具体分析该规划的可行性(feasibility)。(focus on) The book focuses on concrete analysis of the feasibility of the program. 9、引进先进的技术以后，我们现在每月可生产20台机器。(put out) After introducing advanced technology, we can put out 20 machines every month now. 10、获得奖学金的学生占我校学生总数将近五分之三。(account for) Scholarship students account for nearly three fifths of the whole enrollment in our college. Unit 2 1、近来他们生意很糟糕,不久就得歇业。(close down) They will have to close down soon because business has been bad recently. 2、我们打字纸快用完了,让秘书尽快去买一些。(run out of) We are running out of typing paper, so let the secretary buy some as soon as possible. 3、该文化发展委员会是由来自全国8所大学的10位著名专家组成的。(consist of) The committee for cultural development consists of 10 famous experts from 8 universities of the country. 4、如果邮包未经保险(insure),邮局对其受损不负责任。(be liable for) The Post Office is not liable for damage to a parcel by mail if it is not insured. 5、这家超市由于经营不善而陷入债务。(go into debt) The supermarket goes into debt due to bad management.
B5M1(句子翻译) 1.It_doesn’t_matter_whether you will attend the party or not. 你来不来参加派对并不重要。 2.Many students are hot on playing computer games, while Wang Chen likes playing Weiqi. 许多学生热衷于电脑游戏，而王琛却喜欢下围棋。 .They have a lot in common and get along well with each other. 3.他们有很多相同之处，相处得很融洽。 .They are twin sisters, yet they have_little_in_common in their hobbies. 4.她们是孪生姐妹，但是她们的业余爱好几乎没有相同之处。 .In_common_with other companies, they advertise widely as well. 5.和其他公司一样，他们也广泛地做广告。 .One false step will make a great difference. 6.失之毫厘，谬以千里。 .The twins look so similar that you can hardly tell_the_difference_between them. 7.这对双胞胎看起来太像了，你简直无法把他们区分开来。 .It might be obvious to you, but it isn’t to me. 8.这对你来说也许很容易理解，但对我却并非如此。 .It_is_obvious_that the two Englishes have much in common. 9.很显然，这两种英语有很多共同之处。 .Obviously (obvious), American spelling is simpler than British spelling. 10很显然，美式拼写要比英式拼写简单。 .Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news gets around quickly. 11.好事不出门，坏事传千里。 .It’s time I got down to some serious work. 12.我该认真干点正事了。 .I tried ringing you several times yesterday but I couldn’t get through. 13.昨天我试着给你打过几次电话，但是没有打通。 .A man in confusion (confuse) cannot focus on the required work. 14.思绪混乱的人不可能集中精力做他被要求做的工作。 ③The confused look on his face suggested that he was confused about the confusing questions asked
如对您有帮助，请购买打赏，谢谢您！ Photoelectric sensor Key word: photoelectric effect photoelectric element photoelectric sensor classification sensor application characteristics . Abstract: in the rapid development of science and technology in the modern society, mankind has into the rapidly changing information era, people in daily life, the production process, rely mainly on the detection of information technology by acquiring, screening and transmission, to achieve the brake control, automatic adjustment, at present our country has put detection techniques listed in one of the priority to the development of science and technology. Because of microelectronics technology, photoelectric semiconductor technology, optical fiber technology and grating technical development makes the application of the photoelectric sensor is growing. The sensor has simple structure, non-contact, high reliability, high precision, measurable parameters and quick response and more simple structure, form etc, and flexible in automatic detection technology, it has been widely applied in photoelectric effect as the theoretical basis, the device by photoelectric material composition. Text: First, theoretical foundation - photoelectric effect Photoelectric effect generally have the photoelectric effect, optical effect, light born volts effect. The light shines in photoelectric material, according to the electronic absorption material surface energy, if absorbed energy large enough electronic electronic will overcome bound from material surface and enter the outside space, which changes photoelectron materials, this kind of phenomenon become the conductivity of the photoelectric effect According to Einstein's photoelectron effect, photon is moving particles, each photon energy for hv (v for light frequency, h for Planck's constant, h = 6.63 * 10-34 J/HZ), thus different frequency of photons have different energy, light, the higher the frequency, the photon energy is bigger. Assuming all the energy photons to photons, electronic energy will increase, increased energy part of the fetter, positive ions used to overcome another part of converted into electronic energy. According to the law of conservation of energy: Type, m for electronic quality, v for electronic escaping the velocity, A microelectronics the work done. From the type that will make the optoelectronic cathode surface escape the necessary conditions are h > A. Due to the different materials have different escaping, so reactive to each kind of cathode materials, incident light has a certain frequency is restricted, when the frequency of incident light under this frequency limit, no matter how the light intensity, won't produce photoelectron launch, this frequency limit called "red limit". The corresponding wavelength for type, c for the speed of light, A reactive for escaping. A -h m 212νν=