Unit1购物新大陆
1. How do you say 'Victoria's Secret' in Icelandic? With the dollar having hit new lows against currencies around the globe, America is becoming the world's discount store.
1. 在冰岛你如何说―维多利亚秘密‖？随着美元在全球范围内与其他货币兑换率不断创低，美国正成为世界的折扣店。
2. .Retailers are reporting a surprise hit this holiday season: luggage.
2. 今年假日旺季，带给零售商一个意外收获：行李箱。
3. As shopping-mad tourists from overseas take advantage of the weak dollar, many are having to buy extra suitcases to cart all their purchases home. The Tumi store at New York's Time Warner Center says sales are up by 30% over the same period last year, thanks largely to foreign travelers staying at nearby hotels. At FAO Schwarz, customers are buying duffel bags sold right by the cash registers.
3. 趁美元贬值之机飘洋过海而来的血拼客，不得不买一个更大的行李箱来装战利品。纽约时代华纳购物中心的Tumi店称主要得益于附近酒店的海外游客，销售收入较去年同期上涨三成。在FAO Schwarz店，顾客甚至在柜台旁买大帆布包用来购物。
4. In recent years, the U.S. has been beset by a steady stream of foreign tourists seeking bargains. Now, with the dollar at new lows and the holiday retail season in full swing -- the stream has turned into a flood.
4. 几年来，美国一直为涓涓细流般的购物观光客而苦恼。现在，伴随着美元的新低----假日旺季的全面促销----涓涓细流变成了购物狂潮。
5. The influx has some retailers rolling out the red carpet for anyone with a foreign passport. To prepare for Chinese shoppers, the South Coast Plaza in Costa Mesa, Calif., is in the midst of printing a store directory in Mandarin. Earlier this month, Taubman Centers, which owns four shopping centers in the Detroit area, started sending limousines stocked with eggnog and store coupons to chauffeur shoppers from Canada for a "six-hour shopping spree" across the border.
5. 客如潮涌，一些零售商因此为外国游客铺上了红地毯。加州Costa Mesa的南岸广场在中央的店铺指引中印上中文，为中国游客提供便利。本月早些时候，在底特律拥有四家购物中心的Taubman Centers开通了穿越国境的―六小时疯狂购物‖之旅，满载美酒和店家折扣券的豪华轿车运送着购物者来往于加拿大。
6. Stores say overseas shoppers aren't just buying a lot -- they're also showing some distinct spending habits, often different from Americans'. Saks Fifth Avenue says Europeans are snapping up UGG boots (hip with Americans circa 2004), for example. Many Asian shoppers tend to go for the highest-end luxury brands like Louis Vuitton and Gucci, but also wellness-related items like massagers and vitamins.
6 . 海外购物客在大肆采购的同时，也秀出有别于美国消费者的独特消费习性。
例如，第五大街Saks店表示，欧洲客钟情于UGG的靴子（大约2004年流行于美国）。而更多的亚洲客人喜欢诸如LV、Gucci等奢华商品，但同时也会关顾按摩和维生素保健品。
7. Josefina and Carolina Hallstr?m flew to New York for a few days of shopping on Icelandair from Stockholm. The pair, ages 21 and 25, were on the lookout for a Victoria's Secret store. "We go for the lotions and perfumes," said Carolina, as she lugged a shopping bag with eight pairs of shoes in it (she'd already pitched the boxes). The underwear retailer's annual fashion show airs in Sweden, even though there aren't any stores there, she says. Plus, "shampoo is also much cheaper here."
7. Josefina和Carolina搭乘冰岛航空从斯德哥尔摩飞到纽约，开始购物之旅。这对介乎21-25岁间的年轻情侣流连于―维多利亚秘店‖前。―我们来这里买化妆品和香水，‖Carolina说道，而她拖着的硕大行李箱里，已经塞进了八双鞋子（她已经把包装盒都扔了）。维多利亚内衣商尽管在瑞典没有开出门店，但仍每年飞往瑞典做秀。Carolina又说：―这里的香波也很便宜。‖
8. In November the U.S. dollar hit a record low against the euro, with one euro buying more than $1.48 (as of late Friday in New York, one euro fetched $1.44). For Brits, a pound now buys slightly more than $2. And with cheap flights, Europeans say they can nearly break even on their travel expenses with the money they save on clothes and gifts.
8. 11月美元兑欧元创出新低，1欧元兑换1.48美元以上。对于英国人来说，1英镑现在差不多可以换到2美元。加上机票的廉价，欧洲游客说，他们在买衣服和礼物上省下的钱足以弥补旅游开销了。
9. Canadians are also driving south to find bargains. In September, the greenback hit parity with the loonie for the first time since 1976, reversing a long-held American conceit that things were cheaper north of the border. (Back in January 2002, the U.S. dollar bought 1.6143 Canadian dollars.) As of Friday afternoon the U.S. dollar bought 1.01 Canadian dollars.
9. 加拿大人也纷纷驱车南下淘便宜货。今年9月，美钞自1976年以来首次与加元平换，扭转了美国人脑子里北境之外东西更便宜的老思维。（2002年1月一美元能兑换1.6243加元。）周五收盘1美元兑换1.01加元。
10. Craig Johnson, president of Customer Growth Partners, a retail consultant, says the overseas shopping jaunt, once the territory of the upper crust and corporate jet-setters, has "dramatically expanded" to the masses. "It's not just proper private school accents" heard in stores, he says. "It's regular lower and middle class people who come over because of the savings."
10. CGP零售顾问主席Craig Johnson先生说，曾经属上等社会的海外购物游现在已经戏剧性地扩张到各阶层。―现在你能听到的，不仅仅是私立学校出来的那种纯正口音了，‖他说，―便宜货也吸引着中低收入的人群。‖
11. The Dolphin Mall in Miami says the increase in shoppers from abroad has forced it to add two more daily shuttles on some days to Miami International Airport. The mall's tourism manager, Lucia Plazas, says Germans, Italians and others have been buying so much she's had to call cabs to drive behind the buses carrying tourists who can't fit on the shuttles once they're packed with purchases. "The amount of bags has been a challenge for the drivers," says Ms. Plazas.
11. 迈阿密的Dolphin购物商场称，随着日渐增多的购物客，有些时候，他们不得不增加两辆往返于迈阿密国际机场的班车。商场观光主管Lucia Plazas说，德国人、意大利人和其他游客疯狂的购物，行李箱把机场巴士都塞满了，她不得不打电话叫出租来运旅客。―行李箱的数量对司机来说成了挑战。‖Plazas女士说道。
12. This December at the Holiday Inn near the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minn., more than a quarter of the 171 rooms are sometimes filled with shoppers who have come over on direct flights on Iceland Air from Reykjavik. Each spends around $2,500 at the mall's stores, says Evie Walter, the hotel's director of sales. "'Where's Victoria's Secret?'" is usually one of the first questions they'll ask, she says. Though some don't speak English, "there's usually someone in the group who can understand," says Ms. Walters. "If not, charades always works."
12. 今年12月，在明尼苏达州Bloomington市靠近美国商场旁的假日酒店里，171个客房中，超过四分之一被搭乘冰岛航空直接由雷克雅未飞来的购物客住满。酒店销售主管Evie Walter说，他们每人在商场平均开支2500美元。他们开口就问―Victoria‘s Secret店在哪里？‖。尽管有些人不会说英文，但一个旅游团里多少都有几个能懂点儿英文的----即使没人懂，打手势也能管用。
13. Even in Fargo, N.D., which is a three-hour drive from the nearest major Canadian city, there's been a relative windfall of foreign shoppers this year. Staffers at West Acres Shopping Center, which houses a Lady Foot Locker, an American Eagle Outfitters and Gymboree, recently started counting license plates in the parking lot and walking through the mall armed with clipboards, to tally the number of Canadians.
13. 即便在离加拿大主要城市三小时车程的北达科他州Fargo市，今年也靠着外国购物客发了点横财。West Acres购物中心的一家女鞋店职员们，最近开始到停车场统计车牌或在商场门口统计人流，来记录加拿大游客的数量。
14. Rusty Papachek, the mall's general manager, says the day after Thanksgiving one in 12 customers was from across the border. Last year they didn't count because they hardly noticed any non-locals, he says. Mr. Papachek is now running radio promotions in Winnipeg, 220 miles away.
14. 商场总经理Rusty Papachek说，感恩节后的那天，每12个游客就有一个来自加拿大。（他说，去年压根就看不到外地人，所以没有统计。）Papachek现在开始在220英里外的Winnipeg市做起了无线电广告。―加拿大购物者在密歇根州购
买冰钓渔具和猎鹿装置，也刺激了Auburn Hills市Bass Pro店的销售。‖这家店广告经理Doug Phillips说道，―与此前数年少得可怜的加拿大顾客相比，过去几个月，十分之一的顾客来自加拿大。‖
15. In New York, Lord & Taylor's sales are up by 25% so far this December versus the same December period last year, due in part to growth in shoppers from overseas, says president and chief executive Jane Elfers. About two weeks ago the company began advertising the store's holiday windows as a tourist destination on 3,600 taxi TV screens.
15. 在纽约，受益于海外游客的激增，Lord &Taylor店12月的销售较去年同期增长25%。两周前，该公司在3600个出租车电视屏幕上做起了广告，将商店的假日橱窗作为旅游景点。
16. At Saks Fifth Avenue's flagship store in New York, the alterations team has noticed a rise in requests for quick-turnaround jobs from overseas tourists who want their clothing ready before they leave town. Suzanne Johnson, the general manager, says she's also changed the signage in the store to keep things simpler for foreigners. "They really wouldn't understand 'contemporary collections,' so we just say 'denim,' " says Ms. Johnson.
16. 纽约五大街Saks旗舰店的改衣柜台注意到，海外游客要求快速改衣、以便他们离开城市前能拿到服装的要求日益增多。总经理Suzanne Johnson为方便这些外国购物客人，变动了商店的指示标志，使其看上去更简单。她说：他们几乎都不明白―成衣柜台‖的意思，所以我们改成―改衣柜台‖。
17. While overseas shoppers avoid buying gift cards because they usually can't be used back home, they're shelling out for electronics that aren't always compatible in Asia or Europe. At the gadget-stocked Brookstone store in Tyson's Corner Mall near Washington, store manager Michael Jones says he's added 10 new items with built-in electricity converters for European and Asian customers. He estimates that one in every 20 shoppers at his store is from the United Kingdom this year, up from about one in 100 last year. Japanese shoppers, he says, are snatching up massaging chairs, which start around $2,000, and shipping them back home: "They understand it better."
17. 海外购物者通常避免购买礼物卡，因为他们回去后就没法用了。一些电子产品也往往和亚洲或欧洲的不兼容。靠近华盛顿的一家五金店新进了10种新玩意儿，为亚洲或欧洲客户提供电源转换装置。商店老板Michael估计，今年每20个客户中就有一个来自英国，而去年则是百里挑一。日本客则青睐售价在2000美元以上的按摩椅，买下来寄回家去。他们对按摩椅更识货。
18. Maureen Crampton, the director of marketing at the Forum Shops at Caesars in Las V egas, says British customers there tend to gravitate towards brands they have back home like Ted Baker and Thomas Pink. Christine Aquino, a manager at Pink, says British men have been buying the 140-thread-count Egyptian cotton "Prestige" line of dress shirts. Those are popular with American
men too, she says, but Brits tend to go for brighter patterns like red striped, blue and green. "They're more colorful than most people here in the United States."
18. 拉斯维加斯的凯萨购物广场市场经理Maureen说，英国顾客倾向于购买他们自己的品牌如Ted Baker和Thomas Pink。Pink的经理Christine说英国男人和美国男人一样，钟情于精致的埃及棉条纹衬衫。设计牛仔服的Rock & Republic 公司留意到，很多来自英国、法国和德国的购物者买他们的衣服----尽管在欧洲也能买到这个品牌。―这虽然让我们的国际零售商很不开心，但诱人的折扣是吸引他们跨境血拼的理由。‖这家商店老板Andrea如是说，―今年最流行的是靴型牛仔裤。欧洲客户的确喜欢饰物，包括装饰牛仔裤的水晶、花纹或纽扣。我们美国人更传统些，我们可不会成天穿着水晶装饰的牛仔裤。‖
19. Taking a break from shopping outside the crowded Macy's flagship store on 34th Street in Manhattan, sisters Maura and Maired Collins, from Galway, Ireland, sipped orange juice and recounted their finds for the day. So far, they'd bought scarves at Betsey Johnson and perfume from Christian Dior and DKNY. With only two days left, they hadn't yet had time to check out sights they'd been hoping to see, like Ellis Island. "We will do some tourist things," said their other sister Geraldine Jennings, before admitting that it probably wouldn't be the next day. "We hear there might be some good deals on jewelry."
19. 来自爱尔兰Galway的Maura和Maired姐妹，在曼哈顿34街拥挤的Macy‘s 旗舰店外小憩，一边吸着橙汁，一边清点着血拼的战利品。今天，她们已经在Betsey Johnson买了丝巾，在Christian Dior和DKNY买了香水。象Ellis Island，仅仅两天前，她们都还没拿定主意。―我们要去游一游，‖她们另外一个姐妹Geraldine迫不及待地说，―我们听说那儿珠宝特便宜。‖
20. Though most retailers say the biggest growth this year has been in shoppers from Europe, some are bracing for business from other markets that are beginning to see the U.S. as an inexpensive and varied shopping destination. Rosemary McCormick, the president of Shop America Alliance, a group that sells shopping tours in the U.S. and markets hundreds of U.S. malls overseas, says that Korean shoppers tend to go for luxury brands -- and vitamin and health supplements. "They will walk into a GNC and clean that place out," Asian customers tend to spend about five times what typical American shoppers spend, and some of the big sellers include fish oil,which is supposed to help the cardiovascular system Q10, a dietary supplement.
20. 尽管大部分零售商认为今年营业额的主要增长来自欧洲客，但其他一些客户同样开始把美国市场当作了便宜而丰富的购物目的地。他们说，韩国客户热衷于奢侈品牌、维生素及保健品。他们会走进GNC将柜台一扫而空。亚洲客户的购买力是美国一般消费者的五倍，买得最多的包括鱼油和Q10蛋白酶。
21. In an unscientific tally, the toy store's Fifth Avenue flagship's cashiers have been noting what foreign shoppers are buying. Swedish shoppers are buying crafty items like knitting kits and finger paints.And this year, Lithuanians are all about puzzles. 21. 据第五大街玩具旗舰店的收银员的不完全统计，瑞典客人喜欢诸如编织工具包和手指画等艺术类商品，而立陶宛人，则沉迷于猜谜玩具。
Unit 3 面对面的交流无法取代
1. Some road warriors fly commercial. Others take the corporate jet. Some pack their own bags. Others keep complete wardrobes in major cities. Some work through the entire plane ride. Others sleep. But if there is one thing these globetrotters agree on, it's that there is no substitute for face time—with the Abu Dhabi moneyman who holds the key to the future; with the underling who is AWOL on e-mail; with the spouse and kids, who have been a little sullen and exasperated of late.
1. 一些商务旅行者乘商用飞机出行，另一些则乘公司的飞机；—些背着行囊来来往往，而另一些则在大城市有固定的住所；一些在整个飞行途中都在工作，而另一些则在睡觉。假如有一点是这些世界环球旅行者们都同意的，那就是：无论是与对未来有重大影响的阿布扎比市的金融家，或是与仅仅留下了一封Email 就径自离职的下属，还是与最近以来一直有点闹情绪的配偶和孩子，面对面的交流都是无法取代的。
2. Schmoozing, humoring, hammering the table—all must be done in person. "I don't want to sound like a whirling dervish," says Paul Calello, Credit Suisse's (CS) investment banking chief. "But in a global world you have to get in front of your employees, spend time with your clients, and show commitment when it comes to joint ventures, mergers, and alliances. The key is thoughtful travel—traveling when necessary."
2. 从商谈到让步，再到最后成交，这一过程都必须有人亲自来完成。瑞士信贷集团投资银行总裁保罗·卡利洛说道：―我不想自己说起话来像一个跳旋转舞蹈的托钵僧。但是在一个全球化的世界里，你必须出现在你的员工面前听听他们的意见，你必须花时间同客户交流，还必须在公司进行合资、兼并或是结盟的时候作出承诺，表现诚意。而实现这些的关键就在于深思熟虑的旅行一一必要时的旅行。‖
3. Y es, many predicted the end of face time. But, paradoxically, the great work diaspora unleashed by technology is making physical connection all the more important. As companies open more outposts in more emerging markets, the need to gather intensifies. That's why executives increasingly feel the inhuman pull of having to be in two, three, four places at one time. The road warrior's art is all about finessing the strategic calculation of where to be when; of what bets to make with one's time. How do road warriors do this? By knowing cultures, organizations, and who has the power. Their jobs may be global, but their understanding must be local. It's not just
companies' operations that have gotten bigger. So have these jobs.
3. 的确，很多人都预测面对面的交流会结束。但是，与之相矛盾的是，科技造成的工作地点的极大分散正使当面的交流更加重要。随着公司在更多的新兴市场里开疆辟土，它们彼此间的交流协作的需求增强了。这就是为什么管理者们日益强烈地感觉到残酷的压力，那就是他们不得不在同一个时间出现在两个、三个或者四个地方。这些商务旅行者所要做的就是巧妙地安排自己的行程以及高效地利用时间。但是要如何实现呢?这就需要了解各个地方的文化、组织和当权者。他们的工作可能是全球性的，但是他们的理解必须是区域性的。不仅是公司的经营规模日益扩大，这些管理者的工作内容也增多了。
4. Not so long ago it seemed as though technology might make business travel, if not obsolete, then a whole lot rarer. We're not talking about teleporting—just simple things like smartphones, corporate wikis, and videoconferencing. Coca-Cola's (KO) president and CEO-designate, Muhtar Kent, has been flying around the globe for Coke since the late 1970s. "I thought 10 or 15 years ago when the concept of videoconferencing first came out that it's really going to take the place of travel," he recalls. Of course that didn't happen, and he now spends about 150 days a year in the corporate jet.
4. 不久以前，人们似乎认为即使科技不会淘汰商务旅行，也会使商务旅行越来越少。我们并不是在讨论―心灵传输‖问题一一而是像智能手机、企业记事本和视频会议一样简单的东西。可口可乐公司董事长、即将担任总裁一职的穆赫塔·肯特从上世纪70年代末就开始为公司作全球飞行。他回忆说：―10或15年前，当视频会议这个概念第一次出现的时候，我以为它真的会取代商务旅行。‖当然，这种情况并没发生，他现在每年仍有大约150天是在公司的飞机上度过的。
5 Kent considers travel key to meeting new people who might one day prove useful. Several years ago, he was eager to open a bottling plant in Albania but frustrated that Coke couldn't get the approvals it needed from the rudderless young government. A friend urged Kent to visit a doctor who was well-versed in local politics. He found the man's patients sitting on tangerine boxes because there were no chairs in the waiting room. "I'm interested in investing in your country," Kent recalls saying during the chat. Three years later, the doctor was Albania's first elected President, and 24 months after that Coke opened its first bottling plant in the country. The doctor-turned-President, Sali Berisha, cut the ribbon.
5. 肯特认为公务旅行对扩展人际关系很重要，在公务旅行中结识的人将来有可能对公司的发展有帮助。几年前，他非常想在阿尔巴尼亚开一家灌装工厂，但令他沮丧的是，公司并没有得到它所需要的来自那个无人掌舵的年轻政府的支持。他的一个朋友极力劝他去拜访一个精通当地政治的医生。他发现，因为候诊室里没有椅子，这位医生的病人们都坐在柑橘箱子上。肯特记得他在和医生的聊天中这样说过：―我对在你们国家投资很有兴趣。‖3年后，这个医生被选为阿尔巴尼
亚的第一任总统；又过了两年．可口可乐公司在这个国家建起了第一个灌装工厂。那位出身医生的总统萨利·贝里沙参加了剪彩仪式。
6. Kent has never forgotten the lesson. More recently, Coke was hoping to win the rights to the Vitaminwater brand from Glacéau, the U.S. beverage maker known for its so-called enhanced waters. Kent knew one of the company's minority owners was Ratan Tata of Tata Group. He'd never met Tata. So during a business trip to India, Kent requested a dinner with him—no agenda, just to get to know each other, he said. Oh, and by the way, was it O.K. to bring along a Glacéau executive? It was. "And 72 days later, we closed the deal."
6. 肯特永远也不会忘记这次经历。近来，可口可乐公司一直想要从格拉秀(Glaceau)公司一一美国的饮料生产商，以它的所谓添加了维生素和矿物质的保健瓶装水而著称一一获得维生素水商标的使用权。他知道，在这个公司少数族裔股东里，有一位是印度塔塔集团(Tata Group)的拉坦·塔塔。肯特从未见过塔塔，所以在一次去印度商务之旅中，他请求能与塔塔共进一次晚餐一一他对塔塔说，没有什么议事项目，只是彼此认识一下。哦，再顺便问一下，带一位格拉秀公司的管理人员一起来可以吗?塔塔答应了这个请求。肯特说：―72天后，可口可乐公司与格拉秀公司达成了交易。‖
7. Meeting the right people is all very well, but road warriors who haven't done their homework on the local potentate can run into big problems. Few understand this better than Bill Roedy, the chief of MTV Networks International. His job req uires getting often risqué programming into as many countries as he can without offending local sensibilities. A history enthusiast, Roedy is pretty good at figuring out the local scene. Yet he found himself with a rare case of butterflies in mid-September as his flight from London was set to touch down in the Saudi Arabian city of Jiddah. Roedy was in town to persuade the mayor of Mecca to give his blessing to MTV Arabia, the network's biggest global launch, which had the potential to reach 200 million Arabs across the region. "Presidents and sheiks don't normally watch MTV, so we have to help them overcome stereotypical views they have," says Roedy. "Nobody was more important than the mayor of Mecca, the religious center of Islam. We had to get it right."
7．与合适的人面谈固然是非常重要的。但是商务旅行者们如果没有事先对当地有影响力的人物进行了解，那么他们就可能会遇到很大的麻烦。很少有人比音乐电视网络国际部总裁毕龙毅更了解这一点了。他的工作需要在不冒犯当地风俗信仰的前提下，尽可能在更多国家传播前卫时尚的节目。作为一名历史爱好者，毕龙毅擅长分析当地的情况。然而，9月中旬，当他从伦敦飞往沙特阿拉伯的港口城市吉达出差时，他遇到了一件罕见的让他头疼的事：毕龙毅要去请求麦加市市长批准成立阿拉伯音乐电视台，它将是公司所建立的最大的全球广播电视网，可以覆盖该地区多达2亿的阿拉伯观众。毕龙毅说道：―阿拉伯地区的总统和酋长
们通常是不看MTV的，因此我们就得帮助他们改变固有的观念。作为伊斯兰教中心的麦加市的市长在当地是个举足轻重的人物。我们必须把这点搞清楚。‖8. Despite a hectic schedule that included trips to Budapest (to launch MTV Hungary), Prague (to attend a sales meeting), and New Y ork (to discuss 2008 budgets), Roedy carved out as much time in Saudi Arabia as he could. While there he attended recording sessions with the Arab rappers Jeddah Legends, where he learned that their lyrics tended to be about family and religion—themes that he would draw on during his meeting with the mayor of Mecca.
8．尽管他繁忙的日程计划中还包括去布达佩斯(去建立匈牙利音乐电视台)、布拉格(去出席一场销售会议)和纽约(去讨论关于2008年的预算)，毕龙毅还是挤出尽可能多的时间待在沙特阿拉伯。期间，他还去听了阿拉伯说唱歌手组合―杰达·传奇‖的录音。在那里，他了解到他们的说唱歌词往往是关于家庭和宗教的一一他知道，在随后与麦加市长的会面中，这些话题将会派上用场。
9. Finally the day arrived, and Roedy found himself providing assurances to a barrage of questions: Will there be opportunities to educate young people? (Y es.) Will there be a regular call to prayer? (Yes.) And, of course, there will be no skin, right, Mr. Roedy? (Correct.) To help seal the deal, Roedy attended an elaborate dinner in tents by the Red Sea. Ten days later, back at his London base, Roedy learned MTV Arabia could launch as scheduled in November. "Those meetings were crucial," he says. 9．与市长会面的日子终于到了，毕龙毅发现自己可以对市长提出的一系列问题给出正面的回答。例如市长问：建立MTV电视台可以起到教育年轻人的作用吗?毕龙毅回答―可以‖。会有要求去做祈祷的节目吗?毕龙毅回答―有‖。当然也不会有衣着暴露的节目吧，毕先生?毕龙毅回答―不会有的‖。此外，为了尽快达成协议．毕龙毅还参加了一个在红海边的帐篷里精心准备的宴会。10天后，回到伦敦总部后，毕龙毅了解到阿拉伯音乐电视台将在11月份如期成立。他总结道：―这些会面发挥了至关重要的作用。‖
10. Mark Sullivan, CEO of WhittmanHart Consulting, which advises clients about information management, flies up to 300,000 miles a year and knows well the strain constant travel can put on a family. "My profession is riddled with failed marriages, broken families, and people who get swept up with the lifestyle," he says. Sullivan remains a road warrior for one reason: face time with his employees. About a year ago the firm's popular founder died. Sullivan, then president, knew voice messages, e-mail blasts, and memos wouldn't do. So he and two board members hopped on a plane and in two weeks traveled to nine offices around the U.S. to console bereft employees. "They needed a chance to swing away at you, to air concerns," says Sullivan. "If it's urgent, you've got to be physically there."
10．威特曼一哈特咨询公司主要向客户提供有关信息管理方面的建议。该公司首席执行官马克·沙利文每年要乘飞机飞行30万英里．他非常了解经常性的商务
旅行可能会给一个家庭带来的压力。他说：―我所从事的职业经常会造成婚姻破碎、家庭破裂，并且这种飞来飞去的生活方式使从事这一行的人很苦恼。‖让沙利文仍然甘当商务旅行者的原因只有一个：与员工面对面的交流。大约一年前，该公司一位很受欢迎的创始人去世了。沙利文当时是公司的总裁，他知道语音留言、大量的E-mail或是备忘录都无法达到亲自去安抚的效果，所以他立即和董事会两名成员登上飞机并在两周内巡视了美国国内的9家分公司，慰问了当地心情沉痛的员工们。沙利文表示：―这些员工需要一个机会向你倾诉、说出他们的隐忧。如果事态紧急的话，你必须亲自出面才行。‖
11. Ministering to clients, of course, is always urgent. Few know that better than V alerie E. Germain, a managing partner at global headhunting shop Heidrick & Struggles (HSII). Her job is recruiting executives for some of the world's biggest financial behemoths. Her clients often don't care if the person she is searching for hails from Hong Kong, Zürich, or London. The Thursday before Christmas, a client called to say he needed to meet with her for a few hours. In person. "They were like, Can you get to the side of a mountain in the Alps by Saturday at 6:00?' And the answer is Y es.' Y ou travel round-trip for 31 hours to spend three hours with a client. If one wants to be global, you have to be willing to do that."
11．当然，应付客户的需要总是紧急的事。海德里克与斯特拉戈斯全球猎头公司的负责人维拉里·E．捷曼最了解这一点了。她的工作是为世界上最大的金融公司招募管理人员，她的客户经常不在乎她所征招的人是来自香港、苏黎世还是伦敦。圣诞节前的星期四，她的一个客户打电话给她说要和她面谈几小时。捷曼回忆说：―他们都会这么说，你介绍的这些人都差不多，你能在周六6点前赶到阿尔卑斯山这边来吗?我的回答是?好的‘。来回飞了31个小时，只是为了和客户面谈3个小时。如果你想要自己的业务全球化，你就必须心甘情愿地这样做。‖12. Recently, Germain was in London, only to find the candidate she wanted was in Zürich and wouldn't be back all week. Thinking he'd be perfect, she told him she'd meet him for dinner in five hours, rearranging seven scheduled interviews. "It's a risk-reward bet," says Germain. "Y ou've got to figure out, do you risk pissing off seven other people for someone you think is the right candidate?" She bet right: The candidate took the job.
12．最近，捷曼去了伦敦，却发现她看中的那个候选人身在苏黎世并且一周内不会回来。考虑到这个候选人非常优秀，她告诉这个候选人，她将会在5小时内飞往苏黎世和他见面，与他共同进餐。这样一来，她要重新调整已经安排好的另外7个面试。―这是一个很有风险的赌局，‖捷曼说，―你必须想清楚，你是否会为了一个你认为合适的候选人而去冒险惹怒其他7个候选人?"但是她赌赢了,这个侯选人接受了这份工作。
13. Even Masters of the Universe have little choice when called. In late November, Credit Suisse's Calello was in S?o Paulo, Brazil, attending a party celebrating an
investment in a local wealth management company. As his fellow revelers partied on into the night, the investment banking chief was on a red-eye to Manhattan—his third 12-hour plane ride in as many days. Calello had to be in New Y ork because he and his executives had a meet-and-greet breakfast with a guy named Barack Obama.
13．一旦客户有需要，即使是造物者也别无选择。11月下旬，瑞士信贷集团总裁卡利洛正在巴西圣保罗参加一个为庆祝当地一家理财公司的一项投资而举行的宴会。当其他一些宾客狂欢至深夜时，这位投资银行总裁登上了一架飞往曼哈顿的夜间红眼航班一一这是他这么多天以来第三次12个小时的飞行，卡利洛必须及时赶赴纽约，因为他和他的管理者们将和一个叫巴拉克·奥巴马的人有一个欢迎早餐会。
Unit 4 解决粮价飞涨的良方
1. In Pakistan, the prohibitive price of tea became an election issue; the Chinese Communist Party‘s politburo frets about how long it may be before its poor can afford to eat pork again; Mexican housewives have rioted to protest the shortage of affordable tortilla玉米粉圆饼; Swaziland [斯威士兰（非洲）] is facing famine, even as it exports cassava木薯to feed the rich world‘s hunger for biofuel.
1．在巴基斯坦，茶叶的限制性价格成了一项选举时的议题；墨西哥的家庭主妇们因买得起的玉米面饼短缺而发起声势浩大的抗议示威；尽管斯威士兰为满足发达国家对于生物燃料的需求而出口木薯，该国自身却正面临着饥馑。
2. Rising agricultural inflation, or ―agflation‖, is a global phenomenon that touc hes everyone, and almost every day it seems to intensify. This week, the price of prime spring wheat rose by 25 per cent on the American exchanges, while Russia and Kazakhstan announced fresh curbs on exports to protect domestic supplies. On the Chicago Board of Trade, the price of wheat has hit record highs of more than $12 a bushel. Since 2004 world food prices have doubled, and over the past year alone agricultural prices are up by about 50 per cent.
2．不断升级的农产品价格暴涨，或曰―农产品价格飞涨‖，是一个全球性的现象，它涉及每一个人，而且，这种局面似乎日趋紧张。本周，美国农产品交易所主要的春小麦期货价格上涨了25％，而俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦则宣布采取新的限制出口的措施以保护国内的供应。美国芝加哥期货交易所的小麦价格已达到了历史新高，超过了每蒲式耳12美元。自2004年以来，世界粮食价格已经翻了一番，仅去年一年，农产品价格就上涨了约50％。
3. For those in the developing world who spend their money on food and little else, this is a matter of life and death. The United Nations‘ Food and Agriculture Organisation says the rising price of cereals such as wheat and maize are a ―major global concern‖.
3．对于发展中国家那些把钱主要用于购买粮食而很少有钱花费在其他方面的人来讲，这是一个关乎生死存亡的问题。联合国粮食和农业组织宣称，像小麦和玉
米这样的谷物价格的上涨是一个―全球担心的大问题‖。
4. In the West, the damage caused by increases in the price of food is damped by the costs of transporting and refining it into finished products, and by the general prosperity of consumers. Hard-pressed British farmers even regard current trends as a bonus. The large supermarket chains and food processors are also doing their best to resist the great food inflation. But agflation is making the lives of policy makers more difficult and is hitting household budgets.
4．在西方，粮价上涨造成的损失被粮食的运输和加工成本以及消费者普遍的富裕所冲淡。境况困窘的英国农民甚至认为目前的趋势是一种意外的礼物。大型超市连锁店和食品加工商也在尽最大努力抵御粮价的飞涨。但是农产品价格的飞涨确实让政策制定者的日子更难过了，并且也影响着居民的家庭预算。
5. Yesterday‘s ―producer price‖ figures in the United States confirmed the clear inflationary problem faced in factories and food processing plants – a leading indicator of what will soon be seen in the shops. Over the past 12 months, producer prices rose 7.4 percent, the fastest pace since October 1981. Food prices climbed 1.7 per cent, the most since October 2004. Crude food prices –that is, the input costs faced by US suppliers –increased 2.7 per cent. The equivalent figures in the UK reported recently were even more alarming: food prices up 8.5 per cent and input food costs up by between 14.9 per cent (imports) and 36 per cent (home grown) on the year.
5．昨天公布的美国―生产者价格‖数据证实了工厂和食品加工场所面临的明显的粮价飞涨问题—这是商店商品价格即将上涨的主要风向标。在过去的12个月里，生产价格上涨了7.4％，是自1981年10月以来最大幅度的上涨。食品价格攀升了1.7％，是自2004年10月以来最大的涨幅。未加工的粮食价格—即美国供应商的粮食购入成本—上涨了2.7％。英国最近公布的相应数据更令人震惊：食品价格上涨了8.5％，而粮食购入成本本年度的涨幅在14.9％(进口)到36％(国产)之间。
6. Commodity price increases tend to feed on themselves, if that‘s an appropriate expression. Oil-price hikes raise the cost of hauling crops from continent to continent, especially some of the higher-end ―cash crops‖ the West has developed a tas te for; mange-tout嫩豌豆flown in from east Africa is bound to become more pricey as the cost of aviation fuel climbs, even if the underlying production conditions don‘t change. Higher grain prices tend to push the cost of rearing livestock up. And higher oil prices incentivise farmers to switch to biofuel crops, often at the behest of nervous governments worried about the security of their energy supplies.
6．商品价格的上涨往往具有相互依赖的―链式‖反应，如果这种说法合适的话。石油价格的节节攀升提高了洲际间运输粮食一尤其是西方人喜欢的一些高端的―商品作物‖一的成本；随着航空燃料价格的攀升，即便基本的农业生产的条件不
变，空运自非洲东部的菜豆的价格势必更高。更高的谷物价格往往会使家畜饲养成本提高。而且更高的石油价格会刺激农民转而种植生物燃料作物一往往是在对本国能源供应感到担忧的那些神经质的政府的要求之下。
7. Sharply escalating bills at the supermarket checkout fall into the category economists call ―high visibility inflation‖. The increases themselves may not be so large in relation to the earnings of those affected, but they make people feel poorer and make them sceptical about official claims about subdued inflation. Thus they tend to increase inflationary expectations, and pay demands.
7．超市收款处钱数急剧提高的结算单正是反映了经济学家所称的―高可见度通货膨胀‖。价格增长本身也许和那些受到影响的人们的收入没有太大的关系，但确实让人们感觉到更加贫困，而且使他们开始怀疑政府所宣称的对通货膨胀的抑制是否属实。因此，他们往往以为通货膨胀会加剧，也会要求提高他们的薪金。
8. Normally the West‘s central banks would nudge interest rates higher to deal with such pressures, but the fragile state of the world‘s leading economies makes such action tricky. Some –such as the US Fed –have implicitly favoured a little more inflation over recession. Hence higher inflation co-exists with slowing or stagnant economies. Rising food prices are putting the ―agflation‖ into ―stagflation‖. How has it come about?
8．通常西方国家的中央银行会稍微提高利率以应付这些压力，但是世界主要经济体脆弱的状况往往使这种措施的效果难以预料。一些中央银行一比如美联储一实际上暗中希望在经济衰退期问通货膨胀的程度更大一点。因此，更高的通货膨胀和缓慢的或是停滞的经济增长并存。上涨的食品价格把―农产品价格飞涨‖转变成了―滞胀‖。这一切到底是怎么发生的呢?
9. Mercifully, some of it is down to temporary factors: freakishly bad weather in east Asia, like the floods endured in the North of England and West Country last year, will have a relatively temporary effect, though the spikes in some prices look severe. 9．幸运的是，有些情况和如下的一些暂时的因素相关：比如，东亚多变的坏天气一就像去年英格兰北部和西部乡村遭受的洪灾一样一会产生相对暂时性的影响，尽管有些价格的急剧上涨形势看起来非常严峻。
10. China has been badly affected by cold and rain, pushing inflation to an 11-year high of 7.1 per cent. Tomato prices are up by 138 per cent and pork is 67 per cent more expensive. Reports yesterday that China‘s food producing regions to the north were suffering from drought drove world soya prices up again. India said yesterday that it may import two million tonnes of grain after dry weather cut the harvest. Floods in Mozambique, Zambia and Malawi have had a devastating impact.
10．中国遭受了严重的寒冷天气和雨水灾害的影响，使通货膨胀达到了11年来的最高值7．1％。西红柿价格增长了138％，猪肉价格贵了67％。昨天中国北方粮食主产区遭受干旱的报道使得世界大豆价格又一次上涨。印度昨天宣布，在
干旱的天气降低了收成之后，印度可能将进口200万吨谷物。莫桑比克、赞比亚和马拉维的洪灾已经产生了毁灭性的影响。
11. All these situations should improve. The world should also be able to count on an end to the tensions in Kenya that have crippled her output of tea and cash crops. In the case of Zimbabwe, a historically important source of food has long been stymied by President Robert Mugabe‘s eccentric polices. These, too, may pass.
11．所有这些情况都应改善。整个世界还应当有望看到肯尼亚紧张局势的结束一这种紧张局势已经损害了它的茶叶和商品作物的产量。至于津巴布韦，该国一种传统的重要食物来源长期以来一直遭受着总统罗伯特·穆加贝偏执政策的抑制。这一切也都会过去。
12. The immediate outlook –for the next year or so –is likely to stay gloomy, though, because of the low level of world food stocks. The UN‘s Food and Agriculture Organisation said that these are at record lows, and any attempt to rebuild them will tend to keep food prices elevated. World wheat stocks stand at about 157 million tonnes, against more than 200 million tonnes in 2003. US wheat stocks are projected to fall to their lowest levels in 60 years by May. Speculators have noticed these movements and have, unhelpfully, moved in on ―soft commodities‖ as other high yielding investment opportunities have dried up.
12．不过，展望未来的一两年，形势很有可能是令人沮丧的，这是因为世界粮食储备的低水平。联合国粮农组织宣称粮食储备处在前所未有的低水平，而任何试图重建粮食储备的企图都将使食品价格持续上升。世界小麦储备保持在大约1．57亿吨，而2003年是2亿多吨。预计到5月份，美国小麦储备将降到60年来的最低水平。由于其他高收益的投资机会枯竭，投机者们已经注意到了这些动向，而且开始涉足―软商品‖，这显然对整个形势无益。
13. But even if crops and reserves recover, there are more worrying, long- term influences at work that herald an era of permanently dearer food. Most politically controversial is the diversion of crops to biofuel production. The White House has been the most aggressive in its promotion of bio crops, but others, such as the European Union, have also set ambitious targets for the new technology. US production of ethanol from corn has gone from 1.6 billion gallons in 2000 to 5 billion in 2006. President George Bush has set an interim target of 35 billion gallons for 2017 on the way to the administration‘s ultimate goal of 60 billion by 2030. Brazil and Indonesia are accused by their critics of sacrificing food and biodiversity to bio-ethanol and bio-diesel. Should we grow our biofuel crops in verifiable East Anglia or more efficient South America?
13．但是，即便农作物产量和粮食储备能够恢复，还存在着更多令人担忧的长期的影响，它昭示一个食物价格将永远日趋昂贵的时代的来临。从政治角度上看，最有争议的做法就是从农作物生产转向生物燃料的生产。白宫在促进生物燃料作
物方面敢作敢为，但是其他国家的政府或机构，比如欧盟，也为促进该新技术而确定了野心勃勃的目标。美国用玉米生产出的乙醇从2000年的16亿加仑增加到了2006年的50亿加仑。布什总统已经确定了到2017年生产350亿加仑乙醇的中期目标，直到实现政府到2030年生产600亿加仑的最终目标。巴西和印度尼西亚的批评家指责政府为了获得生物乙醇和生物柴油而牺牲了粮食生产和生物多样性。我们是否应该在产量可核实的英格兰东部地区或效率更高的南美洲种植生物燃料作物?
14. Second, third and fourth-generation biofuels have a much greener impact, but, despite sharply diverging claims, there is little doubt that current biofuel policy is affecting food prices to some extent. Climate change is another unknowable quantity that could transform everything for the worse. But the most significant fact over the next few years will be the economic growth of two of the world‘s most populous nations –China and India. A combination of growing and more prosperous populations demanding a more varied –often more meaty and less efficiently produced – diet will likely price those in even poorer nations in Asia and Africa out of food altogether. Teeming Bangladesh will perhaps be the most notable loser, an impact exacerbated by rising sea levels. A few nations –Argentina, Bolivia, South Africa – will benefit from higher food prices because of the way their economies are structured.
14．第二、三、四代生物燃料会更加环保，但是，尽管有非常尖锐的分歧意见，几乎毫无疑问的是，目前的生物燃料政策正在对食物的价格造成一定程度的影响。气候变化是另外一个不可知的变量，它可能使所有情况变得更糟。人口众多的孟加拉国也许会因不断上升的海平面而成为最显著的损失者。而只有几个国家一如阿根廷、玻利维亚和南非一会因其经济结构而从更高的食品价格中受益。15 The obvious move the world‘s governments could make to alleviate the pain of higher prices seems as distant as e ver. The World Trade Organisation‘s stalled Doha round of trade negotiations could radically improve the workings of the world‘s food markets, but there is still little sign of them reaching a consummation before November‘s US elections, at which point a n ew administration will stall them for many more months.
15．世界各国政府可以采取的旨在减轻较高物价带来的痛苦的明显措施似乎和以往一样遥遥无期。世贸组织被延迟的多哈回合的贸易谈判可以从根本上改善世界粮食市场的运行，但是，在美国大选之前，多哈贸易谈判仍没有多少获得圆满成功的迹象，而大选以后新一届的美国政府又会使谈判延迟数月。
16. Genetically modified crops are another politically loaded option to boost agricultural productivity massively; population control another way of meeting the challenge. Demographics, biotechnology and the climate will all profoundly affect the number of people in the world with enough food in their bellies and the cost of our
weekly shop. But politics, one way or another, could do an awful lot to alleviate the economic and human costs of agflation.
16．转基因作物是另一种有政治意图的大规模提高农业生产力的选择；控制人口增长是另一个应对挑战的途径。人口统计、生物技术和气候因素都会深刻地影响到世界范围内有足够粮食的人口的数目和我们每周的购物支出。但是，在降低因农产品价格飞涨所造成的经济和生命损失方面，政治可以通过这样那样的途径起到非常大的作用。
Unit 5 为什么基因不是命运
1. The remote, snow-swept expanses of northern Sweden are an unlikely place to begin a story about cutting-edge genetic science. The kingdom's northernmost county, Norrbotten, is nearly free of human life; an average of just six people live in each square mile. And yet this tiny population can reveal a lot about how genes work in our everyday lives.
1. 偏远，白雪皑皑的瑞典北部区域不像是一个关于最前沿的基因科学的故事开始的地方。北博滕是这片区域最北部的一个镇，那儿人烟稀少，每平方公里平均只有两人居住。然而如此稀少的人口却大大揭示了基因在我们日常生活中的作用。
2. Norrbotten is so isolated that in the 19th century, if the harvest was bad, people starved. The starving years were all the crueler for their unpredictability. For instance, 1800, 1812, 1821, 1836 and 1856 were years of total crop failure and extreme suffering. But in 1801, 1822, 1828, 1844 and 1863, the land spilled forth such abundance that the same people who had gone hungry in previous winters were able to gorge themselves for months.
2. 北博滕是如此的与世隔绝以至于在十九世纪时，如果收成不好，人们就只能挨饿。由于其不可预测，饥饿的年成便更加恐怖。例如，1800，1812，1821，1836 和1856都是颗粒无收，民不聊生的年份。但在1801，1822，1828，1844及1863年，土地产出了如此丰沛的粮食以至于头年挨饿的人们可以连续数月大吃特吃。
3. In the 1980s, Dr. Lars Olov Bygren, a preventive-health specialist who is now at the prestigious Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, began to wonder what long-term effects the feast and famine years might have had on children growing up in Norrbotten in the 19th century — and not just on them but on their kids and grandkids as well. So he drew a random sample of 99 individuals born in the Overkalix parish of Norrbotten in 1905 and used historical records to trace their parents and grandparents back to birth. By analyzing meticulous agricultural records, Bygren and two colleagues determined how much food had been available to the parents and grandparents when they were young.
3. 拉尔夫·欧勒·拜格伦博士是一位预防医学专家，现任职于声名显赫的位于斯德哥尔摩的卡罗林斯卡学院。从二十世纪八十年代起，他开始研究丰收和饥饿
的年份对十九世纪的北博滕孩子的成长的长期影响--不仅这些孩子，还有这些孩子的孩子以及孙辈。他随机抽取了生于1905年的北博滕奥佛卡利克斯教区的99个孩子作为研究对象。通过历史记录，他追踪到了这些孩子的父母和祖父母的生平。通过仔细分析农业生产记录，拜格伦和两个同事能够计算出那些父母和祖父母年轻时的食物有多少。
4. Around the time he started collecting the data, Bygren had become fascinated with research showing that conditions in the womb could affect your health not only when you were a fetus but well into adulthood. In 1986, for example, the Lancet published the first of two groundbreaking papers showing that if a pregnant woman ate poorly, her child would be at significantly higher than average risk for cardiovascular disease as an adult. Bygren wondered whether that effect could start even before pregnancy: Could parents' experiences early in their lives somehow change the traits they passed to their offspring?
4. 研究表明，子宫内的环境不仅对胎儿健康有影响，这种影响甚至能够持续到一个人的成年期。拜格伦对这一研究产生了极大的兴趣，他开始收集相关数据。例如，《柳叶刀》杂志在1986年首次发表了两篇具有突破性意义的文章，文中称，如果一个怀孕的妇女营养不良，那么她的孩子在成年后患心血管疾病的风险将远高于平均水平。拜格伦想知道，这种影响是否在孕期前就开始了，即：父母早期的生活经历是否会改变他们遗传给下一代的特征？
5. It was a heretical idea. After all, we have had a long-standing deal with biology: whatever choices we make during our lives might ruin our short-term memory or make us fat or hasten death, but they won't change our genes — our actual DNA. We have been used to the thinking that we had kids of our own, the genetic slate would be wiped clean.
5. 这在当时是一个异端邪说的想法。毕竟，我们在生物学上有一个长期存在的观念，即：无论我们在生活中做出怎样的选择，都只能毁坏我们的短期记忆，或者使我们发胖，或加速我们的死亡，但是那些选择将不会改变我们的基因—我们的脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）结构。也就是说，当我们有了我们自己的孩子，我们的基因表又能恢复如常。
6. What's more, any such effects of nurture (environment) on a species' nature (genes) were not supposed to happen so quickly. Charles Darwin, whose On the Origin of Species celebrated its 150th anniversary in November, taught us that evolutionary changes take place over many generations and through millions of years of natural selection. But Bygren and other scientists have now amassed
historical evidence suggesting that powerful environmental conditions (near death from starvation, for instance) can somehow leave an imprint on the genetic material in eggs and sperm. These genetic imprints can short-circuit evolution and pass along new traits in a single generation.
6. 并且我们以为养育（环境）对一个物种的天性（基因）的任何影响都不可能这么快地体现出来。查尔斯·达尔文的《物种起源》到今年十一月已发表了150周年，它告诉我们渐进式变革的发生需要许多代人的时间并且是几百万年自然选择的结果。但是拜格伦和其他科学家现在已经积累了历史证据来证明，强大的环境因素（例如由于饥饿而濒临死亡）能够在卵子和精子的基因物质上留下痕迹。这些基因痕迹能暂时中断进化并在下一代人身上留下新的特征。
7. For instance, Bygren's research showed that in Overkalix, boys who enjoyed those rare overabundant winters — kids who went from normal eating to gluttony in a single season — produced sons and grandsons who lived shorter lives. Far shorter: in the first paper Bygren wrote about Norrbotten, which was published in 2001 in the Dutch journal Acta Biotheoretica, he showed that the grandsons of Overkalix boys who had overeaten died an average of six years earlier than the grandsons of those who had endured a poor harvest. Once Bygren and his team controlled for certain socioeconomic variations, the difference in longevity jumped to an astonishing 32 years. Later papers using different Norrbotten cohorts also found significant drops in life span and discovered that they applied along the female line as well, meaning that the daughters and granddaughters of girls who had gone from normal to gluttonous diets also lived shorter lives. To put it simply, the data suggested that a single winter of overeating as a youngster could initiate a biological chain of events that would lead one's grandchildren to die decades earlier than their peers did. How could this be possible?
7. 例如，拜格伦的研究表明，在奥佛卡利克斯教区，那些享受了过于丰盛的冬季的男孩（在同一季节中经历了从正常饮食到暴饮暴食的孩子），他们的子辈和孙辈寿命比其他人更短。拜格伦第一篇关于北博滕的论文发表于2001年的荷兰期刊Acta Biotheoretica 上，在这篇文章中他提到，生活在奥佛卡利克斯教区的有过度饮食经历男孩的孙辈比经历了收成很差的男孩的孙辈平均寿命短六年。当拜格伦和他的研究小组控制了社会经济方面的其他变量，这一寿命差距就上升到令人震惊的32年。此后的论文研究了北博滕另一些孩子，结果同样发现了明显的寿命下降，并且这一结果也适用于女性，即经历了从正常饮食到暴饮暴食的女孩的子辈和孙辈寿命比其他人更短。简言之，数据显示一个过度饮食的冬季会启动一连串的生物连锁反应，其结果是，一个人的孙辈比其他人的孙辈的寿命短几十年。这是怎样发生的呢？
Meet the Epigenome
认识表观基因组
8. The answer lies beyond both nature and nurture. Bygren's data —along with those of many other scientists working separately over the past 20 years — have given birth to a new science called epigenetics. At its most basic, epigenetics is the study of changes in gene activity that do not involve alterations to the genetic code but still get
passed down to at least one successive generation. These patterns of gene expression are governed by the cellular material —the epigenome —that sits on topof the genome, just outside it (hence the prefix epi-, which means above). It is these epigenetic "marks" that tell your genes to switch on or off, to speak loudly or whisper. It is through epigenetic marks that environmental factors like diet, stress and prenatal nutrition can make an imprint on genes that is passed from one generation to the next.
8. 答案不在天生和养育。拜格伦的研究数据以及过去20年间许多在此领域做了独立研究的科学家们的成果催生了一门叫表观遗传学的新学科。究其根本，表观遗传学是一门研究基因活动中产生的变化的学科，这种变化虽不使基因码产生变异但还是会影响接下来的至少一代人。这种基因表达的模式由一种叫表观基因组的细胞物质控制，表观基因组在基因组之上，就在其表层（这一点我们从表观基因组这个单词的前缀就可得知）。正是这些表观遗传―标记‖告诉你的基因打开或关闭，大声说话或低声细语。通过这些表观遗传标记，诸如饮食，压力和产前营养等环境因素能在基因上留下印记并传给接下来的一代人。
9. Epigenetics brings both good news and bad. Bad news first: there's evidence that lifestyle choices like smoking and eating too much can change the epigenetic marks atop your DNA in ways that cause the genes for obesity to express themselves too strongly and the genes for longevity to express themselves too weakly. We all know that you can truncate your own life if you smoke or overeat, but it's becoming clear that those same bad behaviors can also predispose your kids — before they are even conceived — to disease and early death.
9. 表观遗传学研究给我们同时带来了好消息和坏消息。先说坏消息：抽烟和过度饮食等生活方式上的选择能通过一些方式改变你的脱氧核糖核酸上的表观遗传标记，例如，使肥胖基因过于强烈地表达或使长寿基因表达过于无力。我们都知道，如果你吸烟或饮食过量，你的寿命将缩短，但是，现在我们了解到，这些坏习惯也能使你的孩子（甚至在他们出生前就注定要）生病或早亡。
10. The good news: scientists are learning to manipulate epigenetic marks in the lab, which means they are developing drugs that treat illness simply by silencing bad genes and jump-starting good ones. In 2004 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an epigenetic drug for the first time. Azacitidine is used to treat patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (usually abbreviated, a bit oddly, to MDS), a group of rare and deadly blood malignancies. The drug uses epigenetic marks to dial down genes in blood precursor cells that have become overexpressed. According to Celgene Corp. —the Summit, N.J., company that makes azacitidine —people given a diagnosis of serious MDS live a median of two years on azacitidine; those taking conventional blood medications live just 15 months.
10. 好消息是：科学家们正在实验室里学习操纵表观遗传标记，这意味着他们在研发能够通过使坏基因噤声和启动好基因的方式来治病的药物。2004年，美国
食品与药物监管局首次批准了一种表观遗传药物的上市。阿扎胞苷被用于治疗脊髓增生异常综合症患者（脊髓增生异常综合症是罕见而又致命的血液恶性肿瘤）。此药物利用表观遗传标记来抑制过度表达的血液前体细胞。据阿扎胞苷生产商的数据，在被诊断出患有严重脊髓增生异常综合症的患者当中，服用阿扎胞苷的患者能存活两年，而服用传统药物的人只能存活15个月。
11. Since 2004, the FDA has approved three other epigenetic drugs that are thought to work at least in part by stimulating tumor-suppressor genes that disease has silenced. The great hope for ongoing epigenetic research is that with the flick of a biochemical switch, we could tell genes that play a role in many diseases - including cancer, schizophrenia, autism, Alzheimer's, diabetes and many others - to lie dormant. We could, at long last, have a trump card to play against Darwin.
11. 自从2004年以来，美国食品与药物监管局已经批准了三种表观遗传药物的上市，这些药物被认为能在一定程度上刺激那些受疾病影响没有正常表达的肿瘤抑制基因。对于不断进行的表观遗传学研究，我们寄予重望，希望能轻扣生化开关，便能使那些在许多疾病中（如，癌症，精神分裂症，自闭症，老年痴呆症，糖尿病，等等）发挥作用的基因沉睡。这样，我们最终就能有一张打败达尔文的王牌。
12. The funny thing is, scientists have known about epigenetic marks since at least the 1970s. But until the late '90s, epigenetic phenomena were regarded as a sideshow to the main event, DNA. To be sure, epigenetic marks were always understood to be important: after all, a cell in your brain and a cell in your kidney contain the e xact same DNA, and scientists have long known that nascent cells can differentiate only when crucial epigenetic processes turn on or turn off the right genes in utero.
12. 有意思的是，科学家们自二十世纪七十年代以来就对表观遗传标记有所了解，但在二十世纪九十年代后期之前，表观遗传现象一直被当作是DNA这一主要事件的小插曲。确切地说，表观遗传标记从来被认为是重要的，毕竟，你的脑细胞和你的肾脏细胞包含完全相同的DNA，只有当至关重要的表观遗传程序在子宫里打开或关闭正确的基因，初生细胞才能辨别他们。
13. More recently, however, researchers have begun to realize that epigenetics could also help explain certain scientific mysteries that traditional genetics never could: for instance, why one member of a pair of identical twins can develop bipolar disorder or asthma even though the other is fine. Or why autism strikes boys four times as often as girls. Or why extreme changes in diet over a short period in Norrbotten could lead to extreme changes in longevity. In these cases, the genes may be the same, but their patterns of expression have clearly been tweaked. Biologists offer this analogy as an explanation: if the genome is the hardware, then the epigenome is the software. "I can load Windows, if I want, on my Mac," says Joseph Ecker, a Salk Institute biologist and leading epigenetic scientist. "You're going to have the same chip in there, the
第一单元友谊 Reading 安妮最好的朋友 你是不是想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友呢？或者你是不是担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢？安妮·弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，于是她就把日记当成了她最好的朋友。 安妮在第二次世界大战期间住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则他们就会被德国纳粹抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了两年之后才被发现。在这段时间里，她唯一的忠实朋友就是她的日记了。她说，“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把这本日记当作我的朋友，我要把我这个朋友称作基蒂”。安妮自从1942年7月起就躲藏在那儿了，现在，来看看她的心情吧。 亲爱的基蒂： 我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。我记得非常清楚，以前，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未令我心迷神往过。自从我来到这里，这一切都变了。 ……比方说，有天晚上天气很暖和，我熬到11点半故意不睡觉，为的是独自好好看看月亮。但是因为月光太亮了，我不敢打开窗户。还有一次，就在五个月以前的一个晚上，我碰巧在楼上，窗户是开着的。我一直等到非关窗不可的时候才下楼去。漆黑的夜晚，风吹雨打，雷电交加，我全然被这种力量镇住了。这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚…… ……令人伤心的是……我只能透过脏兮兮的窗帘观看大自然，窗帘悬挂在沾满灰尘的窗前，但观看这些已经不再是乐趣，因为大自然是你必须亲身体验的。
Using Language Reading, listening and writing 亲爱的王小姐： 我同班上的同学有件麻烦事。我跟我们班里的一位男同学一直相处很好，我们常常一起做家庭作业，而且很乐意相互帮助。我们成了非常好的朋友。可是，其他同学却开始在背后议论起来，他们说我和这位男同学在谈恋爱，这使我很生气。我不想中断这段友谊，但是我又讨厌人家背后说闲话。我该怎么办呢？Reading and writing 尊敬的编辑： 我是苏州高中的一名学生。我有一个难题，我不太善于同人们交际。虽然我的确试着去跟班上的同学交谈，但是我还是发现很难跟他们成为好朋友。因此，有时候我感到十分孤独。我确实想改变这种现状，但是我却不知道该怎么办。如果您能给我提些建议，我会非常感激的。 第二单元世界上的英语 Reading 通向现代英语之路 16世纪末期大约有5百万到7百万人说英语，几乎所有这些人都生活在英国。后来，在17世纪英国人开始航海征服了世界其它地区。于是，许多别的国家开始说英语了。如今说英语的人比以往任何时候都多，他们有的是作为第一语言来说，有的是作为第二语言或外语。 以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以互相交流。请看以下例子： 英国人贝蒂：“请到我的公寓（flat）里来看看，好吗？” 美国人艾米：“好的。我很乐意到你的公寓（apartment）去。” 那么，英语在一段时间里为什么会起变化呢？事实上，当不同文化互相交流渗透时，所有的语言都会有所发展，有所变化。首先，在公元450年到1150年间，人们所说的英语跟今天所说的英语就很不一样。当时的英语更多地是以德语
1。 Are you interested in English 你对英语感兴趣吗 Why do you think English has become the international language of the modern world 为什么你认为英语已经成为现代世界的国际语言 2. 2。 What reasons do you expect the author to give for learning a foreign language 你期望作者学习一门外语的原因是什么 Five Good Reasons to Learn a Foreign Language 学习外语的五个好理由。 Still don't understand learning a foreign language is a good idea 还是不明白学习外语是个好主意 Read the following and you will get the idea! 阅读下面的内容，你就会明白了! 1. 1。 Improve your native language 提高你的母语 I know this might not make sense at first but hear me out. 我知道这可能不太有道理，但听我说完。 ⑴ As a person who speaks only one language, you have no basis for comparison; ⑴作为一个人,只会说一种语言,你没有比较的基础; all you know is your native language. 你只知道你的母语。 In different languages the same idea is often expressed in different ways. 在不同的语言中，同样的思想往往以不同的方式表达。 Knowing another language gives you a great measuring stick. 了解另一种语言会给你一个很大的衡量标准。 It will help you better understand tenses, prepositions and all the other parts of speech we normally take for granted. 它将帮助你更好地理解时态、介词以及我们通常认为理所当然的其他部分。
Lesson Thirteen Work 工作 究竟工作是幸福还是痛苦的源泉，这可能是一个难以回答的问题。 Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. 毫无疑问有许多工作是非常令人厌烦的，而且过多的工作总是十分痛苦的事。 There is certainly much work which is exceedingly irksome, and an excess of work is always very painful. 然而我认为，只要不过量，对多数人来说即使是最枯燥的工作也比终日无所事事要好些。 I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. 工作给人的愉快的程度多种多样，从仅仅是消烦解闷到产生巨大的快乐，这会随工作的性质和工 作者的能力而异。 There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. 大多数人不得不从事的工作本身大都无乐趣可言，但即使是这样的工作也有一些很大的好处。Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. 首先，工作可将一天的许多时间占满，人们不必再费神来决定应干些什么，大多数人在可以自由地按自己的愿望打发时间时，常常会不知所措，想不起有什么令人愉快的事值得去做。 To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. 而他们的决定又总是受到干扰，觉得干别的什么事也许会更令人愉快。 And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. 能够有意义地利用闲暇时间是文明发展到最高阶段的结果，而目前很少有人能达到这一层次。To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. 何况作出选择本身就是件令人厌烦的事。 Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. 除了那些具有非凡主动性的人，其他的人肯定有人乐于被告诉一天中的每时每刻该做什么， 当然命令他们做的事不能太令人厌烦。 Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. 多数无所事事的阔佬免遭从事单调乏味工作之苦，但代价是莫名其妙的无聊。 Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from drudgery. 有时他们去非洲猎取巨兽或环绕世界飞行来解闷，但这类刺激的数量有限，尤其到了中年以后更 是如此。 At times they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. 因此较为明智的阔佬们工作起来几乎像穷人一样卖力，而有钱的女人则大多忙于她们自以为
Unit 1 友谊 P2 Reading 安妮最好的朋友 你是不是想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友呢？或者你是不是担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢？安妮·弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，于是她就把日记当成了她最好的朋友。 安妮在第二次世界大战期间住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则他们就会被德国纳粹抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了两年之后才被发现。在这段时间里，她唯一的忠实朋友就是她的日记了。她说，“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把这本日记当作我的朋友，我要把我这个朋友称作基蒂”。安妮自从1942年7月起就躲藏在那儿了，现在，来看看她的心情吧。 亲爱的基蒂： 我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。我记得非常清楚，以前，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未令我心迷神往过。自从我来到这里，这一切都变了。 ……比方说，有天晚上天气很暖和，我熬到11点半故意不睡觉，为的是独自好好看看月亮。但是因为月光太亮了，我不敢打开窗户。还有一次，就在五个月以前的一个晚上，我碰巧在楼上，窗户是开着的。我一直等到非关窗不可的时候才下楼去。漆黑的夜晚，风吹雨打，雷电交加，我全然被这种力量镇住了。这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚…… ……令人伤心的是……我只能透过脏兮兮的窗帘观看大自然，窗帘悬挂在沾满灰尘的窗前，但观看这些已经不再是乐趣，因为大自然是你必须亲身体验的。 P6 Using Language Reading, listening and writing 亲爱的王小姐： 我同班上的同学有件麻烦事。我跟我们班里的一位男同学一直相处很好，我们常常一起做家庭作业，而且很乐意相互帮助。我们成了非常好的朋友。可是，其他同学却开始在背后议论起来，他们说我和这位男同学在谈恋爱，这使我很生气。我不想中断这段友谊，但是我又讨厌人家背后说闲话。我该怎么办呢？P7 Reading and writing 尊敬的编辑： 我是苏州高中的一名学生。我有一个难题，我不太善于同人们交际。虽然我的确试着去跟班上的同学交谈，但是我还是发现很难跟他们成为好朋友。因此，有时候我感到十分孤独。我确实想改变这种现状，但是我却不知道该怎么办。如果您能给我提些建议，我会非常感激的。
? A FAMOUS QUOTE 一个著名的报价 ? ?Without music, life would be a mistake. 没有音乐，生活将是一个错误。 ?——Friedrich Nietzsche ——尼采 ?Friedrich Nietzsche （1844-1900）, German-Swiss philosopher and writer, one of the most influential of modern thinkers. 弗里德里希·尼采(1844 - 1900)、德瑞哲学家和作家,最具影响力的现代思想家之一。 ?He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science. 他撰写了有关宗教、道德、当代文化、哲学和科学的批评文章。 ?Speaking Activity 演讲活动 ?Making an Appointment 做一个预约 ?Sample Dialogue 样的对话 ?Read the following conversation. 阅读下面的对话。 ?Pay attention to how the speakers make an appointment. 注意说话者是如何预约的。 ?Cindy:Dr. 辛迪:博士。 ?Peterson's office. 彼得森的办公室。 ?How can I help you? 我能帮你什么吗? ?David: I'd like to make an appointment. 大卫:我想约个时间。 ?Would Dr.Peterson be able to see me at 9:30 tomorrow? 彼得森医生明天9点半能见我吗? ?Cindy: I'm sorry, but he hasn't got any openings until 11:00, unless there's a cancellation. 辛蒂:很抱歉，他11点才有空，除非有人取消预约。
Lesson One 1.This picture brings back many pleasant memories of her Spanish holiday. 2.News and weather forecasts reports are staples of radio programmes. 3.By mere accident Tom met in a bar his long-lost brother who was thought to have been killed in action during the war. 4.Bill intuited something criminal in their plan. 5.They think that obsessive tidiness in factory is a bad sign . 6.Yesterday his mother sold several years’ worth of paper and magazines. 7.His heartening speech impelled us to (work with) greater efforts. 8.Those who enjoy pulling off a miracle often fail. 9.As language students we should have a sense of nuances of plain words and expressions. 10.The rude behavior of Mrs. Taylor’s ado pted son is driving her into a nervous breakdown. 11.I like to see films in general, and American Western and horrors in particular. 12.In some sense Mary saw in her aunt a surrogate of her mother. 13.My father never equivocated, and he always gave some brief but poignant opinions. 14.Though he disabled, he never tries of helping people. 15.In any country, those who are remiss in their duty must be severely punished. 16.Awareness of the fact that the child was in danger impelled the policeman to action. Lesson 2 1. A. The chances are that they will be held up by traffic on their way to the airport. B. the plane takes off at 6:35. It would be a pity if they couldn’t make it. 2.Another popular notion which is in fact a misconception is that expensive clothes invariably raise one’s status. 3.Can you imagine what kind of life a man has lived who aspires to excellence and abhors mediocrity? 4. A copy of our latest product catalogue will be sent free of charge if you will fill up the form on the reverse of this card and post it. 5.It will be an absurdity, if not a catastrophe. If half of the population of this city abandons their posts and goes in for business. 6.Because they want their kids to be somebodies, some well-intentioned parents exercise enormous pressures on their children and the results all too often prove the reverse. 7.The revered professor predicted that these brilliant young people would surely make their way in the scientific-technical realm in a few years. 8.Many writers have quitted writing stories because, as they say there is no market for them. Yet Lessing sticks and she would go on even if there really wasn’t any home for them but a private drawer. 9.Satire under his pen is only a means to an end, a form to expose social evils. 10.It seemed no body at the party, not even the reporters, made special note of the general’s absence which might have aroused the suspicion of his rivals.
必修1 第一单元 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. 安妮最好的朋友 你想不想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友？或者你会不会担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢？安妮?弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，所以她把的日记视为自己最好的朋友。 Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so she had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hidden away for two years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, ―I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.‖ Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. 在第二次世界大战期间，安妮住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则就会被德国的纳粹分子抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了25个月之后才被发现。在那段时期，她的日记成了她唯一忠实的朋友。她说：―我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把我的日记当作自己的朋友，我把我的这个朋友叫做基蒂。‖现在，来看看安妮自1942年7月起躲进藏身处后的那种心情吧。 Thursday 15, June, 1944 Dear kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. For example, when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven one evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time some months ago, I happened to be upstairs one evening when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.
综合英语（一）下 Lesson One The Story of an Hour 一小时的故事 Kate Chopin Learning Guide 一位已婚女士闻其丈夫惨死于火车事故，不顾自己衰弱的心脏能否经受得住，当即入放声痛哭，随后又不顾亲友的劝告将自己锁在屋内。她推开窗子，迎来外面雨后的一片春意盎然。那充满生机的景象突然唤醒了长期隐藏在她心底深处的愿望，她感到了身心从未有过的自由。正当她憧憬着未来的自由时?? 1They knew that Louise Mallard had a weak heart. So they broke the bad news gently. Her husband, Brently, was dead. 他们知道路易丝·马拉德的心脏不太好，所以把坏消息透露给她时非常委婉。她的丈夫布伦特里死 了 2“ There was a train accident, Louise, ” said her sister Josephine, quietly. 3Her husband's friend, Richards, brought the news, but Josephine told the story. She spoke in broken 4“ Richards ?waast the newspaper office. News of the accident came. Louise ?Lou iBsere, ntly's name was on the list. Brently ?was killed, Louise. ” “出了一次火车事故，路易丝。”姐姐约瑟芬轻声说道。带来消息的是她丈夫的朋友理查兹，但告诉她的是约瑟芬。约瑟芬在讲述时语不成句。 “理查兹当时正在报社，消息传了过来。路易丝??路易丝，死者的名单上有布伦特里的名字。布 伦特里??遇难了，路易丝。” 5Louise did not hear the story calmly, like some women would.She could not close her mind or her heart to the news. Like a sudden storm , her tears broke out . She cried, at once, loudly in her sister's arms. Then, just as suddenly, the tears stopped. She went to her room alone. She would not let anyone follow her. 路易丝听到这个噩耗，没有像有些妇女所可能表现的那样平静。她不可能做到无动于衷。泪水像突如其 来的暴雨，夺眶而出。她立时呼号起来，在姐姐的怀里放声大哭。随后她的泪水就像它们突然来时的那样又突然止住了。她独自走进自己的房间，不让任何人跟着进去。 6In front of the window stood a large, comfortable armchair. Into this she sank and looked out of the window. She was physically exhausted after her tears. Her body felt cold; her mind and heart were empty. 7Outside her window she could see the trees. The air smelled like spring rain. She could hear someone singing far away. Birds sang near the house. Blue sky showed between the clouds. She rested. 窗前放着一把又大又舒适的扶手椅。她疲惫地坐到椅子上，向窗外望去。哭过之后，她筋疲力尽。她浑身冰凉，脑子里和心里一片空白
Lesson One 1. This picture brings back many pleasant memories of her Spanish holiday. 2. News and weather forecasts reports are staples of radio programmes. 3. By mere accident Tom met in a bar his long-lost brother who was thought to have been killed in action during the war. 4. Bill intuited something criminal in their plan. 5. They think that obsessive tidiness in factory is a bad sign . 6. Yesterday his mother sold several years’ worth of paper and magazines. 7. His heartening speech impelled us to (work with) greater efforts. 8. Those who enjoy pulling off a miracle often fail. 9. As language students we should have a sense of nuances of plain words and expressions. 10. The rude behavior of Mrs. Taylor’s adopted son is driving her into a nervous breakdown. 11. I like to see films in general, and American Western and horrors in particular. 12. In some sense Mary saw in her aunt a surrogate of her mother. 13. My father never equivocated, and he always gave some brief but poignant opinions. 14. Though he disabled, he never tries of helping people. 15. In any country, those who are remiss in their duty must be severely punished. 16. Awareness of the fact that the child was in danger impelled the policeman to action. Lesson 2 1. A. The chances are that they will be held up by traffic on their way to the airport. B. the plane takes off at 6:35. It would be a pity if they couldn’t make it. 2. Another popular notion which is in fact a misconception is that expensive clothes invariably raise one’s status. 3. Can you imagine what kind of life a man has lived who aspires to excellence and abhors mediocrity 4. A copy of our latest product catalogue will be sent free of charge if you will fill up the form on the reverse of this card and post it. 5. It will be an absurdity, if not a catastrophe. If half of the population of this city abandons their posts and goes in for business. 6. Because they want their kids to be somebodies, some well-intentioned parents exercise enormous pressures on their children and the results all too often prove the reverse. 7. The revered professor predicted that these brilliant young people would surely make their way in the scientific-technical realm in a few years.
1.必修一MODULE 1 My First Day at Senior High升入高中的第一天 My name is Li Kang. I live in Shijiazhuang, a city not far from Beijing.我叫李康,住在离北京不远的石家庄市,它是河北省的首府。It is the capital city of Hebei Province. Today is my first day at Senior High school and I'm writing down my thoughts about it.今天是我升入高中的第一天,现在我就写写我这一天的感想。My new school is very good and I can see why. The teachers are very enthusiastic and friendly and the classrooms are amazing.我的新学校非常好,理由如下,老师们很热情、很友好,而且教室很棒。Every room has a computer with a special screen, almost as big as a cinema screen. 每间教室部配备有一台电脑,电脑屏幕是像电影院屏幕大小差不多的特殊屏幕。The teachers write on the computer, and their words appear on the screen behind them.老师在电脑上写字,这些字就出现在老师身后的屏幕上。The screens also show photographs, text and information from websites. They're brilliant!屏幕也能显示照片、文本以及网站下载的信息。真是太棒了! The English class is really interesting.英语课很有趣。The teacher is a very enthusiastic woman called Ms Shen.老师是一位姓沈的非常热心的女士。We're using a new textbook and Ms Shen’s method of teaching is nothing like that of the teachers at my Junior High school.由于我们使用的是新课本,沈老师的教学方法跟初中老师完全不一样。She thinks that reading comprehension is important, but we speak a lot in class, too. 她认为阅读理解很重要,而我们在课堂上说得也很多。And we have fun. I don't think I will be bored in Ms Shen's class!我们过得很快乐。我认为上沈老师的课我是不会感到厌倦的! Today we introduced ourselves to each other. We did this in groups. 今天我们以小 组的形式互相作了自我介绍。Some students were embarrassed at first but everyone was very friendly and it was really nice.有些同学开始还有些难为情,不过大家都很友好,真是太好了。Ms Shen gave us instructions and then we worked by ourselves.沈老师给了我们一些指导,然后我们自己活动。
我上高中的一天 我叫李康，住在石家庄，一个距离北京不远的城市。它是河北的省会。今天是我上高中的第一天，我正在记载我的一些想法。 我的新学校很好，我能看出这是为什么。老师们非常热情友好，教室令人惊奇。每间教室都有一台电脑，配有特别的屏幕，几乎和电影屏幕一样大。老师们在电脑上打字，这样他们打出的字就显示在他们身后的屏幕上。屏幕上海能显示图片，文本及来自网上的信息。它们真是太棒了。 英语课确实很有趣。老师是一位非常热情的叫沈老师的女士。我们使用新课本，并且沈老师的教学方法与我的初中老师的教学方法完全不同。她认为阅读理解很重要，不过我们课堂英语也讲得很多。我们上课很快乐。我认为我是不会对沈老师课厌烦的。 今天我们讨论互相自我介绍。我们是以小组讨论式进行的。有些学生起初有些尴尬，不过每个人都很友善，这真是好。沈老师给我们提出要求，然后我们自己活动。 沈老师想帮助我们提高拼写和书写水平。我们用拼写游戏和其他活动这类有趣的方式来进行。我很喜欢她的态度，其他学生的行为表明他们也喜欢她。 我班上有65个学生，比我原来初中班上的人数多。学生中49人是女生。换句话说，女生的人数是男生的三倍。他们说通常女生比男生学习更努力，但在这个班上，每个人都很努力。作为我们今晚的家庭作业，我们写一篇描述我们所住街道的文章。 我的新教师 常言道第一印象非常重要，李老师给我的第一印象是紧张而且害羞。我想她那时可能就是这样，因为那是她给我们上的第一堂课。但现在，两周之后，全班同学都很喜欢上她的课了。她既和蔼又有耐心，而且她讲解英语语法如此清楚，以至于连我都明白。她避免使你感到自己很愚蠢。说英语时我一直很讨厌出错或发音有误。可是李老师只是笑笑，这样你就不会感到自己很蠢。我想可能对于成绩好的学生来说，她讲的有点慢，但是对我来说却极好。我觉得我会在她的课上取得进步的。 我猜陈老师快60岁了，她非常严厉——除非她要求我们（讲话），否则我们一句话也不敢说。她也很严肃而且不大爱笑。当她要你做什么事情时，你一定要马上做。我们班有几个学生上课老迟到，可是上陈老师的课他们一直都很准时。我们班有些同学不喜欢她，但是我们大多数人真的很佩服她，因为她讲课非常有条理，也很清楚。甚至还有几个学生表示喜欢她。在做科学实验时，她讲解的很确切，因此我的学习不断进步。虽然物理永远不会是我最喜欢的学科，但是我想由陈老师教我，我在考试中取得好成绩。 吴老师只教了我们两个星期就已经很受欢迎了。我想这是因为他真的喜欢语文数学——应该是热爱。他总是充满活力，这是一节你不会睡觉的课。我觉得他大约28岁，长得相当帅。他声音洪亮而且说话快，他兴奋的时候还会挥舞双手。他非常有趣，觉得我们感到厌烦时就讲笑话。上吴老师的课，即使向作文和总结这样的东西都充满了乐趣。我很敬重他。
大学英语自学教程上册课文翻译 第一课 Text A「课文译文」怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者 “学习一门语言很容易,即使小孩也能做得到。” 大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。对他们来说,学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。他们需要数百小时的学习与练习,即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。 语言学习不同于其他学习。许多人很聪明,在自己的领域很成功,但他们发现很难学好一门语言。相反,一些人学习语言很成功,但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。 语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议:“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”,“每天练习说这种语言”,“与说这种语言的人住在一起”,“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”,“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”,“放松地去学习语言。” 然而,成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢语言学习研究表明,成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。 首先,成功的语言学习者独立学习。他们不依赖书本和老师,而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。他们不是等待老师来解释,而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论,从而做出正确的猜测。如果猜错,他们就再猜一遍。他们都努力从错误中学习。 成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。因此,成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习,出错时请这些人纠正。他们不失时机地进行交流,不怕重复所听到的话,也不怕说出离奇的话,他们不在乎出错,并乐于反复尝试。当交流困难时,他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。对他们来说,更重要的是学习用这种语言思考,而不是知道每个词的意思。 最后,成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易,因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。 你是什么样的语言学习者如果你是一位成功的语言学习者,那么你大概一直在独立地,主动地,目的明确地学习。另一方面,如果你的语言学习一直不太成功,你不妨试试上面提到的一些技巧。 Text B「课文译文]语言 当我们想告诉别人我们想什么时,我们不但可以借助于词语,还可以用其他表达方法。比如,当我们想说“是”时,我们有时会上下点头,而当我们想说“不” 时,我们会左右摇头。那些既听不见也不会说话的人(也就是聋哑人)借助于手势相互交谈。那些彼些不懂对方语言的人也用这种方式交谈。下面这个故事就说明了人们有时是怎样借助于手势进行交谈的。 一个不会说意大利语的人曾到意大利去旅行。一天,他走进一家饭店,在桌边坐下。侍者过来时,这个英国人张开嘴,将手指放进嘴中,然后拿出来,并上下翕动嘴唇。他用这种方法说:“给我拿点吃的东西。”侍者很快给他端来一杯茶。英国人摇摇头,侍者明白他不想要茶,于是将茶端走,又端来咖啡。英国人一脸不高兴的样子,他这时一点也不渴,只是非常饿,每次侍者给他端来喝的他都摇头。侍者给他端来了葡萄酒,接着又拿来了啤酒,汽水。当然这些都不是食物。他正要离开这家饭店时,另外一位旅行者进来了。这位旅行者看见侍者,就把手放在胃部。这就足够了,几分钟后他面前的桌子上就放了一大盘通心粉和肉。 由此可见,原始的手势语并不总能很明白地表达意义,而词汇语言就准确多了。 词由声音组成,但许多声音有意义却不是词。例如,我们会说“sh-sh-sh”来表示“请安静”。当婴儿笑时,我们知道他们很快乐;当他们哭时,我们知道他们病了或只是想要什么东西。 动物也是一样。狗发出“G-r-r”的声音或猫发出“F-f-f”的声音时,我们知道他们在发怒。 但这些声音不是语言。语言包括词,我们将这些词组成句子。但动物不需要这样做。狗在表示“生气了”时会发出“G-r-r”的声音,但它不会先说“I”,再说“am”然后再说“angry”。鹦鹉能像人那样说话,能重复整个