S PEECH E NHANCEMENT IN VEHICULAR ENVIRONMENT
Abdul Wahab and Tan Eng Chong
School of Applied Science, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
and
Hüseyin Abut
E.C.E. Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA92182
Abstract
The increasing demand for mobile multimedia communication prompted extensive studies on implementing effective and optimum way to communicate in the vehicular environment. The proposed system cover the analysis and cancellation/suppression of the various noise in a vehicular environment ranging from engine noise, wind noise to road noise. In addition it is critical to also understand the echoes that can be generated due to the effect of a vehicle chamber. All these noises and unwanted signals impede on the speech performance and have been a cause of clarity in speeches even on an uncompressed voice. The compressed speech uses the LPC algorithm in the VOCODER and these worsen the speech clarity and could be disastrous, where speech could be totally unrecognisable. Hence, the intelligent dashboard would require microphone arrays and a multi-tasking system to handle the vast processing requirement. Numerous asynchronous scheduling tasks necessitate the architecture to be re-configurable. A cost-effective technology for this would be to employ a powerful digital signal processing (DSP) sub-system equipped with the necessary support electronics.
1.Introduction
It has been in the public debate for some time that vehicles in the future would need to detect, process, and communicate significantly more information. They will be between the vehicle and the driver, among the people in the vehicle and between the vehicle and the outside world, including other vehicles, road itself, and the Advanced Traffic Management and Information Systems (ATMIS). The driver and other passengers may want to communicate with the outside world verbally, or to have a conference call. These activities have been traditionally handled by car phones or short-wave radios, where the underlying signal is the band-limited voice grade waveform. These signals are transmitted over a communication channel, which is extremely corrupted by echoes both in the transmission link and inside the chamber of the vehicle, natural and man-made noise from numerous sources, and interfering signals from other channels, passengers, and audio information subsystem. It is commonly accepted that the next generation car phones will be totally digital cellular and the volume of applications will increase. However, a number of ills will not go away and a speech processing system will be required to tackle them. Some of the tasks for this system will be the noise suppression, echo cancellation, source localisation, speaker identification, speech coding, compression and transmission by digital means.
We will discuss briefly the spectral dissection of various degradations in vehicular environment. A proposed cost-effective model for the speech processing and communication system and the re-configurable digital signal-processing concept will be introduced. Finally, the conclusion and summary of the proposed system architecture.
2.Spectra of Vehicular Disturbances
In order to justify various components of the proposed system, it would be appropriate to observe visually various ills mentioned above and vehicular echo problem.
To study the problem carefully and to gather road data, we have performed a field test. We have equipped a compact van with a DAT tape recorder and a low-cost low-pass microphone. There were two passengers to act as interference sources in addition to the driver. We have travelled along the city streets and two expressways in Singapore for a number of hours. We have a database of 40 minutes long recordings under 16 different experimental conditions. We have captured most of the recordings onto a hard disk using the speech I/O unit of a digital signal processing development system. We have sampled our data with a clock rate of 8,000 samples/s, which is the Nyquist frequency after properly band-limiting the signal to the voice-grade service bandwidth of the next generation digital cellular phones.
In Figure 1, we present in two plots the spectrum of the engine noise while the vehicle is moving at a nominal speed of 60 km/h. The windows were rolled up and the chamber was quiet. There was not any other vehicle in the vicinity and it was not possible to detect wind noise inside the vehicle. As it can be seen from these two plots, the engine noise does have any effect above 200 Hz. This should be very easily tackled by the enhanced speech processing and communication system proposed here.
Figure 1. Spectrum of the engine noise in frequency ranges 0-1,000 Hz and 200-1,000 Hz for a vehicle moving at 60 km/h
(windows rolled up and quiet inside the chamber.)
In Figure 2, we display the spectra in three plots in the frequency ranges 0-1,000 Hz, 200-1,000 Hz, and 1,000-4,000 Hz. In this case, the vehicle is stationary with the windows down. There was a heavy vehicle moving at about 50 km/h and the levels of the ambient road noise and the wind noise were rather significant. In addition to the very-low frequency components of the previous case representing the engine noise, we have two additional
spectral regions to consider.
As it can be seen from the second plot of this figure, there is considerable information in the frequency range between 200-400 Hz. We believe this is coming from the ambient wind noise and the wind generated by vehicles passing by and the road noise coming from the tire friction on pavement. Suppression of this degradation is not as simple as the previous one since it exhibits a slowly varying random behaviour. Nevertheless, a slowly adaptive filtering process should be able to minimise its effects. Noise components in the frequency range 1,000 Hz -4,000 Hz exhibit a coloured noise spectrum in a widely spread fashion. Since this spectrum is covering the complete speech frequency range, it is very difficult to tackle. Source localisation based on adaptive beamforming followed by a trainable and quickly adapting estimation and cancellation scheme will be needed to suppress the contributions from these sources.
Finally, in Figure 3, we display similar spectra under more severe conditions. This time, the vehicle is travelling at a speed of 60 km/h with windows rolled up; there are other vehicles passing by; the driver is trying to communicate and the two passengers kept talking. The first spectrum is Figure 2.The spectrum of the stationary engine noise, ambient wind noise, and interferences from
vehicles passing by. The windows are down
and the speakers are silent. The frequency
ranges are from 0-1,000 Hz, 200-1,000 Hz
and 1,000-4,000 Hz, respectively.
very similar to the one in Figure 1. However, the noise in the low frequency range 200-400 Hz is drastically reduced
in comparison to Figure 2.
In the last figure, it is possible to observe the formant structure of the speech. We believe this will be one of the most frequently encountered scenarios and the speech enhancement task will be very demanding since all three speakers are talking and their acoustical echoes are riding on all other ills. It is impossible to completely eliminate all the degradations in this case. But the advanced speech enhancement features of the proposed system will be able to improve the quality of speech to permit uninterrupted communication.
3.The Enhanced Speech Processing and Communication System
The speech quality of the emerging totally digital cellular phones will, to a greater extent, depend on the speech quality available at the near-end transmitter of the communication link. Despite this, most research efforts have been directed towards speech coding techniques, channel transmission issues of cellular telephony and noise control and optimisation [1-4]. Very little research has been performed on the effects of ambient acoustical noise and the echoes in the vehicular environment. Throughout the world it is observed that a significant percent of cellular phone users are in vehicular chambers, cars, trucks, buses, and public transportation systems where degradations due to echoes, interferences, and various types of noise are severe. Recently, some research results which address some of these problems have been reported [4-10].
An ideal solution to these is to have an enhanced speech processing and communication system with re-configurable and multi-tasking architecture. The system should be able to locate an intended speaker, cancel echoes generated inside the vehicle, combat various noise, and jamming signals as well as handle all the speech processing, compression, transmission, reception, and data and network communication tasks. In Figure 4, we present a block diagram of the proposed speech processing and communication system. Speech input to the system will be provided by a microphone array strategically positioned on the dashboard to capture various signals from speech, different types of noise, echoes and other interferences. The front-end CODEC will have a set of 16-bit analogue-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analogue (D/A) converters with sampling rate of between 8,000-10,000 samples per second.
Before any processing task, the system should be able to locate and identify the primary speaker. That is, the system must focus to its primary user. Speech from other people in the vehicle, from the hi-fi systems, echoes, engine noise, road noise, wind noise, noises from standing nearby and passing by vehicles will be considered unwanted input signals and hence, our objective is to eliminate them, or at least, suppress them significantly. This, in turn, will improve the quality of the speech from the genuine user. Figure 3. The Spectrum when the driver is trying to
communicate and two passengers kept
talking in a moving vehicle at a speed of
60 km/h with windows rolled up. As
before, frequency ranges are from 0-1,000
Hz, 200-1,000 Hz and 1,000-4,000 Hz,
respectively.
Figure 4. The Block Diagram of the Proposed Speech Processing and Communication System
One of the most annoying impediments to speech quality in a vehicular chamber is the echo generated by the leakage of the far-end speaker. When the near-end speaker (i.e. the driver) or any of the passengers in the car speaks, this echo is mixed with his/her speech and transmitted as a composite signal. Thus, the first task of the proposed speech enhancement system is to adaptively cancel the echo during non-speech periods. However, it should not work as a canceller when the near-end speaker speaks. In other words, no adaptation is to be performed when the near-end speaker talks. This necessitates the inclusion of a near-end speaker activity detection mechanism. In our literature survey [4-10], we have noticed that some researchers have used a coefficient adaptation algorithm based on the least-mean-squared (LMS) error criterion for echo cancelling. Albeit being very successful in echo cancellation, the basic LMS technique is not very effective in tackling other degradations.
Secondly, in the vehicular hands-free cellular communication framework, the engine, road, and wind noise components need to be considered. It has been observed that the degradation in the intelligibility and the general quality of the cellular speech due to this imperfection is equally disturbing as the echo of the previous section. Hence, the second objective of the enhanced speech processing and communication system is to combat these imperfections of the cellular speech or data. Although there are some recent studies and analyses on the spectra of these noise sources [6-9], they are not directly applicable here since these noise sources have statistically different spectral behaviour. For instance, the engine noise is significantly correlated with the engine RPM and therefore, it is rather deterministic. On the other hand, the road and wind noises are stochastic in nature and spread over a frequency range.
The worst class of degradation is from the interspeaker interference. In this case, the primary signal and the interfering signals have similar spectra. Thus, it is an extremely difficult problem to tackle. This was the main reason why we are proposing the inclusion of speaker tracking and identification capabilities in this speech processing system.This last point, in particular, suggest a type of beam forming structure based on a microphone array followed by an adaptive filtering scheme. Beamforming techniques, which have found important applications in radar, sonar, radio astronomy, geophysics, and biomedical signal processing applications, appear to be a conceptually sound candidate for our speech enhancement task.
The most simple form of beamforming is called the delay and sum beamforming, which compensates the delay of the target signal and sums the signals in the beam so that the target signals have the same phase while the interfering signals exhibit different phase. Here we propose to use the delay and sum beamforming technique. First, it follows the genuine speaker and then adaptively cancels noises coming from the interfering speakers, the engine, the wind --especially critical when the windows are down-- and the road noise coming from other vehicles and the road-tire friction. There are some studies on this method for speech recognition in a hands-free telephone set-up [4-10]. Figure 5 shows the structure of the proposed enhancer with the microphone array and the A/D converters (D n+1) as the inputs. The output of the system is a cleaned speech to be transmitted after compression.
M
Figure 5. The Speech Enhancement Circuit.
4.Re-configurable Digital Signal Processing
The above speech enhancement architecture requires a considerable amount of computations. Depending on the particulars of the actual speech/speaker detection circuitry, the beamformer, adaptive filter banks and digital speech compression algorithm, we anticipate the overall computational complexity to be on the order of 35-40 million operations per second (MOPS)1. In particular, the 2,400 bits/s U.S. government standard MELP coder will require 22-25 MOPS [11-12]. The remaining 13-15 MOPS will be needed for all other tasks. This conservative figure should be sufficient since all tasks 1Here we use the term MOP in the framework of the Texas Instruments TMS320C4X DSP systems family.
other than the speech compression will be performed in a re-configurable multi-tasking fashion2. We believe The Texas Instruments, Inc., TMS32C4X DSP hardware platform operating at 40 MHz should be able to handle all the computational needs. In order to have a microphone array size of six or more we propose the front-end audio input/output unit to have an eight channel aggregate 200,000 Hz A/D rate in a multiplexed fashion and a minimum of two output channels.
Operating of the system will require a scheduler and a memo-passing facility so that information can be passed from one process to another. A memo in this case will consist of the type of processing requirement, the placement of data in memory and, of course, the originating and destination units.
5.Conclusions
In this study, we propose a working model for future dashboards in intelligent vehicles. The system includes a totally digital speech processing and communication system. Since it is a digital system it will be easily reconfigured to work as an advanced packet data communication system including fax and electronic mail, voice mail and high-speed data transfer tasks. We have presented the enhanced speech communication sub-system and the source tracking and noise cancellation circuitry. However, we would like to emphasise that the proposed architecture and its components are to be accepted as models in transition. In other words, we will improve and appropriately modify the system as the technology in this field evolves.
6.References
[1]Thomas E. Miller and Jeffrey Barish, “ Optimizing Sound for Listening in the Presence of Road Noise”, The International Conference on Signal Processing Applications and Technology, ICSPAT '93, Santa Clara, Calif., USA, Sept. 28- Oct. 1 93, Vol. 1, pp. 97-106. [2]Carlos R. Martins, Moises S. Piedade, INESC and Ceautl Lisboa, “ Fast Adaptive Noise Canceller using the LMS Algorithm”, The International Conference on Signal Processing Applications and Technology, ICSPAT '93, Santa Clara, Calif., USA, Sept. 28- Oct. 1 93, Vol. 1, pp. 121-127.
[3]Harrison, W. A., J. S. Lim and E. Singer, “A New Application of Adaptive Noise Cancellation”, IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-34, No. 1, pp. 21-27, Feb. 1986.
2 It should be easy to guess that the computational complexity would increase enormously if the architecture did not have re-configurability. That is, the overall computational load would be unacceptably high if the algorithms and circuits for all tasks were kept running at all times.[4]H. Olson, "Electronic Control of Noise, Vibration and reverberation," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.28, 1956, pp. 966-972.
[5] D. Messerschmitt, D. Hedberg, C. Cole, A. Haoui, and P. Winship, "Digital Voice Echo Canceller with a TMS320C20," in DSP Applications, K.-S. Lin, Ed., Prentice-Hall, 1987.
[6]S. Oh, V. Viswanathan, and P. Papamichalis, "Hands-Free Voice Communication in an Automobile With a Microphone Array," Proc. IEEE ICASP-92, pp. I-281 -284, San Francisco, CA.
[7]I. Claesson, S.E. Nordholm, B.A. Bengtsson, and P. Erickson, "A Multi-DSP Implementation of a Broad-Band Adaptive Beamformer for Use in a Hands-Free Mobile Radio Telephone," EEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 40, pp. 194-201, Feb. 1991.
[8]L.J. Griffiths and C.W. Jim, "An Alternative Approach to Linearly Constrained Adaptive Beamforming," EEE Trans. on Antennas Propag., Vol. AP-30, pp. 27-34, January 1982.
[9] E. Arkan, "Echo and Road Noise Cancellation in Digital Cellular Telephone," M.S. Thesis, San Diego State University, Spring 1994.
[10]E. Arkan, H. Abut, S. Pelling, fj. harris, and G.C. Marques, "Implementation of a 5.0 KB/s Coder for Vehicular Applications: Part: II Acoustic Echo and Noise Canceller, Proc. of ASILOMAR-1993 Conf. on Sig., Sys. & Computers, pp. 776-780, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1993.
[11]J. Tardelli, Chair, "US DoD Selection of 2400 BPS Standard," Special Session SPEC3, Proceedings of IEEE ICASSP-96, Pp. 1137-1164, May 1996, Atlanta, GA. [12]A. McCree, K. Truong, E.B. George, T.P. Barnwell, III and V. Viswanathan, "A 2.4 KBIT/S MELP Coder Candidate for the new U.S. Federal Standard," Proceedings of the IEEE ICASSP-96, May 1996, Atlanta, GA.
1．I have never cultivated a mustache though I’m sure one would enhance my distinguished looks and cause women to giggle as I passed along the boulevard. 尽管我确信蓄胡子会使我更加气度不凡，走在大街上会使女性发笑，但我从不留胡子。 2．I might be thrown into such a panic that I’d blurt out ... 我可能会惊慌得脱口而出... 3．It is one of the paradoxes of social intercourse that a compliment is harder to respond to than an insult. Here is an area of small talk that most of us act awkwardly. 在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。 5．Someone utters a pleasing, praiseful remark in our direction and we grow inarticulate and our kneecaps begin to vibrate. 有人对我们说上一句动听、赞美的话，我们就慌得说不出话来，膝盖开始瑟瑟发抖。 6．I can’t accept with grace a compliment bestowed upon me for a thing that isn’t real ly mine. 如果别人称赞不是真正属于我自己的东西时，我根本无法欣然接受. 7．The nearest I ever came to downright acceptance of this particular compliment was the time I said, “Well, we like it.” 我在接受这种特定的恭维时，表示最能完全接受的说法就是“嗯，我们喜欢。” 8．... carried away by the vastness of his complimentary remark ... 被他的这种极度夸张的恭维话所吸引的 9．I think we make a mistake when we react to a compliment with denial and derogation. 我认为，对待恭维采取否定和贬低的态度是错误的。 10．The situation here is much the same as the one regarding my view. 这种情景，与我上述提出的观点非常相似。 11．I know a man who has put his mind to this problem and come up with a technique for brushing off praise. 我认识一个潜心研究这种问题的人，他想出了一个办法来避开别人的表扬。 12．He employs a sort of unreasonable realism. 他采取了一种不近情理的现实态度。 13．I don’t think this fellow is on the right track. 我想这个家伙回答的方式有问题。 14．This sort of thing, the witty reply, ought to be placed under government regulation. 这种俏皮机智的应答，应该置于政府的规定之中。 15．That one, I thought, was more than passable. 我想，这个回答相当不错。 16．But for every genuinely clever retort there are a thousand that fall flat. 但是，在千百次的应对中才会有一句真正巧妙的应答。 17．It takes a Dorothy Parker or a George S. Kaufman to handle the quip comeback with skill. 只有像多萝西·帕克或乔治·考夫曼这样的人才能应对自如。 18．… swell out their chests…挺着胸脯 19．I worked like a dog to get it written. 我当时写得好苦啊。 20．... the unwritten code of authorhood ... 著书人的一条不成文的规定. 21．... with immeasurably lovely egg on your face ... 一脸尴尬 22．There is no point in trying to play the game back at them —they’ll top you in the end, no matter what. 要想回敬他们是没有用的——不管说什么，最后他们总会占上风。 23．... at the bottom of all graceful social intercourse lies poise ... 在所有得体的社交场合，最根本的就是保持镇定24．Given the same circumstances I would have quietly asked for a coil of rope. 要是我遇到这种情况，我会感到极为窘迫，恨不得悄悄地找根绳子去上吊。 . 25．If we could all comport ourselves with that kind of dignity, and quit jittering, our social life would be much more enjoyable. 要是我们的行为举止都能保持这种风度，摆脱局促不安，那我们的社交生活就会有趣得多。 26．... the chances he’s just making conversation ...他可能只是想和你说说话。 Unit 2 1. I date a woman for a while—literary type, well-read, lots of books in her place—whom I admired a bit too extravagantly
汉翻英第一单元 1、要善于恭维他人，重要的一步就是要懂得为什么恭维会有助于你建立更好的人际关系。 An important step in becoming an effective flatterer is to understand why flattery helps you establish better relationships with others. 2、恭维之所以奏效，最根本的原因是恭维符合了人类行为的一个基本原则：人们渴望得到赏识。 The root cause of the power of flattery gets at(达到) a basic principle of human behavior：People crave being appreciated. Power of flattery lies in the fact that it fulfils a basic principle of human behavior: 3、尽管文化背景各不相同，但绝大多数人都有类似的想法。 The vast majority of people are of the similar idea despite different cultures. 4、在亚洲文化中，人们对群体赏识的渴求一般要强于对个体赏识的渴求。但不管怎样，人们渴望赏识是普遍存在的。 In Asian cultures the desire for group recognition is generally stronger than the desire for individual recognition. Nevertheless, the need for recognition is present/universal. 5、很多人认为，工作本身带来的乐趣要比外界赏识包括恭维更为重要。Many people hold that the joy of work itself is more important than external recognition, including flattery. 6、工作的乐趣也许是一种巨大的动力，但是即使是那些从工作中得到极大乐趣的人如科学家、艺术家、摄影师也渴望得到恭维和认可，否则他们就不会去竞争诺贝尔奖或在重要的展览会上展示他们的作品了。 The joy of work may be a powerful motivator, but even those who get the biggest joy from their work —such as scientists, artists, and photographers —crave flattery and recognition. 7、否则他们就不会去竞争诺贝尔奖或在重要的展览会上展示他们的作品了。Otherwise they wouldn’t compete for Nobel Prizes or enter their work in important exhibitions. 8、恭维之所以奏效，还因为它与人们对认可的正常需要有关。 Another reason flattery is so effective relates to the normal need to be recognized. 9、尽管有一些关于恭维的书和文章问世，并对恭维极力进行宣扬，但是大多数人还是没有得到应有的赏识。 Although some articles and books have been written and preached zealously about flattery, most people receive less recognition than they deserve. 10、很多人无论在工作上或在家里都很少收到赞美，所以对认可的渴求就更加强烈了。 Many people hardly ever receive compliments either on the job or at home, thus intensifying their demand for flattery. 汉翻英第二单元 1、鲜花是最常送的礼物之一。 Flowers are among the most frequently given gifts. 2、有一种传统的用鲜花表达的语言。精心挑选的一束花卉可以传达多种不同的情感和祝福。 There’s a traditional floral language, and a carefully selected bouquet or plant can convey a wide range of emotions （love, affection, pity）and sentiments 、 3、红玫瑰象征着爱情也象征着新事业充满希望的开端； Red roses symbolize love as well as the hopeful beginning of a new enterprise; 4、紫罗兰是祈求受花人不要忘却送花人。 violets beseech the recipient not to forget the donor; 5、兰花以及其他精美的花卉则表示（你希望）受花人认为你情调高雅（decent, graceful, elegant）、受人尊重(esteemed, respectable)、出类拔萃(outstanding, distinguished, celebrated)。 orchids and other exquisite blooms indicate that the recipient regards you as exotic（珍奇的）, precious（讲究的）and rare（珍贵的）. 6、送一束鲜花能唤起温馨的回忆，比那些仅仅显示炫耀和奢华的礼物更为珍贵。 A floral gift that evokes warm recollections will be prized more than one that is
要善于恭维他人,重要的一步就是要懂得为什么恭维会有助于你建立更好的人际关系。 An important step in becoming an effective flatterer is to understand why flattery helps you establish better relationships with others. 恭维之所以奏效,最根本的原因是恭维符合了人类行为的一个基本原则:人们渴望得到赏识。 The root cause of the power of flattery gets at a basic principle of human behavior: People crave being appreciated., 尽管文化背景各不相同,但绝大多数人都有类似的想法。 he vast majority of people are of the similar idea despite different cultures. 在亚洲文化中,人们对群体赏识的渴求一般要强于对个体赏识的渴求。 In Asian cultures the desire for group recognition is generally stronger than the desire for individual recognition. 但不管怎样,人们赏识是普遍存在的。 Nevertheless, the need for recognition is present. 很多人认为,工作本身带来的乐趣要比外界赏识包括恭维更为重要。工作的乐趣也许是一种巨大的动力,但是即使是那些从工作中得到极大乐趣的人,如科学家、艺术家、摄影师也渴望得到恭维和认可,否则他们就不会去竞争诺贝尔或在重要的展览会上展示他们的作品了。 Many people hold that the joy of work itself is more important than external recognition, including flattery. The joy of work may be a powerful motivator, but even those who get the biggest joy from their work--- such as scientists, artists, and photographers --- crave flattery and recognition. Otherwise they wouldn’t compete for Nobel Prizes or enter their work in important exhibitions.
2017合工大研究生英语全缩印版 第五章： 1.The serious part of my life ever since boyhood has been devoted to two different objects which for a long time remained separate and have only in recent years united into a single whole. 自少年时代起，我一生的重要时光都致力于实现两个不同的目标。这两个目标长久以来一直分开的，只是近几年才合为一体。 2. I was troubled by scepticism and unwillingly forced to the conclusion that most of what knowledge is open to reasonable doubt. 我被怀 疑论干扰着，不愿意被迫下这个结论，那就是过去被迫接受的东西都可以公开的，合理地质疑。 3. But I discovered that many mathematical demonstrations, which my teachers expected me to accept, were full of , and that, if certainty were indeed discoverable in mathematics, it would be in a new kind of mathematics, with more solid foundations than those that had 但是我发现老师们期望我接受的许多数学论证都充满了谬误：假如确切性果真能发现于数学，它也是一种新型的数学，比迄今为止被认为是无懈可击的数学的原理更为牢固。 4. there was nothing more that I could do in the way of making mathematical knowledge . 在使数学知识不容怀疑这个方面，我已尽了全力。 5. And I am convinced that intelligence, patience, and can, sooner or later, lead the human its self-imposed itself meanwhile. 我相信：只要人类不自相残杀，智慧、忍耐和雄辩迟早会指引人类走出自找的磨难。 6 But I remain completely incapable of agreeing with those who accept fatalistically the view that man is born to trouble. 但是我仍然不能完全认同那些拥有宿命论观点认为人生下来就是麻烦的观点。 7. And there have been morbid miseries fostered by gloomy creeds,which have led men into profound inner discords that made all outward prosperity of avail . 还有一种就是由悲观的信念滋生的病态的痛苦，它使人类的内心极不和谐，从而使外部的繁荣毫无成果。 8.To preserve hope in our world our intelligence and our energy. In those who despair it is
The Hidden Side of Happiness 1.激流漂流：an recreational activity using an inflatable (可充气的）raft to navigate a river or other bodies of water. hurricane: a storm that has very strong fast winds and that moves over water 飓风 e.g. In America, Hurricane Katrina turned New Orleans from a stable, wealthy and vibrant city into a wasteland in a few days. typhoon 台风 monsoon 季风与季风相伴的雨季 trade wind 信风 vicious: violent and cruel in a way that hurts someone physically e.g. a vicious murder/killer/cycle ? A tiger wearing a monk's beads/a vicious person pretending to be benevolent 老虎戴素珠——假充善人 very unkind in a way that is intended to hurt someone's feelings or make their character seem bad, e.g. She was shocked by the vicious tone in his voice. similar words: malicious, evil, violent, savage, cruel, ferocious, fierce Their refrain might go sth. like this: refrain: n. a remark or idea that is often repeated 重复 e.g. （1）Their proposal met with constant refrain that it was impractical. （2）I made a terrific effort to refrain from tears. refrain: v. to hold oneself back; forbear e.g. refrain your tongue from backbiting. 不要在背后中伤人家 2 tribulation: a serious trouble or a serious problem 苦难，困苦，考验 ?Rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation. (John Kennedy, American president) 从希望中得到欢乐，在苦难中保持坚韧。(美国总统肯尼迪) ?Even at this point in our awful tribulation under the German scourge we were quite friendly. 此刻，即便是处在德军蹂躏的极端痛苦中，我们仍然是十分友好的。
HFUT研究生英语上考试课文重点翻译 Unit One 1. I have never cultivated a mustache, though I’m sure one would enhance my distinguished looks and cause women to giggle as I passed along the boulevard. 尽管我确信蓄胡子会使我更加气度不凡，走在大街上会使女性发笑，但我从不留胡子。 2. I wouldn’t know how to respond.I might be thrown into such a panic that I’d blurt out, ‖I like yours, too.‖ 我会无所适从，不知怎样回答才好。我可能会惊慌得脱口而出：―我也喜欢您的胡子。‖ 3. It is one of the paradoxes of social intercourse that a compliment is much harder to respond to than an insult. Here is an area of small talk where most of use act awkwardly. 在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。 4. Someone utters a pleasing, praise remark in our direction and we grow inarticulate and our kneecaps begin to vibrate. 有人对我们说上一句动听、赞美的话，我们就慌得说不出话来，膝盖开始瑟瑟发抖。 5. I can’t even accept with grace a compliment bestowed upon me for a thing that isn’t really mine. 如果别人称赞不是真正属于我自己的东西时，我根本无法欣然接受。 6．The nearest I ever came to downright acceptance of this particular compliment was the time I said, ―Well , we like it.‖ This is a response that should be used with caution. 我在接受这种特定的恭维时，表示最能完全接受的说法就是―嗯，我们喜欢。‖采用这种答话必须得小心谨慎。 7. Not long ago I was in a group where a geophysicist form Australia was talking eloquently about the wonders of the universe. 不久前，我和一批人在一起时，其中有位来自澳大利亚的地球物理学家在滔滔不绝地谈论宇宙中的奇观。 8．There was a long pause, and then, carried away by the vastness of his complimentary remark, a woman said, ―Well, we like it.‖ 随后便是长时间的停顿。这时，一位被他的这种极度夸张的恭维话所吸引的妇女，禁不住说道，―嗯，我们喜欢这个地球。‖ 9. I think we make a mistake when we react to a compliment with denial and derogation. 我认为，对待恭维采取否定和贬低的态度是错误的。