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tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (25)原文 (25)译文 (28)题目 (31)答案 (40)背景知识 (41)阅读-3 (49)原文 (49)译文 (53)题目 (55)答案 (63)背景知识 (64)阅读-1原文Plant Colonization①Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site. Colonization is a process with two components: invasion and survival. The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms (seeds, spores, immature or mature individuals) arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving. Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization – a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established. For a given rate of invasion, colonization of a moist, fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter. A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.②Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species. Pioneer species - those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization -tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules (seeds, spores, and so on) and because they have an efficient means of dispersal (normally, wind).③If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules, they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats. Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small, relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means If reaching the appropriate type of habitat. Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants, such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds. Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation, and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example, as many as 1,125 viable seeds per square meter were found in a 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia. Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species. The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the largeseed band on the forest floor.④An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination (the beginning of a seed’s growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions. This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.⑤Species succession in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites. Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates. The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of specie with the highest rate of invasion, whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival ratesbut lower invasion rates.译文植物定居①定居是植物改变一个地点生态环境的一种方式。
高三英语学术成果单选题50题1. In the scientific research paper, the new discovery was described as "a ______ breakthrough that could change the future of medicine."A. crucialB. criticalC. acuteD. severe答案：A。
本题考查词汇辨析。
crucial表示至关重要的，在描述突破对医学未来的影响时，表达其关键重要性；critical也有批判的、关键的意思，但更多用于批判性的情况或危机时刻，在这里不如crucial合适；acute主要指尖锐的、敏锐的或者急性的（疾病等），与语境不符；severe表示严重的，多形容程度恶劣，不适用于描述突破的重要性。
2. The history article mentioned that during the war, the city faced a ______ shortage of food.A. severeB. strictC. rigidD. stern答案：A。
解析：severe表示严重的，用来形容食物短缺的程度非常严重，符合语境；strict侧重于严格的，常指规定、纪律等严格；rigid表示僵硬的、死板的，多形容物体或者规则缺乏灵活性；stern主要指严厉的，多形容人的态度，这三个选项均不符合食物短缺的语境。
3. In the literary analysis, the author's use of symbolism was very ______, adding deep meaning to the story.A. subtleB. delicateC. faintD. weak答案：A。
答案解析：subtle表示微妙的、隐晦的，在文学分析中，作者对象征手法的使用很微妙，给故事增添深意，是合适的表达；delicate指精致的、娇弱的，更多形容物体的外观或者人的身体状况等；faint表示微弱的、模糊的，多形容声音、光线等；weak表示虚弱的、薄弱的，不适合形容象征手法的运用。
2025年全国大学英语CET六级考试模拟试卷及解答参考一、写作（15分）Task 1: Writing (30 minutes)Part AWrite an email to your friend about a recent movie you watched. In your email, you should:1.Briefly introduce the movie and its main theme.2.Share your personal feelings about the movie.3.Recommend the movie to your friend, explaining why you think they would enjoy it.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” in stead. Do not write the address.Example:Dear [Friend’s Name],I hope this email finds you well. I wanted to share with you a movie I recently watched that I thought you might find interesting.The movie I’m talking about is “Inception,” directed by Chris topher Nolan.It revolves around the concept of dream manipulation and the layers of reality. The story follows Dom Cobb, a skilled thief who specializes in extracting secrets from within the subconscious during the dream state.I was deeply impressed by t he movie’s intricate plot and the exceptional performances of the cast. The visual effects were breathtaking, and the soundtrack was perfectly matched to the action sequences. The movie made me think a lot about the nature of reality and the power of dreams.I highly recommend “Inception” to you. I believe it will be a captivating experience, especially if you enjoy films that challenge your perceptions and make you think.Looking forward to your thoughts on this movie.Best regards,Li MingAnalysis:This example follows the structure required for Part A of the writing task. It starts with a friendly greeting and a brief introduction to the subject of the email, which is the movie “Inception.”The writer then shares their personal feelings about the movie, highlighting the plot, the cast’s performances, the visual effects, and the soundtrack. This personal touch helps to engage the reader and provide a more authentic recommendation.Finally, the writer makes a clear recommendation, explaining that theybelieve the movie would be enjoyable for their friend based on itsthought-provoking nature and entertainment value. The email concludes with a friendly sign-off, maintaining a warm and inviting tone.二、听力理解-长对话（选择题，共8分）第一题听力原文：M: Hi, Lisa. How was your trip to Beijing last weekend?W: Oh, it was amazing! I’ve always wanted to visit the Forbidden City. The architecture was so impressive.M: I’m glad you enjoyed it. By the way, did you manage to visit the Great Wall?W: Yes, I did. It was a long journey, but it was worth it. The Wall was even more magnificent in person.M: Did you have any problems with transportation?W: Well, the subway system was very convenient, but some of the bus routes were confusing. I ended up getting lost a couple of times.M: That’s a common problem. It’s always a good idea to download a map or use a GPS app.W: Definitely. I also found the people in Beijing to be very friendly and helpful. They spoke English well, too.M: That’s great to hear. I’m thinking of visiting Beijing next month. Arethere any other places you would recommend?W: Oh, definitely! I would suggest visiting the Summer Palace and the Temple of Heaven. They are both beautiful and culturally significant.M: Thanks for the ti ps, Lisa. I can’t wait to see these places myself.W: You’re welcome. Have a great trip!选择题：1、Why did Lisa visit Beijing?A. To visit the Great Wall.B. To see her friends.C. To experience the local culture.D. To study Chinese history.2、How did Lisa feel about the Forbidden City?A. It was boring.B. It was too crowded.C. It was impressive.D. It was not as beautiful as she expected.3、What was the biggest challenge Lisa faced during her trip?A. Finding accommodation.B. Getting lost.C. Eating healthy food.D. Visiting all the tourist spots.4、What other places does Lisa recommend visiting in Beijing?A. The Summer Palace and the Temple of Heaven.B. The Great Wall and the Forbidden City.C. The National Museum and the CCTV Tower.D. The Wangfujing Street and the Silk Market.答案：1、C2、C3、B4、A第二题Part Two: Listening ComprehensionSection C: Long ConversationsIn this section, you will hear one long conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will hear some questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D).1.What is the main topic of the conversation?A) The importance of cultural exchange.B) The challenges of teaching English abroad.C) The experiences of a language teacher in China.D) The impact of language barriers on communication.2.Why does the speaker mention studying Chinese?A) To show his respect for Chinese culture.B) To express h is gratitude for the Chinese students’ hospitality.C) To emphasize the importance of language learning.D) To explain his reasons for choosing to teach English in China.3.According to the speaker, what is one of the difficulties he faced in teaching English?A) The students’ lack of motivation.B) The limited resources available.C) The cultural differences between Chinese and Western students.D) The high expectations from the school administration.4.How does the speaker plan to overcome the language barrier in his future work?A) By learning more Chinese.B) By using visual aids and non-verbal communication.C) By collaborating with local language experts.D) By relying on his previous teaching experience.Answers:1.C2.C3.C4.B三、听力理解-听力篇章（选择题，共7分）第一题Passage:A new study has found that the way we speak can affect our relationships and even our physical health. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, have been investigating the connection between language and well-being for several years. They have discovered that positive language can lead to better health outcomes, while negative language can have the opposite effect.The study involved 300 participants who were monitored for a period of one year. The participants were asked to keep a daily diary of their interactions with others, including both positive and negative comments. The researchers found that those who used more positive language reported fewer physical symptoms and a greater sense of well-being.Dr. Emily Thompson, the l ead researcher, explained, “We were surprised to see the impact that language can have on our health. It’s not just about what we say, but also how we say it. A gentle tone and supportive language can make a significant difference.”Here are some examples of positive and negative language:Positive Language: “I appreciate your help with the project.”Negative Language: “You always mess up the project.”The researchers also looked at the effects of language on relationships. They found that couples who used more positive language were more likely toreport a satisfying relationship, while those who used negative language were more likely to experience relationship stress.Questions:1、What is the main focus of the study conducted by the University of California, Los Angeles?A) The impact of diet on physical health.B) The connection between language and well-being.C) The effects of exercise on mental health.D) The role of social media in relationships.2、Which of the following is a positive example of language from the passage?A) “You always mess up the project.”B) “I can’t believe you did that again.”C) “I appreciate your help with the project.”D) “This is a waste of time.”3、According to the study, what is the likely outcome for couples who use negative language in their relationships?A) They will have a more satisfying relationship.B) They will experience fewer physical symptoms.C) They will report a greater sense of well-being.D) They will likely experience relationship stress.Answers:1、B2、C3、D第二题Passage OneIn the United States, there is a long-standing debate over the best way to educate children. One of the most controversial issues is the debate between traditional public schools and charter schools.Traditional public schools are operated by government and are funded by tax dollars. They are subject to strict regulations and are required to follow a standardized curriculum. Teachers in traditional public schools are typically unionized and receive benefits and pensions.On the other hand, charter schools are publicly funded but operate independently of local school districts. They are free to set their own curriculum and teaching methods. Charter schools often have a longer school day and a more rigorous academic program. They are also subject to performance-based evaluations, which can lead to their closure if they do not meet certain standards.Proponents of charter schools argue that they provide more choices for parents and that they can offer a more personalized education for students. They also claim that charter schools are more accountable because they are subject to more direct oversight and can be closed if they fail to meet their goals.Opponents of charter schools argue that they take resources away fromtraditional public schools and that they do not provide a level playing field for all students. They also claim that charter schools can be more selective in their admissions process, which may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.Questions:1、What is a key difference between traditional public schools and charter schools?A) Funding sourceB) CurriculumC) Teacher unionsD) Academic rigor2、According to the passage, what is a potential advantage of charter schools?A) They are subject to fewer regulations.B) They offer more choices for parents.C) They are more likely to receive government funding.D) They typically have a shorter school day.3、What is a common concern expressed by opponents of charter schools?A) They are less accountable for their performance.B) They may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.C) They are more expensive for local taxpayers.D) They do not follow a standardized curriculum.Answers:1、B) Curriculum2、B) They offer more choices for parents.3、B) They may lead to a lack of diversity in the student body.四、听力理解-新闻报道（选择题，共20分）第一题News ReportA: Good morning, everyone. Welcome to today’s news broadcast. Here is the latest news.News Anchor: This morning, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the number of confirmed cases of a new strain of the H1N1 flu virus has reached 10,000 worldwide. The WHO has declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. Health officials are urging countries to take immediate measures to contain the spread of the virus.Q1: What is the main topic of the news report?A) The announcement of a new strain of the H1N1 flu virus.B) The declaration of a public health emergency.C) The measures taken to contain the spread of the virus.D) The number of confirmed cases of the new strain.Answer: BQ2: According to the news report, who declared the outbreak a public health emergency?A) The World Health Organization (WHO)B) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)C) The European Union (EU)D) The United Nations (UN)Answer: AQ3: What is the main purpose of the health officials’ urging?A) To increase awareness about the flu virus.B) To encourage people to get vaccinated.C) To take immediate measures to contain the spread of the virus.D) To provide financial assistance to affected countries.Answer: C第二题News Report 1:[Background music fades in]Narrator: “This morning’s top news includes a major announcement from the Ministry of Education regarding the upcoming changes to the College English Test Band Six (CET-6). Here’s our correspondent, Li Hua, with more details.”Li Hua: “Good morning, everyone. The Ministry of Education has just announced that starting from next year, the CET-6 will undergo significant modifications. The most notable change is the inclusion of a new speaking section, which will be mandatory for all test-takers. This decision comes in response to the increasing demand for English proficiency in various fields. Let’s goto the Education Depar tment for more information.”[Background music fades out]Questions:1、What is the main topic of this news report?A) The cancellation of the CET-6 exam.B) The addition of a new speaking section to the CET-6.C) The difficulty level of the CET-6 increasing.D) The results of the CET-6 exam.2、Why has the Ministry of Education decided to include a new speaking section in the CET-6?A) To reduce the number of test-takers.B) To make the exam more difficult.C) To meet the demand for English proficiency.D) To replace the written test with an oral test.3、What will be the impact of this change on students preparing for the CET-6?A) They will need to focus more on writing skills.B) They will have to learn a new type of test format.C) They will no longer need to take the exam.D) They will be able to choose between written and oral tests.Answers:1、B2、C3、B第三题You will hear a news report. For each question, choose the best answer from the four choices given.Listen to the news report and answer the following questions:1、A) The number of tourists visiting the city has doubled.B) The city’s tourism revenue has increased significantly.C) The new airport has attracted many international tourists.D) The city’s infrastructure is not ready for the influx of tou rists.2、A) The government plans to invest heavily in transportation.B) Local businesses are benefiting from the tourism boom.C) The city is experiencing traffic congestion and overcrowding.D) The city is working on expanding its hotel capacity.3、A) Th e city’s mayor has expressed concern about the impact on local culture.B) The tourism industry is collaborating with local communities to preserve traditions.C) There are concerns about the negative environmental effects of tourism.D) The city is implementing strict regulations to control tourist behavior.Answers:1.B) The city’s tourism revenue has increased significantly.2.C) The city is experiencing traffic congestion and overcrowding.3.B) The tourism industry is collaborating with local communities to preserve traditions.五、阅读理解-词汇理解（填空题，共5分）第一题Read the following passage and then complete the sentences by choosing the most suitable words or phrases from the list below. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once, or not at all.Passage:In the past few decades, the internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With just a few clicks, we can now connect with people from all over the world, share our thoughts and experiences, and even conduct business transactions. This rapid advancement in technology has not only brought convenience to our lives but has also raised several challenges and concerns.1、_________ (1) the internet has made it easier for us to stay connected with friends and family, it has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions.2、The increasing reliance on digital devices has raised concerns about the impact on our physical and mental health.3、Despite the many benefits, there are also significant_________(2) associated with the internet, such as privacy breaches and cybersecuritythreats.4、To mitigate these risks, it is crucial for individuals and organizations to adopt robust security measures.5、In the future, we need to strike a balance between embracing technological advancements and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.List of Words and Phrases:a) convenienceb) challengesc) privacy breachesd) physicale) significantf) mentalg) privacyh) embracei) reliancej) face-to-face1、_________ (1)2、_________ (2)第二题Reading PassagesPassage OneMany people believe that a person’s personality is established at birthand remains unchanged throughout life. This view is supported by the idea that personality is determined by genetic factors. However, recent studies have shown that personality can be influenced by a variety of environmental factors as well.The word “personality” can be defined as the unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from another. It includes traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness. These traits are often measured using psychological tests.According to the passage, what is the main idea about personality?A. Personality is solely determined by genetic factors.B. Personality remains unchanged throughout life.C. Personality is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.D. Personality is determined by a combination of psychological tests.Vocabulary Understanding1、The unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from another is referred to as ________.A. personalityB. genetic factorsC. environmental factorsD. psychological tests2、The view that personality is established at birth and remains unchanged throughout life is ________.A. supportedB. challengedC. irrelevantD. misunderstood3、According to the passage, traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness are part of ________.A. genetic factorsB. environmental factorsC. personalityD. psychological tests4、The passage suggests that personality can be influenced by ________.A. genetic factorsB. environmental factorsC. both genetic and environmental factorsD. neither genetic nor environmental factors5、The word “personality” is best defined as ________.A. the unique set of characteristics that distinguish one individual from anotherB. the genetic factors that determine personalityC. the environmental factors that influence personalityD. the psychological tests used to measure personalityAnswers:1、A2、A3、C4、C5、A六、阅读理解-长篇阅读（选择题，共10分）First QuestionPassage:In the digital age, technology has transformed almost every aspect of our lives, including education. One significant impact technology has had on learning is through online platforms that offer a wide variety of courses and educational materials to anyone with internet access. This democratization of knowledge means that individuals no longer need to rely solely on traditional educational institutions for learning. However, while online learning provides unprecedented access to information, it also poses challenges such as ensuring the quality of the content and maintaining student engagement without the structure of a classroom setting. As educators continue to adapt to these changes, it’s clear that technology will play an increasingly important role in s haping the future of education.1、According to the passage, what is one major advantage of online learning?A) It guarantees higher academic achievements.B) It makes educational resources more accessible.C) It eliminates the need for traditional learning methods entirely.D) It ensures that all students remain engaged with the material.2、What challenge does online learning present according to the text?A) It makes it difficult to assess the quality of educational content.B) It increases the reliance on traditional educational institutions.C) It decreases the amount of available educational material.D) It simplifies the process of student engagement.3、The term “democratization of knowledge” in this context refers to:A) The ability of people to vote on educational policies.B) The equal distribution of printed books among citizens.C) The process by which governments control online information.D) The widespread availability of educational resources via the internet.4、How do educators respond to the changes brought about by technology in education?A) By rejecting technological advancements in favor of conventional methods.B) By adapting their teaching practices to incorporate new technologies.C) By insisting that online learning should replace traditional classrooms.D) By ignoring the potential benefits of online learning platforms.5、Based on the passage, which statement best reflects the future outlook for education?A) Traditional educational institutions will become obsolete.B) Technology will have a diminishing role in the education sector.C) Online learning will complement but not completely replace traditional education.D) Students will no longer require any form of structured learning environment.Answers:1.B2.A3.D4.B5.CThis is a fictional example designed for illustrative purposes. In actual CET exams, the passages and questions would vary widely in topic and complexity.第二题Reading PassagesPassage OneGlobal warming is one of the most pressing environmental issues facing the world today. It refers to the long-term increase in Earth’s average surface temperature, primarily due to human activities, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases. The consequences of global warming are far-reaching, affecting ecosystems, weather patterns, sea levels, and human health.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that if global warming continues at its current rate, we can expect more extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods. Additionally, rising sealevels could displace millions of people, leading to social and economic instability.Several measures have been proposed to mitigate the effects of global warming. These include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing sustainable agricultural practices. However, despite the urgency of the situation, progress has been slow, and many countries have failed to meet their commitments under the Paris Agreement.Questions:1、What is the primary cause of global warming according to the passage?A、Natural climate changesB、Human activitiesC、Ecosystem changesD、Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere2、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of global warming?A、Extreme weather eventsB、Rising sea levelsC、Improved crop yieldsD、Increased global biodiversity3、What is the IPCC’s main concern regarding the current rate of global warming?A、It is causing a decrease in Earth’s average surface temperatu re.B、It is leading to more extreme weather events.C、It is causing the Earth’s magnetic field to weaken.D、It is causing the ozone layer to thin.4、What are some of the proposed measures to mitigate the effects of global warming?A、Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing sustainable agricultural practices.B、Building more coal-fired power plants and expanding deforestation.C、Increasing the use of fossil fuels and reducing the number of trees.D、Ignoring the issue and hoping it will resolve itself.5、Why has progress in addressing global warming been slow, according to the passage?A、Because it is a complex issue that requires international cooperation.B、Because people are not concerned about the consequences of global warming.C、Because scientists do not have enough information about the issue.D、Because the Paris Agreement has not been effective.Answers:1、B2、C3、B4、A5、A七、阅读理解-仔细阅读（选择题，共20分）First QuestionPassage:In the age of rapid technological advancement, the role of universities has shifted beyond traditional academic pursuits to include fostering innovation and entrepreneurship among students. One such initiative taken by many institutions is the integration of technology incubators on campus. These incubators serve as platforms where students can turn their innovative ideas into tangible products, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice. Moreover, universities are increasingly collaborating with industry leaders to provide practical training opportunities that prepare students for the challenges of the modern workforce. Critics argue, however, that this shift might come at the cost of undermining the foundational academic disciplines that have historically formed the core of higher education.Questions:1、What is one key purpose of integrating technology incubators in universities according to the passage?A) To reduce the cost of university education.B) To bridge the gap between theory and practice.C) To compete with other universities.D) To focus solely on theoretical knowledge.Answer: B) To bridge the gap between theory and practice.2、According to the text, how are universities preparing students for the modern workforce?A) By isolating them from industry professionals.B) By providing practical training through collaboration with industry leaders.C) By discouraging entrepreneurship.D) By focusing only on historical academic disciplines.Answer: B) By providing practical training through collaboration with industry leaders.3、What concern do critics raise about the new initiatives in universities?A) They believe it will enhance foundational academic disciplines.B) They fear it could undermine the core of higher education.C) They think it will make universities less competitive.D) They are worried about the overemphasis on practical skills.Answer: B) They fear it could undermine the core of higher education.4、Which of the following best describes the role of universities in the current era as depicted in the passage?A) Institutions that strictly adhere to traditional teaching methods.B) Centers that foster innovation and entrepreneurship among students.C) Organizations that discourage partnerships with industries.D) Places that prevent students from engaging with real-world challenges.Answer: B) Centers that foster innovation and entrepreneurship among students.5、How does the passage suggest that technology incubators benefit students?A) By ensuring they only focus on theoretical studies.B) By giving them a platform to turn ideas into products.C) By limiting their exposure to practical experiences.D) By encouraging them to avoid modern workforce challenges.Answer: B) By giving them a platform to turn ideas into products.This set of questions aims to test comprehension skills including inference, detail recognition, and understanding the main idea of the given passage. Remember, this is a mock example and should be used for illustrative purposes only.Second QuestionReading Passage:The Future of Renewable Energy SourcesIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to their potential to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate the effects of climate change. Solar power, wind energy, and hydropower have all seen significant advancements in technology and cost-efficiency. However, challenges remain in terms of storage and distribution of these energy sources. For solar energy to become a viable primary energy source worldwide, it must overcome the limitations posed by weather conditions and geographical location. Wind energy faces similar challenges, particularly in areas with low wind speeds. Hydropower, while more consistent than both solar and wind energies, is limited。
小学上册英语第6单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.His favorite game is ________.2. A reaction that absorbs energy requires a ______ input.3.What do we call a story that is not true?A. Non-fictionB. BiographyC. FictionD. History答案:C4.What is 3 x 3?A. 6B. 7C. 9D. 12答案:C5.My mom is a ______. She enjoys baking.6.We eat ________ for breakfast.7. A __________ is a small, winged insect known for its beauty.8.I found a _______ (小蟋蟀) chirping in the grass.9. A chemical reaction can produce new ________.10.My favorite way to celebrate holidays is ______.11.He is reading a ______ (story).12. A _______ (小猴子) swings from branch to branch.13.In autumn, the nights become __________. (凉爽的)14.Astrobiology studies the possibility of ______ life in the universe.15.How many days are in a week?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 816.My mom loves __________ (参与社区活动).17. A ________ (鸟) can fly high in the sky and sings beautifully.18. A _______ is a chemical process that results in the formation of gas.19.All living things need ______ to survive.20.His favorite hobby is ________.21.The car is ___ fast. (going)22.Some _______ are known for their unique characteristics.23.The __________ can provide important insights into Earth's history.24.What do we call a person who plays the guitar?A. PianistB. GuitaristC. DrummerD. Violinist25.Did you know that a _______ (小海马) changes color?26.What do you call a young female horse?A. ColtB. FillyC. FoalD. Mare答案:B27.What is the capital of Madagascar?A. AntananarivoB. ToamasinaC. AntsirananaD. Mahajanga答案:A28.On weekends, I visit my friend and we play with ________ (桌游). It’s always a ________ (好玩) time.29. A _______ reaction occurs when a single compound breaks down into simpler substances.30.ssance artist Michelangelo is famous for painting the _____. The Rena31.What is the main ingredient in a salad?A. BreadB. LettuceC. RiceD. Meat答案:B32.Where do penguins live?A. JungleB. DesertC. ArcticD. Antarctica答案:D33.Which fruit is known for its high vitamin C content?A. BananaB. OrangeC. GrapeD. Pear答案:B34.Solar _______ can affect technology on Earth.35.What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on the nature of light?A. Isaac NewtonB. Albert EinsteinC. James Clerk MaxwellD. Thomas Young答案:A36.The __________ is a famous city known for its fashion. (米兰)37.The __________ is the capital city of Russia. (莫斯科)38.My favorite snack is _______ and crunchy.39.Every morning, I water the ________ (植物) in my room. They make me feel very ________ (开心).40.Saturn's rings are made of ice and small ______.41.What is the smallest continent?A. AfricaB. AsiaC. AustraliaD. Europe答案:C42.Which insect is known for making honey?A. AntB. ButterflyC. BeeD. Mosquito答案:C43.What do we call the study of ancient cultures?A. ArchaeologyB. AnthropologyC. HistoryD. Sociology答案:A44.The chemical formula for erucic acid is ______.45.The process of breaking down food in our bodies is called ______.46. A solute is a substance that is ______ in a solution.47.My favorite thing about summer is ______.48.Rabbits are known for their strong ______ (后腿).49.The colors of substances can be due to the presence of _____.50.I love to ______ (与家人一起) travel.51.My favorite movie star is _______ (名字). 她的表演很 _______ (形容词).52.The __________ (气候变化) is an important issue today.53.My teacher is very __________ (聪慧的).54.The _______ (小蓝鸟) sings sweetly in spring.55.The chemical formula for iodine monochloride is _______.56.I have a _______ (mystery) to solve.57.The eagle's eyesight allows it to see ______ (远).58.The wind can be very ______ (强烈) sometimes.59.What is the sound a dog makes?A. MeowB. BarkC. QuackD. Moo答案:B60.What is the capital of Estonia?A. TallinnB. RigaC. VilniusD. Helsinki答案:A61.My cousin loves to attend __________ (音乐会).62.What do you call the time when the sun goes down?A. MorningB. AfternoonC. EveningD. Night答案:C63.The _______ of a balloon can change when it is heated.64.The __________ (气候带) affects the types of crops grown.65.What do you call the act of letting someone know how you feel?A. CommunicatingB. ExpressingC. SharingD. Talking答案:B66.I enjoy going to the __________ with my family. (博物馆)67.I like to eat ______ after school.68.What do we call the part of the plant that grows above ground?A. RootB. StemC. LeafD. Flower答案:B69.My dad drives a _____ (truck/car).70.ic sank on its maiden voyage in ______ (1912年). The Tita71.In a combustion reaction, the products are usually carbon dioxide and _____.72.The ______ teaches us about digital marketing.73.Certain plants can ______ (促进) health and well-being.74.The narwhal has a long ______ (牙).75.What is the name of the famous waterfall located on the border of the U.S. and Canada?A. Victoria FallsB. Angel FallsC. Niagara FallsD. Iguazu Falls答案:C76.They are playing ______ (棋) together.77.I love ________ with my family.78.The ________ (养分) in the soil is important for growth.79.My favorite restaurant is ______.80.Every year, I participate in __________. It’s an event where we get to __________.I enjoy meeting new people and sharing experiences with them.81.I like to eat _____ for breakfast. (cereal)82.The first person to propose the heliocentric theory was ______ (哥白尼).83.The fall of the Roman Empire was caused by ________ (许多因素).84.Where does the president live?A. White HouseB. Buckingham PalaceC. KremlinD. Eiffel Tower85.What is the capital of India?A. MumbaiB. DelhiC. KolkataD. Bangalore答案:B86.The ________ (气候研究) reveals patterns.87.I believe that every child should have access to __________.88.What is the largest breed of dog?A. ChihuahuaB. BeagleC. Great DaneD. Poodle答案:C89.My cousin is very ____.90. A seahorse is a type of ______ (鱼).91.My _____ (亲戚) are having a reunion.92.The ______ (植物的生长条件) must be carefully monitored.93.The __________ (历史的镜子) reflects society.94.My ______ enjoys hiking in the mountains.95. A strong base can cause severe ______.96.The soup is _____ (hot/cold) today.97. A ____(partnership) collaborates for mutual benefit.98.The porcupine has sharp ________________ (刺).99. A pendulum swings back and ______.100.What do we call a young female sheep?A. EweB. LambC. KidD. Calf。
2024年重庆一中高2025届高三11月期中考试英语试题卷注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写在答题卡上。
2. 作答时，务必将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷及草稿纸上无效。
3. 考试结束后，将答题卡交回。
第一部分听力 (共两节，满分30分)第一节 (共5小题; 每小题1.5分, 满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. Why won't the boy go on the ride?A. He is too short for it.B. He doesn't like it.C. He has to wait for his parents.2. What happened to the woman?A. She borrowed a wrong book.B. She bought a book at a high price.C. She was fined for not returning the book on time.3. What will the man most likely do this weekend?A. Buy a new tank.B. Visit the woman again.C. Get some goldfish delivered.4. What is the main topic of the conversation?A. A way to lose weight.B. The benefit of exercise.C. A workout plan.5. How much had the man borrowed before?A. $50.B. $100.C. $150.第二节 (共15小题; 每小题1.5分, 满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
高二英语英语学术论文写作练习题30题1.In academic writing, which is a better way to start an essay?A.Starting with a quote.B.Starting with a question.C.Starting with a definition.D.Starting with a personal story.答案：B。
解析：在学术写作中，以问题开头可以引起读者的兴趣，促使他们思考并继续阅读以寻找答案。
以引用开头可能会显得比较生硬，且不一定能直接引出主题。
以定义开头可能会比较枯燥。
以个人故事开头在学术写作中不太恰当，不够客观。
开头部分很重要，它决定了读者是否有兴趣继续阅读下去。
以问题开头的优点是能激发读者的好奇心，缺点是如果问题不够有吸引力，可能效果不佳。
2.When introducing a topic in an academic paper, what should you avoid?A.Being too general.B.Being too specific.ing complex language.ing simple language.答案：A。
解析：在引入主题时，应避免过于笼统。
过于笼统会让读者不清楚文章的具体焦点。
过于具体可能在开头不太合适，但不是应该避免的。
使用复杂语言和简单语言都可以，只要恰当运用。
开头部分需要明确主题，避免过于宽泛，让读者能快速了解文章的大致方向。
以具体而清晰的方式引入主题的优点是能让读者迅速抓住重点，缺点是可能会限制文章的拓展性。
3.Which of the following is a good way to pose a problem at the beginning of an academic essay?ing a rhetorical question.B.Listing all the possible solutions.C.Describing the consequences of the problem.D.Giving a historical background of the problem.答案：A。
高级英语考试题库及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The company has announced that it will ________ its new product line next month.A. launchB. landC. branchD. brand2. Despite the heavy rain, the match was not ________.A. called offB. put offC. taken offD. given off3. The new policy aims to ________ the gap between the rich and the poor.A. bridgeB. edgeC. ridgeD. sedge4. She ________ the opportunity to study abroad, but she decided to stay with her family.A. turned downB. turned overC. turned inD. turned up5. The professor's lecture was so ________ that it left a deep impression on the students.A. monotonousB. tediousC. engagingD. dull6. The company is expected to ________ its profits by 20% this year.A. escalateB. depreciateC. mitigateD. amortize7. The artist's work was ________ by the critics for its originality and depth.A. dismissedB. deridedC. acclaimedD. vilified8. The negotiations were ________ due to a lack of common ground.A. adjournedB. abortedC. suspendedD. concluded9. The government has decided to ________ the controversial bill.A. vetoB. endorseC. repealD. table10. The patient's condition has ________; he is now stable.A. deterioratedB. fluctuatedC. improvedD. worsened二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The ________ of the project was delayed due to bad weather. [答案] completion2. She has a ________ memory and can recall events from her childhood vividly.[答案] photographic3. The company is seeking to ________ its market share in the electronics industry.[答案] expand4. The ________ of the old factory site has sparkedcontroversy among local residents.[答案] demolition5. The ________ of the new software will be announced at the upcoming conference.[答案] release6. The ________ of the suspect was swift, thanks to the efficient work of the police.[答案] apprehension7. The ________ of the old bridge was a significant event in the town's history.[答案] inauguration8. The ________ of the disease has been linked to genetic factors.[答案] onset9. The ________ of the company's new strategy will be crucial to its success.[答案] implementation10. The ________ of the ancient city has been a topic of great interest among historians.[答案] excavation三、阅读理解题（每题3分，共30分）[文章省略]1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of the cityB. The impact of urban developmentC. The benefits of public transportationD. The challenges of environmental conservation2. According to the passage, what is one of the negative effects of urban sprawl?A. Increased traffic congestionB. Improved air qualityC. Enhanced community cohesionD. Reduced crime rates3. What does the author suggest as a solution to the problem of urban sprawl?A. Building more highwaysB. Encouraging public transportationC. Implementing stricter zoning lawsD. Promoting suburban living4. What is the author's opinion on the role of public transportation in urban areas?A. It is an essential component of urban planning.B. It is too expensive to maintain.C. It is not popular among city dwellers.D. It is not effective in reducing traffic.5. What is the primary purpose of the passage?A. To inform readers about urban developmentB. To persuade readers to support public transportationC. To entertain readers with humorous anecdotesD. To critique the current state of urban planning6. What does the author argue is the most significant factor contributing to urban sprawl?A. The desire for more living spaceB. The lack of public transportation optionsC. The influence of real estate developersD. The need for more commercial areas7. According to the passage, what is one benefit of having a well-developed public transportation system?A. It reduces the need for personal vehicles.。
天才是天生的还是后天的英语作文英文回答：Nature versus nurture has long been a hotly debatedtopic when it comes to the question of intelligence. Are geniuses born with an inherent advantage, or canintelligence be cultivated through education and experience?There are compelling arguments to support both sides of the debate. Some researchers point to studies showing that certain genetic factors are associated with higher intelligence. For instance, a 2018 study published in the journal Nature Genetics identified specific gene variants linked to increased cognitive abilities.However, other research suggests that environmental factors play a significant role in shaping intelligence. A 2019 study published in the journal Psychological Science found that children who grew up in stimulating environments, with access to quality education and enriching experiences,had higher IQ scores compared to those who grew up in less stimulating environments.It is likely that both nature and nurture contribute to intelligence. Genes may provide individuals with a predisposition for certain cognitive abilities, but these abilities can be further enhanced or hindered by the environment in which they are raised.中文回答：天才到底是天生的还是后天的？这个问题一直争论不休。
高三经济全球化英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies. It is a complex phenomenon that has been evolving over centuries.In ancient times, trade routes such as the Silk Road connected different regions and promoted the exchange of goods and cultures. This was an early form of economic globalization. During the Age of Exploration, European powers expanded their trade networks around the world, further accelerating the process.The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes. Advances in transportation and communication technologies made it possible to move goods and information more quickly and efficiently. This led to a massive increase in international trade and investment.One of the main characteristics of economic globalization is the integration of markets. Companies can now sell their products and services in markets all over the world. This has led to increased competition and has forced businesses to become more efficient and innovative. Anothercharacteristic is the mobility of labor. Skilled workers can move to different countries in search of better job opportunities.Globalization also has its challenges. It can lead to job losses in some industries as companies move production to countries with lower labor costs. It can also widen the gap between rich and poor countries. However, it also offers many opportunities. It can promote economic growth, improve living standards and facilitate the spread of knowledge and technology.In conclusion, economic globalization is a powerful force that is shaping the world economy. It has brought many benefits, but also poses challenges that need to be addressed.1. What is economic globalization mainly the result of?A. The growth of domestic trade.B. The increasing scale of cross-border trade, flow of international capital and spread of technologies.C. The decline of traditional industries.D. The isolation of world economies.答案：B。
In the contemporary world, the debate on whether or not to pursue higher education is a topic that resonates with many, especially high school graduates who stand at the crossroads of their academic and professional lives. As a high school student who has given this matter considerable thought, Id like to share my perspective on the importance of university education.First and foremost, university education offers a wealth of knowledge and skills that are not typically available in high school. The curriculum in universities is designed to delve deeper into subjects, allowing students to specialize in their areas of interest. For instance, my passion for biology has been greatly expanded through the advanced courses offered at university. Ive had the opportunity to study genetics, biochemistry, and even participate in research projects that were simply not accessible at the high school level.Moreover, university education provides a platform for personal growth and development. Its not just about the academic content its also about learning to live independently, managing finances, and building a network of peers and mentors. These life skills are crucial for transitioning into adulthood and the workforce. Ive seen firsthand how university life has helped my peers become more responsible, organized, and selfreliant.Another significant aspect of university education is the exposure to diverse cultures and ideas. Universities are melting pots of different backgrounds, beliefs, and perspectives. This diversity enriches the learning experience and encourages students to think critically and broaden theirhorizons. Ive had the privilege of engaging in debates and discussions with classmates from various countries, which has been an eyeopening experience that has shaped my worldview.Furthermore, university education is often seen as a stepping stone to better career opportunities. Many employers value the skills and knowledge that a university degree signifies. According to a report by the National Center for Education Statistics, individuals with a bachelors degree earn on average 66% more than those with only a high school diploma. This financial advantage, coupled with the increased likelihood of job security, makes a strong case for pursuing higher education.However, its also important to acknowledge the financial burden that university education can impose. Tuition fees, textbooks, and living expenses can accumulate into a significant debt. This is a valid concern, and its essential to weigh the potential return on investment against the costs. For some, vocational training or entering the workforce directly might be a more practical choice.In conclusion, while there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate, my personal belief is that university education is a worthwhile investment. It provides not only a deeper understanding of ones field of interest but also equips individuals with essential life skills and opens doors to a variety of career paths. As I prepare to make my own decision, I am confident that the benefits of a university education will outweigh the challenges, setting a solid foundation for my future endeavors.。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Globalization is a phenomenon and a revolution. It is sweeping the world with increasing speed and changing the global landscape into something new and different. Yet, like all such trends, its meaning, development, and impact puzzle many. We talk about globalization and experience its effects, but few of us really understand the forces that are at work in the global political economy.When people use their cell phones, log onto the Internet, view events from around the world on live television, and experience varying cultures in their own backyards, they begin to believe that this process of globalization is a good thing that will bring a variety of new and sophisticated changes to people’s lives. Many aspects of this technological revolution bring fun, eas e, and sophistication to people’s daily lives. Yet the anti-World Trade Organization (WTO) protests in Seattle, Washington in 1999 and Washington, D. C. in 2000 are graphic illustrations of the fact that not everyone believes that globalization is a good thing. Many Americans who have felt left out of the global economic boom, as well as Latin Americans, Africans, and Asians who feel that their job skills and abilities are being exploited by multinational corporations (MNCs) in a global division of labor, believe that this system does not meet their needs. Local cultures that believe that Wal-Mart and McDonald’s bringing cultural change and harm rather than inexpensive products and convenience criticize the process. In this way, globalization, like all revolutionary forces, polarizes people, alters the fabric of their lives, and creates rifts within and between people. Many in the West, along with the prominent and elite among MNCs, educators, and policymakers, seem to have embraced globalization. They argue that it helps to streamline economic systems, disciplines labor and management, brings forth new technologies and ideas, and fuels economic growth. They point to the relative prosperity of many Western countries and argue that this is proof of globalizatio n’s positive effects. They see little of the problems the critics identify. In fact, those who recognize some structural problems in the system argue that despite these issues, globalization is like across the developing world, view globalization as an economic and cultural wave that tears at the fabric of centuries-old societies. They see jobs emerging disappearing in a matter of months, people moving across the landscape in record numbers, elites amassing huge fortunes while local cultures and traditions are swept away, and local youth being seduced by promises of American material wealth and distanced from their own cultural roots. These critics look past the allure of globalization and focus on the disquieting impact of rapid and system-wide change.The irony of such a far-ranging and rapid historical process such as globalization is that both proponents and critics may be right. The realities of globalization are both intriguing and alarming. As technology and the global infrastructure expand, ideas, methods, and services are developed and disseminated to greater and greater numbers of people. As a result, societies and values are altered, some for the better and others for the worse. 1.The author complains that（） .2.The anti-world Trade Organization protests indicate that（） .3.Like all revolutionary forces, the process of globalization（） .4.Proponents of globalization sing its praises on the basis of（） .5.To critics, the worst thing that globalization has brought to us is（） . 问题1选项A.few of us have a clear idea about the forces behind global political economyB.globalization is now sweeping the world with increasing speedC.we are puzzled by the true meaning of globalizationD.too many people use cell phones to log onto the Internet问题2选项A.many people feel that they have been left outB.the process of globalization brings more than fun, ease and entertainmentC.not everyone is convinced that globalization is a good thingD.the end of globalization has become more graphic问题3选项A.brings inexpensive productsB.creates disagreements between peopleC.leads to cultural change and harmD.artifices the lives of people问题4选项A.new technologies and ideasB.changing economic systems and managementC.relative prosperity of Western countriesD.this inevitable tide of history问题5选项A.the promises of American material wealthB.the rapid change in social systemC.the disappearance of local cultures and traditionsD.the constant movement of people across the landscape【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.根据第一段最后一句“but few of us really understand the forces that are at work in the global political economy.”但很少有人真正了解在全球政治经济中起作用的力量。
小学上册英语第2单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My _______ (猫) enjoys chasing after toys.2.The bear searches for food in the _____.3. A star's brightness is measured in _____.4.I enjoy ______ (painting) pictures.5.The __________ (历史的多元性) enrich dialogue.6.My dad is a great __________ (听众) when I talk.7.What is the name of the famous festival celebrated in Mexico?A. Day of the DeadB. Cinco de MayoC. Independence DayD. Thanksgiving8. A kangaroo can jump very ______ (高).9. A _______ is a type of bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.10. A ________ (社区花园) fosters cooperation.11.I believe that sharing is caring. I like to share __________ with my friends.12.What is the capital of Mongolia?A. UlaanbaatarB. ErdenetC. DarkhanD. Choibalsan13.What do you call the person who teaches you in school?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. FarmerD. Engineer答案:B14.My sister is good at playing ____ (board games).15.The capital of Jamaica is ________ (金斯顿).16.What do we call a scientist who studies plants?A. BotanistB. ZoologistC. EcologistD. Geologist答案:A17.The tortoise's shell protects it from ______ (捕食者).18.What do we call a story with a moral lesson, often featuring animals?A. FableB. MythC. TaleD. Novel答案:A19.What is the opposite of 'happy'?A. JoyfulB. SadC. ExcitedD. Angry答案:B20.What do you call a person who travels in space?A. AstronautB. PilotC. ScientistD. Explorer答案:A21.I love my _____ (玩具车) collection.22.The main role of enzymes in the body is to act as ______.23.What is your name in English?A. NameB. TitleC. IdentityD. Label24.What color do you get when you mix blue and yellow?A. GreenB. OrangeC. PurpleD. Brown答案:A25.What is the name of the famous musician known for his "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"?A. Elvis PresleyB. The BeatlesC. Michael JacksonD. Bob Dylan答案:B26.The main product of combustion is _______.27. (Norse) mythology features gods like Odin and Thor. The ____28.What is the capital of Brazil?A. Rio de JaneiroB. BrasíliaC. São PauloD. Salvador答案:B29.I like to play with my ______ (玩具车) in the living room. It goes ______ (快).30. A ______ is an animal that has feathers.31.What is the shape of a ball?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle答案:C32.The __________ (种植者) carefully watered the seedlings.33.My uncle tells the best __________ (笑话).34.The country known for its coffee is ________ (巴西).35.The _____ (植物发展战略) can lead to sustainable practices.36.The stars are _____ (twinkling/shining) in the sky.37.The _____ (花色) varies depending on the species.38.We have a ______ (快乐的) family gathering every month.39.I hope to one day see the ________ (大堡礁).40.We are going to the ______ (mall) tomorrow.41.The weather is ___ (nice) today.42.What is the name of the place where we watch movies?A. TheaterB. MuseumC. GalleryD. Library答案:A43. A _______ is a substance that donates protons in a reaction.44.My favorite subject is ________ (science).45. A solution that can dissolve more solute is called a _______ solution.46.She is wearing a fancy ___. (dress)47.The Earth's surface is made up of various ______.48.The main gas produced during fermentation is _______.49.Martin Luther King Jr. fought for __________ (平等权利) for African Americans.50.My grandmother tells the best __________ (故事).51.The ________ (植物健康) is monitored closely.52.The _____ (飞机) flies high.53.The ancient Romans were skilled in _____ and law.54.________ (植物可持续性) is vital for future.55.The __________ is an area of high elevation. (高原)56.The chemical symbol for manganese is ______.57.The __________ (历史的影响力) can shift over time.58.What do we call the frozen form of water?A. SteamB. IceC. LiquidD. Gas答案:B59.The invention of the microscope advanced the field of _____.60.How many constellations are officially recognized by astronomers?A. 48B. 88C. 100D. 12061.The ice cream is _____ (melting/frozen).62.The ________ was a major conflict fought in the 20th century.63.What do you call a baby elephant?A. CalfB. CubC. PupD. Kid64. (Titanic) sank in 1912 after hitting an iceberg. The ____65.I can ______ (担任) a leadership role.66.The ________ was a significant period in the history of Russia.67.Baking soda is a ______ used in cooking.68.The _______ (The Holocaust) resulted in the genocide of millions during WWII.69.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fun way to express my thoughts.70.The main source of protein is _____.71.I enjoy baking ______ (蛋糕) for my friends’ birthdays.72. A ______ (蜜蜂) is essential for pollination.73.The __________ (历史的旅程) is ongoing.74.We will go ______ to see the fireworks. (outside)75.What do you call an animal that only eats plants?A. CarnivoreB. OmnivoreC. HerbivoreD. Insectivore答案:C76.The frog's skin can absorb ______ (水).77. A strong base can cause chemical ______.78.I want to _____ (visit) the zoo.79.What is the name of the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci?A. The Starry NightB. The Mona LisaC. The Last SupperD. The Scream80. (Medieval) Church played a significant role in European life. The ____81.Galaxies can collide and form larger ______.82.The _____ (children/adults) are playing outside.83.The cake is ________ chocolate.84.Do you like _______ (冰淇淋)?85.What do you call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. Supporting CharacterD. Narrator答案:A86.What is the capital of South Korea?A. SeoulB. BusanC. IncheonD. Daegu答案:A87. A ____ is known for its hopping abilities.88. A beam of light can be ______ by a mirror.89.The jellyfish has a _______ (透明) body.90. A dragonfly is known for its ______ flying ability.91.The visible spectrum of light can be separated using a ______.92.The capybara is a social ________________ (动物).93.How many bones are there in the adult human body?A. 206B. 210C. 202D. 200答案:A94.What do you call the time it takes for the Earth to rotate once on its axis?A. MonthB. YearC. DayD. Hour95.Many galaxies are moving away from us, suggesting the universe is ______.96.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. YangtzeD. Mississippi97.The _____ (藤蔓) grows on the fence.98.I think that connecting with nature helps us appreciate its __________.99.The ______ of an element is determined by the number of protons.100.What do we call the seasons that occur after summer?A. WinterB. SpringC. FallD. Autumn答案:C。
托福阅读tpo54全套解析阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (4)题目 (5)答案 (9)背景知识 (10)阅读-2 (10)原文 (10)译文 (12)题目 (13)答案 (18)背景知识 (20)阅读-3 (25)原文 (26)译文 (27)题目 (28)答案 (33)背景知识 (35)阅读-1原文The Commercialization of Lumber①In nineteenth-century America, practically everything that was built involved wood.Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.It is durable and strong, yet soft enough to be easily worked with even the simplest of hand tools.It also floats nicely on water, which allowed it to be transported to distant markets across the nation.The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakes states—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide.②By 1860, the settlement of the American West along with timber shortages in the East converged with ever-widening impact on the pine forests of the Great Lakes states. Over the next 30 years, lumbering became a full-fledged enterprise in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Newly formed lumbering corporations bought up huge tracts of pineland and set about systematically cutting the trees. Both the colonists and the later industrialists saw timber as a commodity, but the latter group adopted a far more thorough and calculating approach to removing trees. In this sense, what happened between 1860 and 1890 represented a significant break with the past. No longer were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles, firewood, and other wood products. By the 1870s, farmers and city dwellers alike purchased forest products from large manufacturingcompanies located in the Great Lakes states rather than chopping wood themselves or buying it locally.③The commercialization of lumbering was in part the product of technological change. The early, thick saw blades tended to waste a large quantity of wood, with perhaps as much as a third of the log left behind on the floor as sawdust or scrap. In the 1870s, however, the British-invented band saw, with its thinner blade, became standard issue in the Great Lakes states' lumber factories.Meanwhile, the rise of steam-powered mills streamlined production by allowing for the more efficient, centralized, and continuous cutting of lumber. Steam helped to automate a variety of tasks, from cutting to the carrying away of waste. Mills also employed steam to heat log ponds, preventing them from freezing and making possible year-round lumber production.④For industrial lumbering to succeed, a way had to be found to neutralize the effects of the seasons on production. Traditionally, cutting took place in the winter, when snow and ice made it easier to drag logs on sleds or sleighs to the banks of streams. Once the streams and lakes thawed, workers rafted the logs to mills, where they were cut into lumber in the summer. If nature did not cooperate—if the winter proved dry and warm, if the spring thaw was delayed—production would suffer. To counter the effects of climate on lumber production, loggers experimented with a variety of techniques for transporting trees out of the woods. In the 1870s, loggers in the Great Lakes states began sprinkling water on sleigh roads, giving them an artificial ice coating to facilitate travel. The ice reduced the friction and allowed workers to move larger and heavier loads.⑤But all the sprinkling in the world would not save a logger from the threat of a warm winter. Without snow the sleigh roads turned to mud. In the 1870s, a set of snowless winters left lumber companies to ponder ways of liberating themselves from the seasons. Railroads were one possibility.At first, the remoteness of the pine forests discouraged common carriers from laying track.But increasing lumber prices in the late 1870s combined with periodic warm, dry winters compelled loggers to turn to iron rails. By 1887, 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan, transforming logging from a winter activity into a year-round one.⑥Once the logs arrived at a river, the trip downstream to a mill could be a long and tortuous one.Logjams (buildups of logs that prevent logs from moving downstream) were common—at times stretching for 10 miles—and became even more frequent as pressure on the northern Midwest pinelands increased in the 1860s. To help keep the logs moving efficiently, barriers called booms (essentially a chain of floating logs) were constructed to control the direction of the timber. By the 1870s, lumber companies existed in all the major logging areas of the northern Midwest.译文木材的商业化①在19世纪的美国，几乎所有建筑材料都含有木材。
高三英语阅读理解态度观点题练习题30题1. The author's attitude towards Albert Einstein can be best described as_____.A.admiringB.criticalC.indifferentD.suspicious答案解析：A。
选项A“admiring”表示钦佩，在人物传记中如果描述了人物的伟大成就和贡献，通常作者的态度是钦佩的。
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦有很多杰出的科学成就，文章中很可能会体现出作者对他的钦佩之情。
选项B“critical”表示批评，选项C“indifferent”表示冷漠，选项D“suspicious”表示怀疑，都不符合通常对著名科学家的人物传记的态度。
阅读技巧和解题方法：在做人物传记类的态度观点题时，可以通过文章中对人物的描述、评价性的词语来判断作者的态度。
2. The writer's opinion on Marie Curie is_____.A.respectfulB.disapprovingC.neutralD.ambivalent答案解析：A。
选项A“respectful”表示尊敬，玛丽·居里是伟大的科学家，为科学做出了巨大贡献，作者通常会持尊敬的态度。
选项B“disapproving”表示不赞成，选项C“neutral”表示中立，选项D“ambivalent”表示矛盾的，都不符合对玛丽·居里的人物传记的一般态度。
阅读技巧和解题方法：注意文章中对人物的成就、品德等方面的描述，这些可以帮助判断作者的态度。
3. In the passage about Thomas Edison, the author's stance is_____.A.praisingB.scornfulC.unconcernedD.doubtful答案解析：A。
选项A“praising”表示赞扬，托马斯·爱迪生有很多重要的发明，作者通常会赞扬他的贡献。
2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D ontheANSWER SHEET.(10 points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. t he need to be touched to open orclose,automatic doors are essential in 2 disabled access to buildings and helping provide general 3 to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years 4 by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl.They 5 as a novelty feature,but as their use has grown,their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly 7 in busy locations or during times of emergency,the doors 8 Crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people,the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area 10 by them.Automatic doors often open to the side,with the panels sliding across one another.Replacing swing doors,these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to 12 the way for a large, sticking-out door.There are many different types of automatic door,with each 13 specific signals to tell them when to open. 14 these methods differ,the main 15 remain the same.Each automatic door system 16 the light,sound weight or movement in their vicinityas a signal to open.Sensor typesare chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.18 a busy street might not 19 a motion-sensored door,as itwould constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure sensitive mat would be more 20 tolimit the surveyed area.1.[A]Through [B]Despite [C]Besides [D]Without2.[A]revealing [B]demanding [C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience [B]convenience[C]guidance [D]reference4. [A]previously[B]temporarily [C]successively [D]eventually5.[A]held on [B]started out[C]settled down [D]went by6.[A]relations [B]volumes [C]benefits[D]sources7. [A]useful[B]simple [C]flexible [D]stable8.[A]call for [B]yield to [C]insist on [D]act as9. [A]As well as[B]In terms of [C]Thanksto [D]Rather than10.[A]connected [B]shared [C]represented [D]occupied11 .[A]allow[B]expect [C]require [D]direct12.[A]adopt [B]lead [C]clear D]change13.[A]adapting to [B]deriving from [C]relying on[D]pointing at14.[A]Once [B]Since [C]Unless [D]Although15.[A]records [B]positions [C]principles D]reasons16.[A]controls [B]analyses[C]produces [D]mixes17.[A]decorate [B]compare [C]protect [D]complement18.[A]In conclusion [B]By contrast [C]For example D]Aboveall19.[A]identify [B]suit[C]secure [DJinclude20.[ A]appropriate[B]obvious [C]impressive [D]delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Nearly 2000 years ago,as the Romans began topull out of Scotland,they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails,nearly a million of the things.The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered bytwo metresof gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails?Thelikely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed,and they didn't want the localCaledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon- grade iron.The Romans buried thenails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material.As RomaAgrawal explains in her new delightful bookNuts and Bolts,early 17th- century Virginians would sometimes bum down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails,which could be reused after siting the ashes The idea that one mightbum down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuablethesimple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90%between the late 1700sand mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper.Accordingto Sichel,although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper ironand cheaperenergy,most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years,but Sichel studied them because they haven't changedmuch.Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails.It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports carssince 1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I makeno apology for being obsessedby a particular feature of these objects:their price.I am an economist,after all.Afterwriting two books about the history of inventions,one thing Ive leamt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype,it's thecheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the natureof writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on,thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper.Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap;now they aretransforming the global energy system21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for future use[B]keeping them from rusting[C]letting them grow in value[D]hiding themfrom the locals22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists[B]illustrate the high statusof blacksmihs in that period[C]contrastthe attitudes of different civilisations towardnailsD]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies.[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced costof raw materials.24.It can be leamed from Paragraph 5 that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements[B]haveremained basically thesamesince Roman times[C]are less studied than other everydayproducts[D]areone of the world's most significant inventions25.Whichof the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheaptechnologies bring about revolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology definespeople's understanding of the world.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text 2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children,researchers have suggested.Theidea is based on studiesof communities such as the Kung of Botswana,where each child is cared for by many adults.Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and*baby-wearing",in which infants are carried in slings,isconsidered the nom.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary,an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices,Known as alloparenting,could lead to less anxietyfor children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel,a child psychiatrist,believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany,one scheme has paired an old people's homewith a nursery.The residents help tolook after the children,an arangementakin to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to miror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal ofChild Psychology and Psychiatry,researchers said that the westerm nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history.This abrupt shift to an“intensive mothering narrative”,which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone,was likely to have been harmful.“Such naratives can lead to matemal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,"theywrote.By contrast,in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.One previous study looked at the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeksold and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parentsnow had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and matermal depression,which could have a “knock-on”benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant bom to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers -this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to threeWhile hunter-gatherer children leamt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western“instruc tive teaching”,wherepupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore thepossibility that older siblings helpin g their parents “might also enhance their own socialdevelopment.”26.Accordingto the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing child careamong community members[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers[C]teaching parenting detailsto older children[D]carrying infants around by their parent27.The scheme in Germanyis mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture[D]the differences between westem African ways of living28.According toParagraph 4,the “"intensive mothering narrative”[A]alleviateparenting pressure[B]considerate family relationships[C]results inthe child-centered family[D]departs from the course of evolution29.According to paragraph 6,what can we leam about nursery in theUK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-childratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title?[A]Instructive teaching a dilemma for anxious parents[B]For a happier family,leam from the hunter-gatherers[C]Mix-aged playgroup,abetter choice for lonelychildren[D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to EuropeText 3Rutkowski is aPolish digital artistwhouses classical painting styles tocreatedreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West, Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons &Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in“Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights afierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,"and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Intemet,oftenwithout permission andproper attribution to artistsAs a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over 10million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.Some of the world's most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci, brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less.Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in theDiscord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for hisname to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought backwork that had his name attached to it butwasn't his.“It'sbeen just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out therebecause[the intermet]willbe floodedwithAI art,“Rutkowski says.“"That's concerning.”There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,"says Ortiz.Thegroup is in its earlydays of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forgepartnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting[B]He is popular with the users of an AIart generator.[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles[C]make unauthorized use of online images[D]collect user information withoutconsent33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences[B]a new method to identifyAI images[C]AI-generated work bearing his nameD]heated disputes regarding his copyright34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign for new policies or regulations[B]offer their services to public institutions[C]strengthen their relationshipswith AI users[D]adopt a different strategy for AImodeltraining35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to Al art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of AI.[D]Opposing views on AI development.Text 4The miracle ofthe ChesapeakeBay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh andsaline water and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homesfor hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water, and protecting nearby communities frompotentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risklate last month,when the US Supreme Court issued aruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways. Specifically,a54 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must have a “continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatoryscope was a victory for builders,mining operators andothercommercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries “significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsightedview,particularly whenit comes to the Chesapeake Bay. The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia, Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protectionsnowdenied under Sackett V.EPA?Perhaps some,but all? That seems unlikelyIt is tooeasy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of landowners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's reminder thatthey EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year 's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enomous impacts downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enomous stakes involved. We can't offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model.It's been gone since the 1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National WildlifeRefuge in Dorchester Countywhere American bald eaglesfly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It'sworth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph l as[A]a value natural environment[B]acontroversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache fornearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforceswater pollution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will end conflicts among local residents[D]may face opposition from mining operators38.How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved.[D]Encouraged.39.What canbe infered about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?[A]It has restored thebalance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered aradicalreform in commercial fisheries.[C]Ithas set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges[D]improve the wellbeing of endangered speciesPart BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statementssummarizing the comments.Choose thebest statement from the list A-G for eachnumbered name (41—45).There are two extra choices which youdo not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41) HannahSimply,there are peoplein Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their culturalheritage and historyand as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that theseartifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration ofthe generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can bepassedfrom hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42) BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.Perhaps museuns andgovernments mightexplore some rolefor the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibitis more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000years old or 2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object andwhat is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of theobjects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificent15th-century Chinesesculpture.It inspired meto leamn more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museumshave the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to leam and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that,I dofeel that whatever artifactsfind their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44) VictorAncient art that is displaced in foreigncountries shouldbe returned...(缺失)(45)JuliaTo those of you in the comments section,by all means,who are havingstrong feeling about artifactsbeing removed from cities in the US and Britain,I would ask you to consider.(缺失)[A]It is clear thatcountries of origin have never been compensatedfor stolen artifacts[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.[C]Museum visitor can still leam as much from artifacts copies after the originals are retumed.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent andlawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin参考答案：41. E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.BPart CDirections;Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant also known as theAfrican bush elephant,is distributed across 37 African countries.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,and arevery good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of sight. Using tracking devices,researchers have shown that they ha ve “remarkable spatial acuity”,when finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasionfrom a distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole.(47) The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell maywell play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently little was known about how they selected theirfood.(48) One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because thein eyesight is actually not very good.(49) The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carrieda long way,andthey are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature. What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores —to thebest food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.They then set up a “fo od s tation”experiment,in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality ofthe trees within each patch.Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.参考译文：(46)它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。
高三英语艺术批评方法科学严谨单选题30题(带答案)1.In a great art exhibition, the paintings are _____.A.beautifulB.gorgeousC.prettyD.lovely答案：B。
“gorgeous”在形容艺术作品时，有华丽、绚烂的意思，更符合在艺术展览中对绘画作品的较高程度的赞美。
“beautiful”“pretty”“lovely”都比较普通，没有“gorgeous”那样能体现出艺术作品的独特魅力和高水准。
2.The artist is known for his _____ style.A.uniqueB.specialC.particularD.peculiar答案：A。
“unique”强调独一无二，最能体现艺术家特有的风格。
“special”“particular”“peculiar”虽然也有特别的意思，但不如“unique”强烈。
3.The art critic described the sculpture as _____.A.magnificentB.grandC.splendid答案：A。
“magnificent”常用来形容宏伟壮观、令人赞叹的事物，符合对雕塑的描述。
“grand”主要指规模宏大；“splendid”侧重于辉煌灿烂；“luxurious”是奢华的意思，不太适合形容雕塑。
4.The art work is full of _____ details.A.elaborateB.detailedC.minuteplex答案：A。
“elaborate”有精心制作的、详尽的意思，更能体现艺术作品中细节的精致。
“detailed”比较普通；“minute”指微小的；“complex”强调复杂，不太符合这里强调细节丰富的语境。
5.The artist's use of color is very _____.A.creativeB.imaginativeC.originalD.inventive答案：C。
a r X i v :c o n d -m a t /0701172v 1 [c o n d -m a t .s o f t ] 9 J a n 2007Comments to topological defects in bilayer vesiclesL.V.Elnikova 11A.I.Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics,25, B.Cheremushkinskaya st.,117218Moscow,Russia(Dated:February 6,2008)To explain the details of bilayer vesicle aggregation,we revised the anyon model for lipid domains formation in closed vesicles of lipid-cholesterol system DP P C/DLP C /cholesterol,which was mea-sured by Feigenson and Tokumasu (Biophys.Journal,2001,2003)in frames of the different optical experiments and atomic-force microscopy.PACS numbers:IntroductionThe idea by Park with coworkers [1],and by Evans [2]about the orientational order parameter in closed liquid crystal aggregates of spherical and non-spherical shapes,has been almost illustrated on the Feigenson’s experiments [3].The nanoscopic domains formation of the giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV’s)surface,consisting of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC)/choles-terol mixed bilayers,were explained by the fractional quantum Hall effect analogy [4].However,the confocal fluorescent microscopy (CFM)and the fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET)measurements [3]are not capable to identify the real sizes of these surface structures,predicted for the ”D”-region of the phase diagram [3].Using the atomic force mi-croscopy (AFM)on the large unilamellar vesicles (LUV’s)[5],the regions of nanoscopic domains,as well as of mi-croscopic domains,became observable in ”A”,”B”,and ”C”-regions in addition,where the inter-layer bulk li-pidic clusters were found.Applied LUV suspension on freshly cleaved mica [5]in AFM measurements render a native GUV’s environment of the same lipids closely resembling.The data of [5]revealed the significant features of the domains formation.If inside of the ”A”,”B”,and ”C”bilayer regions,the lipidic clusters exist [5],the model with anyons,in which FQHE formalism has been used [4],may be corrected.Now looking to [5],disordered closed vesicle axes sta-bilization is caused not only by spontaneous appearance of the surface lipid domains,but also by internal bilayer forces,forming the bulk defects (hedgehogs).Hedgehogs prevent us to use the bilayer thickness as a parameter,which is connected the manifold of two spheres M 1=S 21and M 2=S 22,corresponding to an outer-and an inner monolayer of a closed vesicle,respectively.We suspect the composition of all observed defects can be described in frame of non-Abelian statistics (that could be applied only for surface vortexes alone).These common topological properties are observable in super-fluid He phases,liquid crystals and superconductors [2,6,7,8].Since the geometry of the inner GUVs sphere is not viewed by means of CFM et. c.[3],and only the nanoscopic clusters of about 46nm diameters are dis-persed throughout of all areas in LUVs,we can discuss the different mechanisms of fractional axis shape stabi-lization,associated with defects of both types.1.FormalismUsing mean-field approach for lowest Landau levels with some gauge parametrization,Evans found [2]the partition function of the vesicleZ =2πe −F eff (t,n 1,n 2)t 5(1−n 1n 2)dtd Ω1d Ω2δ(n 1n 2−χ)dχ,(1)where F eff =F eff (χ,t )is the effective potential,−1≤λ≤1is a measure of the relative separation of two vor-texes,d Ωk =sinθk dθk dϕk ,with the orientational vari-ables in spherical coordinates θk ,ϕk .’Modified normal’unit vectors from the center of vesicle toward the k th vor-tex obey n 1n 2=cos θ1cos θ2+sin θ1sin θ2cos(ϕ1−ϕ2),t is a measure of the overall real amplitude of the order parameter.(The basic parametrization is given by the measureD [ρ]=Ωˆr ·N dρ(σ),(2)where Ωare all solid angles,ρ(σ)is the scalar field oftwo-dimensional surface coordinates σ=(σ1,σ2),and ˆr ·N =1−12So with the advent of the hedgehogs,at certain ther-modynamical conditions(temperature and/or lyotropic content of a vesicle),it is possible tofind the next posi-tions of defects,and of the anyon states.2.1.Coexisting of hedgehogs with surface vor-texesHere all hedgehogs play role in an external potential for Laughlin wave function[9].2.2.Destruction of hedgehogsIn case of rasing of the hedgehogs to the(for instance, to the outer S21)surface,the effect of influenceπ1(R) group ontoπ2(R)can be observed[8],sinceπ1(R)group is non-trivial.According to[14],thefield lines between hedgehogs can collapsed to’string’,connecting a hedge-hog with a surface vortex.CommentsAt continuous phase transition in the vesicle,caused by variation of aggregate content,the broken symmetry can be quite observable(atπ2−→π1homomorphism), in agree with marginal type-I-type-II vesicle[2].As fractionalization associate with the groundstate de-generacy[10],the scenario in the hedgehogs presence is noncontradictory against a background of anyons. AcknowledgementsThe author thanks to F.Tokumasu for explaining of new phase diagram on LUVs,and to the anonymous ref-eree for pointing data of[5].[1]J.Park,T.C.Lubensky,and F.C.MacKintosh,Euro-phys.Lett.20(3),279(1992).[2]R.M.L.Evans,Phys.Rev.E.53,935(1996).[3]G.V.Feigenson and J.T.Buboltz,Biophys.Journal80,2775(2001).[4]L.V.Elnikova,E-print archives,cond-mat/0601651.[5]F.Tokumasu,A.J.Jin,G.V.Feigenson,and J.A.Dvo-rak,Biophys.Journal84,2609(2003).[6]M.Monastyrsky,Topology of Gauge Fields and Con-densed Matter,Springer(1993).[7]G..Volovik and V.P.Mineyev,Zh.Eksp.Teor.Fiz.72,2256(1977)(in Russian).[8]M.B.Kurik and vrentovich,Uspekhi Fiz.Nauk154,381(1988)(in Russian).[9]F.D.M.Haldane,Phys.Rev.Lett.51,605(1983).[10]M.Oshikawa and T.Senthil,Phys.Rev.Lett.96,060601(2006).[11]T.Einarsson,Phys.Rev.Lett.64,1995(1990).[12]A.T.Garel,J.de Phys.39,225(1978).[13]H.-R.Trebin,Adv.Phys.31,195(1982).[14]S.Ostlund,Phys.Rev.B.24,485(1981).。
