Key to Exercise
Unit 1 Chemical Industries
1. the Industrial Revolution
2. organic chemicals
3. the contact process
4. the Haber process
5. synthetic polymers
6. intermediates
7. artificial fertilizers
8. pesticides (crop protection chemicals)
9. synthetic fibers
10. pharmaceutical
11. research and development
12. petrochemical
13. computers(automatic control equipment)
14. capital intensive
Some Chemicals Used In Our Daily Life
Food artificial fertilizers, pesticide, veterinary products
Health antibiotics, β-blockers
Clothing synthetic fibers (e.g. polyesters, polyamides), synthetic dyes
Shelter synthetic polymers (e.g. urea-formaldehyde, polyurethanes), plastics
Leisure plastics and polymers (e.g. nylon)
Transport additives (e.g. anti-oxidants, viscosity index improvements),polymers,plastics
Unit 2 Research and Development
1. R&D
2. ideas and knowledge
3. process and products
4. fundamental
5. applied
6. product development
7. existing product
8. pilot plant
9. profitbility
10. environmental impact
11. energy cost
12. technical support
13. process improvement
14. effluent treatment
15. pharmaceutical
16. sufficiently pure
17. Reaction
18. unreacted material
19. by-products
20. the product specification
21. Product storage
Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers
1. Mechanical
2. electrical
3. civil
4. scale-up
5. commercial-size
6. reactors
7. distillation columns
8. pumps
9. control and instrumentation
10. mathematics
11. industry
12. academia
13. steam
14. cooling water
15. an economical
16. to improve
17. P&I Drawings
18. Equipment Specification Sheets
19. Construction
20. capacity and performance
21. bottlenecks
22. Technical Sales
23. new or improved
24. engineering methods
25. configurations
Unit 4 Sources of Chemicals
1. inorganic chemicals
2. derive from (originate from)
3. petrochemical processes
4. Metallic ores
5. extraction process
6. non-renewable resource
7. renewable sources
8. energy source
9. fermentation process
10. selective
11. raw material
12. separation and purification
13. food industry
14. to be wetted
15. Key to success
16. Crushing and grinding
17. Sieving
18. Stirring and bubbling
19. Surface active agents
20. Overflowing
Unit 5 Basic Chemicals
1. Ethylene
2. acetic acid
3. Polymerization
4. Polyvinyl acetate
5. Emulsion paint
High-volume sector Low-volume sector
Production scale tens to hundreds of thousands tons per year tens to a few thousands tons per year
Products / a plant single product multi-products
Operation manner continuous batch
Price or profit fairly cheap very profitable
Usage intermediates end-products
Challenges reduced demand,
environment pollution
Products in the sector sulphuric acid,
phosphorus-containing compounds,
nitrogen-containing compounds,
chlor-alkali,
petrochemicals,
commodity polymers agrochemicals,
dyestuf
fs,
pharmaceuticals,
speciality polymers
Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes
1. Ammonia
2. ammonia absorber
3. NaCl & NH4OH
4. Carbon dioxide
5. NH4Cl
6. Rotary drier
7. Light Na2CO3
8. Water
Product Raw material Major steps or
Principal reactions Uses
Soda-ash brine,
limestone ammoniating,
carbonating,
precipitating,
filtering,
drying,
calcining raw material for
glassmaking,
sodium silicate;
as an alkali
Chlorine brine 2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O → NaOH +Cl2 +H2 as water purification, bleaching of wood pulp; production of
vinyl chloride, solvents, inorganic chlorine-containing products
Caustic soda brine 2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O → NaOH +Cl2 +H2 for paper-making, manufacture of inorganic chemicals,
syntheses of organic chemicals,
production of alumina and soap
Sulfuric acid elemental sulphur S +O2 → SO2
SO2 + O2 → SO2
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 feedstock for fertilizers; production of ethanol, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum sulphates
Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea
1. kinetically inert
2. some iron compounds
3. exothermic
4. conversion
5. a reasonable speed
6. lower pressures
7. higher temperatures
8. capital
9. energy
10. steam reforming
11. carbon monoxide
12. secondary reformer
13. the shift reaction
14. methane
15. 3:1
1787 C. Berthollet discovers the composition of ammonia
1903 Fritz Haber synthesizes ammonia
1909 Fritz Haber drives the optimum reaction conditions
1909-1914 C. Bosch, A. Mittasch scale-up the process
1913 in BASF build a pilot plant
1919 Fritz Haber receives the Noble price
1920s in Britain and America Introduce the Haber process
1931 C. Bosch receives the Noble price
Unit 8 Petroleum Processing
1. organic chemicals
2. H:C ratios
3. high temperature carbonization
4. crude tar
5. pyrolysis
6. poor selectivity
7. consumption of hydrogen
8. the pilot stage
9. surface and underground
10. fluidized bed
11. Biotechnology
12. sulfur species
Unit 9 Polymers
Abbreviation Name of polymer
LDPE Low density polyethylene 低密度聚乙烯
HDPE High density polyethylene 高密度聚乙烯
LLDPE Linear low density polyethylene 线性低密度聚乙烯
PET or PBT Poly ethylene terephthalate (PET)
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯
聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯
PVC Poly vinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯
PS Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯
POM Polyoxymethylene 聚甲醛
PP Polypropylene 聚丙烯
PC Polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯
PPO Polyphenylene oxide 聚苯醚
PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯
PF phenol-formaldehyde resins 酚醛树脂
PMMA poly (methyl methacrylate) 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯
UF urea-formaldehyde resins 脲醛树脂
Name of polymer Company or Inventor Year introduced
Phenol-formaldehyde resin Baekland 1909
Urea-formaldehyde resin 1929
Alkyd resin late 1920s
Poly(styrene-butadiene) Germany
Poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene) Germany
Poly (vinyl chloride) Germany
Polystyrene Germany
polyethylene ICI 1938
Nylon Du pont 1941
Polyacrylonitrile Du pont 1948
Terylene ICI 1949
Epoxy resins Du pont 1955
polypropylene Montecatini 1956
LLDPE late 1970s
Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering
Microscale (≤10-3m)
? Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts
? Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits
? Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluids
Mesoscale (10-3－102m)
? Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment
? Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers made from polymers
? Designing feedback control systems for bioreactors
Macroscale (>10m)
? Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemical plant
? Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions of combustion-generated air pollutants
? Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recovery through remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamic models of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicals to improve efficiency of recovery
Course Course content
Science and Math. Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Material Science, Mathematics, Computer Instruction
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Catalysis,
Rector Design and Analysis, Unit Operations, Process Control, Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Design / Economics
Other Engineering Electrical Engineering, Mechanics, Engineering Drawing
Humanities and Social Science Understand the origins of one’s own culture as well as that of others
Unit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?
1. density
2. viscosity
3. tube diameter
4. Reynolds
5. eddies
6. laminar flow
7. turbulent flow
8. velocity fluctuations
9. solid surface
10. ideal fluids
11. viscosity
12. Prandtl
13. fluid dynamics
Unit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering
1. physical
2. unit operations
3. identical
4. A. D. Little
5. fluid flow
6. membrane separation
7. crystallization
8. filtration
9. material balance
10. equilibrium stage model
11. Hydrocyclones
12. Filtration
13. Gravity
14. Vaccum
Unit 14 Distillation Operations
1. relative volatilities
2. contacting trays
3. reboiler
4. an overhead condenser
5. reflux
6. plates
7. packing
8. stripping section
9. rectifying section
10. energy-input requirement
11. overall thermodynamic efficiency
12. tray efficiencies
13. Batch operation
14. composition
15. a rectifying batch
Sieve plate Bubble-cap plates Valve plates
Cost low high middle
Capacity high low middle
Operating range low high middle
Efficiency same same Same
Pressure drop low high middle
1 < 2 < 3
Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption
1. a liquid solvent
2. solubilities
3. leaching
4. distillation
5. extract
6. raffinate
7. countercurrent
8. a fluid
9. adsorbed phase
10. 400,000
11. original condition
12. total p
ressure
13. equivalent numbers
14. H+ or OH–
15. regenerant
16. process flow rates
17. deterioration of performance
18. closely similar
19. stationary phase
20. mobile phase
21. distribution coefficients
22. selective membranes
23. synthetic
24. ambient temperature
25. ultrafiltration
26. reverse osmosis (RO).
Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying
1. concentrate solutions
2. solids
3. circulation
4. viscosity
5. heat sensitivity
6. heat transfer surfaces
7. the long tube
8. multiple-effect evaporators
9. vacuum
10. condensers
11. supersaturation
12. circulation pump
13. heat exchanger
14. swirl breaker
15. circulating pipe
16. Product
17. non-condensable gas
18. barometric condenser
Dryer type General features Application
Tray dryers Batch operation,
Close control of drying conditions and product inventory Drying valuable products
Conveyor dryers Continuous circulation,
High drying rates,
Good product-quality,
High thermal efficiencies,
High initial and maintenance cost Drying materials that form a bed with an open structure
Rotary dryer Continuous operation,
High throughput,
High thermal efficiency,
Low capital cost and labor costs
Non-uniform residence time,
Dust generation,
High noise levels Drying free-flow granular materials
Fluidized bed dryers Continuous or batch operation,
Rapid and uniform heat transfer,
Short drying times,
Good control of the drying conditions,
Low floor area requirements;
High power requirements Drying granular and crystalline materials
Pneumatic dryers Short contact times,
Low thermal efficiency Drying fine and heat sensitive materials
Spray dryers Short contact times,
Good control of the product particle size, bulk density and form,
High heat requirements Drying liquid and dilute slurry feeds as well as heat sensitive materials
Rotary drum dryers An alternative choice to spray dryers Drying liquid and dilute slurry feeds
Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering
1. design
2. optimization
3. control
4. unit operations (UO)
5. many disciplines
6. kinetics
7. thermodynamics,
8. fluid mechanics
9. microscopic
10. chemical reactions
11. more valuable products
12. harmless products
13. serves the needs
14. the chemical reactors
15. flowchart
16. necessarily
17. tail
18. each reaction
19. temperature and concentrations
20. linear
Unit 19 Introduction to Process Design
1. a flowsheet
2. control scheme
3. process manuals
4. profit
5. sustainable industrial activities
6. waste
7. health
8. safety
9. a reactor
10. tradeoffs
11. optimizations
12. hierarchy
Materials areas Research activities
Polymer Probe the microscale dynamics of macromolecules
Develop improved processes,
Create new materials
Polymer Composites Microstructural reinforcement
Advanced Ceramics Produce specific micro structures
Application research
Ceramic Composites Engineering the chemical reactions re
lated
Composite Liquids