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This section defines common short story terms.
A
antagonist–one that opposes protagonist and could be anything including another character or the environment even the protagonist himself/herself, depending on what type
of conflict it is. Contrast with protagonist.
e.g. In the film called The Silence of the Lambs which is a horror film, one character called
Buffalo Bill could be considered as the antagonist in the film because this character is a
serial killer who strips the skin of the deceased after he tortured the victim. This character
opposed to the protagonist of this film who is an FBI detective and responsible for
unraveling these serial killings.
C
chronological order–a method of organization in which actions or events are presented as they occur (or occurred) in time/the actual sequence of the events arranged by their occurrence in time.
Contrast with flashback.
e.g. In the film called The Silence of the Lambs, the chronological order is: An FBI trainee called
Clarice Starling was assigned to interview a former psychiatrist and incarcerated cannibalistic serial killer - Hannibal in a prison in order to learn the criminal mind of the serial killer-Buffalo
Bill. →the trainee got some clues from the previous cases done by Buffalo Bill, especially the special cocoon placed in every victim’s throat. At the same time, the U.S. Senator’s daughter was
abducted by Buffalo Bill, so the trainee had to save the daughter →Clarice found one person called Jame Gumb perfectly matched with the clues since he once bought a huge box of sphinx moth→Clarice finally found the basement of Buffalo Bill and shot him to death. The Senator’s daughter was successfully saved by Clarice.
climax–the turning point in the action and/or the highest point of interest or excitement.
Here, the reader may find out what happens to the conflict, or the resolution of the
conflict so that the readers could understand the tendency of the story.
e.g. In William Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”, the story reaches its climax in Act
3 which is a scene that Romeo killed his wife’s cousin- Tybalt and the audience
becomes to wonder about how Romeo could get out of this terrible situation.
It qualifies as a climax because after this act all the prior conflicts start to be resolved and mysteries unfold themselves and thus the story moves toward its logical conclusion
during the coming scenes.
D
dialogue–a verbal exchange between two or more people which occurs when two or more speakers have a conversation.
e.g. Annina: Monsieur Rick, what kind of a man is Captain Renault?
Rick: Oh, he's just like any other man, only more so.
This is a dialogue done by Joy Page and Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca, 1942 in
order to reveal the character’s thoughts about another character called Captain
Renault.
direct presentation/characterization–the author’s direct descriptions of what a character is like. Contrast with indirect presentation/characterization.
e.g. In the novel called Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving, the author described the
old man as“He was a simple, good-natured man; he was more over a kind
neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband.”
dramatic irony–the words and actions of the characters have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters which means only the readers “get the point”.
e.g. In the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Romeo thinks Juliet is dead and the audience knows she is not. This qualifies because only the audience realized what exactly happened in the story while the character did not.
dynamic character–a major character who encounters conflict and is changed by it/the plot events.
Dynamic characters tend to be more fully developed and described thanstaticcharacters.
Contrast with static character.
E.g. In the Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J.K. Rowling,
Harry could be considered as a dynamic character because he
perceives that he shares some abilities similar to Tom Riddle, who
becomes evil Lord Voldemort, and this makes him worried that he
might also turn out to be an evil character.
Dumbledore taught Harry the lesson about the importance of the choices
one makes. It resolves around his inner conflict, making him a good
example of a dynamic character.
denouncement–the event or events following the climax; the resolution or clarification of the plot and provides the readers with the last pieces of information. Also see the definition of resolution.
e.g.“They’re a rotten crowd,”I shouted across the lawn. “You’re worth the whole damn
bunch put together…..”
The denouement in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald happens when Nick decides to go back to Minnesota to get away from the rich people who are engaged in all those things which Nick thinks are part of the moral worthlessness in Gatsby’s life. All the people in Gatsby’s circle were unfaithful.
E
exposition–a statement or type of composition intended to give information about (or an explanation of) an issue, subject, method, or idea.Also see the definition of introduction.
e.g. In the movie series of Star Wars, the exposition is the opening title sequence that
gives information about the past events to the viewers. The crawling text on the
screen at the beginning of each part gives the audience every piece of information
they need to understand the upcoming events in the film.
The opening lines usually begin like this: “A long time ago in a galaxy far away, far away…”external conflict– the conflict that isoutside a character in a short story/ the hardship faced by the
character during the plot. Contrast with internal conflict.
e.g. In William Golding’s novel The Lord of the Flies for example, Ralph (the leader of the “good
guys”) steadily comes into conflict with Jack (a bully who later forms a “tribe” of hunters). Jack and his “tribe” give in to their savage instinct and make attempts to hunt or kill the civilized batch of boys headed by Ralph.
F
falling action– the conflict unravels with the main character either winning or losing and the whole plot begins to finish up in this section of the story.
e.g.Falling action in Star Wars occurs when rebels and Luke Skywalker discover a vulnerable section in the Death Star of Vader. It is up to Luke Skywalker to destroy the space ship following several failed attempts. Vader virtually hits Luke’s ship; however, Han Solo saves his ship by shooting at Vader. Then, Luke uses force and destroys Death Star against all odds, and saves the rebels.
Yet the story does not end here. The audience then sees the return of Han and Luke to the rebels, who receive congratulations for making heroic efforts. Then the falling action takes place when these two characters win rewards and medals from Princess Leia for saving the day.
first person point of view–“I” is the central character and tells his or her own story from his/ her perspective, so the readers could only learn the narrator’s inner thoughts.
e.g.“I have of late,—but wherefore I know not,—lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of
exercises; and indeed, it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory.”
This is one of the first person point of view examples in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. The use of first person point of view gives us a glimpse into the real inner feelings of frustration of the character. The writer has utilized the first person point of view to expose Hamlet’s feelings in a detailed way. This is one type of the point of view.
flat character–a minor character with one or maybe two sides to the personality,so the readers could consider them as not realistic since they know so little about this character. Contrast with round character.
e.g.Benvolio is a flat character from Romeo and Juliet byWilliam Shakespeare, who remains
unchanged throughout the play. He is temperate, solid and loyal, who always tries to
maintain peace and harmony between the two families and whose purpose is to support Romeo to
get married to Juliet.
flashback –a shift in a short story to an earlier event that interrupts the normal chronological development of a story.
e.g.Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman uses flashback to narrate Willy Loman’s memories
of the past. At one moment, Willy talks with his dead brother while playing cards with
Charley. He relives a past conversation in the present. This demonstrates a character that
is physically living in the present but mentally living in the memories and events of the
past.
foil character–a character who provides contrast to the main character (protagonist). These two characters balance each other by portraying in different ways and the readers
could recognize the characteristics better through these differences. Contrast
with antagonist.
e.g. In the Harry Potter,Harry's foil-Neville Longbottom is anything but
brave and as unskilled a wizard as they come. Both lost their parents to
Voldemort,but the difference can be seen in how Harry rises to
everydangerousoccasion, while Neville makes mistakes and gets pushed
around by about everyone.
foreshadowing– the presentation of details, characters, or incidents in a short story in such a way
that later events are prepared for.
e.g. William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is rich with foreshadowing
examples. One of which is the following lines from Act 2, Scene 2:
“Life were better ended by their hate,
Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love”
In the balcony scene, Juliet is concerned about Romeo’s safety as
she fears her kinsmen may catch him. Romeo says, in the above lines, that
he would rather have her love and die sooner than not obtain her love and
die later. Eventually, he gets her love and dies for her love, too.
I
indirect presentation/characterization– the implication of what a character is like by the readers’ interpretation of the characters through the characters’ thoughts, dictation and
actions. Contrast with direct presentation/characterization .
e.g.In the novel called Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving, the author described the old
man’s action:“He assisted at their sports, made their playthings, taught them to fly kites
and shoot marbles, and told them long stories. . . .”In this way , the indirect
characterization of kindness is revealed through the old man’s actions.
internal conflict–the conflict is inside a character in a short story as an internal struggle and the readersare aware of the internal conflict because they can see the character’s inner
thoughts. C ontrast with external conflict.
e.g. Hamlet’s internal conflict is the main conflict in William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet .This
internal conflict decides his tragic downfall because he wants to kill his father’s murderer Claudius but he also looks for proof to justify his action, ultimately ruining his life and the lives of his loved ones.
Due to his internal conflict, he spoils his relationship with his mother and sends Ophelia (Hamlet’s love interest) into such a state of despair that she commits suicide.
introduction– the background information that is needed to understand the story is provided, such as the main character, the setting, the basic conflict, and so forth.Also see the definition of exposition.
e.g. “Once upon a time, there were three bears. There was a Daddy Bear, who was
very big, a Mama Bear, who was middle-sized, and a Baby Bear, who was very
small. They all lived together in a little cottage in the middle of the woods. Their
favorite breakfast was porridge. One morning, after they made their porridge,
Daddy Bear said, …Let?s go for walk in the woods until it cools.? Mama Bear and
Baby Bear liked the idea, so off they went. While they were away, a little girl
named Goldilocks came walking through the forest and smelled the porridge…”
With the help of a single passage, the author of The Three Little Bears has given us an overview of the bear family, their residence and information on how the story sets in motion.
L
limited omniscient point of view–Characters are referred to as “he” and “she”, and the reader knows only the thoughts and feelings of a single character, while other characters are presented only externally/ in an objective way. Contrast with omniscient point of view.
e.g.“Harry had taken up his place at wizard school,
where he and his scar were famous …but now the
school year was over, and he was back with the
Dursleys for the summer, back to being treated like a
dog that had rolled in something smelly…The
Dursleys hadn’t even remembered that today
happened to be Harry’s twelfth birthday. Of course,
his hopes hadn’t been high?”
(An Excerpt from Harry Potter and the Chamber of
Secrets by J.K. Rowling)
J.K. Rowling employs limited omniscient point of view in which readers see what Harry observes, and know what he feels and thinks. They, however, are unable to follow what Dursleys feel or think about Harry, though can clearly see what Harry thinks and feels about them.
M
mood– the predominant emotion/atmosphere created by the short story, usually through word choice or description and is best discovered through readers’careful consideration of the images as well as the feelings those images prompt in the short story.Contrast with tone.
e.g.“And being no stranger to the art of war, I have him a description of cannons, culverins, muskets,
carabines, pistols, bullets, powder, swords, bayonets, battles, sieges, retreats, attacks, undermines, countermines, bombardments, sea-fights…”
In order to create feelings of disgust in readers for the destructive consequences of war, Jonathon Swift chooses words that are unmelodious, harsh and jarring. The diction in the above passage of Gulliver’s Travel corresponds with the subject matter.
N
narration–the process of recounting a sequence of events, real or imagined.
e.g.Don Quixote by Cervantes is a parody of Romance narration that dealt with the
adventures of a valiant knight. In Don Quixote the narration takes a comical turn. We
laugh at how the Quixote was bestowed a knighthood in his battle with the giants. We
enjoy how the knight helps the Christian king against the army of a Moorish monarch.
narrator–the person who recounts the events or the person speaking in the story.
e.g.In Persian Carpet,the narrator is the daughter in that family and she recounted the whole
event of meeting with her mother as well as the carpet through her perspective.
O
objective point of view– the story is written in third person- “he” or “she”, and the author records action objectively like a movie camera which sends out no characters’inner thoughts.Contrast with (limited) omniscient point of view.
e.g."The goose shouted to the nearest cow that Wilbur was free, and soon all the cows knew.
Then one of the cows told one of the sheep, and soon all the sheep knew. The lambs learned about it from their mothers. The horses, in their stalls in the barn, pricked up their ears when they heard the goose hollering; and soon the horses had caught on to what was happening."
This is a scene from Charlotte's Web written by Harper and this is qualified because the whole text records everything like a movie camera and only shows the things
objectively without any inner thoughts.
omniscient point of view– the story is written in third person- “he”or “she”, and the author wrote down all characters’inner thoughts and the readers are all-
knowing.Contrast with limited omniscient point of view.
e.g.“Margaret, the eldest of the four, was sixteen, and very pretty, being plump and fair, with large
eyes, plenty of soft brown hair, a sweet mouth, and white hands, of which she was rather vain.
Fifteen-year-old Jo was very tall, thin, and brown, and reminded one of a colt…Elizabeth, or Beth, as everyone called her, was a rosy, smooth-haired, bright-eyed girl of thirteen, with a shy manner, a timid voice, and a peaceful expression, which was seldom disturbed…”
(An excerpt from Little Women by Louisa May Alcott)
Alcott uses an omniscient point of view, as we hear disembodied voice knowing everyone’s feelings and thoughts, exploring all characters from inside and outside. Here the narrator gives description about the March sisters.
P
person vs. environment–the main conflict between the main character (protagonist) and the environment/society of the character placed in. It occurs when the protagonist’s conflict extends to confronting institutions, traditions, or laws of his or her culture.
e.g.In Persian Carpet,Ilya had a conflict between him and community since he can’t do many jobs
because he’s blind and was accused of stealing the carpet and did not defend himself by the community.
person vs. person– the conflict featured by the struggle of the protagonist with another character. e.g.In Persian Carpet,the narrator has conflicted feelings toward her mother. She said that she is
incapable of showing emotion toward her mother and then she said how much she missed her and wished her mother to live with her.
person vs. self– a person’s struggle with his or her own prejudices or doubts or character flaws.
e.g.In Persian Carpet,the narrator has conflicted feelings with herself since she said, “I would be
unable to throw myself into her arms,”although, she actually did throw herself into her mother’s arms.
plot– the organization of the main events of the short story and could be divided into five parts.
e.g.The plot of the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone by J.K.Rowling begins when
Harry learns that Professor Snape is after the Sorcerer’s Stone. The Professor lets
loose a troll, who nearly kills Harry and his friends. In addition, Harry finds out that
Hagrid let out the secret of the giant dog to a stranger in return for a dragon which
means that Snape can now reach the Sorcerer’s Stone.
plot diagram– a diagram to show the five parts of the plot as well as their relationship visually.
e.g.
point of view– the angle of telling the story, which shows readers the opinion, or feelings of the characters involved in a situation. The specific type could be selected by the author in order to suit his/her intentions.
e.g.In Persian Carpet,the author selected the first person’s point of view since she mainly used the pronoun “I” to show the story. This increased theextent of how real this story is.
protagonist– the principal character in a literary work who is considered as a hero. Contrast with antagonist.
e.g. In the movie Star Wars the character of Luke Skywalker was an outwardly naive
farm boy. Luke desperately wants a life different from his regular monotonous
existence. He joined forces with Obi-wan Kenobe and later on matures to understand
the customs of force.
His antagonist in the movie is Darth Vader, who turns out to be Luke’s father. They
both get into a major conflict but eventually Luke succeeds.
R
resolution–the end of the story and usually provides the readers with a solution a conflict.However, tragedies end with death and sadness in which the main character is
worse off than at the beginning of the story.
e.g.“They’re a rotten crowd,”I shouted across the lawn. “You’re worth the whole damn
bunch put together…..”
The resolution in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald happens when Nick decides to go back to Minnesota to get away from the rich people who are engaged in all those things which Nick thinks are part of the moral worthlessness in Gatsby’s life. All the people in Gatsby’s circle were unfaithful.
rising action –a series of events and actions that move the story to a climax.This part which builds up the story could offer the readers with more information about the conflicts and the characters.
e.g.The rising action in Stephenie Meyer’s novel, Twilight, occurs as
Cullen family plays vampire baseball game where Bella is looking
as a spectator. During the play, some rogue vampires like James,
Laurent and Victoria approach them.
James feels the smell of Bella, and action rises. James chases Bella
while Cullen family strives to defend her. This heightened action
ultimately creates a huge climax that consequently brings many
things to a head, leading to the end.
round character– multidimensional and complex characters in a short storyand behave like real people so that they could evoke the readers’ emotion if they are in the same situation.Contrast with flat character.
e.g.Hamlet from Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a complex and mysterious character that is
knowledgeable, philosophical, intelligent and thoughtful by nature. He takes hasty decisions yet he delays his revenge.
His contemplative nature also becomes his tragic flaw and lack of his timely action becomes the cause of his tragedy. His personality is contradictory, while he also encounters many contradictory situations.
S
satire–a technique used by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of a character by using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule. Contrast with Irony.
e.g.A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift. In this essay, Swift satirizes the British for their
treatment of the Irish by recommending that they literally eat the children since they have
already taken everything else from the Irish.
setting–background information of the short story including location and
time. Also it could be emotional in order to evoke the emotion and
feelings of the readers.
e.g. In the Persian Carpet by Hanna Shaykh, the setting takes place in Lebanon.
The narrator, her aunt Maryam and sister are in her father’s house. The time was
the narrator’s childhood. Then the narrator, her aunt and her sister got to the
mother’s house.
situational irony– an occasion in which the outcome is significantly different form what was expected or considered appropriate.
e.g.Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare - Romeo finds Juliet drugged and assumes she
is dead. He kills himself then she awakens, see that he is dead and kills herself.
static character– a character in a short story who dose not undergo substantial change or growth in the course of the story.Contrast with dynamic character.
e.g.Scar is an example of a static character in the Lion King. Scar is a sly and
clever brother of the Lion King. This cunning man plots to kill Simba and his
father. As the film goes on, we notice that Scar does not go through any change and keeps
these traits until the end. By the end of the story, he does not survive and dies due to his wicked deeds.
stereotyped character– a character with generalizedtraits which make the character seem to be an oversimplified type of person, belonging to a group. Contrast with other types of characters.
e.g.Professor Moriarty in the Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle could be
considered as a stereotyped character of villain because he is always simplified as an evil guy with black coat in the story.
Symbol/symbolism–the use of one object or action to represent something
else.
e.g.The character of the madwoman in the attic in the novel Jane Eyre is identified as a symbol for
women's hidden rage since nobody can deny her intensity or power: she’s sexually potent, wicked smart, and absolutely ruthless. Nobody can kill her, either, because she seems to be invincible—in this novel, of course, she chooses to commit suicide.
T
theme–the main idea of a text, expressed directly or indirectly which is what can be learned
about life and/or people from the story. Theme is different from the subject a piece of wring is about -the topic.
e.g.Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare is based on the love and friendship of the main
characters.
tone–the expression of a writer's attitude toward subject and audience sometimes. Contrast
with mood.
e.g.“And the trees all died. They were orange trees. I don?t know why they died, they just
died. Something wrong with the soil possibly or maybe the stuff we got from the nursery wasn?t the best. We complained about it. So we?ve got thirty kids there, each kid had his or her own little tree to plant and we?ve got these thirty dead trees. All these kids looking at these little brown sticks, it was depressing.”
The u se of adjectives “dead” and “depressing” sets a gloomy tone of the short story The School by Donald Barthelme. As trees signify life here, their unexpected “death” from an unknown cause gives the above passage an unhappy and pessimistic tone.
V
verbal irony–a type of irony occurs when the intended meaning of a statement differs from the meaning that the words appear to express. Sarcasm is an extreme form of verbal irony.
Compare with sarcasm.
e.g.Inthe play Julius Caesar byWilliam Shakespeare,
Mark Antony states “Yet Brutus says he was
ambitious and Brutus is an honorable man.”In the
words spoken by Antony, “honorable”and
“ambitious”are opposite from each other, so this
could be considered as verbal irony.
References
This glossary’s main examples come from:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a313016859.html,/
传播Communication 内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication 群体传播Group Communication 组织传播Organization Communication 大众传播Mass Communication 单向传播One-Sided Communication 双向传播Two-Sided Communication 互动传播Interactive Communication 媒介Media 大众传播媒介Mass Media 新媒介New Media 新闻洞News Hold 新闻价值News Value 传播者Communicator 主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴趣Audience Interest 受众行为Audience Activity 信息Information 信号Signal 讯息Message 信息熵Entropy 冗余/冗余信息Redundancy 传播单位Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式Osgood Model 编码Encode 解码Decode 信源Source 传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication 传播效果Effects 知识沟Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model 使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统System of Oral Communication 地球村Global Village 内爆Implosion 全球化Globalization 本土化Localization 数字化Digitalization 电子空间Cyber Space 文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism 跨文化传播Intercultural Communication 守门人Gatekeeper 新闻采集者News Gatherers 新闻加工者News Processors
a(an) art. (非特指的)一(个)；任何一个；每一(个) A.D. n.公元 A.M. ad.上午，午前 abandon v.放弃；抛弃，离弃 abdomen n.腹；腹部 abide v.(by)坚持；遵守；容忍 ability n.能力，智能；才能，才干；技能 able a.能够，有能力的 abolish v.废除，取消 about prep.关于；在…周围；在…各处ad.大约 above prep.在…上方；(数量，价格等)大于… abroad ad.出国，在国外 abrupt a.突然的，意外的；陡峭的，险峻的；(举止，言谈等) 不流畅的absence n.缺席，不在场；缺乏 absent a.(from) 缺席的，不在场的；漫不经心的 absolute a.绝对的；完全的；专制的 absorb 吸收；吸引，使专心 abstract a.抽象的；深奥的n.摘要；抽象v.摘要；转移 absurd a.愚蠢的；荒唐的 abundant a.丰富的；充足的 abuse v.& n.滥用；谩骂 academic a.学院的；学术的，教学的
accelerate v.加速；促进 accent n.腔调，口音；重音(符号) accept v.认可，接受 access n.接近，进入；入口，通路；接近(或进入) 的方法accident n.事故 accidental a.偶然的，意外的 accommodate v.留宿，收容；供应，供给；容纳accommodations (-s) accompany v.陪伴，陪同 accomplish v.完成，实现 according (to) account n.帐户 accumulate v.积累，积蓄；堆积 accurate a.精确的，准确的 accuse v.(of) 控告，谴责 accustom v.(to) 使习惯 ache v.痛；哀怜n.疼痛，酸痛 achieve v.完成，达到；获得 acid n.酸a.酸的；酸性的 acquaint v.(sb.with) 使认识，使了解 acquaintance n.熟人；相识；熟悉 acquire v.取得，获得；学到
高考英语常用词汇汇总 1. a big headache令人头痛的事情 2. a fraction of 一部分 3. a matter of concern 焦点 4. a series of 一系列,一连串above all 首先,尤其是 5. absent from不在,缺席 6. abundant in富于 7. account for 解释 8. accuse sb. of sth.控告 9. add to增加（add up to） 10. after all 毕竟,究竟 11. agree with同意 12. ahead of time / schedule提前 13. ahead of 在...之前（ahead of time 提前） 14. alien to与...相反 15. all at once 突然,同时 16. all but 几乎;除了...都 17. all of a sudden 突然 18. all over again 再一次,重新 19. all over 遍及 20. all right 令人满意的;可以 21. all the same 仍然,照样的
22. all the time 一直,始终 23. angry with sb. at/about sth.生气,愤怒 24. anxious about/for忧虑,担心 25. anything but 根本不 26. apart from 除...外(有/无) 27. appeal to 吸引，申诉，请求 28. applicable to适用于 29. apply to适用 30. appropriate for/to适当,合适 31. approximate to近似,接近 32. apt at聪明,善于 33. apt to易于 34. around the clock夜以继日 35. as a matter of fact 实际上 36. as a result(of) 因此,由于 37. as a rule 通常,照例 38. as far as ...be concerned 就...而言 39. as far as 远至,到...程度 40. as follows 如下 41. as for 至于,关于 42. as good as 和...几乎一样 43. as if 好像,防腐 44. as regards 关于,至于
全国人民代表大会National People's Congress (NPC) 主席团Presidium 常务委员会Standing Committee 办公厅General Office 秘书处Secretariat 代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee 提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee 民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee 法律委员会Law Committee 财政经济委员会Finance and Economy Committee 外事委员会Foreign Affairs Committee 教育、科学、文化和卫生委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee 内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs 华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee 法制工作委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs 特定问题调查委员会Commission of Inquiry into Specific Questions 宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution 2、中华人民共和国主席President of the People's Republic of China 3、中央军事委员会Central Military Commission 4、最高人民法院Supreme People's Court 5、最高人民检察院Supreme People's Procuratorate 6、国务院State Council (1)国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council 外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs 国防部Ministry of National Defence 国家发展和改革委员会National Development and Reform Commission 国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission 教育部Ministry of Education 科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology 国防科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National De-fence
聚氨酯文献常用专业英语词汇 acid number 酸值 acylurea 酰（基）脲 aqurous ployurethane 水溶性聚氨酯 alliphanate 脲基甲酸酯 amide 酰胺 amine equivalent 胺当量 amine value 胺值 bitolylene diisocyanate 3，3-二甲基-4，4-联苯二异氰酸酯 biuret 缩二脲 1，4-butylene glycol（1，4-BG）or1，4-Butylene diol（1，4-BDD）1，4-丁二醇caprolactone ployester 己内酯型聚酯 caster oil 蓖麻油 carbodiimide 碳化二亚胺 casting molding machine 浇注机 casting PU（CPU）浇注型聚氨酯 casting table 浇注平台 centrifugal casting 离心浇注 chain extender 扩链剂 cohension energy 内聚能 compression moulding 加压模塑（成型） cream time 乳白时间 crosslinking agent 交联剂 cyclohexyl diisocyanate （CHDI）环己烷二异氰酸酯 4，4-dicyclohecylmethane diisocyanate （H12MDI）4，4-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯，即氢化MDI demould time 脱模时间 3，5-diamino-p-chloroisobutylbenzoate（Baytec-1604）3，5-二氨基对氯苯甲酸异丁酯 1，4-diazobicyclo-2，2，2-octane（DABCO）1，4-二氮杂-（2，2，2）-双环辛烷，即三亚乙基二胺 dibutyltin dilaurate（DBTDL）二丁基锡二月桂酸酯 3，3-dichloro-4，4-dianilino methane（MOCA）3，3-二氯-4，4-二氨基二苯甲烷 4，4-methylene bis（2-Chloroaniline）4，4-亚甲基双（二-氯苯胺） die C tear strength 撕裂强度（直角形） dihydromethyl propionic acid（DMPA）二羟甲基丙酸 1，4-dihydroxybutane 1，4-丁二醇 dimethyl methyl phosphonate（DMMP）甲基膦酸二甲酯 3，5-dimetylthio toluene dianiline（DMTDA）3，5-二甲硫基甲苯二胺 4，4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate（MDI）4，4-二苯（基）甲烷二异氰酸酯 domain 微区 domain structure 微区结构 dynamic properties 动态力学性能 elongation at break（Eb）扯断伸长率
计算机常用英语词汇表 高频700单词 一、硬件类(Hardware) （'hɑ:dwε?） CPU(Center Processor Unit)中央处理单元（'sent?'pr?uses?'ju:nit）Main board主板（mein b?:d） RAM(random access memory)随机存储器(内存)（'r?nd?m '?kses 'mem?ri） ROM(Read Only Memory)只读存储器（ri:d '?unli 'mem?ri） Floppy Disk 软盘（'fl?pi disk） Hard Disk 硬盘（hɑ:d disk） CD-ROM 光盘驱动器(光驱) monitor 监视器（'m?nit?） keyboard 键盘（'ki:b?:d） mouse 鼠标（maus） chip 芯片（t?ip） CD-R 光盘刻录机 HUB 集线器 Modem= MOdulator-DEModulator, 调制解调器（'m?udem'm?djuleit?di:'m?djuleit?） P-P(Plug and Play) 即插即用（pl?ɡplei） UPS(Uninterruptable Power Supply) 不间断电源（?nint?'r?pt?b?l
pau?s?'plai） BIOS(Basic-input-Output System) 基本输入输出系统（'beisik 'input 'autput 'sist?m） CMOS(Complementary- Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) （k?mpli'ment?ri 'met?l '?ksaid semik?n'd?kt?）互补金属氧化物半导体 setup安装（set?p） uninstall卸载（?nin'st?:l） wizzard向导（'wiz?d） OS(Operation System)操作系统（?p?'rei??n 'sist?m） OA(Office AutoMation)办公自动化（'?fis ?:t?'mei??n） edit编辑（'edit） copy复制（'k?pi） cut剪切（k?t） paste粘贴（peist） delete删除 (di'li:t) select选择 (si'lekt) find查找 (faind) select all全选 (si'lekt ?:l) replace替换 (ri'pleis) undo撤消 (?n'du:) redo重做 ([ ri:'du:) program程序（'pr?uɡr?m）
高考核心词汇汇总 高中英语熟词新义总结 最佳方法：平时的积累。只有积累了一定的“熟词新义”后，才能形成一定的语感，才会在具体的 语境中快速捕捉单词的准确含义。所以有必要对高中教材中的词汇进行梳理，做到查漏补缺，加强记忆，然后在阅读中去体会，从而力求消化。 一、 accept 接受，认可(Vt.)；同意，承认(vi.) adapt 使适应；改编 add 增加，添加（Vt.）；加起来，增添 （vi.）；补充说（Vt.） amount 数量（n.）；等于，共计（vi.，与to 连用） argue 争论,辩论(vi.);主张,说理,说服(Vt.) award 奖,奖品(n.);授奖,给予……金钱(v.) boom 发出隆隆声;(国家地区或行业的) 繁荣,迅速发展 burn 焚烧,烧焦;发出怪味,点(灯) compare 比较,比作(Vt.);比得上,与…匹敌(vi.) consider 考虑;认为;照顾到,考虑到（独立主格结构considering sth. 或sth. considered） depend 依靠,依赖;视情况而定 desire 希望, 期望; 请求, 要求(从句用should 型虚拟语气) equal 等于;比得上,匹敌(Vt.) equip 装配;配备(知识/ 信息/ 事实等) handle 门把手(n. ); 操作,处理(v.) hunt 打猎;猎取;搜寻(vi.) include 包括;计算在内(与in 连用) introduce 介绍;引进;提出;出台(政策/法规等) measure 测量;为……量尺寸;判断,权衡, 衡量(有measure sb. / sth against sb. / sth 搭配) owe 欠(钱/ 债务等);归功于，感激;幸亏 于，由于(owing to 的固定形式) perform 表演;(成功地)表现;完成,执行, 进行(尤其指复杂的活动);有……的用途 press 按,压,印;逼迫,迫使（press sb. to do sth.） process 制作,加工(食品);处理(文件/ 数据等);冲洗(照片) pronounce 发音;宣告,断言,宣布(官方意见或决定) publish 出版,发行;发表,刊登;(在报纸或墙壁上)公布,公开 raise 提高;举起;饲养,喂养;唤起(意识);使……产生(情感或反应);筹款 satisfy 使……满意; 满足(要求或欲望等);使……相信（与of 连用） share 分享,分担；均分,分配；有……共同的特征 shoulder 肩膀(n.);肩负,承当(责任或负担)(v.) spread 传播(消息/ 信息等);散布(流言); 涂抹(奶油等);(疾病)传播,蔓延;伸展(四肢);展开(翅膀) strike 击打;(时针)敲响;摩擦;罢工;达成(协议或交易);(灾难)突然袭击(vt.);突然产生(想法或主意)(vi.) succeed 取得成功;(学业或事业等)表现出色,有作为(vi.);接替,继承(vt.) tie 系;扎(Vt.);与……打成平局(搭配tie with sb.) touch 接触;感动
一．国际事务： negotiations，delegate，delegation，summit 峰会 charter n. 特许状，执照，宪章 pledge n. 诺言，保证，誓言，抵押，信物，保人，祝愿vt. 许诺，保证，使发誓，抵押，典当，举杯祝……健康 vt. 特许，发给特许执照 promote peace 促进和平 boost economic co-op 加强经济合作 make concession/compromise 作出妥协 pass a resolution 通过决议 sanction n. 核准，制裁，处罚，约束力 vt. 制定制裁规则，认可，核准，同意 default n. 违约，不履行责任，缺席，默认值 vt. 疏怠职责，缺席，拖欠，默认 vi. 疏怠职责，缺席，拖欠，默认 veto a bill 否决议案 break the deadlock 打破僵局 a scientific breakthrough 科学突破 an unexpected outcome 出乎意料的结果 sign/ratify an accord/deal/treaty/pact/agreement 签署协议diplomatically isolated country 在外交上被孤立的国家diplomatic solutions 外交解决方案 hot spot 热点 take hostilities toward..... 对……采取敌对态度 ethnic cleansing 种族排斥 refugee，illegal aliens 非法移民 mediator 调解员 national convention 国民大会 fight corruption 反腐败 corrupted election 腐败的选举 peace process 和平进程 give a boost to... 促进 booming economy 促进经济发展 mutual benefits/interests 双赢 Defense Minister，evacuate，flee from Pentagon 五角大楼impose/break a deadline 规定/打破最后期限 retaliate 报复 banking reform 金融改革 commissioner 代表 go bankrupt 破产 file for bankruptcy 提出破产 deputy 代表
英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变change, alteration, 高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors 关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated, 广泛的in an extensive survey 进行conducte， perform, carry out, 降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker
英语分类词汇表（1）1性别及家庭成员 boy 男孩 girl 女孩 mother 母亲 father 父亲 grandpa 爷爷grandma 奶奶grandmother祖母grandfather祖父 dad 爸爸（口语）mum 妈妈（口语）uncle 叔叔 aunt 阿姨 sister 姐妹 brother 兄、弟 Ms 女士 Mr 先生 Miss 小姐 2动物 panda 熊猫 monkey 猴子 dog 狗 cat 猫 bird 鸟 bee 蜜蜂 bear 熊 horse 马 pig 猪 duck 鸭子 rabbit 兔子 tiger 老虎 lion 狮子 chick 小鸡 fox 狐狸 hen 母鸡 cow 奶牛cock 公鸡 3数字 one 一 two 二 three 三 four 四 five 五 six 六 seven 七 eight 八 nine 九 ten 十 eleven 十一 twelve 十二 thirteen 十三 fourteen 十四 fifteen 十五 sixteen 十六 seventeen 十七 eighteen 十八 nineteen 十九 twenty 二十 twenty-one 二十一 thirty 三十 forty 四十 fifty 五十 sixty 六十 seventy 七十 eighty 八十 ninety 九十 one hundred一百 thousand 千 4食物饮料三餐味道水 果 rice 米饭 meat 肉 noodles 面条 fish 鱼 chocolate 巧克力 egg 蛋 vegetable 蔬菜 carrot 胡萝卜 bread 面包 orange 桔子 apple 苹果 milk 牛奶 tea 茶 coffee 咖啡 cake 蛋糕 candy 糖果 cookie 饼干 hot dog 热狗 breakfast 早餐 lunch 午饭 supper 晚饭 dinner 晚饭，正餐 lemon 柠檬 pear 梨 peach 桃子 banana 香蕉 5衣服 T-shirt T—恤衫 shirt 衬衫 skirt 短裙 cap 帽子（前边有帽沿的） hat 帽子(周围有帽沿的) shoes 鞋子 shorts 短裤 vest 背心 pants 短裤 dress 连衣裙 6冠词 a 一（个，件……） an
高考英语高频词汇 1. accide nt n.事故意外的事 2. adve nture n.冒险；奇遇 3. advertiseme nt n.广告 4. ambula nee n.救护车 5. an xious a.忧虑的，焦急的 6. apologize vi.道歉谢罪 7. appeara nee n.出现，露面;容貌 8. appo in tme nt n.约会 9. appreciate v.欣赏；感激 10. audie nee n.观众所众 11. average a.平均的；普通的n.平均数 12.baggage n.行李 13. bamboo n.竹 14. beard n.（下巴上的）胡须 15. behaviour n.行为，举止 16. blame n.& v.责备；责怪 17. bleed vi.出血,流血 18. telepho ne booth 电话亭 19. boring a.乏味的，无聊的 20. breathe vi.呼吸 21. broadcast (broadcast, broadcast) vt. 广播 22. bus in essma n n.商人；企业家 23. camera n.照相机；摄像机 24. can dle n.蜡烛 25. carrot n.胡萝卜 26. ceili ng n.天花板，顶棚 27. celebrate v.庆祝 28. cen tigrade a. 摄氏的 29. cen tury n.世纪百年 30. certificate n.证明证明书 31. chain store(s)连锁店 32.cheek n.面颊，脸蛋 33. chemistry n.化学 34. circle n .圆圈vt.将……圈起来35. classical a.传统的；古典的 36. climate n.气候 37. clinic n.诊所 38. college n.学院;专科学校 39. comfortable a.舒服的；安逸的；舒服自在的 40. comme nt n.评论 41. com mun icate v.交际;传达（感情 ，信息等） 42. compare vt.比较对照 43. compositi on n.作文；作曲 44. con ceited a.骄傲自满的 45. con diti on n.条件狀况 46. conference n.（正式的）会议；讨论 47. con gratulate vt.祝贺 48. content a.甘愿的，满意的n.内容 49. convenient a.便利的，方便的 50. coun ter n.柜台，结账 51. coun tryside n.乡下，农村 52. cous in n堂（表）兄弟 ，堂（表）姐妹 53. crazy a. 疯狂的 54. crowded a.拥挤的 55. curious a ■好奇的；奇异的 56. daily a. 每日的；日常的ad.每天n.日报 57. damage n.& vt.毁坏，损害 58. damp a. & n.潮湿（的） 59. dan gerous a.危险的 60. daughter n.女儿 61. daw n n.黎明，拂晓 62. deadli ne n.最后期限，截止日期 63. December n. 12 月 64. delicious a.美味的，可口的 65. deliver vt.投递（信件，邮包等） 66. den tist n.牙科医生 67. describe vt.描写，叙述 68. destroy vt.破坏，毁坏 69. determ ine vt.决定；决心
传播学英语专业词汇传播Communication 内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication 群体传播Group Communication 组织传播Organization Communication 大众传播Mass Communication 单向传播One-Sided Communication 双向传播Two-Sided Communication 互动传播Interactive Communication 媒介Media 大众传播媒介Mass Media 新媒介New Media 新闻洞News Hold 新闻价值News Value 传播者Communicator 主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴趣Audience Interest 受众行为Audience Activity 信息Information
信号Signal 讯息Message 信息熵Entropy 冗余/冗余信息Redundancy 传播单位Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式Osgood Model 编码Encode 解码Decode 信源Source 传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication 传播效果Effects 知识沟Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model 使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统System of Oral Communication 地球村Global Village 内爆Implosion 全球化Globalization 本土化Localization
文献生词 ｍalｉgｎanｃy??恶性,恶性肿瘤 hepateｃtomy ?肝切除术 bilirubｉｎ?胆红素 biliｒｕｂｉｎemｉa胆红素血症Hyperbilｉｒubiｎemｉa??高胆红素血症 Ｉｎdocｙａnine gｒeen ?吲哚花青绿 inｄｏcyａnｉne green retentioｎ?靛青绿滞留量试验 hepatiｃinsｕｆｆiciencｙ?肝功能不全,肝功能衰退jaunｄｉcｅ?黄疸 ｒｅtｒoｓpecｔive ｒeviｅw 回顾性调查iｎｔraｏｐeｒatiｖe?手术中得,术中 pａrａmｅｔers ?参数 Lｏgｉstｉc Reｇreｓｓioｎ?Logｉｓｔｉc回归progｎoｓiｓ预后 prｏgnostic预后得 hilar?门得,脐得 choｌaｎgiocarcinomａ胆管上皮癌 inｔｒａｈeｐａｔｉc choｌａnｇiocａrｃiｎoｍa 肝内胆管癌 ａｎａtomic?解剖得,解剖学得 hｅpａtic hilus 肝门
periｏperatiｖｅ围手术期得 indicaｔｉｏｎ适应证,指征 curaｔｉｖe 治愈得 resｅctioｎ?切除术 lｉｋelｉhood??可能性 lｉｖer function?肝功能 metaｓtasiｓ??转移 hepatｏｃellulａr carcｉｎoma?肝细胞癌 unｅxpected 意外得,忽然得 cholesｔasｉｓ胆汁淤积 biｌiary draiｎagｅ?胆汁引流 extｅnｄed hｅmihｅpaｔｅcｔｏmｙ?扩大半肝切除术 Ｔrisegmｅntectoｍｙ?三段切除 Chronic vｉraｌhｅpatitis 慢性病毒性肝炎cirrhosis 肝硬化 seｒｕm?免疫血清,血清 on adｍｉssｉon??入院时,住医院时 perｃｕtanｅｏｕs?经皮得 trａｎshepatiｃ??经肝得 enｄosｃopic ｂiliary ｄrainage 内镜胆管引流,内镜胆管引流术, eｎｄoscoｐｉc内窥镜得;内窥镜
初中英语词汇表 注：n 名词 v 动词 adj形容词adv 副词 prep介词 conj连词phr.短语 num数词 pron 代名词第一册1----833 1 what [hw?t] pron 什么 2 is [iz] v 是 3 what's [hw?ts] what is 的缩写形式 4 your [ju?] pron 你的,你们的 5 name [neim] n 名字 6 my [mai] pron 我的 7 I [ai] pron 我 8 am [?m] v 是 9 I'm [aim] I am 的缩写形式 10 in [in] prep 在...里(内,上) 11 row [r?u] n (一)排,(一)行 12 one [w?n] num 一 13 number ['n?mb?] n 数字,号码 14 two [tu:] num 二 15 too [tu:] adv 也 16 three[θri:] num 三 17 are [ɑ:] v 是 18 you [ju:] pron 你,你们 19 yes [jes] adv 是 20 four [f?:] num 四 21 five [faiv] num 五 22 no [n?u] adv & adj 不,不是 23 not [n?t] adv 不 24 hi [hai] int 喂(问候或唤起注意) 25 class [klɑ:s] n (学校里的)班级,年级 26 grade [greid] n 年级 27 six [siks] num 六 28 seven ['sevn] num 七 29 eight [eit] num 八 30 nine [nain] num 九 31 ten [ten] num 十 32 zero ['zi?r?u] num & n 零 33 plus [pl?s]prep 加,加上 34 it [it] pron 它 35 It's [its] it is 的缩写形式 36 how [hau] adv (指程度)多少,怎样 37 old [?uld] adj ...岁的,老的 38 eleven [i'levn] num 十一 39 twelve [twelv] num 十二 40 minus ['main?s] prep减,减去 41 thirteen ['θ?:ti:n] num 十三42 fourteen ['f?:'ti:n] num 十四 43 fifteen ['fif'ti:n] num 十五 44 hello [h?'l?u] int喂(问候或唤起注意) 45 please [pli:z] int 请 46 can [k?n] v.aux 能,可以,会 47 spell [spel] v 拼写 48 that [e?t] pron 那,那个 49 secret ['si:krit] n 秘密 50 this [eis] pron 这,这个 51 in [in] prep 用...(表达) 52 English['i?gli?] n & adj 英语,英国人 53 in English[in'i?gli?]phr. 用英语(表达) 54 a [ei] art 一(个,件...) 55 clock [kl?k] n 钟 56 and [?nd] conj 和,又,而 57 pencil-box['penslb?ks]n 铅笔盒 58 an [?n] art 一(个;件.) 59 pencil ['pensl] n 铅笔 60 ruler ['ru:l?] n 尺子 61 pen [pen] n 钢笔 62 sharpener ['?ɑ:p?n?] n 卷笔刀 63 eraser [i'reis?] n 橡皮擦 64 room [ru:m] n 房间 65 book [buk] n 书 66 map [m?p] n 地图 67 desk [desk] n 书桌 68 cup [k?p] n 杯子 69 bag [b?g] n 书包 70 compute r[k?m'pju:t?]n电脑,电子计算机 71 mouse [maus]n 鼠,耗子,鼠标 72 bed [bed] n 床 73 keyboard ['ki:b?:d] n 键盘 74 isn't ['iznt]is not 的缩写形式 75 pear [p??] n 梨 76 cake [keik] n 蛋糕,饼,糕 77 banana [b?'nɑ:n?] n 香蕉 78 apple ['?pl] n 苹果 79 orange ['?:rind?] n 橙子,橘子 80 egg [eg] n 蛋 81 bike [baik] n 自行车 82 bus [b?s] n 公共汽车 83 car [kɑ:] n 汽车,小汽车 84 jeep [d?i:p] n 吉普车 85 Chinese['t?ai'ni:z]adj中国的,中国人的；n 中国人,汉语 n 中国人,汉语
传播学英语专业词汇 传播 Communication 内向/自我传播 Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播 Interpersonal Communication 群体传播 Group Communication 组织传播 Organization Communication 大众传播 Mass Communication 单向传播 One-Sided Communication 双向传播 Two-Sided Communication 互动传播 Interactive Communication 媒介 Media 大众传播媒介 Mass Media 新媒介 New Media 新闻洞 News Hold 新闻价值 News Value 传播者 Communicator 主动传播者 Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众 Audience 受众兴趣 Audience Interest 受众行为 Audience Activity 信息 Information 信号 Signal 讯息 Message 信息熵 Entropy 冗余/冗余信息 Redundancy 传播单位 Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式 Osgood Model 编码 Encode 解码 Decode 信源 Source 传播的数学理论 Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道 Communication Channel 有效传播 Effective Communication 传播效果 Effects 知识沟 Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式 Uses and Gratifications Model 使用与依从模式 Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统 System of Oral Communication 地球村 Global Village 内爆 Implosion 全球化 Globalization 本土化 Localization 数字化 Digitalization 电子空间 Cyber Space
文献生词 malignancy 恶性,恶性肿瘤 肝切除术hepatectomy bilirubin 胆红素 bilirubinemia 胆红素血症Hyperbilirubinemia 高胆红素血症 吲哚花青绿Indocyanine green 靛青绿滞留量试验indocyanine green retention 肝功能衰退肝功能不全, hepatic insufficiency 黄疸jaundice 回顾性调查retrospective review 术中手术中的intraoperative , 参数parameters 回归Logistic Logistic Regression 预后prognosis prognostic 预后的 脐的门的, hilar 胆管上皮癌cholangiocarcinoma 肝内胆管癌intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma anatomic , 解剖的解剖学的
hepatic hilus 肝门 围手术期的perioperative indication 适应证,指征curative 治愈的 切除术resection likelihood 可能性 liver function 肝功能 metastasis 转移 肝细胞癌hepatocellular carcinoma 忽然的意外的, unexpected 胆汁淤积cholestasis 胆汁引流biliary drainage 扩大半肝切除术extended hemihepatectomy 三段切除Trisegmentectomy Chronic viral hepatitis 慢性病毒性肝炎肝硬化cirrhosis 血清, 免疫血清serum on admission , 入院时住医院时 经皮的percutaneous transhepatic 经肝的